ALGEBRA

Indices: A number expressed in the form of xm

in which “m” is called the exponent or index or power & “x” is called the base.

1. xm . xn = xm+n
xm
2. = xm-n
xn
3. xm . ym = (xy)m
xm x m
4. =[]
ym y
1
5. x-m =
xm
6. (xm)n = xmn
7. x0 = 1 (x≠0)
8. x¹= x

Practice (5)

Practice 1:

What is the result when (x2 )3 is multiplied by x3 ?

Solution:

 (x2 )3 x3
 x6 x3
 x6  3
 x9
Practice 2:

Simplify 2n ÷ 2n1  ?
Solution:

2n ÷ 2n 1  2n (n 1)
 2n  n 1
 21
2
Practice 3:

Simplify 3 2n  4 2n2  ?
Solution:

 3 2n  4  2n  2
 3 2n  22  2n  2
 3 2n  2n  2  2
 3 2n  2n
 2n (3 1)
 2n  2
 2n 1
Practice 4:

Solve for x: 4x 1  2x  2
Solution:

4x 1  2x  2
(22 ) x 1  2x  2
22 x  2  2x  2
If the bases are the same, powers also are the same.
2x  2  x  2
2x  x  2  2
x  4

Practice 5:

2
Solve for x if 5x  625
Solution:

2
5x  625
2
5x  54
x2  4
x  2

n
1. √xn = x
n
2. n√xy = √x n√y
n
n x √x
3. √ = n
y √y
1
n
4. √x = x n
m
n
5. √xm =x n

n 1
m mn
6. √ √x = xmn = √x
n m+1 mn
m
7. √x √x = x mn = √xm+1
m+n
n m mn
8. √x √x = x mn = √xm+n
 n n n
9. a √x + b √x = (a+b) √x
n n n
10. a √x – b √x = (a-b) √x

Practice (5)

Practice 1:

Find the value of ( 3)6

Solution:
1
 (32 )6
6
 32  33
 27
Practice 2:

Solve for x x2  2
Solution:

Square both sides of the equation

x2  4
x 2  16
x2  256
x  16
Practice 3:
 2 3 16 x  2
3
Solve for x

Solution:

Cube both sides of the equation

2 3 16 x  2
3

2 3 16 x  8
8(16 x )  (8)8(8)
16 x  64
x 4
x  16
Practice 4:

Simplify
3
24 2
Solution:

 3 24 2
1 1
2 3 2 4
1 1
2 3 4
7
2 12

 12 27
Practice 5:

Simplify 5 3 7 2
Solution:
5 3 7 2
 35 6
Product and Factoring Formulas

1. a (x + y) = ax + ay
2. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
3. (ax + b) (cx + d) = acx2 + (bc +ad) x + bd
4. (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
5. (x - y)2 = x2 - 2xy + y2
6. (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
7. (x - y)3 = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3
8. x2 - y2 = (x - y) (x + y)
9. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
10. x3 - y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)
11. x4 - y4 = (x - y) (x + y) (x2 + y2)
12. x5 + y5 = (x + y) (x4 – x3y + x2y2 – xy3 + y4)
13. x5 - y5 = (x - y) (x4 + x3y + x2y2 + xy3 + y4)
14. x6 – y6 = (x - y) (x + y) (x2 + xy + y2) (x2 - xy + y2)

Practice (6)

Practice 1:
If a+b=7 and a²+b²=25. Find ab.
Solution:
(a+b) ²=a²+2ab+b²
or (a+b) ²=(a²+b²) +2ab
or 2ab=(a+b) ²-(a²+b²)
or 2ab=7²-25
or 2ab=49-25
24
or ab= = 12
2

Practice 2:
If x²+y²=8 and xy=7, Find (x+y) ².
Solution:
(x+y) ²=x²+2xy+y²
=x²+y²+2xy
(x+y) ²=8+2(7)
(x+y) ²=22

Practice 3;
x²+2xy+y²=144, Find (x+y) ³.
Solution:
x²+2xy+y²=144
(x+y) ²=144
Apply square root both sides
x+y=12
so, (x+y) ³=1728

Practice 4:
If a³-b³=513 and a-b=3, then what is the value of ab?
Solution:
a³-b³= (a-b) ³+ 3ab(a-b)
513=3³+3ab (3)
513-27=9ab
486
or ab=
9
so, ab=54

Practice 5:
If x²-4x+3=0, then what is the value of (x-2) ²?
Solution:
x²-4x+3=0
or x²-4x+4-1=0
or(x-2) ²-1=0
(x-2) ²=1
Practice 6

Factor the expression x2 + 6x + 8 as completely as possible?

Solution:

x2 + 6x + 8 = 0

 thus; (x + 4)(x + 2) = 0
 A common factor of two or more counting numbers is a counting number
which is a factor of each of the given number.

The set of common factors of the two numbers is the intersection of these
two sets.

Practice 1:

Find the common factors of 12 and 20.

Solution:

Factors of 12, F12 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}

Factors of 20, F20 = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}

Thus; the common factors of 12 and 20:

 F12 ∩ F20 = {1, 2, 4}

Practice 2

Find the lowest common factor of 10 and 32.

Solution:

Prime factors of 10 and 32:

10 = 2(5)

32 = (2)5

 thus; the lowest common factor (LCF) = 2

Greatest Common Factor:

The Greatest Common Factor or GCF of two or more counting numbers is

the largest counting number which is a factor of each of the given number.

Practice 1:

Find the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of 108 and 60.

Solution:

Prime factors of the numbers

²
108 = 2 x 33

60 = 22 x 3 x 5

The GCF is the product of the smallest factor common to both:

GCF = 22 x 3 = 12

Multiple of a Number:

The multiple of a number is the product that the number gives when
multiplied by a counting or natural number.

Practice 1:

Find the multiples of 2 and 3 which are less than 20.

Solution:

Multiples of 2, M2 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}

Multiples of 3, M3 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}

Thus; the common multiples of 2 and 3:

 M2 ∩ M3 = {6, 12, 18}

Least Common Multiple:

 The Least Common Multiple or LCM of two or more counting numbers is the
smallest counting number which is a multiple of each of the given numbers.

Practice 1:

Find the LCM of 4 and 10.

Solution:

Prime factors of the numbers

4 = 22

10 = 2 x 5

The LCM is the product of the prime factors with the highest power in the factorization.

 LCM = 22 x 5 =20

-is a quick way of expanding a binomial expression that has been raised to some power.

a. Pascal’s Triangle:

The entries below represent the coefficients of the binomial expansion

(x + y)0 1

(x + y)1 1 1
(x + y)2 1 2 1

(x + y)3 1 3 3 1
(x + y)4 1 4 6 4 1

(x + y)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
(x + y)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

(x + y)7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1

Practice 1:
Find the 3rd term of the expansion (x+y)5

Solution:

(x+y)5= x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 +10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5

The 3rd term is 10x³y²

b. Properties of Binomial Theorem:

[Expansion of (x+y) n]
1. The first term is xn.
2. The last term is yn.
3. The exponent of x decreases by 1.
4. The exponent of y increases by 1.
5. The sum of exponents of each term is n.
6. The number of terms is n+1.
7. The coefficient of terms equidistant are equal.

Practice 1:

Expand (x+y)5

Solution:

(x+y)5= x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 +10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5

c. Binomial Formula:
AB
D= C+1

where;

A is the coefficient of previous term

B is the exponent of x of previous term

C is the exponent of y of previous term

D is the coefficient of next term.

Practice 1:

What is the coefficient of the 3rd term of the expansion (x+y)5?

Solution:
(x+y)5= x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 +10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5
AB
A=5, B=4, C=1 D= C+1

5 4
D= =10 is coefficient of the 3rd term
1  1

d. Term involving yr in (x+y)n:

n(n-1)(n-2)…(n-r+1)xn-r yr
yr term = r!

Alternate Formula

yr term = nCr xn-ryr

where;
n!
nCr = (n-r)!r!

Practice 1:

1 12
Find the term involving x6 in (x2 + x)

Solution:

n=12 & r=6

yr term = nCr xn-ryr

12-6 1 6
term with x6 = 12C6 (x2 ) (x)

12!
term with x6 = x6 = 924x6
6!6!

 Term with x6 = 924x6

e. rth term in (x+y)n:

𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…(𝑛−𝑟+2)
rth term = xn-r+1yr-1
(𝑟−1)!

Alternate Formula:

rth term = nCr-1xn-r+1yr-1

Practice 1:

1 16
Find the 6th term of the expansion of ( -3)
2a

Solution:

n=16; r=6

rth term = nCr-1xn-r+1yr-1

1 16−6+1 1 11
6th term = 16C6-1 (2𝑎) (-3)6-1 = 16C5(2𝑎) (-3)5

16! 1 11 66339
6th term = ( ) (-3)5 =- 11
(16−5)!(5)! 2𝑎 128a

66339
 6th term = - 11
128a

Practice 2

In the expansion of (x + 4y)12, the numerical coefficient of the 5th term is:

Solution:

rth term in (x + y)n

rth term = nCr-1 xn-r+1 yr-1

5th term = 12C4 x12-4 (4y)4

5th term = 126,720 x8y4

 thus; the numerical coefficient is: 126,720

f. Sum of Exponents:

S = n (n + 1)

Practice 1:

What is the sum of the exponents of the expansion (x+2y)14?

Solution:

 sum of the exponents = 14(14 + 1) = 210

g. Sum of Coefficients:

Substitute 1 to every variable in each term.

Practice 1:

Find the sum of the coefficients in the expression of

(x+y-z).

Solution:

Sum of the Coefficients = (1 + 1 – 1)8 = 18 = 1

Sum of the Coefficients = 1

Practice 2

What is the sum of the coefficients of the expansion of (2x – 1)20?

 Solution:

Sum = [2(1) – 1]20 – (-1)20

 Sum = 0

I. Arithmetic Progression:

Arithmetic Progression is a sequence of numbers called terms, each of

which, after the first is derived from the preceding one by adding to it a fixed
number called the common difference.

Example: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15

1. Common difference of A.P.

d = a2 – a1 = a3 – a2

where;

a1 = first term

a2 = second term

a3 = third term

2. nth term of A.P.

an = a1 + (n-1) d

or; an = a2 + (n-2) d

or; an = am + (n-m) d

3. Arithmetic Mean:
a1 + a3
Am = a2 = 2
 4. Sum of A.P.
n n
S= (a1 + an) or; S= [2a1 + (n-1) d
2 2

Practice 1:

If the 3rd term of an arithmetic progression is 4 and

the 9th term is -14, solve for the common difference.

Solution:

an = am + (n-m) d

a9  a3  (9  3)d
14  4  6d
d  3

Practice 2:

Find the 22nd term in the AP if the 4th term is 8 and

the 10th term is 29.

Solution:

an = am + (n-m) d

a10  a4  (10  4)d

29  8  6d
d  3.5

solving for 22nd term

a22  a4  (22  4)3.5

a22  8  (22  4)3.5
a22  71

Practice 3

Gravity causes a body to fall 16.1 feet in the 1st second, 48.3 in the 2nd second, 80.5 in the 3rd
second, and so on. How far did the body fall during the 10th second?
Solution:

an = a1 + (n – 1) d

where:

d = a2 – a1 = 48.3 – 16.1 = 32.2

then:

a10 = 16.1 + (10 – 1)(32.2)

 thus; a10 = 305.9 ft

Practice 4

Find the 30th term of an A.P. 4, 7, 10 …

Solution:

an = a1 + (n – 1) d

a30 = 4 + (30 – 1)(3)

 thus; a30 = 91

Alternate Solution:

an = a2 + (n – 2) d

 an = 7 + (30 – 2) (3) = 91

Practice 5

A stack of bricks has 61 bricks in the bottom layer, 58 bricks in the second layer, 55 bricks
in the third layer and so until there are 10 bricks in the last layer. How many bricks are
there together?

a. 638 c. 640
b. 637 d. 639
Solution:
n
S = 2[a1 + an]

a1 = 61 and an = 10

Solving for n:

an = a1 + (n – 1)(d)

10 = 61 + (n – 1)(-3)

n = 18

then;
18
S= 2
[61 + 10]
  thus; S = 639

Alternate Solution:
n
S = 2[2a1 + (n – 1)d]

18
S= 2
[2(61) + (18 – 1)((-3)]

 thus; S = 639

Practice 6:

Find the arithmetic mean of 2 and 6.

Solution:
2+6
Am = =4
2

 Am = 4

Practice 7

Determine the sum of the progression if there are 7

arithmetic mean between 3 and 35.

Solution:

a1  3
an  35

n=9 (for there are 7 more terms between 3 and 35)

n 9
S= (a1 + an) S (3  35)  171
2 2
Practice 8:

Find the sum of the first 100 positive odd integers.

Solution:
n
S= [2a1 + (n-1) d]
2

where n=100

a1  1
d 2
100
S  2 1  100  1 2   10, 000
2 

Practice 9

A stack of bricks has 61 bricks in the bottom layer, 58 bricks in the second layer, 55 bricks
in the third layer and so until there are 10 bricks in the last layer. How many bricks are
there together?

Solution:
n
S = [a1 + an]
2

a1 = 61 and an = 10

Solving for n:

an = a1 + (n – 1)(d)

10 = 61 + (n – 1)(-3)

n = 18

then;
18
S= 2
[61 + 10]

 thus; S = 639

Alternate Solution:
n
S = 2[2a1 + (n – 1)d]
 18
S= 2
[2(61) + (18 – 1)((-3)]

 thus; S = 639

Practice 10

Once a month a man put some money into the cookie jar. Each moth he put 50 centavos more into
the jar than the month before. After 12 years he counted his money; he had P5436. How much
money did he put in the jar in the last month?

Solution:

an = a1 + (n – 1)d

where: n = 12 years or 144 months

d = 0.50

a144 = a1 + (144 – 1)(0.50)

a144 = a1 + 71.5 ⟶①

Solving for a1:

n
S = 2[2a1 + (n – 1)d]

144
5436 = 2
[2a1 + (144 – 1)(0.5)]

a1 = 2

from eqn. ①

a144 = 2 + 71.5

 thus; a144 = 73.5

II. Geometric Progression:

Geometric progression is a sequence of numbers called terms, each of

which, after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by fixed
number called the common ratio.

Example: 3, 9, 27, 81

1. Common ratio of G.P.

a2 a3
r= or; r=
a1 a2

Relationship between terms:

a3 a2
r= =
a2 a1

where;

a1 = first term

a2 = second term

a3 = third term

2. nth term of G.P.

an = a1 rn-1

or; an = am rn-m

or; an = a2 rn-2

3. Geometric Mean:
GM = a2 = √a1 a3

where;

a1=1st term

a2=2nd term

a3=3rd term
 4. Sum of G.P.

If r<1
a1 - ran a1 (1-rn )
S= or; S=
1-r 1-r

If r>1
ran -a1 a1 (rn -1)
S= or; S=
r-1 r-1

Practice 1

The seventh term is 56 and the 12th term is -1792 of the geometric progression. Find the
ratio and the first term. Assume the ratios are equal.

Solution:

The ratio of Geometric Progression:

a12 = a7 r 12 – 7

-1792 = 56r5

 thus; r = -2

The first term of Geometric Progression:

a12 = a1 r12 – 1

-1792 = a1 (-2)11
1792
a1 = 2048

7
 thus; a1 = 8

Alternate Solution:

a7 = a1 r7-1
 56 = a1 (-2)6
56
a1 =
64

7
 thus; a1 =
8

Practice 3

Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric progression 2, 4, 8, 16, …

Solution:

Solution:
a1 (r n - 1)
S= r- 1

2(210 - 1)
S=
2- 1

 thus; S = 2046

Practice 4

The number x, 2x + 7, 10x – 7 form a Geometric Progression. Find the value of x.

Solution:
2x + 7 10x - 7
x
= 2x + 7

(2x + 7)2 = 10x2 – 7x

(x – 7)(6x + 7) = 0
7
 thus; x = 7 and x = -
6

Practice 5

Find the geometric mean of 2 and 8.

Solution:

a1=2 & a3=8

 a2 =√(2)(8)

a2=4

Practice 6

Find the geometric mean of 64 and 4.

Solution:

Geometric mean = √64(4)

 thus; Geometric mean = 16

III. Infinite Geometric Progression:

a1 (1- rn )
S= 1-r

When: r<1 and n=∞ ; rn =0

Then;
a1
S= 1-r

When: r>1 and n=∞ ; rn=∞

Then;

S=∞

Practice 1
2
Find the sum of the infinite geometric progression 6, -2, , …
3

Solution:
a
S = 1 -1 r

where:
-2 -1
r= 6
=3
then;
6 18
S= 1 = 4
1+
3

9
 thus; S = 2

Practice 2
-1 1
Find the sum of 1, , , …
5 25

Solution:
a
S = 1 -1 r

where:
1
- -1
r = 15 = 5

then;
1 5
S= 1 =6
1+
5

5
 thus: S = 6

Practice 3

Find the ratio of an infinite geometric series if the sum is 2 and the first term is ½.

Solution:
a
S = 1 -1 r

1/2
2=
1- r
  thus; r = ¾

Practice 4

Find the ratio of the infinite geometric series if the sum is 2 and the first term is ½.

Solution:
a
S = 1- r

2= 1- r
2

3
 thus; r = 4

Practice 5

1 1 1 1 n
Determine the sum of the infinite series: S = 3 + 9 + 27 + … + (3)

Solution:
a
S = 1 -1 r

a1 1/9 1
where: r = = =
a2 1/3 3

1/3
S=
1 - 1/3

1
 thus; S = 2
IV. Harmonic Progression:

Harmonic Progression is a sequence of numbers called terms in which a

reciprocals form an Arithmetic Progression.

Example Problem 1
1 1 1
H.P. = 2, 4, 6,…

A.P. = 2, 4, 6…

Practice 1

The third term of a harmonic progression is 15 and the 9th term is 6. Find the 11th term?

Solution:

In H.P.

a3 = 15 a9 = 6

In A.P.
1 1
a3 = 15 a9 = 6

a9 = a3 + (9 – 3) d
1
d = 60

then;
1 1
a11 = + 8( )
15 60

1
a11 =
5

 thus; the 11th term in H.P. is: a11 = 5

V. Permutation and Combination:

Permutation is an ordered arrangement of any element of a set. The

number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time is:
 n!
P (n, r) = (n-r)!

If; (n=r)

P(n, n) = n!

Example Problem 1

How many ways can 4 students from a group of 15 be lined up for a

photograph?

Solution:
n!
P (n, r) = (n-r)!

where n=15 and r=4

15!
P (15,4)= =32,760 ways.
(15  4)!

Example Problem 2

How many 3 letter words can we make with the letters in the word LOVE?

Solution:

There are 4 letters in the word LOVE so n=4

and making 3 letters word r=3

n!
P (n, r) = (n-r)!

4!
P (4,3)= =24
(4  3)!

Permutation of n objects some are alike:

The permutation of n objects in which q are alike, r are alike, s are alike
and so on, is:
n!
P= p!q!s!…
Example Problem 1

How many permutations can be made from the word MISSISSIPPI?

Solution:

n=11letters, 4I’s, 4S’s, 2P’s

n! 11!
P= = = 34650
p! q! s! 4!4!2!

Example Problem 2

How many ordered arrangements are there of the letters in the word
PHILIPPINES?

Solution:

n=11 letters, 3P’s and 3I’s

n! 11!
P= = =1,108,800
p! q! s! 3!3!

Ring or Cyclic Permutations:

P = (n-1)!

Example Problem 1

How many ways can 5 people be seated on a round table?

P = (5-1)!

P = 24 ways

Combination:

Combination is a grouping arrangement of all or of any elements of a set

regardless of the order.

 The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time:

P (n,r) n!
C (n, r) = or; C (n, r) =
r! (n-r)!r!
 If n=r, then

C (n, n) = 1

Example Problem 1

Six people are on a sinking yacht. There are 4 life jackets. How many
combinations of survivors are there?
6!
C (6, 4) = (6-4)!4!
= 15

 The number of combinations of n objects taken 1, 2, 3, . . . n at a time.

C = C (n, 1) + C (n, 2) + C (n, 3) + . . . + C (n, n)

or; C = 2n – 1

Practice 1

In class 40 students, 27 like calculus, and 25 like chemistry. How many like both
Calculus and Chemistry?

Solution:

27-x x 25-x

27 25
 Let: x = no. of students who like both Calculus and Chemistry.

(27-x) + x + (25-x) = 40

 x = 12 students

Example Problem 2

In survey concerning the number of students enrolled in Mathematics Subject, It was

found out that 30 enrolled in Algebra, Calculus and Trigonometry; 40 in Algebra and
Trigonometry, 45 in Trigonometry and Calculus, 50 in Algebra and Calculus, 80 in
Algebra and 70 in Calculus. If there are 130 students in all, how many students were
enrolled in Trigonometry only?

Solution:

20 5
ALGEBRA 20 CACULUS
30
10 15

TRIGONOMETRY

x + 5 + 20 + 10 + 15 +20 + 30 = 130

 x = 30 students

Practice 3
 A club of 40 executives, 33 like to smoke Marlboro, and 20 likes to smoke Philip Morris.
How many like both?

Solution:

33-x x 20-x

33 20

(33 – x) + (20 – x) + x = 40

 thus; x = 13

Practice 4
In a commercial survey involving 1,000 persons on brand preference, 120 were found to
prefer brand x only, 200 prefer brand y only, 150 prefer brand z only, 370 prefer either
brand x or y but not z, 450 prefer brand y or z but not x, and 420 prefer either brand z or x
but not y. How many persons have no brand preference, satisfied with any of the 3 brands?

Solution:

50 200
BRAND X 120 BRAND Y
P
150 100

150

BRAND Z
(120 + 200 + 150) + (50 + 100 + 150) + p = 1000

770 + p = 1000

 thus; p = 230 persons

1. General Quadratic Equation:

Ax2 + Bx + C = 0

2. Quadratic formula: (solving for the roots)

2
-B±√B −4𝐴𝐶
x= 2A

3. Nature of Roots:

B2 – 4AC = 0, roots are real and equal

B2 – 4AC > 0, roots are real and unequal

B2 – 4AC< 0, roots are imaginary or complex

4. Sum of Roots:
-B
x1 + x2 = A

5. Product of Roots:
C
x1x2 = A

6. One root is a negative of the other:

If x2 = -x1, then B=0

Practice 1

Find the value of x in the equation 24x2 + 5x – 1 = 0

 Solution:

by Quadratic Formula

-5 ± √52 - 4(24)(-1)
x=
2(24)

-5 ± 11
x= 48

 thus; x = 1/8 ; x = -1/3

Practice 2

Find the value of k of the equation x2 + kx + 4 = 0, so that the roots are equal.

Solution:

from sum of the roots:

B
x1 + x2 = - A

k
2x1 = - 1

k
x1 = - 2 ⟶①

from products of the roots:

C
x1x2 =
A

4
x12 =
1

x1 = ±2 ⟶②

subs’t the value of x1 from eqn. ② to eqn. ①:

k
±2 = - 2

 thus; k = ±4

Alternate Solution:

B2 – 4AC = 0

k2 – 4(1)(4) = 0
 k2 = 16

 thus; k = ±4

Practice 3

If the roots of the equation are 1 and 2. What is the quadratic equation?

Solution:

from sum of the roots:

B
x1 + x2 = - A

B
1 + 2 = -A

B = -3A

from products of the roots:

C
x1x2 = A

C
(1)(2) =
A

C = 2A

from the general equation:

Ax2 + Bx + C = 0

Ax2 + (-3A)x + 2A = 0

 thus; x2 – 3x + 2 = 0

Alternate Solution:

for x1 = 1, x2 = 2

(x – 1)(x – 2) = 0

 thus; x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
 1. Factor Theorem:

If (x-r) is a factor of f(x), then r is root of f(x)=0.

Example Problem 1

Find the value of k for which x+4 is a factor of x3 + 2x2 – 7x + k.

Solution:

r = -4

f(x) = 0

(-4)3 + 2(-4)2 – 7(-4) + k = 0

-64 + 32 + 28 + k = 0

k=4

2. Remainder Theorem:

If f(x) id divided by (x-r), the remainder is f(r).

Practice 1

Find the remainder when x4 – 10x2 – 9x – 20 is divided by x-4.

Solution:

f(x) = x4 – 10x2 – 9x – 20

where: r=4

Remainder: f(4) = (4)4 – 10(42) – 9(4) – 20

Remainder: 40

Practice 2

The polynomial x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 8 is divided by x – 5, then the remainder is:

 Solution:

Remainder Theorem:

f(x) = x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 8

f(5) = (5)3 + 4(5)2 – 3(5) + 8

f(5) = 218

 thus; the remainder is 218

Practice 3

Find the remainder if we divide 4y3 + 18y2 + 8y – 4 by (2y + 3).

Solution:

f(y) = 4y3 + 18y2 b+ 8y – 4

-3 -3 3 −3 2 -3
f( ) = 4( ) + 18( ) + 8( ) – 4
2 2 2 2

-3
 thus; f( ) = 11
2

Example Problem 1

Find the quotient and the remainder of 3x3 + 3x2 -4x – 13 is divided by x-2 using
synthetic division.

Solution:

x3 x2 x c

3 3 -4 -13 x=2
6 18 28

3 9 14 15
 the quotient is; 3x2 + 9x + 14

and the remainder is; 15

VI. Systems of Equations:

a. Solutions of Linear equations:

1. Elimination by substitution
2. Elimination by comparison
3. Elimination by addition or subtraction
4. By Determinants or Cramer’s Rule

Practice 1

Solve for the values of x, y and z for the given equations:

2x – y + 3z = -3 →①

3x + 3y – z = 10 →②

x – y + z = -4 →③

Solution:

 Pair equations ① & ② and eliminate y: (addition)

6x – 3y + 9z = -9 → ①x3
3x + 3y – z = 10 →②
9x + 8z = 1 → eqn. A

 Pair equations ② & ③ and again eliminate y: (addition)

3x + 3y – z = 10 →②
3x -3y + 3z = -12 → ③x3

6x + 2z = -2 → eqn. B
 Pair equations A and Band eliminate z: (subtraction)
 -9x – 8z = -1 → eqn. A
24x + 8z = -8 → eqn. Bx4
15x = -9

-3 4 21
Thus: x= z= y=
5 5 5

Practice 2

Determine the sum of x + y +z to the simultaneous equations: xy = 15, yz = 35, zx = 21.

Solution:

(xy)(yz)(zx) = (15)(35)(21)

xyz = 105

then;
xyz 105 xyz 105 xyz 105
xy
= 15 ; yz
= 35 ; zx
= 21

z=7 ; x=3 ; y=5

 thus; x + y + z = 15

Practice 3

The areas of two squares differ by 7 sq.ft and their perimeters differ by 4 ft. Determine the
sum of their areas.

Solution:

x2 – y2 = 7 ⟶①

4x – 4y = 4

x–y=1 ⟶②

subst. ② to ①:

x2 – (x – 1)2 = 7

then; 2x – 1 = 7
 x=4

y=3

thus; x2 + y2 = 42 + 32 = 25

 A1 + A2 = 25

Practice 4
9 4
Given 2 x 2 matrix [ ], Find its determinant.
7 8

Solution:

9 4
Let; A=[ ]
7 8

det A = [9(8) – 7(4)]

 det A = 44
 b. Homogeneous System:

If the variable terms have the same degree; then let y = vx.

Example Problem 1

Solve for the values of x and y:

x2 + y2 = 82 → ①

xy = 9 →②

Solution:

Let: y=vx

x2 + v2x2 = 82
82
x2 = →③
1+ v2

x (vx) = 9
9
x2 = →④
v

by: comparison: equations ③ & ④:

82 9
=
1+ v2 v

9v2 – 82v + 9 = 0
1
v= ; v=9
9

hence;
1
if v=9 ; then: x=±9 and y=±1
 if v=9 ; then: x=±1 and y=±9

a. Proportion is a statement of equality between two ratios.

a c
a:b=c:d or =
b d

where:

b and c are means

a and d are extremes

b. Properties of Proportions:
 The product of the extremes equals the product of the means:
a c
If b=d ; then ad=bc

 Proportion by Inversion:
a c b d
If = ; then =
b d a c

 Proportion by alteration:
a c a b
If b=d ; then c=d

 Proportion by composition:
a c a +b c+d
If b=d ; then =
b d

 Proportion by division:
a c a-b c-d
If b=d ; then =
b d

 Proportion by composition and division:

a c a+b c+d
If b=d ; then =c - d
a-b

 Joint proportion:
a c e g ae cg
If b=d and f =h ; then ; =dh
bf
a. Direct Variation (y α x)
1. y is directly proportional to x
2. y is proportional to x
3. y varies directly as x
4. y varies as x

In equation: y = kx

Practice 1

Given that “w” varies directly as the product of x and y and inversely as the square of z, and
that w = 4, when x = 2, y = 6 and z = 3. Find the value of “w” when x = 1, y = 4 and z = 2.
Solution:
kxy
W=
z2

k(2)(6)
4=
32

k=3
(3)(1)(4)
W= 22

 thus; W = 3

1
b. Inverse Variation (y α x)
1. y is inversely proportional to x
2. y varies inversely as x
1 k
In equation; y = k (x) = x

x
c. Joint Variation (z α xy or z α y).
1. z varies jointly as x and y

In symbol; z = kxy

2. z varies directly as x and inversely as y.

x kx
In symbol; z = k (y) = y

a. Theorems on Inequalities:
 a>b, if a–b>0
 a<b, if a-b<0
 If a>b, then a+c>b+c
  If a>b, then a-c>b-c
 If a>b, then ac>bc for c>0
 If a>b, then ac<bc for c<0
a b
 If a>b, then c> c for c>0
a b
 If a>b, then c< c for c<0

Application: Algebraic Equations:

Modifiers of time for classification of ages:

① Past Age – was, were, ago, last, yesteryear…and verbs in the past tense

② Present Age – is, are, am, now, being…and verbs in present tense

③ Future Age – will, shall, be, further, hence…and verbs in future tense

 No. of years passed by = Present Age – Past Age

 No. of years to come = Future Age – Present Age
 Other modifiers of time:

10 years = decade

20 years = score

25 years = silver

50 years = golden

75 years = diamond

100 years = century or centennial

Hint: It’s better to assume the present age to be reference and just use positive/
plus(+) if the age referred by the problem is future and minus/ negative(-) if the age
referred to is past.

Practice 1
The sum of Kim’s and Kevin’s ages is 18. In three years, Kim will be twice as old as Kevin.
What are their ages now?

Solution:

Subject Present Future

Kim x x+3
Kevin y y+3
x + y = 18 ⟶①

(x + 3) = 2(y + 3) ⟶②

bet. eqn. ① and eqn. ②:

 thus; x = 13 yrs. old

y = 5 yrs. old
 
Case 1: Total man-hr to complete work = Sum of unit man-hr

Example: 1750 man-hr to build a house = 1,100 man-hr civil works + 650 man-hr
electrical and mechanical work.

 Case 2: Sum of unit work = total unit of work

1 1 1 1 1
+ + +… =
t1 t2 t3 tn T

Where: t1, t2, t3, tn → the time that worker 1, 2, 3 … each can do the job alone.

T → the total time that worker can finish the job if all of them work together.

 Case 3: Work (Unit work) Time of work done:

1 1 1 1 1 1
[ + + +…]tA + [ + + +…]tB = 1
t1 t2 t3 tx ty tz

Where: tA is the time where; 1, 2 & 3 work together

tB is the time where; x, y & z work together

Practice 1

A and B working together can finish painting a home in 6 days. A working alone, can finish it
in five days less than B. How long will it take each of them to finish the work alone?

Solution:
1 1 1
A
+B=6

where:

A=B–5
1 1 1
+ =
B-5 B 6
 B2 -17B + 30 = 0

(B – 15)(B – 2) = 0

B = 15

B = 2 (absurd)

 thus; B = 15 and A = 10

Practice 3

A and B can the piece of work in 42 days, B and C in 31 days and A in 20

days. In how many days can all of them do the work together.

Solution:
1 1 1
+ = →①
A B 42

1 1 1
+ = →②
B C 31

1 1 1
+ = →③
C A 20

Adding equations ① to ③
2 2 2 1 1 1
+ + = + +
A B C 42 31 20

1 1 1 1 1381
= + + =
tABC A B C 26040

26040
tABC = = 18.85 = 19
1381

 Thus; time for them to work together is 19 days.

 A + B = C

X Y Z

Where: A, B & C are numbers of quantities by volume or weight

X, Y & Z are the unit cost or fractional parts

by: Quantity Analysis A + B = C

by: Composition Analysis: Ax + By = Cz

Practice 1

Ten liters of 25% salt solution and 15 liters of 35% salt solution are
poured into a drum originally containing 30 liters of 10% salt solution.
What is the percent concentration in the mixture?

Solution: x%
0.2 0.3 0.1
5 0

+ + =
10 liters 15 liters 30 liters 55 liters

0.25(20) + 0.35(15) + 0.10(30) = 55x

 x = 19.55%

Basis of Analysis: x → no. of minute spaces the minute hand will rotate around the
clock.
For every x travel of minute hand:
x
the hour hand travels = minute spaces
12

the second hand travels = 60x

Other modifiers of the position of hands of the clock:

15 minutes spaces → hands at 90 degrees

30 minutes spaces → hands opposite each other

Example Problem 1

In how many minutes after 7:00 o’clock will the hands of the clock be directly opposite
to each other for the first time?

Solution:
 x
+ 35 = x + 30
12

11
5= x
12

12(5)
 x= = 5.454 thus the time is 7:35.454
11

Practice 2

What time after 3 o’clock will the hands of the clock be together for the first time?

Solution:

FIGURE: 378
x
x = 15 + 12

11
x = 15
12

x = 16.36 thus; the time is

3:16.36
 distance or displacement
t= Rate or Velocity

actual time spent = planned time + delayed time

if delayed time = 0; then

actual time = planned time

Practice 1

A train an hour after starting meets with an accident which detains it an

hour, after which it proceeds at 3/5 of its former rate and arrives three
hours after time; but had the accident happened 50 miles farther in the
line, it would have arrive one and one-half hour sooner, find the length of
the journey.

Solution:

 CAS
E I: Accident
Happened an hour
after its
Departure.

tspent = tplanned + tdelayed

t1 + tdetained + t2 = tplanned + 3

1 + 1 + t2 = tplanned = 3

tplanned = t2 -1

Solving for t2:

D2
t2 = V2

where:
 D2 = D – D1

= V1 (tplanned – t1)

= V1 (tplanned – 1)
3
V2 = 5 V1

then:
V1 (tplanned -1)
tplanned = 3
V
5 1

Note: If no accident happened: D = V1 tplanned

 CASE
II: Assuming
accident happened
50 miles farther on
the line.
3
t1 + t2 + t3 + tdetained = tplanned + 2

50 D3 3
1+ + +1=4+
V1 V3 2

50 D3 7
+ 3 =
V1 V 2
5 1

where:

D3 = D – (D1 + 50)

= V1 tplanned – (V1t1 + 50)

= 4V1 – V1 - 50

D3 = 3V1 – 50

then;
 50 3V1 -50 7
+ 3 =
V1 V 2
5 1

200
V1 = 9

200 800
 thus; D = V1(tplanned) = (4) = miles
9 9

Practice 2

The boat travels downstream in 2/3 of the time as it does going upstream. If the velocity of
the river current is 8kph, determine the velocity of the boat in still water.

Soluton:

Vboat = velocity of the boat in still water

S = the distance traveled

S
t = V ; is the time

2
tdownstream = tupstream
3

S 2 S
=
Vboat + 8 3
[V ]
- 8
boat

3Vboat – 24 = 2Vboat + 16

 thus; Vboat = 40 kph

 Capital + Profit = Selling Price – Discount

Where:

Profit = % of Capital

Discount = % of Selling Price

Practice 1

A book is bought by a company for P200 per copy. What will be the selling
price if a discount of 20% and a profit of 30% are to be made?

Solution:

Capital + Profit = Selling Price – Discount

200 + 0.30(200) = x – 0.20(x)

 Thus; x = P235

Practice 2

Jojo bought a second hand DVD Player and then sold it to Rudy at a profit of 40%. Rudy then
sold the DVD Player to Noel at a profit at 20%. If Noel paid P2,856 more than it cost to Jojo,
how much did Jojo paid for the unit?

Solution:

Let; x = Jojo’s amount paid for the unit

1.4x = selling price to Rudy

(1.2)(1.4x) = selling price to Noel

then;

(1.2)(1.4x) = x + 2856

 thus; x = P4,200
Practice 3

Dalisay Corporation’s gross margin is 45% of sales. Operating expenses such as sales and
administration are 15% of sales. Dalisay is in 40% tax bracket. What percent of sales is their
profit after taxes?

Solution:

Net profit = Gross Margin – Operating Expenses

Net profit = 45 – 15

Net profit = 30%

then;

% profit after taxes = 30 – 0.4(30) = 30 – 12 = 18%

 thus; % profit after taxes = 18%

Practice 4

A bookstore purchased a best-selling book at P200.00 per copy. At what price should this
book be sold so that, giving a 20% discount, the profit is 30%.

Solution:

Let: x = selling price of the book

0.2x = discount price of the book

0.30(200) = profit

then;

200 – 0.30(200) = x – 0.20x

 thus; x = P 325.00
For: 2-digit number

10t + u = original
number

10u + t = reversed
number

For: 3 digit number

100h + 10t + u =
original number

100u + 10t + h =
reversed number

where:

u is the unit digit

t is the ten’s digit

h is the hundred’s digit

Practice 1

The difference of the

squares of the digits of
two-digit positive number
is 27. If the digits are
reversed in order and the
resulting number
subtracted from the
original number, the
difference is also 27. What
is the original number?

Solution:

Let: 10t + u = original number

10u + t = reversed number

t2 – u2 = 27 →①

(10t + u) – (10u +
t) = 27 →②

t–u=3

t=3+u →②’

Subs’t. “t” in eq. ②’ to “t”

in eqn. ①

(3 + u)2 + u2 = 27

u=3

t=6

then; the original number

is;

10t + u = 10(6) + 3
  Thus; 10t + u = 63

Practice 2

Find the rational number equivalent to repeating decimal 2.35242424…

Solution:

2.35242424… = 2 + 0.35 + 0.00242424…

35 1 24
= 2 + 100 + 100 (99)

3489
= 2 + 9900

23289
 thus; 2.35242424… =
9900

Practice 3
1785
Find the 1987th digit in the decimal equivalent to 9999 starting from decimal point.

Solution:
1785
9999
= 0.178517851785…

The 4th, 8th, 12th, . . . , 1984th digit of the repeating decimal 0.17851785… is 5.

 Therefore; the 1987th digit is “8”

  Number Problem:
Practice 1

The denominator of a certain fraction is three more than twice the

numerator. If 7 is added to both terms of the fraction, the resulting
3
fraction is 5. Find the original fraction.

Solution:

Let; N = numerator of the fraction.

D = denominator of the fraction.

N N
= → original fraction
D 2N + 3

N+7 3
=
(2N + 3) + 7 5

N=5

D = 2(5) + 3

D = 13

 Thus; the original fraction is:

N 5
=
D 13

Practice 2

Ten less than four times a certain number is 14. Determine the number.

Solution:

4x – 10 = 14

 thus; x = 6
Practice 3

In a certain community of 1,200 people, 60% are literate. Of the males, 50% are literate, and
of the females 70% are literate. What is the female population?

Solution:

Let: m = male ; f = female ; P = people

then;

m + f = 1200 ⟶①

0.50m + 0.70f = 0.60(1200) ⟶②

from ① & ②:

 thus; f = 600 females

When the number of equations is less than the number of unknowns then
the equations are called as “Diophantine Equations”.

Example Problem 1

A merchant has three items on sale, namely a radio for P50.00, a clock for
P30.00 and a flashlight for P1.00. At the end of the day, he has sold a
total of 100 of the three items and has taken exactly P1000.00 on the
total sales. How many radios did he sale?

Solution:

Let;

x = no. radios
 y = no. of clock

z = no. of flashlight

x + y + z = 100 →①

50x + 30y + z = 1000 →②

Subtract eqn. ② from eqn. ①:

49x + 49y = 9000

900-49y
x= 49

try; y = 4 clocks
900-49(4)
x= 49

x = 16 radios

and, z = 100 – x – y

z = 100 – 16 – 4 = 80 flashlights

 Thus; the number of radios = 16

andawe and Capote