CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
One of the greatest challenges facing the Minna is housing. The considerable gap between

supply and demand has found expression in the astronomical cost of rented dwellings.

Overcrowding, slums, and substandard housing are expressions of this problem. The

aftermath of the shortfall in the housing stock has resulted in the urban slum being witnessed

in Minna in Niger state and Nigeria as a whole. The history of slum can be traced back to the

era of industrial revolution and urbanization which was characterized by migration of people

from rural areas to urban centres seeking a better means of livelihood because of the desire

and anticipated opportunities at the urban centres. Formation of slum is not only limited to

urbanization and industrial revolution, various researchers have argued that apart from

urbanization, there are other factors responsible for slum formation in urban centres and

these include inadequate provision of facilities, poor urban management and slum (Adebayo,

2015).

Urban slum is an area of advanced blight condition usually requiring clearance or re-building

as the most effective corrective action. It can also be said to be a poor, dirty area in urban

area (Omole, 2018). Slums have also been seen as areas of social breakdown, high

delinquency and that the residents are opponents of progress, lawless and lawbreakers

(Omole and Owoeye, 2012). Some scholars are also of the view that the slum areas usually

house and provide homes for the local migrants. This is so because migrants coming to the

big cities may first settle in this part of the city where they have their relatives or perhaps,

they settle there because of the cost of accommodation which is relatively low, compared to

other planned areas in the cities (Omole, 2018).

1
Over the years, scholars in urban studies are faced with the challenging phenomena of

increasing rates of urban growth in the world. Especially in developing countries, where less

urban planning is being carried out to contain such growth in a viable manner (Egunjobi,

Jelili, Adeyeye, 2018). Unplanned urbanization and rapid urban growth are linked to various

environmental challenges in developing countries. Olthuis, Jiya, Eichwede and Zevenbergen

(2015) opined that unplanned urban and rapid urbanization often result in chaotic

development which in turn breed slum settlements in developing countries of the world with

Nigeria inclusive. Also, Agbola and Agunbiade (2009) share the same opinion about

development and slum formation. Slum settlements are defined as any neighborhood or city

with half or more of its residents lack access to improved potable water supply, sanitation,

sufficient living area, durable housing and secure tenure (UN-Habitat, 2009).

Global Urban Observatory (2003) reveals that slums excel in marginal or less valuable urban

land such as riverbanks, steep slopes, dumping grounds, abandoned or unexploited plots,

along transportation networks, near industrial areas and market places, and in low lying areas

or wetlands. The main issue here is that the interests of the occupiers of such land are not

protected by law which means that the interests are not secured against any government

decision. Implicitly, slum can occur at the fringe or in the core. For proper identification of a

slum area, the following yardstick or criteria can be useful as identified by (Chandramoulis,

2003) as area with dilapidated and infirm housing structures, poor ventilation, acute

overcrowding, faulty alignment of streets, inadequate lighting, paucity of safe drinking

water, logging during rains, absence of toilet facilities and non-availability of basic physical

and social services. The living conditions in slum are usually unhygienic and contrary to all

norms of planned urban growth and venerable to all forms of pollutions and water borne

disease. In view of these, this paper examines the socio-economic attributes/characteristics of

2
residents in Kpakungu Minna Niger State, Nigeria which is an epitome of slum area as

described above.

1.2 STATEMENT OF REASEARCH PROBLEM

UNCH (2015) described slum as the sprawling cities of the world, once symbols of progress,

prosperity and hope are increasingly turning into cities of despair for an even-large share of

humanity. In some cities in the world more than half of the population lives in slums and

squatter settlement. Most people living on such conditions also face another problems, like

unemployment and under employment, housing difficult and poor environmental condition.

Most cities and towns are unable to keep pace with the urban population growth and cannot

provide quality accommodation or shelter for their urban populate.

The urban poor bear the great burdens of urban environmental risk because of the situation in

which they are forced to live, whether in sprawling squatter settlements of cities or in the

blighted urban centre of Minna Niger State. There are number of problems associated with

household Socio-economic characteristics and slum development in Kpakungu Local

Government Area of Minna, Niger State which have become deplorable and constituted total

nuisance to the environment. These include environmental deterioration, housing

deterioration, facilities overload, slum creation, squatter housing, overcrowding and socio-

spatial disorderliness among others.

To address this research problem, the following questions were asked: Why do people in

Niger State move to the state capital (Minna)? Is their availability of social amenities? Does

Niger State have enough houses to accommodate its populace? Are the houses built to

standard? Do the houses have adequate facilities? Is the price of the houses affordable to the

poor in Niger State (Kpakungu LGA to be precise)? Does government provide financial

assistance in order to reduce housing problem in Lagos State?

3
1.3 Aims and Objective of the study
The aim of this study is to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of slum development

and household relationship, in Kpakungu Local Government Area Minna, Niger State. The

means of achieving the aim are to:

1. Analyze the socio-economic characteristic of residents (respondents) in the study

area;

2. Analyze the existing housing conditions (physical structure of buildings) in the study

area;

3. Examine the quality of facilities and houses in relation to social economic

characteristic and Slum Development in the study area.

4. To proffer positive and possible solution to checkmate slum development on

sustainable manner.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: Socio-economic characteristics of the inhabitants/ respondents have no relationship

with the building occupied.

H1: Socio-economic characteristics of inhabitants/respondents have relationship with the

building occupied.

1.5 Scope of the study

For the purpose of this study, the relationship between socio-economic characteristics and

slum development, as an index for improving wellbeing of persons residing at the selected

area of study shall be adequately err so as to produce an effective and efficient livable

environment for the inhabitants.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The result of this study will highlight and analyze the relationship between household socio-

economic characteristics and slum development in the selected neighborhood in Minna Niger

state.

4
1.7 THE STUDY AREA
This study was aimed at analyzing the relationship between household socio-economic

characteristics and slum development in Nigeria using Kpakungu neighborhood of Minna as

a case study. To achieve this goal, the objectives of the study were to examine the

socioeconomic attributes/characteristics of the residents in the study area.

Kapkungu is a neighborhood in western bye-pass of Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. The study

area is located along Minna-Bida Road.

LOCATION: Kpakungu is located on latitude 90 35’55.00” N and longitude 60 32’

00.00”E. Niger state is located between on latitude 80 10’ N and 100 30’ N and between

longitude 30 30’ E and 70 30’E. Niger State covers an area of 96,363 square kilometers.

Minna is located at the north-eastern part of the land that makes up Niger State along the

Lagos-Kano railway track. It enjoys a strategic location and relatively easy accessibility from

all parts of the country.

VEGITATION: Kpakungu has a combination of dry and wet season, a hybrid of northern

and southern Nigeria climate. Progressively it has a decreased in length and amount of

rainfall from south to north with a mean annual rainfall between 110mm in the north to

1600mm in the south. The wet season has duration, which changes from 150 days in the

north to 210 days in the south.

CLIMATE: Air temperature in the area is fairly constant during seasonal variables and the

mean temperature does not exceed 13,88o C which is between March and June with the

lowest minimum temperature usually in December and January. In October it experiences

dry season with northeast trade winds from Sahara which brings about Hamattan that last

between December and February which the relative humidity could be as low as 14o C.

5
Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Showing Niger state

Source: Authors, (2021)

6
Figure 2: Map showing Kpakungu (the study area)

Source: Authors, (2021)

7
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Nwaka, (2015) pointed out the relationship between, the urban poor, the slum environment

and the health policy in Nigeria. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as 'a

state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of

disease or infirmity'. Such a state is conditioned by a variety of factors ranging from the

genetic, the social and the emotional, to the natural and manmade environment.

Consequently, consideration of such a state of health will have to take into account factors

such as development objectives and strategies, and economic relations as well as the

prevailing social structures, beliefs and value systems in the community. Of importance in

this study is the socio-economic instability of the residents of this area

Slum alleviation dominates the International Development Agenda of the 21st century, and

one of the primary concerns of the Millennium Development Goal is to urgently improve

health and living conditions of the Millions of dwellers around the world (UN Habitat, 2003).

Up to the 1980s, slum was largely associated with the rural areas in developing countries; but

the situation has changed with the dramatic increases in the numbers and proportion of the

population living in the urban areas, and corresponding increase in the level of urban slum.

The ILO estimates that the proportion of the urban work force engaged in the informal

sectors is highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and accounts for more than 50 percents of urban

employment in two-thirds of the countries surveyed in 1999 (population report 2002).

These slum and irregular settlement have become so pervasive in Africa that they now

outnumber legally planned development and their social legitimacy appears to be no longer

in question; but the appalling environmental conditions associated with them constitute a

8
major threat to the health and well-being of the urban community. The urban setting has

many potentials health advantages because it reduces the unit cost of providing good quality

of water supply, sanitation, drainage and preventive and curative health care; but without

these essential prerequisites, concentrating people and their wastes in crowded slum would

certainly increase health risk and spread of infections and parasitic disease. As the World

Health Organization has emphasized, it is the home not the clinic that holds the key to a

better health delivery system.

The main policy challenged Addressed by (Nwaka, 2015) which support and regulate the

urban informal sector in a way that promotes shelter and livelihood for the poor, and at the

same time ensures a safe, healthy and socially acceptable environment; how to ensure that

the struggle against urban slum and slum dwelling does not result in a campaign against

urban poor and slum dwellers. (Nwaka, 2015) Examines how urban slum and the informal

city have developed in Nigeria over the last 50 years; the extent to which government

policies and programs have helped or constrained the poor, and how these slums and

irregular settlements can be upgraded and progressively integrated into the urban

mainstream. It considers how housing and planning codes, standards and regulations

inherited from the discriminatory policies and segregationist practices of the colonial period

have continued to inhibit the access of the poor to affordable housing and tenure security;

how the inadequate provision of water, sanitation and waste management has led to the

spread of a wide variety of water-borne and filth-related disease such as diarrhea, typhoid

and cholera; the various form of ill-health associated with malarial mosquitoes and other

pests and diseases vectors; the problems of malnutrition and food contamination, especially

in the fast growing street food catering industry; and the high incidence of respiratory

infections among women and children, caused by indoor pollution from open cooking fires

and stoves.

9
 2.1 REVIEW OF CONCEPTS
Cities are of enormous political, social, cultural and economic importance in various

countries in which they are located. Housing is one of the major determinants of the

morphology of these cities. Housing as a unit of the environment has profound influence on

the health, efficiency, social behaviour, satisfaction and general welfare of the community. It

reflects the cultural, social and economic values of a society, as it is the best physical and

historical evidence of the civilization of a country (Omole, 2010). Adequate shelter has

always been one of the very basic human needs. Overtime, its provision has been met in the

form of dwellings which are temporary or permanent, natural or adapted (Ojo, 1998).

However, housing is more than shelter (Wahab, 1983; Oladapo, 2006). It is a permanent

structure for human habitation, and has become a critical component in the social, economic

and health fabric of every nation. Its history is thus inseparable from the social,

economic cultural and political development of man (Listokin and Burchil, 2018).

Studies have shown that the provision of appropriate housing, particularly for the urban poor

constitutes a major challenge to development in most African countries and developing

nations at large (Okoye, 1990; Lawanson, 2015).

The United Nations Habitat Report (1989) affirmed that a large proportion of the third

world’s urban population lives and works in very poor condition. Apart from the fact that the

poor inhabit many different low quality forms of housing, there are two other basic

environmental pro- blems that are evidently noticeable. One is the presence of pathogens in

the human environment due to lack of basic infrastructure and services. The second is

crowded and cramped living conditions.

One of the primary objectives of the principle of sustainable development as contained in the

Brundtland Report of 1987 relates to ways of ensuring a better quality life for everyone, now

and for generations to come (HC, 2003; NAHA, 2006). This entails a process of building our

communities so that we can live comfortably by providing lasting and secure livelihoods

10
which minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disruptions and

social instability (Jiboye, 2009; Akiyode, 2009). Since housing occupies a central position in

the sustainable urbanization agenda in Nigeria and other developing nations; and also since

African traditional family housing unit constitutes a significant component of the urban

housing stock, there is the need to ensure its adequacy in other to facilitate a better quality

life as well as maintain stable urban communities.

Many cities in Africa and Asia are seriously affected with this condition. Most of these cities

do not have sewer; hence, their human excreta and wastewater ends up in rivers, streams,

canals, gullies and ditches untreated. To improve the life of the poor in such deplorable parts

of urban centre through physical planning, Olanrewaju (2004) suggested, with particular

reference to Akure that urban renewal in form of rehabilitation and upgrading programme

will be suitable. This is in a view to providing the essential facilities and revive the outdated

ones rather than embarking on total clearance and redevelopment that can affect the

residents negatively.

In a study of Akure, Omole (2018) carried out an assessment of housing condition and socio-

economic life styles of slum dwellers in Akure. The study was carried out with the aid of

questionnaire administration on building and facility survey. Data were also collected from

related government ministries and departments to find out government’s intervention in this

area. Findings from the study revealed that the area chosen for the study exhibit slum

condition that has undefiled impact on the socio-economic lifestyles and the health of the

residents, as well as the general outlook of the environment. Recommendations were

proffered to guide the policy makers towards enhancing the lives of the residents of the area.

Toyobo et al. (2011) in the study of the correlates of socio-economic characteristics of

housing quality in Ogbomosho Township, Oyo State, Nigeria. The study examined the socio-

economic characteristics of resident’s types of houses, facilities and condition of buildings. A

11
total of 204 questionnaires were administered using systematic random sampling

techniques. Data were further analyzed with the aid of simple descriptive analytical

technique. The hypothesis was tested using ANOVA. The study showed inadequate

provision of facilities such as pipe-borne water, erratic power supply, poor solid waste

management and presence of substandard houses in the study area. The study concludes

however that, there is urgent need for enforcement of planning regulations to improve the

housing quality and facilities in the study area.

Uwadiegwu (2013) examined an insider’s perception of the structural profile of the socio

economic and housing problems of the slum areas in Enugu city, Nigeria. The study aims at

the identification of the structural profile of the socio-economic and housing problems of the

slum areas. Five slum areas in Enugu City were chosen for the study consisting of three core

and two peripheral spontaneous slum areas, namely Coal Camp, Obiagu, and Ogui Urban

(core slum areas), Ngenevu and Jamboree (peripheral slum areas). 412 slum dwellers

randomly selected from the chosen areas participated in the study. Principal Component

Analysis (PCA) version of Factor Analysis (FA) statistical technique was employed for the

data analysis. The technique reduced the 17 variables used for the study to 7 components or

factors. The PCA also produced the structural profile of the variables with lack of housing

amenities being the paramount. This is followed in descending order by household size, lack

of job and low income, accommodation, tenancy and lastly security problems. It is therefore

recommended that programme for the improvement of the slum areas in Nigeria should be

phased in accordance with this structure.

Most of these researches confined their studies on general description of the ugly slum

environment, to historical emergence of slums and to geographical and sociological analysis

of slum areas. Some of these studies have even advanced new approaches to slum

elimination but nothing about in-depth identification of the ramification and the

12
manifestations of the profile of the problems confronting the residents of the core area. It is

very important that the structural profiles of the socio- economic and housing problems of

the core areas are clearly identified. The emerged problem structure will assist in the

articulation of adequate renewal program- mes for the core areas.

13
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN
This study focuses mainly on the socio-economic attributes of residents of Kpakungu, Minna

Niger State, Nigeria. The study embraces both primary and secondary sources of

information. These were obtained from the field through the use of research instrument such

as administration of questionnaires, personal interviews, observations and focus group

discussion. Secondary information was collected from reports, (published and unpublished

sources), textbooks, journals, file of government agencies and parastatals. These include the

National Population Commission, The local government, and Internet, among many others.

3.1 DATA REQUIREMENT AND SOURCES

For this study, relevant data was obtained in order to achieve the objectives stated. In this

circumstance, data drawn were as shown in table 3.

14
Table 1: Data required and sources

Type of data Data requirement Relevance of data Sources of data

These data are important in

Primary Characteristics of the population knowing Questionnaire
such as age, gender, occupation the extent they facilitate or inhibit survey.
(job type), religion, marital recreation participation
status and educational
attainment
Socio-Economic characteristics
of respondents Information about the population’s Questionnaires
Socio-economic characteristics

Description of Household
Relationship and Socio-
economic Characteristics of The relevance of these data is
Secondary respondents clearly Thesis and
seen in the preparation of the
review dissertations,
of literature. A good review of Internet library,
literature will remove the limitation
of books, journals
having a research containing only
all and conference
of the researcher’s opinions about
the papers.
facts discovered, thus building a
stronger foundation for the study.

Population of Kpakungu The essence of obtaining the National

population of Kpakungu LGA Population
Commission,
Nigeria and
National Bureau
of Statistics,
Nigeria

1. 3.2 Population of the Study

The study analyses household relationship and socio-economic characteristics in kpakungu

located in Minna, Niger state as the study area. Therefore, the populations for this research

are occupant or people who are currently residing in Kpakungu, Minna.

15
3.2.1 Sample and Sampling Techniques
The adequacy of a sample is assessed by how well such sample represents the whole

population of participants from which the sample is drawn. To determine the sampling frame

with the sampling population, the formula by Solvin is given as: 2

Sn=N / (N∗(d 2)+1)

Where N = (17,876) No. of People in the area

d = 0.05 Level of Confidence

Sn= 391 questionnaires administered

Sn=17,876 /¿

Sn=391.24

3.2.2 Sampling Size

Sample size is the number of units that make up the sample. It is the numerical value of that

portion drawn from the population under study.

3.2.3 Sampling Technique

The research adopted simple random sampling technique; this technique was being adopted

and carried out without bias or special interest or consideration to a particular source. The

sample chosen using the above technique was made up of three hundred and ninety-one

(391) occupant of the study area.

3.3 Methods of data collection

1. Primary sources

A. Personal (field) observation: The purpose of this method is to obtain firsthand (but

superficial) information for the study. Personal observation is useful because it takes

less time and also eliminates the possibility of bias, which may frustrate the

16
 realization of the research objectives. As a preliminary field survey, the researcher

used it to obtain data relating to the study.

B. Questionnaire: The questionnaire is very cost effective when compared to face to

face interviews especially for studies involving large sample sizes and large

geographic areas. For the avoidance of doubt, Milne (2011) identifies the following

advantages of questionnaires:

The responses are gathered in a standardized way, so questionnaires are more objective,

certainly more so than interviews.

Generally, it is relatively quick to collect information using a questionnaire

Potentially, information can be collected from a large portion of a group.

The questionnaire was designed to generate data relevant in achieving the objectives and

testing the hypotheses. It was constructed for questions to appear under specific sections. The

questions conformed to the pattern of the restricted type of questionnaire, with few open

ended ones; they were simple and easy to understand by the respondents. Also, questions

were presented in good psychological order, proceeding from general to more specific

responses. This order, according to Key (2002) helps the respondents to organize their own

thinking, so that answers are logical and objective.

2. Secondary sources

Secondary data for this study were sought and used to prepare the literature review. The

literature review enables the researcher to establish the course and position of literature on

the subject. This study therefore, utilized the following literature sources:

a. Books

17
 b. Journals

c. Published electronic sources

d. Unpublished personal records

3.4 Validation of Instruments

This research Content validity was established by relating the content of each question to the

literature. Also the research questionnaires adopted for this study were given to the

researcher’s supervisor and other lecturers and practitioners for approval. The choices of

words and sentence structures of the questionnaire were corrected by the supervisor. The

corrections indicated were fully affected to ensure the instruments validity.

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

The collected data through the various sources as previously mentioned were carefully

organised and assembled to ascertain the useful material from the irrelevant ones. Write-ups,

tables, photographs, and percentage etc. were employed in analysing the data collected from

the various sources, descriptive statistic method.

18
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Research Findings

The socio-economic variables considered in this study focus on the socio-economic

attributes of residents in Kpakungu Minna Niger State Nigeria. The socio-economic

characteristics in the study area which comprises of gender, occupation, marital status,

education qualification, household income per month, number of rooms occupied and years

of living in the study area.

4.1.1 Gender and Age of Respondents

The gender of respondents as shown in table 1 reveals that 69.3% were male while 30.7%

were female. It can be deduced that majority of respondents were male. The age of the

respondents gives details on age characteristics in the study area. 22.43% of respondents’ age

fall within 20-29 years, 33.24% of respondents’ ages were within 30-39, 12.4% of

respondents were within the age range of 50-59 years, 16.8% of respondents were within the

age range of 40-49 years and 14.8% of respondents were above 60 years. It can be inferred

that majority of the respondents was within the age range 30-39years. This is a large number

of people within the working age.

Table 1: Gender of respondents

Se Frequency Percentage

x
Male 271 69.3
Female 120 30.7
Total 391 100.0
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2021

19
Table 2: Age of respondents

Ag Frequency Percentage

e
20-29yrs 87 22.43
30-39yrs 130 33.24
40-49yrs 66 16.8
50-59yrs 50 12.7
above 60yrs 58 14.8
Total 391 100.0
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2021

4.1.2 Marital status and educational profiles of dwellers.

In terms of marital status, 39.89% of the respondents were married, while 28.13% were

single. Others were divorced (14.06%), and widowed (17.9%).

It was also discovered that majority (48.59%) of the respondents acquired only primary

education. This was followed by 22.2% of the respondents who reported that they have

acquired secondary education. Interestingly, however, up to 8.35% of the respondents

acquired National Certificate in Education (NCE)/National Diploma (ND); while 5.70% have

acquired Higher National Diploma (HND)/Bachelors' Degree.

Table 3: Marital status of respondents

Marital Status Frequency Percentage

Married 156 39.89

20
 Single 110 28.13
Widow/Widower 70 17.9
divorced 55 14.06
Total 391 100.0
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2021

Table 4: Education qualification

Education Frequency Percentage

No formal education 65 16.62
Primary 190 48.59
Secondary 87 22.2
Tertiary 49 12.53
Total 391 100.0
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2021

4.1.3 Occupation and house hold income.

The occupation/professional status of respondents in the study area as shown in table 6

indicates that, 30.2% of respondents were civil servant, 14.3% of were

businessman/businesswomen, 23.3% were artisan, 23.3% were involved in petty trading,

2.6% were retired and 6.3% were unemployed.

The household income per month of the respondents show that the income varied from

10,000 Naira to 80,000 Naira, 39.2% of respondents’ income were less than N18,000, 32.3%

of respondents’ income ranges from N 19,000-30,000, 21.2% were within the range of

31,000-40,000, 3.2% were within the range of 41,000-50,000, 3.7% within 51,000-60,000

and only 0.5% of respondents were above N 80,000. One can infer here that the incomes of

majority of the respondents were meager in catering for their immediate families. This makes

the study area vulnerable to several criminal tendencies and perhaps the major causes of

poverty in this area.

Table 5: Occupation/Professional Status

Occupation/Professional Status Frequency Percentage

21
 Civil servant 54 13.81
Businessmen/Businesswomen 87 22.25
Artisan 87 22.25
Petty trader 131 33.5
Retired 10 2.6
Others 22 5.62
Total 391 100.0
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2021

Table 6: Household income per month

Monthly Income Frequency Percentage

>18,000 54 13.81
19,000-30,000 87 22.25
31,000-40,000 87 22.25
41,000-50,000 131 33.5
51,000-60,000 10 2.6
80,000 above 22 5.62
Total 391 100.0
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2021

Naira (N) = Nigeria Currency, 1 Naira = 475 US Dollars as at the line of this research. This is

street exchange rate.

22
4.1.4 Rooms occupancy and length of stay in the area.
The numbers of room occupied by respondents in the study area as shown on table 8 reveals

that 75.7% of dwellers occupied single room. 22.8% occupied two rooms and 1.6% occupied

three rooms. This may have effect on the health conditions of respondents as the highest

percentage of respondents were living in a room, which may be responsible for high spread

of diseases, for example, tuberculosis, and diarhorrea.

The years of living in the study area by respondents indicated that 35.4% of respondents have

spent less than 10 years, 41.3% have spent between 11-20 years, 13.8% have spent between

21-30 years, 6.9% between 31-40 years and 2.5% have spent between 41-50 years. This

means that migration of people to slum environment is very rampant in the past twenty years

because of the cheap accommodation.

Table 7: Numbers of room occupied

Options Frequency Percentage

One 143 75.7
Two 43 22.8
Three 3 1.6
Total 391 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2021

Table 8: Years of living in the study area

Options Frequency Percentage

Less than 10 yrs 67 35.4
11-20yrs 78 41.3
21-30yrs 26 13.8
31-40yrs 13 6.9
41-50yrs 5 2.6
Total 391 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2021

23
4.1.5 Nature of Neighborhood in the Area
Table 9 Showing the Nature of Neighborhood in the Area

Options Frequency Percentage

High Density 94 24.04
Medium Density 198 50.63
Low Density 99 25.31
Total 391 100.0
Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

Table 9 above, shows that 94 respondents representing 24.04% said High Density and 198

respondents representing 50.63% said Medium Density while 99 respondents representing

25.31% responded that the area is of Low Density respectively.

4.1.6 Types of Property Occupied by the Respondents

Table 10 Showing type of property occupied by the respondents

VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

24
 Flats 63 16.11%

Tenement 112 28.65%

Room & Parlor 166 42.46%

Other 50 12.9%

Total 391 100%

Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

From Table 10 above, 63 respondents representing 16.11% choose flats and 112 respondents

representing 28.65% choose tenement building while 166 respondents representing 42.46%

choose room and parlor and 50 respondents representing 12.9% choose others respectively.

4.1.7 Condition of the Household Occupied by the Respondents

Table 11 Showing the condition of the household occupied by respondent

VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Good State 61 15.60% Source:

Average 195 49.87% Field

Poor/Bad State 135 34.52% Survey

Total 391 100% 2021

Interpretation:
Table 11 above shows that 61 respondents representing 15.60% selected that their household

is in Good State of Condition and 195 respondents representing 49.87% choose Average

25
Condition while 135 respondents representing 34.52% choose that their accommodation is in

Poor / Bad State respectively.

4.1.8 Efficiency/Adequacy of Waste Disposal System in the Study Area

Table 12 Showing whether the waste disposal system in the area is efficient / adequate

VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Strongly Agreed 47 12.02%

Agreed 33 8.44%

Disagreed 169 43.22%

Strongly Disagreed 142 36.31%

Total 391 100%

Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

Table 12 above shows that 47 respondents representing 12.02% strongly agreed and 33

respondents representing 8.44% agreed that the waste disposal system in the area is efficient

while 169 respondents representing 43.22% disagreed and 142 respondents representing

36.31% strongly disagreed respectively.

4.1.9 Conditions of physical structures of the properties

Table 13 Respondents satisfaction with the physical structure of the property in the

area

26
VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Yes 190 48.59%

No 201 51.40%

Total 391 100%

Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

Table 13 above shows that 190 respondents representing 48.59% said Yes; that they are

satisfied with the physical structure of properties in the area while 201 respondents

representing 51% said No that they are not satisfied with the physical structure of property in

the area.

4.1.10 Lack of Adequate Planning by the Relevant Authority Leads to Poor Housing
Condition
Table 14 showing if improper planning by the authority leads to poor housing condition

VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Strongly Agreed 99 25.31%

Agreed 89 22.76%

Disagreed 88 22.50%

Strongly Disagreed 115 29.41%

Total 391 100%

Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

Table 14 above shows that 99 respondents representing 25.31% strongly agreed and 89

respondents representing 22.76% agreed that improper planning by the authorities’ leads to

poor housing condition while 88 respondents representing 22.50% disagreed and 115

respondents representing 29.41% strongly disagreed respectively.

27
4.1.11 Income or Earning Capacity of the People Causes Poor Housing Condition
Table 15 Showing if the earning capacity of the people causes poor housing condition

VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Strongly Agreed 99 27%

Agreed 89 15%

Disagreed 88 29%

Strongly Disagreed 115 28%

Total 391 100%

Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

Table 15 above shows that 99 respondents representing 27% strongly agreed and 89

representing 15% agreed that the earning capacity of the people causes poor housing

condition while 88 respondents representing 29% disagreed and 115 respondents

representing 28% strongly disagreed respectively.

4.1.12 Government Authorities Should Ensure Adequate/Proper Planning are Adhered

To
Table 16 Showing that the government authorities should ensure adequate planning in

the area

VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

28
 Strongly Agreed 125 31.96%

Agreed 178 45.52%

Disagreed 14 3.58%

Strongly Disagreed - -

Total 391 100%

Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

Table 16 above shows that 125 respondents representing 31.96% strongly agreed and 178

respondents representing 45.52% agreed that the government authorities should ensure

adequate planning in the area while 14 respondents representing 3.58% disagreed

respectively.

4.1.13 Clearance of Blocked Drainages and Construction of New Ones to Collect Waste
and Runoff Water
Table 17 showing the clearance of blocked drainages and construct new one for good

waste and runoff water disposal

VARIABLE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

Strongly Agreed 200 51.15%

Agreed 181 46.29%

Disagreed 7 1.79%

Strongly Disagreed 3 0.76%

Total 391 100%

Source: Field Survey 2021

Interpretation:

Table 17 above shows that 200 respondents representing 51.15% strongly agreed and 181

respondents representing 46.29% agreed that the clearance of blocked drainages and

29
construction of new ones for good waste and runoff water disposal while 7 respondents

representing 1.79% disagreed and 3 respondents representing 0.76% strongly disagreed

respectively.

4.2 HYPOTHESES TESTING

Hypothesis Test:

H0: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the inhabitants/respondents have relationship with the

building occupied.

H1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the inhabitants/respondents have no relationship with

the building occupied.

Decision rule: Reject H0 if P-value ≤ 0.5 otherwise do not reject.

Chi-Square Test

What is the relationship between Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents

with the building they occupied?
Observed N Expected N Residual
Positive 42 158.5 -116.5
Negative 275 158.5 116.5
Total 317

Test Statistics
What is the relationship between Socio-economic
characteristics of the respondents with the building they
occupied?

30
 a
Chi-Square
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have 171.259
expected
Df 1
Asymp.less
frequencies Sig. than.000
5. The

minimum expected cell

frequency is 158.5.

Source: SPSS Version 22.

Conclusion

From above, the data was analyzed using chi-square goodness of fit test. The null hypothesis

was rejected since chi-square = 171.259, degree of freedom = 1, P-value = 0.000 < 0.05,

therefore, there is evidence that there is relationship between socio-economic characteristics

of residents and the building they occupy, in the studied area. Since P-value < 0.05

31
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter will encompass or deal with the summary of findings; conclusion and

recommendations which may be useful for further research work on the topic are here

analyzed.

5.2 Summary of findings

From the data collected and analyzed during the research work, the following findings were

made;

1. It was identified from the study that the study area is a neighborhood with a

population which is mostly medium density although quite a number of the

respondents said it’s a neighborhood with higher population density.

2. The researcher found from the study that the condition of the household in the area is

in average condition with others; with poor or bad condition

3. The research has identified that the waste disposal system in the area of study is not

adequate and efficient enough and that the drainage system within the area is in a poor

and dilapidated state or condition.

4. The research reveals that the resident of the study area are not justified with the

present condition of the properties being occupied by them, that the income earning

capacity of the residents in the area of study, scarcity and high cost of building

materials, the influx of poor immigrant into the area, and improper planning by the

relevant authority causes poor housing condition.

5. Finally, it was revealed and recommended that the relevant government authorities

should ensure that adequate planning is adhered too, clearance of blocked drainages

32
and construction of new ones to ensure good and suitable housing or accommodation

in the study area.

33
 Questionnaire

The Federal Polytechnic Bida,

Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
Bida,
Niger State,
31st August, 2021.

Sir,

RESEARCH QUESTION FOR HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

I am ADINNU CHIKA JOY, an Higher National Diploma student of The Federal

Polytechnic Bida, in the Department Of Urban and Regional Planning. I am undertaking a

research on the topic: “Analysis of household relationship and socioeconomic

characteristics of slum development” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of Higher National Diploma.

This questionnaire is designed to help in completing of the study. You are please requested to

complete the form in good faith and note that all information supplied in this questionnaire

will be treated in confidence and used for academic purpose only.

I solicit your kind cooperation in answering the questions presented for the purpose of this

study.

Thanks you.

Yours faithfully

ADINNU CHIKA JOY

34
ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD RELATIONSHIP AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

SLUM DEVELOPMENT IN KPAKUNGU MINNA

Instruction: please indicate your option by ticking (√) in respect of the following statements.

Every of the information provided by you shall be treated with absolute confidentiality.

SECTION A. (Personal Data of Respondent)

1. Sex of respondent?
a. Male b. Female

2. Age of respondent?

a. 20-29 years b. 30-39years c. 40-49years d. 50-59 years

e. above 60years

3. Marital status?

a. Married b. Single c. Widowed d. Divorce

4. For how long have you lived in Kpakungu, Minna?

a. <10 years b. 11-20 years c. 21-30 years

d. 31-40year e. 41-50years

35
 SECTION B

S/N ITEMS/QUESTIONS RESPONSES

Research Question One: what is the socio-economic characteristics of residents in Kpakungu Minna?
4 Number of Room Occupied?

a. One bedroom ( ) b. Two bedroom ( ) c. Three bedroom ( )

5 Educational background?

a. No formal Education ( ) b. Primary ( ) c. Secondary ( ) d. Tertiary; NCE/ND ( ),

HND/BSC ( ).
6 Occupation?

a. Civil Servant b. Businessman/Businesswoman c. Artisan ( ) d. Petty Trader e. Retired

( ) f. Others ( )
7 What is Your Monthly Income?

>18,000 b. 19,000-30,000 c. 31,000-40,000 d. 41,000-50,000 e. 51,000-60,000

f. 80,000 above
Research Question Two: What is the housing condition (Physical structure of building in the study area?
8 What is the nature of neighborhood in the area?

a. High density ( ) b. Medium density ( ) c. low density ( )

9 Which type of property do you occupy or live in?

a. Flat ( ) b. Room & parlor ( ) c. others ( )

10 How would you rate the conditions of household occupied by you in your area?

a. Good state ( ) b. Average ( ) c. Poor/Bad state

11 Is there efficient/adequate waste disposal system in your area?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
12 Looking at the present condition of the physical structure of the property are you satisfied?

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
Research Question Three: Examine the quality of facilities and houses in relation to socio-economic

characteristics of slum development?

The responses are categorized as follows:

(SA - Strongly Agree). (A - Agree). (D – Disagree). (S - Strongly Disagree)

SA A D SD

36
 13 Improper or lack of adequate planning by the relevant authority, leads to

poor housing conditions?

14 Income or earnings capacity off the residents can cause poor housing

condition and lead to slum development

15 The relevant government authorities should ensure that adequate proper

planning is adhered to?

16 Clearance of blocked drainage and construction of new ones so as to

collect waste and run-off water in the area?

THANK YOU.

37
 Appendix II

Figure 1:

Showing Poor Drainage System in The Study Area

38
Figure 2

showing blocked sewage system in the area of study

39
Figure 3:

Showing

Housing

Conditions and Infrastructural Facility in the area of study

40