Gas Laws and The Mole - Notes

GAS LASWS & THE
MOLE
PREMIER TUITION CENTRE

Teacher:(Denise(Doyle(
GAS$LAWS$AND$THE$MOLE$
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Movement!of!particles!in!solids,!liquids!and!gases!!
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The!particles!in!solids,!liquids!and!gases!show!different!degrees!of!movement.!!
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0! Solid!particles!vibrate!but!maintain!a!fixed!position.!
0! Liquid!particles!slide!over!each!other!but!are!still!close!together.!
0! Gas!particles!are!far!apart!and!move!freely!and!rapidly.!!
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The!freedom!of!movement!depends!on!how!much!energy!the!particles!possess.!Therefore,!
gas!molecules!have!more!energy!than!solid!or!liquid!particles.!!
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Diffusion!is!a!process!where!a!substance!spreads!out!through!another!substance!in!a!
uniform!manner.!
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Diffusion!demonstrates!the!movement!of!particles.!!
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Specified!demonstration:!Diffusion!of!ammonia!and!hydrogen!chloride!gases:!!!
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Procedure!!
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0! Place!2!cotton!wool!plugs,!one!soaked!in!hydrochloric!acid!(HCl)!and!the!other!
soaked!in!ammonia!(NH3)!in!a!glass!tube!as!shown.!!
0! A!white!ring!of!ammonium!chloride!is!formed!nearer!the!hydrochloric!acid!end!of!
the!tube.!The!gas!molecules!of!ammonia!and!hydrogen!chloride!have!diffused!from!
both!ends!and!have!reacted!to!form!ammonium!chloride.!!
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The!reaction!is:!HCl!+!NH3!!!!!NH4Cl!(ammonium!chloride)!
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0! The!white!ring!is!formed!nearer!to!the!hydrochloric!acid!end!as!the!molecules!of!
hydrogen!chloride!have!a!larger!molecular!mass!and!are!therefore!slower.!!
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PREMIER TUITION CENTRE • 62 The Orchards • Castletroy • Limerick T 085 148 1252 W www.premiertuition.ie (
Other!examples!of!diffusion!are:!!
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0! Smoke!particles!in!air!e.g.!burn!some!brown!paper!and!air!to!observe!this.!
0! Diffusion!of!a!liquid!in!liquid!can!be!shown!by!placing!some!blue!ink!at!the!bottom!of!
a!beaker!of!water!the!ink!molecules!will!be!seen!to!spread!gradually!through!the!
water.!Diffusion!in!liquids!is!slower!than!in!gases.!!
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Kinetic!theory!
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Main!points!of!the!kinetic!theory!
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1.! Gas!particles!are!so!widely!spaced!that!their!own!volume!is!negligible!in!comparison!
with!the!distance!between!them.!!
2.! Attractive!or!repulsive!forces!between!gas!particles!are!negligible.!!
3.! The!particles!move!in!a!constant,!rapid,!straight!line!motion!colliding!with!each!
other!and!the!walls!of!the!container.!This!motion!is!called!Brownian!motion.!!
4.! Collisions!between!the!molecules!of!a!gas!are!perfectly!elastic!i.e.,!no!energy!is!lost!
in!the!collision.!
5.! Average!kinetic!energy!of!the!particles!is!directly!proportional!to!the!Kelvin!or!
absolute!temperature.!Heating!the!gas!increases!the!movement!of!the!particles!and!
therefore!increases!the!kinetic!energy!(energy!due!to!movement).!!
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Ideal!gas!
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An!ideal!gas!obeys!all!the!assumptions!of!the!kinetic!theory!under!all!conditions!of!
temperature!and!pressure.!
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The!limitations!of!the!kinetic!theory!
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Limitation$1:$the!statement!that!the!volume!of!gas!particles!is!negligible!in!comparison!
with!the!distance!between!them!is!not!true!in!all!cases.!This!would!not!be!true!in!conditions!
of!high!pressure!or!low!temperature!as!the!gas!molecules!are!pushed!closer!together.!
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Limitation$2:!the!statement!that!gas!molecules!have!no!attractive!or!repulsive!forces!is!not!
true!in!situations!of!high!pressure!and!low!temperatures.!When!gas!particles!are!closer!
together!van!der!Waals!forces!can!arise.!!!
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Gas!Laws!
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1.! Boyle’s!Law!!
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In!1662!the!Irish!scientist!Robert!Boyle!established!a!relationship!between!the!pressure!of!a!
gas!and!its!volume.!!
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Boyle’s!law!states!that!at!constant!temperature!the!volume!of!a!fixed!mass!of!gas!is!
inversely!proportional!to!the!pressure!of!the!gas.!
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Boyles!law!can!be!stated!mathematically!as:!
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P!X!V!=!k!(constant)!at!constant!temperature!!
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P!=!pressure!V!=!volume!!
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2.! Charles’s!Law!!
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Charles's!law!states!that!at!constant!pressure!the!volume!of!a!fixed!mass!of!gas!is!directly!
proportional!to!the!absolute!temperature!(on!kelvin!scale).!!
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Charles's!law!can!be!stated!mathematically!as:!V!=!kT!!
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It!is!important!in!defining!Charles's!law!to!state!that!the!temperature!is!in!Kelvin!as!this!law!
only!applies!to!temperature!on!the!Kelvin!scale.!!
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To!convert!temperature!in!degrees!Celsius!to!Kelvin!add!273.!!
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27!degrees!Celsius!equals!273!+27!=!300!K!!
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3.! Combined!gas!law!(general!gas!law)!!
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This!is!a!combination!of!Boyle’s!is!and!Charles's!law:!!
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This!formula!is!often!used!to!convert!a!volume!at!a!certain!temperature!and!pressure!to!a!
volume!at!standard!temperature!and!pressure!as!in!the!following!example.!!
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Sample!problem!on!combined!gas!law!
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A!sample!of!nitrogen!gas!has!a!volume!of!200!cm3!at!27!degrees!Celsius!and!pressure!of!
90,000!Pa.!Find!its!volume!and!standard!temperature!and!pressure!(s.t.p).!!
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Gay`Lussac's!law!of!combining!volumes!!
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In!1808!the!French!chemist!Joseph!Gay`Lussac!notice!to!pattern!in!the!ratios!in!which!gases!
react!to!form!products.!!
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Gay`Lussac's!law!states!that!when!gases!react,!the!volumes!of!the!reacting!gases!and!the!
volumes!of!any!gaseous!products!are!in!small!whole!number!ratios!to!each!other,!provided!
the!volumes!are!measured!under!the!same!conditions!of!temperature!and!pressure.!!
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Avogadro's!law!
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In!1811!the!Italian!chemist!Amedeo!Avogadro!developed!Gay`Lussac's!law!when!he!
described!gases!reacting!in!terms!of!molecules!rather!than!atoms.!
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Avogadro's!law!states!that!equal!volumes!of!gases!under!the!same!conditions!of!
temperature!and!pressure!contain!equal!numbers!of!molecules.!
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As!a!result!of!Avogadro's!law,!a!mole!of!gas!could!be!defined.!
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The!mole!!
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A!mole!of!any!gas!is!that!amount!of!it!that!contains!the!Avogadro!number!of!particles!i.e.!
one!mole!=!6!x!1023!particles.!!
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Molar!volume!!
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Changing!moles!to!mass!in!grams!!
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find!the!mass!of!0.5!moles!of!calcium!hydroxide!(Ca(OH)2).!!
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1!mole!of!a!substance!=!relative!molecular!mass!expressed!in!grams!
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*Relative!molecular!mass!is!the!sum!of!the!individual!atomic!masses*!
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1!mole!of!Ca(OH)2)!=!40!+!2(16!+1)!=!40!+!34!=!74g!
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74g!x!0.5moles!=!37g!
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**Simply!multiple!the!moles!by!the!substances!relative!molecular!mass!to!convert!from!
grams!to!moles.!!
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Changing!mass!to!moles!!
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In!changing!mass!to!moles,!the!following!formula!must!be!used.!!
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! Actual!Mass! !
Molar!Mass! =(Number(of(moles(
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Example!
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Find!the!number!of!moles!in!0.64g!of!oxygen!gas.!!
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! Actual!Mass! !
Molar!Mass! =(((Number(of(moles(
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!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! 0.64! !
=(((0.02(moles(
! ! ! ! ! ! !!32!
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Converting!mass!to!molecules!or!atoms!!
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In!converting!mass!to!molecules!or!atoms!the!following!conversion!plan!is!useful.!!
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!!!!!!!!! Divide(molar(
X(6(x(1023(
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! mass(
!!!!!!!!!!!!Mass!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Moles!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Molecules!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Atoms!!
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Example!!
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Find!the!number!of!(i)!moles!(ii)!molecules!(iii)!atoms!in!0.36g!of!water!!
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1.! Write!down!the!conversion!plan.!!
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Mass!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Moles!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Molecules!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Atoms!
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2.! Calculate!the!relative!molecular!mass!of!water!and!select!the!appropriate!formula!
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1!mole!of!water!=!18g!
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! Actual!Mass! !
Molar!Mass! =(((Number(of(moles(
!
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! ! ! ! !! (i)! 0.36!
=(((0.02(moles(
18!
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3.! Multiply!the!number!of!moles!by!Avogadro’s!number!to!get!the!number!of!
molecules!
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(ii)!0.02!x!6x1023!molecules!=!1.2!x!1022!molecules!!
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4.! As!every!molecule!of!water!contains!three!atoms!then!multiple!the!number!of!
molecules!calculated!above!by!3.!!
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(iii)!1.2!x!1022!molecules!x!3!=!3.6!x!1022!atoms.!!
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N.B!Always!write!the!correct!unit!on!the!end!!!!
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Molar!volume!calculations!!
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In!volume!calculations!it!is!important!to!note!that:!!
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1!mole!=!22.4!litres!=!6x1023!molecules.!!
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Changing!volume!to!moles!!
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Find!the!number!of!moles!in!1.12!litres!of!oxygen!gas.!!
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!!!!!Volume!! =((( 1.12! =((0.05(moles((
Molar!Volume!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!22.4! !
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Sample!conversion!of!volume!to!molecules!!
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Find!the!number!of!(i)!moles!(ii)!molecules!(iii)!atoms!in!112cm3!of!carbon!dioxide!gas.!!
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!!!!!!!Volume!!
Molar!Volume!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Moles!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Molecules!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Atoms!
!!!!!!!!!
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!112cm3! =((0.112(litres(
!!1000!
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1!mole!=!22.4!litres!!
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112cm3! =(((i)(0.005(moles((
!!1000!
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(ii)!0.005!moles!x!6x1023!=!3x1021!molecules!!
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(iii)!As!every!molecule!of!carbon!dioxide!consists!of!three!atoms!then!3!x!3x1021!=!9x1021!
atoms.!!
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Equation!of!state!for!an!ideal!gas!
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An!ideal!gas!is!a!gas!that!obeys!the!kinetic!theory!and!the!gas!laws!at!all!temperatures!and!
pressures.!In!reality!no!such!gas!exists!but!at!ordinary!temperatures!and!pressures!most!
gases!would!behave!like!an!ideal!gas.!
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Ideal!gas!equation!(equation!of!state!for!ideal!gas):!PV!=!nRT!
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It!is!important!to!use!the!following!standard!units!in!a!calculation!involving!the!law.!
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P!=!Pressure!measured!in!pascals!(Pa)!!
V!=!volume!in!m3!
T!=!temperature!in!Kelvin!!
R!=!universal!gas!constant!(8.3!JK1mol1)!
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Typical!problem!on!the!ideal!gas!equation!
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0.5g!of!a!gas!occupies!200cm3!at!27!degrees!Celsius!and!at!a!pressure!of!100!kPa!(8.3!
JK1mol1)!calculate!(i)!the!number!of!moles!of!the!gas!(ii)!relative!molecular!mass!of!the!gas.!!
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Solution!!
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PV!=!nRT!
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Conversion!of!units!into!standard!units:!volume!must!be!converted!into!m3!
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The!volume!given!=!200cm3.!to!convert!to!m3!divide!by!1,000,000!therefore!`!!
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200cm3!=!2x10`4m3!
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Temperature!must!be!converted!to!Kelvin!–!27!+!273!=!300K!!
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Pressure!must!be!in!pascal's:!100kPa!=!100,000Pa!=!1x105!!
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PV!=!nRT!
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(1x105)(2x10`4m3)!=!n(8.3)(300)!!
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(i)! Number!of!moles!=!n!=!0.008!moles!!
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Therefore!0.008!moles!of!gas!=!0.5g.!1!mole!=!62.5!!
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(ii)! Therefore,!relative!molecular!mass!of!gas!=!62.5!
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Mandatory!experiment:!To!find!the!relative!molecular!mass!of!a!volatile!liquid!!
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A!volatile!liquid!is!one!with!a!low!boiling!point!and!in!this!experiment,!propanone!can!be!
used.!
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Procedure!
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0! Find!the!mass!of!a!clean!dry!conical!flask!together!with!a!circle!of!aluminum!foil!and!
a!rubber!band.!Called!this!mass!m1.!!
0! Place!a!small!volume!of!propanone!in!the!
flask.!Cover!the!mouth!of!the!flask!with!
the!foil!and!stretch!the!rubber!band!
around!it!to!make!it!tight.!Make!a!very!
small!pinhole!in!the!foil.!
0! Clamp!the!flask!in!a!beaker!of!water!as!
shown!in!the!diagram.!
0! Boil!the!water!in!the!flask!using!a!hot!
plate.!This!causes!the!propanone!to!
vaporize!and!drive!the!air!out!of!the!flask.!
When!all!the!propanone!has!vaporized!the!
flask!is!now!full!of!propanone!vapor!at!100!
degrees!Celsius.!!
0! The!atmospheric!pressure!can!be!read!on!a!
Bourdon!gauge.!!
0! Remove!the!flask!from!the!beaker!and!dry!
the!outside!of!the!flask.!Allow!the!flask!to!
cool!and!reweigh.!Call!this!mass!m2.!The!
mass!of!the!vapor!in!the!flask!is!m1`m2.!!
0! Find!the!volume!of!the!flask!by!filling!it!
with!water!and!pouring!the!water!into!a!
graduated!cylinder.!!
0! Use!the!ideal!gas!equation!to!calculate!the!
relative!molecular!mass.!
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Link!to!the!video!of!this!experiment:!!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJDLm7tkU84&ab_channel=FreeEducationMyArse!
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