CHAPTER FIVE

CHEMICAL APPLICATION AND

CROP PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 The purpose of applying agricultural chemicals is to
provide nutrients for plant growth and to control
weeds, insects and other crop pests, and plant
diseases.

 Proper application of agricultural chemicals is crucial in

successful modern agriculture.

 Agricultural chemicals, over the years, have become

more sophisticated but also more expensive, so good
methods avoid over application.
 Contd…
 The major classifications of agricultural chemicals are:
• Fertilizers (commercial fertilizer, manure and soil amendments)
• Pesticides (including insecticides, which kill insects),
• Herbicides (which kill plants),
• Fungicides (which kill fungi),
• Growth regulatory hormones,
• Pheromones for biological control of insects.

 These chemicals may be either dry or liquid.

 The chemicals may be applied before planting during

seed bed preparation, during planting, and/or after
germination during the active growth period.
 Application of Granular Chemicals

 Dry chemicals in agricultural use are primarily fertilizers,

herbicides, and insecticides.

 Technically many of these are powders; that are large in

particle size and flow easily are referred to as granular
material.

 There are some agricultural chemicals that are non-granular

powders of small size, such as insecticide powders applied by
dusters.

 Because of drift and poor coverage these are of limited use in

commercial farming.
 Contd…
 The application equipment is less expensive and more
trouble-free since no mixing, pumping, and agitation is
involved.

 Granular material is generally more expensive than the

liquid chemicals.

 Granular material has poor metering characteristics and

uniform distribution is a problem.

 The use of granules is limited to soil applications as they

require moisture to become activated.

 Granular pesticides must be kept in a dry place and they are

more bulky to store and transport.
 Methods for application of granular chemicals

 Granular fertilizer may be spread uniformly over the

entire field, in a broadcast application, or it may be
applied in narrow rows, which is called a banded
application.

 It may be applied before planting, during planting, or in

established crops.
 Application of Manure

 It has been estimated that only one-fourth to one-third of

its potential value is actually utilized on crop and pasture
land.

 The remainder is lost by misplacement, drainage, leaching,

or fermentation.

 In addition to the immediate effect of increasing the

available nutrients, manure has the long-time effect of
increasing the supply of humus.

 Thus, it acts as both a fertilizer and a soil conditioner.

 Contd…
 Manure is applied to the surface of the soil with special
spreading machines and is generally incorporated into the
soil by plowing or disking (except for light top dressings
added to growing crops such as grain or pasture).

 The manure must be placed below the surface if losses from

drying out are to be prevented, and it should be
incorporated so as to admit sufficient air for decomposition.

 A manure spreader is basically a special-purpose farm wagon

or trailer with a mechanical unloading and spreading
arrangement.
 Contd…
 A chain and slat conveyor move the load to the rear, where
two beaters and a widespread distributor with spiral blades
(augers or paddles) shred it and distribute it over a strip of
land.
 Application of Soil Amendments

 Materials such as lime, gypsum, and the newly developed

synthetic soil conditioners are not fertilizers, but are used to
improve the chemical or physical condition of a soil.

 Lime is useful for correcting soil acidity and is the most common
commercial soil amendment.

 It is ordinarily applied before planting and then worked into the

soil, although it can be applied to a crop at any stage without
injury.

 Either centrifugal broadcasters or full-width-feed broadcasters are

used.
 Application rates are much higher than for commercial fertilizers
Lime Spreading methods
 Fertilizer Application Methods and Equipments

 Fertilizers are predominantly dry materials, plant

nutrients may also be supplied as liquids, dissolved
materials, or gases.

 Dry fertilizers are applied in connection with practically

every kind of field operation performed in the
production of crops.
 Because of the wide variation in types of fertilizers and
operating conditions encountered, fertilizer equipment
is one of the most diversified classes of farm machinery
on the market.
Methods of fertilizer application
 Broadcasting Application

Drop-type spreaders

 May be either for broadcast application or for banded

application.

 A truck-mounted drop-type spreader for broadcast

application with a 15.24 m.

 Tractor drawn units have 2.4 to 3.7 m long hoppers with

narrowly spaced openings in the bottom. The openings
are generally 150 mm apart.
A drop-type fertilizer distributor
 A ground-wheel-driven shaft located
inside the hopper near the bottom
carries agitators to help flow the
material.

 A slide gate is used to control the

openings and to shut off flow during
turnaround.

 The material is metered and dropped

through a tube and is spread in a wide A drop-type applicator for
band by a diffuser. banded application

 Some fertilizer distributors have furrow openers to place the material

below the surface which are most commonly used as an attachment
to planting equipment.
Common types of fertilizer metering and stirring devices for tractor-
mounted fertilizer spreaders
 Rotary spreaders
 Are used for broadcast application.
 These spreaders have one or two rotating disks with multiple
vanes to impart energy to the granules.

 The material is metered onto the disks and is thrown wide

due to the centrifugal force.

 Rotary spreaders are generally tractor mounted, but some of

the larger commercial units are truck mounted with twin
spinners. as shown in Figure 10.3.

 The trucks used for chemical application use high flotation

tires.
Rotary type fertilizer spreader
 Pneumatic applicators

 Can be used for either broadcast or banded application.

 They have a centrally located hopper from which granules

are metered, delivered by air through tubes across the
width of the machine, and spread by being impinged onto
deflector plates.

 Pneumatic applicators allow central tank filling, easier

installation on tillage implements, improved distribution,
and easier transporting of trailer mounted applicators.
Example of a pneumatic fertilizer spreader
 Fertilizer Placement Methods
 It refers to the placement of fertilizers in soil at a specific
place with or without reference to the position of the seed.

 Placement of fertilizers is normally recommended when the

quantity of fertilizers to apply is small, development of the
root system is poor, soil have a low level of fertility and to
apply phosphate and potassium fertilizer.

 As movement of fertilizer in the soil is very limited, proper

placement in relation to the seeds or plant roots is
important for maximum response and the most efficient
utilization of the nutrients,
 Contd…
 This method has given better results than separate
application by either drilling or broadcasting.

 Most grain drills have provision to permit dropping the

fertilizer either through the same tube with the seed
through a separate passage directly behind the seed
tube.

 The fertilizer is generally dropped in furrows opened by

regular cultivator shovels, but it can be placed at other
locations or depths with separate openers.
 Deep placement
 It is the placement of
reduction zone of soil.
 This method ensures
better distribution of
fertilizer in the root zone
soil and prevents loss of
nutrients by run-off
 Localized placement
 It refers to the application of fertilizers into the soil close to
the seed or plant in order to supply the nutrients in
adequate amounts to the roots of growing plants.
 The common methods to place fertilizers close to the
seed or plant are as follows:
a) Drilling
 In this method, the fertilizer is applied at the time of
sowing by means of a seed-cum-fertilizer drill.

 This places fertilizer and the seed in the same row but at
different depths.

 Although this method is suitable for the application of

phosphoric and potassium fertilizers in cereal crops, but
sometimes germination of seeds and young plants may
get damaged due to higher concentration of soluble salts
Fertilizer is application at the time of sowing by means of
a seed-cum-fertilizer drill
 b) Side dressing

 It refers to the spread of fertilizer in between the

rows and around the plants.

 The common methods of side-dressing are:

i. Placement of fertilizers by hand in between the

rows of crops like maize, sugarcane, cotton
etc., to apply additional doses of nitrogen to the
growing crops and

ii. Placement of fertilizers around the trees like

mango, apple, grapes, papaya etc.
 Contd…
 Side-dressing applications on growing row crops (generally
during a cultivating operation) or top dressings on solid
planted crops.

 Fertilizers applied as side dressings are of most immediate

benefit when placed in moist soil within the root zone, but
excessive mechanical destruction of the root system must be
avoided.

 Side dressings are ordinarily applied in conjunction with a

cultivating operation.

 Drilled into established pastures and other sods with special

equipment.
Methods of side dressing
 c) Band placement
 It refers to the placement of fertilizer in bands. Band
placement is of two types.

i. Hill placement

 It is practiced for the application of fertilizers in

orchards.
 In this method, fertilizers are placed close to the
plant in bands on one or both sides of the plant.
 The length and depth of the band varies with the
nature of the crop.
Ridging and Band Placement
ii. Row placement
 When the crops like sugarcane, potato, maize, cereals etc.,
are sown close together in rows, the fertilizer is applied in
continuous bands on one or both sides of the row, which is
known as row placement
 Advantages of placement of fertilizers
 The main advantages are as follows:

 When the fertilizer is placed, there is minimum contact

between the soil and the fertilizer, and thus fixation of
nutrients is greatly reduced.

 The weeds all over the field can not make use of the
fertilizers.
 Residual response of fertilizers is usually higher.

 Utilization of fertilizers by the plants is higher.

 Loss of nitrogen by leaching is reduced.
 Being immobile, phosphates are better utilized when
placed.
 Application of Liquid Fertilizers
 Liquid fertilizers can be subdivided in three groups:
anhydrous ammonia, solution fertilizers, and suspension
fertilizers.

 The use of liquid fertilizers is a relatively new.

 In comparison with fertilizing granular material, high
investments are required for the technical solution (storing
and applying).

 Furthermore comprehensive special knowledge is required

for the application technique.
 Liquid fertilizers advantages
 Liquid fertilizers have several advantages:
o Liquid nitrogen fertilizer is partly lower in price than granular
material;
o The fertilizing effect is achieved via the soil and leaves and
therefore is independent of rain and humidity in the upper layer of
the soil;

o Combination with some pesticides is possible;

o Simple filling procedure with the aid of pumps (working
requirement approx. 10% lower than with the bulk fertilizer
handling chain);
o With certain plant protective agents the spray rate can be reduced
(up to 30%) by adding liquid fertilizer.
 Liquid fertilizers disadvantages
 Despite the advantages, there are also some
disadvantages:

o High storing costs for farm owned storing facilities;

o Liquid fertilizer has considerable corrosive properties;
o Official restrictions, advice etc. have to be adhered to;

o Handling of field sprayers with large working widths (24 m

and more) is considerably costlier than if centrifugal
broadcasters would be used with comparable working
widths;

o Possibility of etching and resulting yield losses;

o Weather factors have to be considered.
Liquid Fertilizers Application Methods
 a) Starter solutions
 It refers to the application of solution of N, P2O5 and K2O to young
plants at the time of transplanting, particularly for vegetables.

 Starter solution helps in rapid establishment and quick growth of

seedlings.

 The disadvantages of starter solutions are:

 Extra labour is required, and
 the fixation of phosphate is higher
 b) Foliar application
 It refers to the spraying of fertilizer solutions containing one
or more nutrients on the foliage of growing plants.

 Several nutrient elements are readily absorbed by leaves

when they are dissolved in water and sprayed on them.

 The concentration of the spray solution has to be

controlled, otherwise serious damage may result due to
scorching of the leaves.

 Foliar application is effective for the application of minor

nutrients like iron, copper, boron, zinc and manganese.
Sometimes insecticides are also applied along with
fertilizers
Foliar application
 c) Application through irrigation water
(Fertigation)
 It refers to the application of water soluble fertilizers
through irrigation water.
 The nutrients are thus carried into the soil in solution.
 Generally nitrogenous fertilizers are applied through
irrigation water
 d) Injection into soil
 Liquid fertilizers for injection into the soil may be of either
pressure or non-pressure types.
 Non-pressure solutions may be applied either on the
surface or in furrows without appreciable loss of plant
nutrients under most conditions.
 Anhydrous ammonia must be placed in narrow furrows at a
depth of 12-15 cm and covered immediately to prevent loss
of ammonia
 e) Aerial application

 In areas where ground application is not practicable,

the fertilizer solutions are applied by aircraft
particularly in hilly areas, in forest lands, in grass lands
or in sugarcane fields etc.
 Variable Rate Technology (VRT)
 Variable rate fertilizer application allows crop
producers to apply different rates of fertilizer at each
location across fields.

 The technology needed to accomplish variable rate

fertilization includes an in-cab computer and software
with a field zone application map, fertilizer equipment
capable of changing rates during operation and the
Global Positioning System (GPS).
Variable rate chemical application
 Site Specific Spreading

 Most arable areas show a heterogeneous

structure regarding kind of soil, nutrient
content, water supply, etc.

 Still, usually the applied amount of fertilizer

during the application is kept constant.

 Location-specific fertilizer spreading requires

the preparation of a fertilizing map by the
management information system.

 This map has to be exchanged with the process

computer on the fertilizer spreader.
 Contd…
 Process computers in connection with sensors and
actuators are being used on fertilizer applicators to fully
automate varying operational steps such as the regulating
of the metering device;

 Simultaneously it is possible to check various functions to

provide information to the farmer/operator as well as to
record and store management data.
Site Specific Spreading
 Crop protection methods and
equipments
 A pest is anything that impedes or competes with
the desired crop.

 The pest may be other plants (weeds), insects, fungi

or diseases.

 Control of pests is accomplished by chemical

means, nonchemical treatments, or a combination
of measures sometimes known as integrated pest
management (IPM).
 Contd…
 The control of weeds and grasses has always been one
of the greatest time and labor consuming operations in
the production of crops.

 Requiring extensive control measures as weeds rob

nutrients and water from the crop plants, serve as
hosts to insects and other pests that prey on crop
plants and create equipment problems, especially in
harvesting and processing of certain crops.
 CROP PROTECTION METHODS

 Non-Chemical Control Methods

– Thermal Treatments
– Manual and Mechanical Weeding
– Vacuum
– Biological Pest-control equipment

 Chemical Control Methods

– Spraying
– Dusting
 Contd…
 The use of chemicals for weed control has increased
tremendously in the past decade.

 Selective chemicals, if properly chosen and applied, will

kill weeds in certain crops without injury to the crop.

 The selection of a method or methods for controlling

weeds is influenced by the type and age of the crop, the
type and size of the weeds or grasses, timeliness, the
equipment available, etc.
 Contd…
 Good weed control usually involves a combination of the
available methods, plus timeliness and good farming.

 Weeds and grasses are most effectively controlled when

small (not more than 3 or 6 cm tall), especially when the
control methods involve uprooting, covering, flaming, or the
application of directed post-emergence general-contact
sprays.

 Larger weeds in checkrowed or cross blocked crops can be

removed by cross-cultivation, but if the weeds in drilled rows
get out of control, hand hoeing is about the only method
available for their removal.
 Manual Weeding
 These methods usually have low environmental impact but
may be expensive, time- consuming or laborious.

 Traditional nonchemical pest controls have primarily focused

on physical treatments.
 Mechanical weed control
 Mechanical cultivation or tillage is still the most important
method for controlling weeds and is generally the most
economical method where it can be used.

 The weeds may be uprooted, covered, or cut off.

 The principal function in the tillage method is the killing of
weeds and grasses in the crop row.

 Over-all coverage of both the middles and the rows with

tools of this type is fast and economical, and power
requirements are low.
 Contd…
 In general mechanical weeding have the following advantages:

• To prevent and destroy weeds,

• To keep the top of the soil in such condition as to conserve
moisture,
• To allow the circulation of air beneath the surface of the soil.
• To loose mulching on surface,
• To retaining rainfall,
• To develop plant food and
• To promote activity of microorganisms.
 The classification of Cultivators

1. By design of soil working part

Blade type
 Type of cultivator with rectangular, triangular or crescent shapes
with cutting edges sharpened and hardened.
 Contd…
Tine type
 Type of cultivator with a straight, curved, round or
square cross-section steel rods with sharply pointed
and hardened soil engaging ends.
 Contd…
Rotary type
 Type of weeder with curved or straight spikes or
puddles radially attached to a common axle, which
rotate to uproot and bury weeds.
 Classification by power source

Manually operated weeder

Hand-held weeder
 Type of weeder which utilize either blade or tine type of soil working
parts with short (0.15 m to 0.5 m), medium (>0.5 m to 1 m) and long (>1
m) handles.
 Contd…
Push-type weeder (manually operated)
 Type of weeder which utilizes either blade, tine or
rotary soil working parts for dry and wet field weeding.
Wheel hand hoe and attachments
 Contd…
Animal- drawn weeder
 Type of weeder in which soil working parts are mounted on
a frame or tool bar and pulled by an animal for dry field
weeding
 Contd…
Power-weeder
 Type of rotary weeder driven by its own engine for wet
field weeding.
 Contd…
Tractor-mounted weeder
 Type of weeder in which soil working parts are
mounted on a frame or tool bar and pulled by either
two- or four-wheel tractor for dry field weeding.
Three row tractor mounted weeder
 Types of Mounted Cultivators

The separated-gang cultivator

 Its designed for a specific number of rows and has either
one or two gangs per row.

 The tool bars of the individual gangs drop clown

between the rows, an arrangement that provide'
maximum vertical clearance for the plants.

 A cultivator of this type is often known as cotton-and

corn cultivator, since they are the crops for which it is
most used.
 Contd…
 The size of separated-gang cultivator is designated as the
number of rows covered (usually one, two, or four rows).
 The gang spacing is adjustable for the row spacing ordinarily
encountered in cotton, corn and similar crops.

Separated-gang cultivator
 Contd…
Continuous-tool-bar cultivator
 One version is known as a beet-and-bean or vegetable
cultivator has tool bars that extend across the top of the
rows rather than dropping down between them.

 The front unit may have divided tool bars with right- and
left-hand gangs, or it may consist of a single gang with
tool bars continuous across the full width.

 The rear mounted unit of a continuous-tool-bar

cultivator is usually a single gang.
 Contd…

Continuous-tool-bar cultivator
 Contd…
 The continuous-toolbar cultivator is adaptable to a wide
range of row spacing, the maximum number of rows
depending upon the length of tool bar and the row
spacing.

 Good lateral stability between tools is characteristic of

this type of cultivator and is an essential requirement for
cultivating extremely close to the rows.

 Vertical clearance is limited by the maximum practical

length of the tool standards.
 Thermal Treatments or Flame Weeding

 The differentiation in burning depends on the weeds

being small and tender and plants having stems that are
resistant to the intense heat.

 Since the flame is likely to be deflected up into the row

by ridges of dirt or by large clods, it is essential that the
plant beds be as flat and smooth as possible.

 Selective burning or flaming shows some promise for

control of in-the-row weeds in certain crops, such as
cotton, sugar cane, and corn, whose steams are not
injured by a short exposure to an intense heat.
 Contd…
 The effect of flaming may not become fully apparent until
several hours after the operation has been performed.
 Contd…
 This method cannot be applied during the early stages of
crop growth.

 To be most effective, flame weeding must be done when

the weeds and grasses are not over 3 or 6 cm tall.

 The intensity of heat (fuel rate) and the time of exposure

(forward speed) are adjusted so that enough heat is
applied to the weeds and grasses to cause expansion of
the liquid in the plant cells and consequent rupture of the
cell walls but not enough heat to cause actual
combustion.
Tractor operated flame weeding
 SPRAYING AND DUSTING
 Chemicals that control pests, i.e., pesticides, can be
classed as either contact or systemic.

 Chemicals that control by contact must be in direct

contact with the pest they are to control.

 Systemic chemicals are absorbed into the plant by roots

and leaves, and cause interference with the on-going
growth process of the pest
 Contd…
 Chemicals may be applied to the soil or to the foliage as
liquids (sprays) or as solids (dust and granular).

 Crop protection machinery are equipment used to apply

insecticides, pesticides, herbicides to the crops to protect
from insects pests and plant diseases. The most common
equipment are sprayers, dusters and weeder.

 Classification of Sprayers and Dusters: The common sprayers

are classified as under:
 Manual Operated Sprayers and Dusters
 Power Operated Sprayers and Dusters
 Aeroplane dusters
 Sprayer
 Sprayer is a machine that applies liquid chemicals on
plants in the form of droplets. Sprayer is used for the
following purpose:

Application of herbicides to remove weeds.

Application of fungicides to minimize fungus diseases.
Application of insecticides to control insect pests.
Application of micro nutrients on the plants.
 Basic Components of a Sprayer
Components of a
sprayer are as
follows
 Pump
 Chemical tank
 Agitator
 Air chamber
 Pressure gauge
 Pressure
regulator
 Valves
 Strainer
 Suction line
 Delivery line
 Nozzles
 Contd…
 Container: the spray solution is kept in container.

 Pump: increases the pressure of solution passing

through the nozzle.

 Lance or boom: nozzles are mounted on lance or

boom at uniform spacing.

 Nozzle: the nozzle atomize the liquid solution.

 Contd…
Hose: it is provided for suction of solution and
extension of spray lances.

Strainers: the strainers are kept for keeping the

solution free from dirt and metal particles.

Valves: the valves regulate the pressure and

discharge of solution.
 Pumps
 To apply agricultural
pesticides there are of four
general types of pump:
roller, centrifugal, piston and
Diaphragm
Piston pumps section for knapsack sprayer
 Atomization
 The main objective of
atomization is to increase
the surface area of the liquid
by breaking it into many
small droplets for effective
coverage of plant and soil
surfaces.

 Types of atomizers. Based

on the form of energy
applied to produce
atomization, the atomizers
may be categorized as
pressure, rotary, or
pneumatic atomizers
(nozzles)
 Nozzles
 Regular flat-fan nozzles are
used soli applications of
herbicides and for certain
pesticides when it is not
necessary to penetrate foliage,
angle 65 to 1100

 Even flat-fan spray nozzles

provide a spray density that is
more even across the width of
the spray, angles are 80 and 950
and pressure 100 to 200 kPa.
 Hollow-cone: suited for
directed spray in row-
crop applications when
drift is not a concern, as
these nozzles are
operated at 275 to 550
kPa

 Hollow-cone have a
pattern of cone angles up
to 130°.
 Spraying pattern
 Nozzle spray patterns typically have two basic characteristics:
the spray angle and the shape of the pattern.

 Most agricultural nozzles have a spray angle from 65 to 120

degrees.

 While narrow spray angles produce a more direct and

penetrating spray, flat or wide-angle nozzles can be mounted
closer to the target (crop or weed), spaced farther apart on
the boom and provide overlapping coverage if needed.

 Though there are many spray nozzles types and sizes, there
are only three basic spray patterns: the flat fan, the hollow
cone and the full cone.
Nozzles types and tips
 Classification of Sprayers
 Based up on the volume of liquid handled, sprayers
may be classified in to:

I. High volume sprayer (more than 400 litres /ha)

II. Low volume sprayer (5 to 400 litres/ hectare)
III. Ultra low volume sprayer (ULV) spray (less than 5
litres /ha).

 The selection technique depends up on type of

vegetation, kind of pests and approach to the field.
 Types of Sprayers
Hand Atomizer

 Container capacity of 0.5 to 3.5 litres

 The container is filled to

approximately three-fourth of its
capacity and air is compressed on
the remaining space by means of the
pump.

 It is ideal for small nurseries, rose

plants, kitchen gardens and spraying
wettable insecticide and fungicides.
 Knapsack Sprayer
 This sprayer is suitable for
applying chemicals to several
field crops.

 The operator carries the sprayer

on his back.

 It has a flat or bean-shaped tank

of 10-15 litres capacity, a
hydraulic pump fitted inside the
tank, a handle to operate the
pump, agitator, filter, delivery
hose, and spray gun with nozzle
and flow control lever.
 Contd…
 When the pump is operated, it draws the fluid
through the suction hole and delivers it to the spray
gun.

 When the cut off lever is pressed spraying is done

through the nozzle as fine droplets.

 The pressure developed in these sprayers depends

on the pump.

 The application rate is 500 lit/ha. The coverage is

0.5-1.0 ha/day.
 Continued…
 A versatile sprayer for
spraying, against pests,
diseases of vegetable crops
and other short growing crops
used for small holdings. Knapsack Sprayer

 Knapsack power sprayer work

on same principle of knapsack
sprayer but build up pressure
and results in high discharge
covering large area.

 It is suitable for spraying

pesticides and fungicides on
rice, fruits and vegetable crops. Knapsack Power Sprayer
 Rocker Sprayer
 This sprayer consists of pump
assembly, platform with frame
and fork, operating lever,
pressure chamber, suction hose
with strainer, delivery hose,
extension rod with spray
nozzles.

 The rocking movement of the

handle helps in building
pressure in the pressure
chamber.
 There is no built in tank and
separate spray tank is necessary.
 It can therefore be used for
spraying the field crops.
 Long hose connections up to 30
m are made to one or two
outlets.
 Foot or pedal operated sprayer
 Consist of plunger assembly, stand, suction hose,
delivery hose, extension rod with a spray nozzle.

 One end of the suction hose is fitted with

strainer and the other with a flexible coupling.

 Foot instead of hand operates it, but the

principle is the same as in case of the rocker
sprayer.

 The pump is fitted on iron stand and a pedal

attached to the plunger rod operates the
sprayer by its upward and downward movement.

 This sprayer also does not have a built-in tank.

Constant pedalling is required for continuous
spray.
 It is easy to operate and can be used for
spraying tall crops as well as fruit trees.
 Power Sprayer

 It is a heavy duty and efficient sprayer.

 It consists of a triplex pump with stainless
steel piston with oil bath lubrication. It
Mini Power
can develop 250 to 350 pounds pressure Sprayer
and can deliver the solution up to 15 m.
High Tech
Power Sprayer
 It can be powered by a 3 HP engine or
electric motor. It is convenient to spray
with 4 to 6 spray lances at a time using
the sprayer.
Piston Power
 These sprayers can be operated by tractor Sprayer
PTO as well as by a power tiller.
Power Sprayer
 The battery operated sprayer developed Battery Sprayer
consists of a 10 litre capacity plastic tank and
a 6 Volt rechargeable battery both fixed in a
frame which is carried on the back of the
operator.

 A plastic spinning disc along with a micro

motor is fitted at the end of an aluminium
handle. Chemical is taken from the tank to
the spinning disc through a plastic hose.

 A cut off valve is provided in the hose line to

stop of flow of spray fluid when desired. The
salient features of the unit are light in
weight, less water requirement & low cost.
 For spraying chemicals on crops like rice,
groundnut, pulses and vegetables.
 Hand Compression Sprayer
 This sprayers is similar to the hand
atomizer but are adopted for spraying
large quantities of liquids. They are more
easily operated than the knapsack sprayer.

 The typical hand compression sprayer

comprises a tank for holding spray
material and compressed air, vertical air
pump with a handle, filling port, spray
lance with nozzle and release and shut-off
devices.

 It is used in gardens, nurseries, vegetable

gardens, flower crops and field crops.
 Stirrup Sprayer
 It consists of a single or double
acting pump, placed into any
ordinary bucket containing
spraying solution to create
required pressure to spray small
garden and low trees.

 It is used for spraying in

orchards, nurseries, flower
crops, vegetable gardens etc.
 Tractor Mounted Sprayers
 These sprayers are designed to spray pesticide solution
over a large area. They are most often used in
agriculture, forestry and right-of way pest control
operations.

 They deliver low to moderate application rates, usually

50 to 500 L/ha, at working pressures ranging from 150
to 500 kPa.

 The most common booms are between 6 and 10 m long

and contain nozzles spaced at 50 to 100 cm intervals.
 Contd…
 Designed for economic and effective application of
pesticides, weedicides and fertilizers in farm crops.

Boom Sprayer
 Contd…
 Air blast sprayer used for spraying on field crops, tall
trees, orchards and plantations.

Air blast Sprayer

 Airplane Sprayer
 It consists of gear pump or centrifugal pump to force/ to spray liquid
through the nozzle.
 The pump gets its drive from a wind driven propeller.

 It is used to cover large areas such as wheat and rice fields.

Drone spraying
 Dusters
 Duster is a machine to apply chemical in dust form.

 Dusters make use of air streams to carry pesticides in

finely divided dry form on the plants.
 A duster essentially consists of:
Hopper
Agitator
Feed control
Fan or blower and
Delivery nozzle.
 It is a simple duster with a small Plunger type duster
piston. The piston drives a current
of air over the dust in the hopper.
The dust is carried away through a
delivery spout.

 Small hand pump dusters of this

type are available and are suitable
only where the area to be dusted is
small like vegetable gardens.
 Knapsack Type duster
 It is a duster with the
powder container carried
on the back of the
operator. Knapsack dusters
have a hopper through
which a current of air is
blown to pick up the dust.

 The air current is produced

by a lever operated leather
bellows. Shoulder straps
are used to carry in the
field.
 This duster is suitable for
small areas.
 Knapsack motorized mist blower and duster

 It consists of a 1.2 to 3.0 hp

high speed petrol engine, a
blower, a 12 lit chemical
tank, delivery hose, fleeted
air hose, flow regulator knob
and a plastic atomizer grate.
 The chemical mixed air
stream is broken in to fine
droplets at the atomizer
grate and sprayed.

 It is used for spraying all

types of field crops most
popularly to rice, groundnut,
cotton and vegetable crops
 Power Operated Duster

 Power operated duster mainly

consists of a power driven fan, a
hopper and a delivery spout.

 The fan creates strong air flow which

causes the dust to blow off from the
hopper to a considerable distance
vertically or horizontally.

 Direction of dust is regulated by a

movable spout suitably fitted with
the unit.
 This type of duster is used for large
areas