Chapter 2

DIFFERENTIATION AND APPPLICATION

2.1 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

I. Constant Rule, the derivation of a constant function is 0.

Examples:

1. y = 7, =0

2. f(x) = 0, f‘(x) = 0

3. s(t) = -3, s’t = 0

4. y = k πr², k is constant, y(t) = 0

5. g(t) 2, (t) = 0

6. y = 2, =0

II. The power rule, if n is a rational number, then the function f(x) = is differentiable and
[ ]=n

Examples:

1. f(x) = x³ = 3x²

2. y = =

= (-2)

= -2 =

III. The constant Multiple rule if is a differentiable function and CE/R is a real number, then cf
is also differentiable and [cf(x)] = cf(x), c is constant.
[cf(x)] = cf‘ (x), c is constant

Examples:

1
 1. y= x

y’=

= = (1)

2. y = 3π x
y‘= 3π

3. y =

y’ =

IV. The sum and difference rules the sum (or difference) of two differentiable and is the
sum (or difference) of their denominators.

[f(x) + g(x)] = f’(x) + g’(x)

[f(x) – f(x)] = f’(x) - g’(x)

Examples:

1. f(x) = x³ - 4x + 5

f’(x) = 3x² - 4

2. g(x) = + 3x³ - 2x

g’(x) = + 3(3x²)-2

= -2x³ + 9x² - 2

V. Derivatives of Sine and Cosine functions.

[sin x] = cos x [cos x] = sin x

Examples:

1. = 2 sin x

2
 = 2 cos x

2. f(x) = 2 cos x + 4x

= 2 – sin x + 4

= 6-sin x

2.2 DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC POLYNOMIAL

Examples:
1. y=

= (-3 )

2. y =

= (-3 ) =

3. y =

= x²

= (2x) =

4. y =

=½

= =

5. y =

3
 =

= =

2.3 THE PRODUCT and QUOTIENT RULE

The Product Rule

The product rule of two differentiable functions f and y is itself differentiable. Moreover, the
derivation of fg is the first function times the derivation of the second, plus the second
function times the derivation of the first.

[f(x)g (x)] = f (x) g′x + g(x)f′ (x)

The Quotient Rule

The quotient f/g of two differentiable functions, f and g, is itself differentiable at all values of
x for which g(x)҂0. The derivation of f/g is given by the denominator times the
derivation of all derivation of the denominator divided by the square of the
denominator.

= ,g(x) ҂ 0

Examples:

Find the derivatives.

1. y=(3x – 2x²) (5 + 4x)

= (3x – 2x²) (5 + 4x) + (5 + 4x) [3x – 2x²]

= (3x – 2x²) (4) + (5+4x) (3-4x)

=12x – 8x² + 15 – 8x – 16x²

= 15 + 4x – 24x²

2. f(x) =

4
 =

3. y = rewrite y = = ∗ =

4. y = rewrite y = = ∗ =

5. y = = =

= =

6. (5x + 3 (2x-5

(5x + 3 (2x-5 = (5x + 3 (2x-5 + (2x-5 (5x + 3

5
 = (5x + 3 +(2x−5 (4)(5𝑥+3)³(5)

= 2(5x+3)³(2x-5)²[3(5x+3) + 10(2x-5)]

= 2(5x +3)³(2x – 5)²(15x +9 + 20x -50) = 2(5x + 3)³(2x-5)²(35x-41)

2.4 HIGHER DERIVATIVES

Examples:

1. Find the higher derivatives =2 – 3x²

Solution:

= 8x³ - 6x 1st derivatives

= 24x³ - 6 2nd derivatives

= 48x 3rd derivatives

= 48

2. Find the value of g³(2) for the function g(t) = +2 +t+4

Solution:

(t) = 4 + 6 +1

(t) = 12 + 12t

(t) = -24t + 12

Substitute the value t by 2.

(t) = -24(2) + 12 = -48 + 12 = -36

Find the first four derivation of = =

Solution:

= (-1)

=- =− first derivative

6
 = (-1)(-2)
=2

= second derivative

= (-1)(-2)(-3)

=-

= third derivative

= (-1)(-2)(-3)(-4)

= 24

= fourth derivative

3. Find the third derivatives of the given function = -2

Solution:

=4 -6

= 12 -12x first derivative

= 24x -12 second derivative

4. Find the second derivatives = (x-1)²

Solution:

= (x-1)(x-1)

= (x-1)(1) + (x-1) (1)

= (x-1) + (x-1)

= 2x – 2

= 2(x-1)

7
 = 2x – 2
= 2

5. Find the higher derivatives = 2x (x-1)²

Solution:

= 2x (x-1)²

= 2x (x² - 2x +1)

= 2x² - 4x² + 2x

= 6x² - 8x + 2

= 12x – 8

= 12

6. Find the higher derivatives of y = (3x – 2x²) (5 + 4x)

Solution:

= (3x – 2x²) (4) + (5+4x) (3-4x)

= 12x – 8x² + 15 – 8x – 16x² 1st derivative

= 15 + 4x – 24x² 2nd derivative

= - 48x+4 3rd derivative

= - 48 higher derivative

7. Find the higher derivative of f(x) =

Solution:

= 1st derivative

8
 = 2nd derivative

= 3rd derivative

= higher derivative

2.5 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

(sin u) = cos u

( = -sin u

( = sec² u

(cot u) = -csc² u

( = sec u tan u

( = -csc u cot u

Examples:

1. Evaluate sin (4x-5)

Solution:
sin (4x-5) = cos (4x – 5) (4x – 5)

= cos (4x – 5)(4)

= 4cos(4x-5)

2. Evaluate cos (3x² + 8x - 2)

Solution:
cos (3x² + 8x – 2) = -sin(3x² + 8x – 2) (3x² + 8x – 2)

= -sin(3x² + 8x – 2)(6x + 8)

= -2(3x +4)sin(3x²+8x-2)

3. Evaluate cos

9
 Solution:
cos = -sin

= -sin
= sin

4. Evaluate ( −2 ) sin x

Solution:
( −2 ) sin x = sin x +

= sin x (3x² - 4x) + ( – 2 ) cos x

= x[(3x-4) sin x + (x² - 2x) cos]

5. Evaluate

Solution:
=

=-

10