Chemistry

Electrolytic iurification of Copper

>
t
summary :

-
Cit ions at the cathode come from the anode
ve
-

re
nonet loss of Cushions
colour and concentration of Cusa, are the same

Cu > Cu2tl2e +
Cu2t2e > Cu

Cu Cu

solution :( 0504

Electro pa ing
the process of
depositing a
ayer of metal on another substance using electrolysis
>
t

summary :

re
-

ve
- metal object is coated with copper

net result's transfer of porting metal from anode

to cathode
Cu2t2e > cu
Cu > Cu2tl 2e t

cu Obj

solution :( 0504

Extra ng um 'n um
- -

bauxie > purified > auminivm oxide

auminivm
electrolysis At203
ore

> anodes Summary :

anode :

C CO2 202 > Oz Le

|AIz#
>
z

graphic cathode :
cathode
2 z z 741+302 I 3tt3e > A

why expensive?
because the carbon anode burns
and needs rep acing regularly
Simpe Ces
a device that converts chemical energy into electrical
energy
series :
reacviy
pole potassium
seargant sodium
s
char cacium
-

e
t v
m magnesium
a aluminium
carbon -

zinc ve
-

z ne

iron
-

n ricke
tin
2nt2n2tl2e 2h 't 2e > H2
ead t

hydrogen 2n cu
caught copper
me
'
mercury solution : 2504
sea
-

ng s ver

god god
Plate platinum more reac.ve metal : negative electrode

lessreac metal : positive electrode

-

ve

further apart nreaciviy series : higher voltage

'

Yeta Reactions
pole potassium reacs with cod 20
seargant sodium meta water > metal hydroxide hydrogen
char Cacium
-

m magnesium
a aluminium
carbon reacs with steam
z zinc
iron
-

meta seam > metal oxide hydrogen

n ricke
tin
ead
hydrogen
caught copper
does not reac with acid 20
me
mercury
diute hydrochloric acid
'

sea meta
-

ng s ver

god god > metal chloride hydrogen

plate platinum
 Chemistry
pole potassium

/
seargant sodium

char
-

e cacium
ex traced by eecroysis
m magnesium
a aluminium
carbon
z zinc
. '

ron
n ricke
tin
ead ex traced by bas furnace
hydrogen
caught copper
me
'
Mercury
Sea
-

ng s ver

god god need to be ex traced

no
plate platinum

Ex racing -

ron from aemaie

haemat
'

e > iron oxide impurities sand and Cay

Haema ie carbon carbonate added at top

-

1 core imestone Cac

-

um
.
,

2. Hot air is basted oxygen

↳ Cl Oz > CO2

↳ Ct CO2 320

3 .
iron oxide reduced to iron
↳ Feroz 30 > 2Fe 302
iron carbon Moten carbon
1 >
oxide monoxide iron dioxide
-

4 removed
' '

.
mpur es are

↳ Cacoz > CaO CO2

imestone calcium
-

oxide carbon
Cac um ,
dioxide
carbonate auiceime

↳ Cao Sio, > Casio}

calcium si Con slag
-

,
oxide dioxide calcium
silicate
Ex rac
-

on of Linc

1 Roas ing Oxidation

.

↳ 22ns 302 > 22 no 2502

v v

zinc zinc
sulfide oxide
zinc
b en de

2 .
Extra c '

on 3 ast furnace
↳ ZnO C > 2n CO

coke Tartson
Since b. p of zinc is 907°C bu
.
500°C
so , zinc 's a gas when extracted
therefore needs to be condensed
-

Stee
her metals
cry of iron and carbon with
an a 0

↳ how stee is made up :

1 . Removing impurities by oxidation

2 .
crying wi h carbon and other elements to

mate the different types of stee

Rusting
conditions : air Oz and water

↳ L
Fei 30212 it 20 > 2 Fe 203 . x H2O

hydrated iron
oxide

Methods of Rust Prevention

1 .
Protective layer Eectro plating with any metals

through with metals

'

2. sacrifice protection more reac ve

3 .
Using aloys Sai ness see
Che mica Equi barium
-

both des have

-

an
equi brim : rate of forward reaction is equal s
'

o rate of backwards reaction equa concentration

forward
> reversible

backward

Factors affecting i :

1 . Change
-

n Concern ration

↳ I Concern sh f to side with

'
-

ra on :

less concentration o

mate i balanced

Change Tressure
'

2 .
n

^
↳ barium shift to side
'

Pressure :
'

ego
'

with c es
-

ess par
a so producing '
more of the product
with c es
-

ess par

↳ barium shift to side

'

Pressure :
'

v ego
'

with more par

-
c es

a so producing more of the product

with
'

c es
-

more par

3 Change emperorture
'

.
n
Exo
↳ Exothermic : re eases heat

↳ Endothermic : absorbs heat Endo

✓ emperature : favours direc

'

on of exothermic to produce more heat

^

emperature : favours direc of endothermic to absorb hea

'

on excess
 Chemistry
2eactions of Alcohols
1. Combustion
↳ Compte e : excess oxygen
GHG 01-302 > 2021-320
ethanol

↳ In compete : imiec
oxygen

C2H60 202 720cg , 13h20

or

C. 21-160 Oz > 2Ccs, + 3h20

Soot

2. Oxida ion
Oxygen from
↳ alcohol +
oxidising agent
'
carboxy ic acid 1 water

3 .
Dehydration
↳ alcohol > alkene + water

•
remove OH and one H to form water

4 .
Esterification
↳ alcohol -

carboxy ic acid > ester + water

methy
-

ethanol c
ex methanol ,
ethanoatet water
.
acid
H H O H O H

H C O Ht H C C > H C O C C H t H O H

H H O H H H

5. Fermentation

↳ (GH , 206 > 2CzHsOHt2C02

•
yeast as biological catalyst
•
37°C
•
anaerobic
2eactions of Carboxy ic acid
•
Carboxy ic acid
↳ weak acid , reac with :

metal

metal oxide

metal hydroxide
meta carbonate

1 .
With metal
↳
carboxylic acid t meta >
carboxylate salt hydrogen

ex . 2CzHyOzt2n ) (21-13022 t H2
✓ ↳ from zinc
v
zn2t zinc
ethanoate

2 .
With metal oxide
↳
carboxylic acid t meta oxide >
carboxylate saltwater

ex .
2C Hzozt Naz O 72C Hoz Nat H2O

sodium
methane ate

3 . With metal hydroxide

↳
carboxylic acid t meta hydroxide >
carboxylate saltwater

ex . 261-1402 t Ba OH z
) (2143022 Bat 21-20

barium
ethanoate

4 .
With metal carbonate
↳
carboxylic acid t meta carbonate >
carboxylate salt carbon dioxide + water

ex .
2C H 2021 Nazca > 2cL Oz Nat (021-1-20
-