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Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 1 April 13, 2017
Optimization
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 6 April 13, 2017
Gradient descent
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 7 April 13, 2017
Computational graphs
x
s (scores) hinge
* loss
+
L
W
R
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 8 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 12 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 13 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 14 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 15 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 16 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 17 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 18 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 19 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 20 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Chain rule:
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 21 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 22 April 13, 2017
Backpropagation: a simple example
e.g. x = -2, y = 5, z = -4
Chain rule:
Want:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 23 April 13, 2017
f
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 24 April 13, 2017
“local gradient”
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 25 April 13, 2017
“local gradient”
gradients
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 26 April 13, 2017
“local gradient”
gradients
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 27 April 13, 2017
“local gradient”
gradients
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 28 April 13, 2017
“local gradient”
gradients
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 29 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 30 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 31 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 32 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 33 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 34 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 35 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 36 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 37 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 38 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 39 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 40 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 41 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 42 April 13, 2017
Another example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 43 April 13, 2017
sigmoid function
sigmoid gate
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 44 April 13, 2017
sigmoid function
sigmoid gate
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 45 April 13, 2017
Patterns in backward flow
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 46 April 13, 2017
Patterns in backward flow
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 47 April 13, 2017
Patterns in backward flow
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 48 April 13, 2017
Patterns in backward flow
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 49 April 13, 2017
Patterns in backward flow
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 50 April 13, 2017
Gradients add at branches
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 51 April 13, 2017
Gradients for vectorized code (x,y,z are This is now the
now vectors) Jacobian matrix
(derivative of each
element of z w.r.t. each
“local gradient” element of x)
f
gradients
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 52 April 13, 2017
Vectorized operations
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 53 April 13, 2017
Vectorized operations
Jacobian matrix
Q: what is the
size of the
Jacobian matrix?
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 54 April 13, 2017
Vectorized operations
Jacobian matrix
Q: what is the
size of the
Jacobian matrix?
[4096 x 4096!]
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 55 April 13, 2017
Vectorized operations
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - April 13, 2017
Vectorized operations
Jacobian matrix
Q: what is the
size of the Q2: what does it
Jacobian matrix? look like?
[4096 x 4096!]
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 58 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 59 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 60 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 61 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 62 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 63 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 64 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 65 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 66 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 67 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 68 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 69 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 70 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 71 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 72 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 73 April 13, 2017
A vectorized example:
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 74 April 13, 2017
Summary so far...
● neural nets will be very large: impractical to write down gradient formula
by hand for all parameters
● backpropagation = recursive application of the chain rule along a
computational graph to compute the gradients of all
inputs/parameters/intermediates
● implementations maintain a graph structure, where the nodes implement
the forward() / backward() API
● forward: compute result of an operation and save any intermediates
needed for gradient computation in memory
● backward: apply the chain rule to compute the gradient of the loss
function with respect to the inputs
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 81 April 13, 2017
Activation functions
Sigmoid Leaky ReLU
tanh Maxout
ReLU ELU
Fei-Fei Li & Justin Johnson & Serena Yeung Lecture 4 - 96 April 13, 2017