TOPIC 13

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Objectives:
 The students are able to make a conversation regarding personal protective
equipment
 The students are able to answer the questions based on the passage given.
 The students are able to answer the questions based on the notice given.
 The students are able to select the best word or phrase to complete the
sentence, especially regarding the Adjective & Adverb Comparative
Structures

1. Listening and Speaking Section

Read the following conversation and design your own conversation regarding
personal protective equipment.
Jonathan : Elisabeth, do you know what a helmet is?
Elisabeth : A Helmet is a form of protective gear worn to protect the head.
More specifically, a helmet complements the skull in protecting
the human brain.
Jonathan : What is the word helmet derived from?
Elisabeth : It is derived from the word helm, an Old English word for a
protective head covering.
Jonathan : What are helmets used for?
Elisabeth : They are used for recreational activities and sports; for dangerous
work activities; and in transportation.
Jonathan : Give some examples where helmets are worn for recreational
activities and sports.
Elisabeth : Jockeys in horse racing, American football, ice hockey, cricket,
baseball, camogie, hurling and rock climbing.
Jonathan : Give some examples where helmets are worn for dangerous work
 activities.
Elisabeth : in construction, mining, riot police, and military aviation.
Jonathan : Give some examples where helmets are worn in transportation.
Elisabeth : motorcycle helmets and bicycle helmets.

2. Reading Section: Personal protective equipment (PPE)

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment)

Read the passage and answer the questions!

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets,
goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body
from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include
physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.
Protective equipment may be worn for job-relate occupational safety and health
purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. Protective
clothing is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and protective gear applies
to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. PPE suits can be
similar in appearance to a cleanroom suit.
The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee
exposure to hazards when engineering controls and administrative controls are not
feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when
there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate
the hazard at the source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard
if the equipment fails.
Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the
working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer, impair
their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of discomfort.
Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore placing
them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death. Good
ergonomic design can help to minimize these barriers and can therefore help to
ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.
 Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and
interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and
quality of life of workers. The hierarchy of hazard controls provides a policy
framework which ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk
reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which
remove the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If
elimination or substitution measures cannot be applied, engineering controls and
administrative controls – which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer
human behavior – are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on
the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with
a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging
that, while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the
desired mechanism of control in terms of worker safety.

QUESTIONS:
3. What is Personal protective equipment (PPE)?
4. When were protective equipment worn?
5. Mention some examples of protective gear!
6. What is the purpose of personal protective equipment?
7. When is PPE needed?
8. Can good ergonomic design help to minimize the barriers and help to
ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of
PPE?

3. Writing Section: Notices

A notice is a written or printed announcement (Example – a notice for
sale). It is written in order to inform a large number of people about something
that has happened or is about to happen. It could be an upcoming event,
competition, Lost, and found notice or just a piece of information to be delivered
to the targeted audience. It is generally written in a formal tone. Notices are
factual and to-the-point. The language used is simple and formal, not flowery.
They are put up on display boards in schools or in public places.

Notice Writing Format

The notice writing format should include name of the institution / issuing
authority / notice / title, date, and writer’s name with designation.
A notice should contain all the necessary details such as:
1. Name of the issuing agency (school, etc.)
2. Date of issue/release of the notice
3. Title/Subject of the Event (what?)
4. BODY-Date/time/duration/Place/Venue (when and where?)
5. Authorized signatory: Name and signature (contact details)
 

Name of the issuing agency/authority

NOTICE
Date of issue/Release of the notice
Title/Subject of the Event
Body
(Date/time/duration/Place/Venue)
Authorized signatory
(Name, Designation and signature)
 
 
Here is a list of topics for notice writing.
1. A competition
2. Excursion trips
3. A lost and found notice
4. An inauguration to take place
5. An exhibition
6. A blood donation camp to be held
Notice writing Tips
1. Do not cross the word limit (50 words).
2. Repetition of any information should be avoided.
3. Always enclose the notice in a box.
4. Keep your notice short, crisp and to-the-point.
5. Highlight the word “NOTICE” and “TITLE”. It can be either bold or
underlined.
6. The title should be captivating and eye-catching.
7. Don’t make hypothetical information and facts. Make use of what’s given
in the question.
8. Make sure you do not mention your personal information.
9. Make use of all the available information in the question.
10. Your answer shall include answers to all the 5 W’s – What, Why, When,
Where and Who.
11. The purpose for which it is being written should be stated clearly.
12. Focus on presentation and clarity.
 
Question 1: Water supply will be suspended for eight hours (10 am to 6 pm) on
6th of March for cleaning of the water tank. Write a notice in about 50 words
advising the residents to store water for a day. You are Karan Kumar/Karuna
Bajaj, Secretary, Janata Group Housing Society, Palam Vicar, Kurnool.
Answer:

Janata Group Housing Society, Palam Vicar, Kurnool.

NOTICE
March 01, 201X
ATTENTION!
This notice is to inform all the residents regarding the suspension of water supply
for 8 hours. It is being done to clean the water tank. The details are as follows:
DATE- March 6
TIME- 10am – 6 pm
Thus, we request you to store the required amount of water beforehand to minimize
the difficulty. Thank you.

Karan Kumar/ Karuna Bajaj

(signature)
Secretary
 
– what – suspension of water supply for 8 hours
– when – 6th March; 10 am – 6 pm
– where – Society
– reasons for cut – cleaning of water tank
– steps to be taken – store water
– any other relevant details
 
Notice writing on Lost and Found
Question 2: While walking in a park in your neighborhood you found a small
plastic bag containing some documents and some cash. Write a notice in about 50
words to be put on the park notice board asking the owner to identify and collect it
from you. You are Amar/Amrita 9399123456.

Answer:
 

NOTICE
March 01, 20XX
FOUND!
This is to inform all the readers that a plastic bag has been found in the
neighborhood park. It has a few documents and some cash in it. The plastic
bag is red in color and is medium-sized. It was found on February 27, at
around 6pm near the fountain in the park. The owner of the bag shall
contact me on 9399123456 along with an identity proof.
Thank you.

Amar/Amrita

-What – plastic bag with documents and cash

-When – date & approx. time
-Where – park
-description of bag- color, material, size -owner to claim with identifying details
-Contact details- AMAR/ AMRITA -Phone no. – 9399123456
(any other relevant detail)
 
Question 3: You are Asma/Ashish, the head girl/boy of XYZ international school.
Your school is soon going to publish the annual magazine next month. Write a
notice for the notice board of your school inviting students to submit write-ups.

XYZ INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

NOTICE
March 01,2019
CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS
This is to inform all the students that our school is going to publish its annual
magazine next month. All those who wish to contribute can mail their entries
to xyzmagazine@gmail.com. Write-ups will be accepted latest by March
30,2019 till 11:59 pm. You can take any topic of your choice. For further
information, contact your respective class teachers.
Thank you.

Asma/Ashish
Head Girl/Head Boy

Answer: 

Read the following notice and answer the questions!

NOTICE
ABC CONVENT SCHOOL
March 01,2019
INTER-SCHOOL SINGING COMPETITION
Our school is organizing an Inter-school Singing Competition on March 19,
2019; Tuesday at 12pm in the school auditorium. More than 20 schools from all
over the city will participate. Interested students may contact the undersigned
latest by March 10, 2019.

Rahul
Head boy

Questions:
1. Who is Rahul?
 2. What is the name of the institution issuing the notice?
3. When is the notice released?
4. What is the subject of the notice?
5. What is the content of the notice?
6. When will the singing competition be held?
7. What day and date will the competition be held?
8. Where will the competition be held?
9. Who will participate in the competition?
10. Who is the contact person?
11. When is the due date of registration?

4. Structure and Grammar Section: Adjective & Adverb Comparative

Structures
(https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/comparisons)
Adjectives and adverbs can be used to make comparisons. The
comparative form is used to compare two people, ideas, or things. The superlative
form with the word "the" is used to compare three or more. Comparatives and
superlatives are often used in writing to hedge or boost language.
Here are some rules and examples of how to form the comparatives and
superlatives:

General Rules for Comparatives and Superlatives

Adj. or Adv. Comparative Superlative

One-syllable small smaller (the) smallest
adjectives fast faster (the) fastest
large larger (the) largest
big bigger (the) biggest
Most two-syllable thoughtful more/less thoughtful (the) most/least thoughtful
adjectives useful more/less useful (the) most/least useful
Adverbs ending in Carefully more/less carefully (the) most/least carefully
-ly slowly more/less slowly (the) most/least slowly
Two-syllable adj. sleepy sleepier (the) sleepiest
ending in -y happy happier (the) happiest
Two-syllable adj. little littler (the) littlest
ending with –er, narrow narrower (the) narrowest
-le, -or, or –ow gentle gentler (the) gentlest
Three or more intelligent more/less intelligent (the) most/least intelligent
syllable adjectives important more/less important (the) most/least important
 

Two-Syllable Adjectives That Follow Two Rules (either form is correct)

Adjective Comparative Superlative
more/less clever (the) most/least clever
clever
cleverer (the) cleverest

more/less simple (the) most/least simple

simple
simpler (the) simplest

more/less friendly (the) most/least friendly

friendly
friendlier (the) friendliest
 

Irregular Adjectives
Adjectiv
Comparative Superlative
e
good better (the) best

bad worse (the) worst

far farther (the) farthest

little less (the) least

few fewer (the) fewest

To form comparative sentences, use the comparative with the word "than." Here
are some examples:

 Fewer participants volunteered for the study than I had anticipated.  

  Business school was less expensive than law school.
  His application was processed more quickly than he thought.

It is also possible to use "(not) as…as" to express similarity or differences. Here

are some examples:

 Reading is as enjoyable as writing.
 The results were as conclusive  as in previous studies.
 Finding participants for the study was not as easy as I thought.
 Her level of expertise was not as extensive as her employer had hoped.

Some Common Errors with Comparisons

Common Error 1: Using the comparative instead of the superlative

o INCORRECT: He is the happier person I know.

o REVISION: He is the happiest person I know. 

Common Error 2: Doubling up comparisons or superlatives

o INCORRECT: His car is more faster than mine.

o REVISION: His car is faster than mine. 

Common Error 3: Using empty comparisons (part of the comparison is

missing)

o INCORRECT: The participants were more experienced.

o REVISION: The participants were more experienced than the previous
participant pool. 

Common Error 4: Using ambiguous comparisons (the comparison has more

than one possible meaning)
 o INCORRECT: She likes pizza better than her husband. (Does this mean
that pizza is better than her husband?)
o REVISION: She likes pizza better than her husband does. (Now it is clear
that the comparison is who likes pizza more.) 

Common Error 5: Missing the article “the” in the superlative

o INCORRECT: Finishing quickly was least important task.

o REVISION: Finishing quickly was the least important task.
 
QUESTIONS: Choose the correct answer!
1. She is ……... (the most thoughtful / the more thoughtful) person I know.
2. His car is ………. (the fastest / the most fastest).
3. The line moved more ……… (slowly / slowly than the line next to it).
4. Her suitcase is bigger than ………… (John’s / John). 
5. The youngest girl was also …………. (the littlest / littlest).