Bahria University, Karachi Campus

Department of Business Studies

Mathematics – System of Linear Equations
3rd Chapter

Instructor: ISHTIAQ AHMED

Email: ishtiaqahmed.bukc@bahria.edu.pk

Statistics & Mathematics for Management

[Course Code-QTM (515)]
Sunday, November 12, 2021
Class Hours: 09:00 a.m. - 12:00 Noon
 Mathematical Problem for Linear Equation from Ex. 2.4 on Page 65
In Exercise 1-36, determine the slope-intercept form of the linear equation, given the listed attributions:
Q.1 Slope = m = -2, y-intercept = (0,10) = k, generally y-intercept = (0, k)
Solution: We know that slope intercept form of linear equation can be written as
y = mx + k ⟹ 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 10 ⟹ y = −2𝑥+10
Conclusion: This equation of slope intercept form passing through origin.

Q.4 Slope = m = -3, (4, -2) lies on the line

Solution: We known that one point formula of a linear equation can be written as
y - 𝑦1 = m (x - 𝑥1 )
where m= -3 and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (4, -2)
y - (−2) = (-3) (x - 4) ⟹ y + 2 = -3x + 12
⟹ y = -3x + 12 - 2 ⟹ y = -3x + 10 3x+y=10
Mathematical Problem for Linear Equation from Ex. 2.4 on Page 65

Q. 21 (- 4, 5) and (-2, -3)

Solution: General Linear Equation for two point, which is known as two point formula
𝑦2 −𝑦1
y - 𝑦1 = m (x - 𝑥1 ) , Where m = slope =
𝑥2 −𝑥1
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (- 4, 5), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (-2, -3)
−3 −5 −8
m = slope = ⟹ m= ⟹m=-4
−2 −(−4) 2
Now y – 5 = - 4 [x - (−4)] ⟹ y = - 4x – 16 + 5 ⟹ y = -4x - 11

Home Work
Practice Questions from Exercise No. 2.4 on Page 65
Q.3, Q. 4, Q.8, Q.12, Q. Q.19, Q.23, Q.28,Q.31, Q.32, Q.34
 Chapter No. 3 System of Linear Equation on Page 84
Nature of the solution set of the system of linear equation:
There are three types of nature of the solution set
 Unique solution if 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚1 and 𝑘1 ≠ 𝑘1
For Example 2x + 4y = 20………. [1], 3x + y =10 …………….[2]
−𝑥
[1] ⟹ y = +5 [2] ⟹ y = -3x + 10
2
−1
Where 𝑚1 = , 𝑘1 = (0, 5) and 𝑚2 = −3, 𝑘1 = (0, 10)
2
In this case 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚1 and 𝑘1 ≠ 𝑘1
Interpret: Therefore given [1] and [2] contain an unique solution
 Infinite solution if 𝑚1 = 𝑚1 and 𝑘1 = 𝑘1
For Example 4x -2y = 8………. [1], 2x - y = 4 …………….[2]
[1] ⟹ y = 2x - 4 [2] ⟹ y = 2x - 4
𝑚1 = 𝑚1 and 𝑘1 = 𝑘1
Interpret: Therefore given [1] and [2] contain infinite solution
 Chapter No. 3 System of Linear Equation on Page 84

 No Solution if 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 and 𝑘1 ≠ 𝑘1
For Example 4x -2y = 16………. [1], 2x - y = 4 …………….[2]
[1] ⟹ y = 2x - 8 [2] ⟹ y = 2x - 4
𝑚1 = 2, 𝑘1 = (0, - 8) 𝑚2 = 2, 𝑘2 = (0, - 4)
𝑚1 = 𝑚1 and 𝑘1 ≠ 𝑘2
Interpret: Therefore given [1] and [2] contain No Solution

Home Work
Practice questions on page 95 - 96
Q. 1 to Q.10 from Exercise No. 3.1
 Computation of Unique Solution if Exist in the system of Linear Equations
There several methods to compute Unique Solution if Exist, some common techniques as under:
 Elimination Computation
 Substitution Method
 Graphical Computation
 Gaussian Elimination Procedures
 Cramer’s Rule
 Matrix Approach
 Etc.
 Elimination Method to Compute Unique Solution from System of Equation
Example – 1 Example – 2
2x + 4y = 20 ………… [1] 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 6 …………… [1]
3x + y = 10……………[2] 2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 4 ………..[2]
−1𝑥 −1
Nature: [1] ⟹ y = = 2 + 5, 𝑚1 = 2 , 𝑘1 = (0, 5) 4𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 − 10𝑥3 = 13….[3]
[2] ⟹ y=-3x + 10 𝑚1 = – 3 , 𝑘1 = (0, 10)
Using Elimination Method to Compute Unique Solution There are very difficult to determine nature of solution exist in the
[1] ⟹ 2x + 4y = 20 given system of linear of equation. Now we will use alternative
4 x [2] ⟹ 12x + 4y = 40 method to fine nature of unique solution.
– – – First we have to transform above Eq. [1] – [3] into in matrix
⟹ –10x = –20 AX = B where ‘A’ is known as Coefficient Matrix, ‘X’ is Variable Matrix
⟹ x = 2 ⟹ y=𝟒 and B is constant Matrix. Also X = 𝐴−1 𝐵
Verification: Now we check nature of unique solution and using determinant of A
[2] ⟹ 3x + y = 10 i.e 𝐷𝐴 by Excel then
⟹ 3(2) + 4 = 10 𝐷𝐴 = 41 which is not equal to zero then we strongly to be said that
⟹ 10 = 10 above given system linear equation contains unique solution. The
Home Work unique solution can be compute by Excel i.e. 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑥3 =
Exercise No. 3.1 1
Q.11, Q14, Q.16, Q.17, Q.19, Q.20, Q21 Verification:
Exercise No. 3.2 Q.4, Q.7, Q.11, Q.12, Q.16, Q.18, Q.20 [1] ⟹ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 6 ⟹ 2 + 3 + 1 = 6
Exercise No. 3.3 Q.1, Q.2, Q.3, Q.4, Q.5, Q.7, Q.9, Q.11, Q. 14 ⟹ 6 = 6 proved
 Selected Word Problem for System of Linear Equation
Example-I: A company produces three products, each of which must be processed through three different departments. Table
summarizes the hours required per unit of each product in each department . In addition, the weekly capacities are stated for
each department in terms of work-hours available. What is desired is to determine whether there are any combinations of the
three products which would exhaust the weekly capacities of the three department.
Product
Table: Department 1 2 3 Hours Available Per Week
A 2 3.5 3 1,200
B 3 2.5 2 1,500
C 4 3.0 2 1,400

Solution: Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 are number of units produced per week of product. The conditions to be satisfied are expressed by the
following system of equation.
2𝑥1 + 3.5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 1,200 ………….[1]
3𝑥1 + 2.5𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 1,150 … … … . [2]
4𝑥1 + 3.0𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 1,400 … … … [3]
For computation of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 will use Excel to solve above Eq. [1] – [3] and we got following results
𝑥1 = 200 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑥2 = 100 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 = 150 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 Selected Word Problem for System of Linear Equation
Example-2: A coffee manufacturer is interested in blending three different types of coffee beans into a final
coffee blend. The three component beans cost the manufacturer $1.20, $1.60, and $1.40 per pound, respectively.
The manufacturer wants to blend a batch of 40,000 pounds of coffee and has coffee-purchasing budget of $
57,600. In blending the coffee, one restriction is that the amount used of component-2 should be twice of
comooebt-1 (the brew-master believes this to be critical in avoiding a bitter flavor).
The objective is to determine whether there is a combination of the three components which will
lead to a final blend (1) consisting of 40,000 pounds, (2) costing $57,600, and (3) satisfying the blending restriction
on components 1 and 2.
Solution: Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 are number of pounds of components used in the final blending. The conditions to
be satisfied are expressed by the following system of equation.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 40,000 …………….….[1]
1.2𝑥1 + 1.6𝑥2 + 1.4𝑥3 = 57,000 … . . . [2]
𝑥2 = 2𝑥1 … … … … … … … … … … … … … [3]
For computation of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 will use Excel to solve above Eq. [1] – [3] and we got following results
𝑥1 = 𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔, 𝑥2 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔
Home Work Practice Questions From Exercise No. 3. 4 on page 118 – 119
Q.1, Q.2, Q.3, Q.4, Q.5, Q.7, and Q.8
 Practice Question for several System of Linear Equation

Q.1 3x + 4y = 5 Q.5 3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 − 4𝑥5 = 16

5x + 7y = 6 2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 −2𝑥4 +2𝑥5 = 14
4𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 − 10𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 − 3𝑥5 = 56
Q.2 2x – 4y + 6z = 8 2𝑥1 +4𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 - 8𝑥4 + 9𝑥5 = 45
5x + 2y - 3z = 7 8𝑥1 −7𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 + 9𝑥4 - 3𝑥5 = 24….[
2x + 3y + 5z = 6

Q.3 6x + 8y + 5z = 0
5x + 2y - 3z = 0
7x – 3y + 5z = 0
Q.4 5𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 6 …………… [1]
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 −2𝑥4 = 4 ………..[2]
4𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 − 10𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 = 13….[3]
−2𝑥1 +4𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 - 8𝑥4 = 45….[3]