International Journal of Applied Engineering Research

ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 10, Number 1 (2015) pp. 419-429

© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites

C. Selin Ravikumar1*, Dr. V. Ramasamy2, Dr. T.S. Thandavamoorthy3

1.
Ph.D. Scholar, Dr.M.G.R. Educational And Research Institute.
and Assistant Professor, 2.Principal
3.
Professor & Past Vice-President, Indian Concrete Institute
Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur
*Corresponding Author, Email: selin.ravikumar@gmail.com

Abstract
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is a concrete containing fibrous material
which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are
uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass
fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers – each of which lend varying
properties to the concrete. In addition, the character of fiber-reinforced
concrete changes with varying concretes, fiber materials, geometries,
distribution, orientation, and densities. Fibers are used in concrete to control
cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying shrinkage. They also reduce
the permeability of concrete. Some types of fibers produce greater impact–,
abrasion–, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally, fibers do not increase
the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or
structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength
of concrete. The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a
percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed
"volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. The aspect ratio
(l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a
non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of
aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than the matrix
(concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the
tensile strength of the material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually
segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers
that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems. The
weak matrix in concrete, when reinforced with steel fibers, uniformly
distributed across its entire mass, gets strengthened enormously, thereby
rendering the matrix to behave as a composite material with properties
significantly different from conventional concrete. Because of the vast
improvements achieved by the addition of fibers to concrete, there are several
applications where Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) can be intelligently and
beneficially used (ACI Committee 1996). Fibrous concrete was described at a
meso-scale as a three-phase material composing of aggregate, cement matrix,
steel fibers and interfacial zones between cement matrix and aggregate, and
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 420

between cement matrix and steel fibers. The effect of the fiber interface
strength, fiber volume, fiber orientation, fiber length and specimen size on the
concrete behavior was investigated (Kozicki and Tejchman 2010). Addition
of fibers to concrete enhances its toughness and strain at peak stress, but can
slightly reduce the Young's modulus. Simple expressions are proposed to
estimate the Young's modulus and the strain at peak stress, from the
compressive strength results, knowing fiber volume, length and diameter
(Neves and Fernandes de Almeida 2005).

Key words: Concrete, Aggregates, bond, cement matrix, Fiber reinforced

concrete, Steel fibers, Glass fibers

Introduction
Because of the vast improvements achieved by the addition of fibers to concrete, there
are several applications where Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) can be intelligently
and beneficially used. These fibers have already been used in many large projects
involving the construction of industrial floors, pavements, highway-overlays, etc., in
India. The principal fibers in common commercial use for civil engineering
applications include steel, glass, carbon and aramid. These fibers are also used in the
production of continuous fibers and are used as a replacement to reinforcing steel.
High percentages of steel fibers are used extensively in pavements and in tunneling.
This invention uses Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON). Fibers in the form of
mat are also being used in the development of high performance structural composite.
The usefulness of FRC in various civil engineering applications is indisputable. Fiber
reinforced concrete has so far been successfully used in slabs on grade, shotcrete,
architectural panels, precast products, offshore structures, structures in seismic
regions, thin and thick repairs, crash barriers, footings, hydraulic structures and many
other applications.
Compared to other building materials such as metals and polymers, concrete is
significantly more brittle and exhibits a poor tensile strength. Based on fracture
toughness values, steel is at least 100 times more resistant to crack growth than
concrete. Concrete in service thus cracks easily, and this cracking creates easy access
routes for deleterious agents resulting in early saturation, freeze-thaw damage,
scaling, discoloration and steel corrosion. The concerns with the inferior fracture
toughness of concrete are alleviated to a large extent by reinforcing it with fibers of
various materials. The resulting material with a random distribution of short,
discontinuous fibers is termed fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and is slowly
becoming a well accepted mainstream construction material (Banthia 1991).
The weak matrix in concrete, when reinforced with discrete steel fibers, uniformly
distributed across its entire mass, gets strengthened enormously, thereby rendering the
matrix to behave as a composite material with properties significantly different from
conventional concrete. Research explores the relationship between permeability and
crack width in cracked, steel fiber–reinforced concrete. In addition, it inspects the
influence of steel fiber reinforcement on concrete permeability. The feedback–
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 421

controlled splitting tension test (also known as the Brazilian test) is used to induce
cracks of up to 500 microns in concrete specimens without reinforcement, and with
steel fiber reinforcement volumes of both 0.5% and 1%. The cracks relax after they
are induced. The steel fibers decrease permeability of specimens with relaxed cracks
larger than 100 microns (Rapoport et al. 2001).
This paper presents a brief state-of-the-art report on mechanical properties and
durability of different types of fiber reinforced concretes.

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Concrete is most widely used construction material in the world due to its ability to
get cast in any form and shape. It also replaces old construction materials such as
brick and stone masonry. The strength and durability of concrete can be changed by
making appropriate changes in its ingredients like cementitious material, aggregate
and water and by adding some special ingredients. Hence, concrete is very well
suitable for a wide range of applications. However, concrete has some deficiencies as
listed below: 1) Low tensile strength, 2) Low post-cracking capacity, 3) Brittleness
and low ductility, 4) Limited fatigue life, 5) Incapable of accommodating large
deformations, and 6) Low impact strength. The presence of micro cracks in the
mortar-aggregate interface is responsible for the inherent weakness of plain concrete.
The weakness can be removed by inclusion of fibers in the mixture. Different types of
fibers, such as those used in traditional composite materials can be introduced into the
concrete mixture to increase its toughness, or ability to resist crack growth. The fibers
help to transfer loads at the internal micro cracks. Such a concrete is called fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC) (Shende et al. 2012). Steel fibers are the most used for
concrete reinforcement. Flooring and tunnelling are the main applications of fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC). A constitutive model was developed for material non-
linear analysis of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs supported on soil. The energy
absorption capacity provided by fiber reinforcement was taken into account in the
material constitutive relationship. The theory of plasticity was used to deal with the
elasto-plastic behavior of concrete. A smeared-crack model was used for reproducing
the concrete cracking behavior. The soil non-linear behavior was simulated by springs
on orthogonal direction to the slab (Barro and Figueiras 1991).
Studies have shown that the addition of steel fibers in a concrete matrix improves
all the mechanical properties of concrete, especially tensile strength, impact strength,
and toughness. The resulting material possesses higher tensile strength, consolidated
response and better ductility. Accordingly, this study moves toward deriving an
expression that relates split cylinder tensile strength of fiber reinforced concrete to
cylindrical compressive concrete strength and fiber reinforcement index, based on
data gathered from a wide spectrum of concrete grades, ranging from 20 MPa to 102
MPa. Regression analysis was carried out on gathered data. Eventually, a
mathematical expression that predicted split cylinder tensile strength of steel fiber
reinforced concrete was eventually derived. The predicted values fit well with
experimental data (Musmar 2013).

Glass Fiber Concrete

Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 422

The present day world is witnessing the construction of very challenging and difficult
civil engineering structures. Quite often, concrete being the most important and
widely used material is called upon to possess very high strength and sufficient
workability properties. Efforts are being made in the field of concrete technology to
develop such concretes with special characteristics. Researchers all over the world are
attempting to develop high performance concretes by using fibers and other
admixtures in concrete up to certain proportions. In the view of the global sustainable
developments, it is imperative that fibers like glass, carbon, polypropylene and aramid
provide improvements in tensile stength, fatigue characteristics, durability, shrinkage
characteristics, impact, cavitation, erosion resistance and serviceability of concrete.
Fibers impart energy absorption, toughness and impact resistance properties to fiber
reinforced concrete material and these characteristics in turn improve the fracture and
fatigue properties of fiber reinforced concrete. Research in glass fiber reinforced
concrete resulted in the development of an alkali resistance fiber of high dispersion
that improved long term durability. This system was named as alkali resistance glass
fiber reinforced concrete. In the present experimental investigation the alkali
resistance glass fiber has been used to study the effect on compressive, split tensile
and flexural strength on M20, M30, M40 and M50 grades of concrete (Chandramouli
et al. 2010).
The present trend in concrete technology is towards increasing the strength and
durability of concrete to meet the demands of the modern construction world at lower
cost. These factors can be achieved in concrete by adding natural or synthetic fiber. In
the case of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC), strength of the concrete is
increased, but at higher cost. Hence, research has to be done to provide an alternative
use of fiber glass. In the present study, glass wool fiber was added to the concrete to
increase the strength as compared to the conventional concrete at lower cost (Gowri
and Angeline Mary 2013).

Self-Compacting Concrete With Fibers

In the past the prefabrication industry was showing more interest in collaborating in
FRC research projects. The research carried out in consortium by University of Minho
(UM) and two private companies for the development of self-compacting steel fiber
reinforced concrete (SCSFRC) is an example of this new strategy. This research has
the following main tasks: conceive a rational mix design method; evaluate the most
relevant material properties and the structural behavior of laminar elements; develop
numerical tools (Barros et al. 1991).

Polypropylene Fibers
The influence of polypropylene fibers was studied by Bagherzadeh et al. (2012) with
different proportioning and fiber length to improve the performance characteristics of
the lightweight cement (LWC) composites. Fibers used in two different lengths (6
mm and 12 mm) and fiber proportions (0.15% and 0.35%) by cement weight in the
mixture design. Hardened concrete properties such as: 7- and 28-day compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and shrinkage
were evaluated. Fiber addition was seen to enhance the physical and mechanical
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 423

properties of light weight concrete. Compared to un-reinforced LWC, polypropylene

(PP) reinforced LWC with fiber proportioning 0.35% and 12 mm fiber length, caused
30.1% increase in the flexural strength and 27% increase in the splitting tensile
strength. Increased fiber availability in the LWC matrix, in addition to the ability of
longer PP fibers to bridge on the micro cracks, were suggested as the reasons for the
enhancement in mechanical properties.

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Concrete containing short carbon fibers (0.2 – 0.5 vol%) was found to be an
intrinsically smart concrete that can sense elastic and inelastic deformation, as well as
fracture. The signal provided is the change in electrical resistance, which is reversible
for elastic deformation and irreversible for inelastic deformation and fracture. The
presence of electrically conducting short fibers is necessary for the concrete to sense
elastic or inelastic deformation, but the sensing of fracture does not require fibers. The
fibers serve to bridge the cracks and provide a conduction path. The increase in
resistance is due to conducting fiber pullout in the elastic regime, conducting fiber
breakage in the inelastic regime, and crack propagation at fracture (Chen et al. 1995).

Fiber Reinforced Composite Sheets

The wrapping of fiber reinforced composite sheets around concrete columns is a
promising method for structural strengthening and repair. This rehabilitation
technique is of practical interest, as the lay-up of the sheets is rather easy; it does not
require specialized tools, and the epoxy resins employed cure at ambient
temperatures. Here, results of an experimental investigation are reported for 16 round
reinforced concrete columns 300 mm in diameter and 1200 mm high. These columns
were confined by means of carbon-epoxy sheets and loaded concentrically in axial
compression. The effects of various parameters on the structural behavior of the
confined concrete columns are investigated. These parameters included the concrete
strength, longitudinal steel reinforcement, steel stirrups, steel corrosion, and concrete
damage. The test results show that composite confinement can considerably enhance
the structural performance of concrete columns, especially, with regard to ductility.
The potential to restore the full strength of severely damaged columns is also
demonstrated, as retrofitted columns exhibit axial load carrying capacities equal or
superior to those of undamaged columns, along with significant increases in ductility.
The contribution of the transverse steel reinforcement is seen to be minimal, as long
as the stirrup spacing is medium to large. For such cases tests on plain concrete
cylinders are sufficient for further investigations of this retrofit method, as the key
parameters which really affect strength and ductility are the concrete strength,
composite fiber type, and sheet thickness (Demers and Neale 1999).

Effect of Short Steel Fiber

Experimental investigation was conducted by Ikponmwosa and Salau (2011) to
determine the effect of short randomly oriented and discontinuous steel fibers on the
structural behavior of laterized concrete columns. Thirty fiber reinforced concrete
columns of 150 mm × 150 mm cross-sectional area and 1200 mm in height and sixty
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 424

numbers of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm cubes were cast and tested. Fifteen fiber
reinforced concrete columns were provided with 8 mm mild steel links at 300 mm
spacing while the remaining fifteen specimens of the fiber reinforced concrete
columns were not provided with links except at the top and bottom of the bars to hold
the longitudinal reinforcements in position. The mix proportion for this investigation
was 2:3:6 (cement: laterite/sand: granite) with 0.65 water/cement ratio. The specimens
were cured in water at different ages up to 28 days at temperature of 21 o ± 1oC. The
steel fiber was varied from 0% to 2% at 0.5% interval. First crack load and ultimate
column strength increased with increasing fiber proportion up to an optimum fiber
content of 1.5% of the volume of laterized concrete. There was approximately linear
relationship between the ultimate strength and the percentage of fibers in the laterized
concrete up to the optimum level. Results also indicated that an addition of 1% fiber
by volume of concrete could be an effective replacement for 8 mm non-shear links in
laterized concrete columns. It was observed that there was no appreciable effect of
additional steel links on loading when fibers were present in the mix, showing that
fiber reinforced laterized concrete short columns might be used without additional
steel links in minor structures, as well as low rise buildings, where nominal shear
reinforcement was needed

Shear Behaviour of Steel Fiber

A series of steel fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete (SFRSCC) beams have
been tested to investigate the influence of steel fibers and the combined effect of
fibers and stirrups on the deflection and cracking, ultimate loads and failure pattern.
The experiment indicated that the shear strength increased clearly with the increasing
fiber content. The combination of steel fibers and stirrups demonstrated a positive
composite effect on the ultimate load, ductility and failure pattern of concrete beam.
This study also examined the feasibility of applying the modified compression field
theory (MCFT) for the suitable assessment of shear resistance in fiber and steel rebar
reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams. For fire reinforced concrete member, a
theoretical method was proposed based on the MCFT. The proposed ultimate shear
capacity model was verified by the comparison with different test results (Ding et al.
1992)

Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The aim of the investigation conducted by Safan (2012) was to describe the flexural
and bond behavior of simply supported concrete beams with tension reinforcement
spliced at mid-span. The parameters included in the study were the type of the
concrete, the splice length and the configuration of the hooked splice. Fifteen beams
were cast using an ordinary concrete mix and two fiber reinforced concrete mixes
incorporating steel and polypropylene fibers. Each mix of concrete was used to cast
five beams with continuous, spliced and hooked spliced tension steel bars. A test
beam was reinforced on the tension side with two 12 mm bars with a splice length of
20 and 40 times the bar diameter. The hooked bars were spliced alone 20 m the bar
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 425

diameter and provided with 45° and 90° hooks. The test results in terms of cracking
and ultimate loads, crack patterns, ductility, and failure modes were reported. The
results demonstrated the consequences due to short splices and the improvement in
the structural behavior due to the use of hooks and the confinement provided by the
steel and polypropylene fibers.

Hybrid Fiber Reinforcement

This study by Yi et al. (1993) evaluated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete
beams strengthened by hybrid fiber reinforcement. Hybrid fiber reinforcement
prepared in two ways was considered: using a hybrid fiber sheet and a hybrid fiber
plate. Experimental research on the feasibility and applicability of strengthening
effects due to hybrid fiber plate and hybrid fiber sheet in reinforced concrete beams
was carried out. Each of control and seven specimens strengthened by hybrid fiber
sheet and hybrid fire plate was tested by four-point bending tests using a hydraulic
universal testing machine. For hybrid fiber sheet specimens, debonding between the
adhesive and the beam that propagated from the end of the plate was observed in
experiments. According to the test results, reinforced concrete beams strengthened by
hybrid fiber reinforcement showed approximately 60 – 200% higher load capacities
and strengths relative to unreinforced specimens. In addition, all reinforced beams
showed an ideal failure pattern, with the presentation of ductile behavior after
yielding of the reinforcing bar. More specifically, in the cases of reinforced concrete
beams reinforced with hybrid fiber plate, no difference according to the puttying
method was apparent, since the hybrid fiber plate-retrofitted reinforced concrete
beams reinforced using epoxy injection and adhesive bonding showed similar failure
patterns.

Flexural Design of Fiber

A set of closed form equations for flexural design of fiber reinforced concrete are
presented (ACI Materials Journal 2009). These equations are based on simplified
tensile and compressive constitutive response and may be used in a limit state
approach or serviceability-based criterion that limits the effective tensile strain
capacity. The equations allow generation of flexural moment-curvature response of a
rectangular beam section for use in structural analysis calculations in addition to
design charts for strain softening fiber reinforced concrete. To prevent sudden failure
after flexural cracking and to control crack width, equations for minimum post-crack
tensile strength are also proposed. The analytical tensile strain equations proposed for
serviceability limit the average crack width of structural members. In addition, the
bilinear moment-curvature model is used in conjunction with geometrical relationship
between curvature and deflection to determine short-term deflections of structural
members. An example of a one-way slab demonstrates the calculation steps.

Waste Plastic Fibers

Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 426

The inherent weakness of concrete is its less tensile strength. To improve this inherent
weakness many techniques came into picture. Among them one of the best techniques
is to introduce the fibers in the concrete mass. Thus, FRC is a concrete in which the
fibers are dispersed uniformly throughout the mass of the concrete. The fiber
reinforced concrete is playing an important role in the construction industry. The even
distribution of fibers not only improve the tensile strength of concrete but also
increase in the compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, wear and tear
resistance, etc. The fiber reinforced concrete has already found a wide range of
practical application and has proved reliable in construction and is a material having
superior performance characteristics compared to the conventional concrete. Many
types of fibers can be used for the production of fiber reinforced concrete. Many types
of fibers like steel, carbon, GI, glass, and asbestos can be used for the production of
fiber reinforced concrete. Many natural fibers and mineral fibers are also being used.
In this paper by Olaoye et al. (2013) an attempt has been made to study the properties
of waste plastic fiber, in the concrete, which is causing environmental pollution. The
plastic is a non bio-degradable material. Hence, plastic do not decay. Thus they cause
the air, water and ground pollution. In this experimentation the study of waste plastic
fiber reinforced concrete is taken up with different aspect ratios like 0, 30, 50, 70, 90,
and 110. Thus, the strength and workability characteristics of waste plastic fiber
reinforced concrete are found in this experimentation.

Metallic Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Since many decades efforts have been made to reduce the brittleness of cementations
materials by the use of micro and macro fibers of different mechanical, geometrical
and physical properties. This contribution presents the results of an experimental
investigation carried out to study the effect of fiber aspect ratio on the flexural
properties of metallic fiber reinforced concrete (MFRC). The flexural properties,
which have been studied, include maximum load bearing capacity (peak load), post-
crack strength and flexural toughness. High performance metallic fibers of different
aspect ratios were used. The dosage of fibers was kept 20 kg/m3 (0.25% by volume
fraction) for all the fibered concrete mixtures. Three point bending tests were
performed on both control (without fibers) and fibered notched prismatic concrete
specimens of cross section 100 mm × 100 mm and clear span of 450 mm. The results
showed that the flexural properties of concrete matrix are significantly improved by
the addition of high performance metallic fibers. Moreover, it was found that the level
of improvement in flexural properties of MFRC varies with the aspect ratio of fibers.
Out of the two different aspect ratios of metallic fibers used in this study, the fibers
with larger aspect ratio showed better efficiency in improving the flexural response of
MFRC (Hameed et al. 2009).

Optical Fiber Sensors

Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 427

Many researches and developments in the field of concrete rehabilitation and repair
by using fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) materials have been successfully carried out in
the last decade. There is no doubt that these materials have been promisingly used to
replace conventional steel reinforcements for concrete structure with providing
excellent structural durability and margin of safety. Until the last few years,
researchers from diverse disciplines have drawn into vigorous efforts to develop a
structure, which is able to measure its own structural condition by using embedded
optical fiber sensors. This structure was appreciated as “Smart structure”. However,
the smart structures have not yet been adopted by the civil engineering applications.
In this paper, a brief review on the applications of the FRP and optical fiber sensor in
concrete repair and structural health monitoring, respectively, is given. Further
discussions on the potential use of smart composites for civil engineering applications
are also addressed (Lau et al. 2002)

Concluding Remarks
Concrete is weak in tension and hence brittle. Therefore it is a cracked material.
Because of this its load capacity is limited. To enhance its performance under load
and improve its properties fibers are added to concrete at the time of its preparation.
The benefit occurring out of this is enhanced crack resistance and ductility. Fibers
made of steel, glass, polypropylene, etc., are generally used in concrete. Fibers are
short, discreet and randomly oriented in concrete. A concrete strengthened with fibers
is called fiber reinforced concrete. The fibers help to transfer loads at the internal
micro cracks. A review of literature has disclosed that researchers all over the world
are attempting to develop high performance concretes by using fibers and other
admixtures in concrete up to certain proportions. In the view of the global sustainable
developments, it is imperative that fibers like glass, carbon, polypropylene and aramid
provide improvements in tensile strength, fatigue characteristics, durability, shrinkage
characteristics, impact, cavitations, erosion resistance and serviceability of concrete.
Fibers impart energy absorption, toughness and impact resistance properties to fiber
reinforced concrete material and these characteristics in turn improve the fracture and
fatigue properties of fiber reinforced concrete. Research in glass fiber reinforced
concrete resulted in the development of alkali resistance fibers of high dispersion that
improved long term durability.
The new strategy now is the development of self-compacting fiber reinforced
concrete on which precast industry has shown keen interest. The influence of
polypropylene fibers was studied with different proportioning and fiber length to
improve the performance characteristics of the lightweight cement (LWC)
composites. Concrete containing short carbon fibers (0.2 – 0.5 vol%) was found to be
an intrinsically smart concrete that can sense elastic and inelastic deformation, as well
as fracture. The wrapping of fiber reinforced composite sheets around concrete
columns is a promising method for structural strengthening and repair. This
rehabilitation technique is of practical interest, as the lay-up of the sheets is rather
easy; it does not require specialized tools, and the epoxy resins employed cure at
ambient temperatures.
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 428

The combination of steel fibers and stirrups demonstrated a positive composite

effect on the ultimate load, ductility and failure pattern of concrete beam. This study
also examined the feasibility of applying the modified compression field theory
(MCFT) for the suitable assessment of shear resistance in fiber and steel rebar
reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams.
Experimental research on the feasibility and applicability of strengthening effects
due to hybrid fiber plate and hybrid fiber sheet in reinforced concrete beams was
carried out. Experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of short
randomly oriented and discontinuous steel fibers on the structural behavior of
laterized concrete columns.
An attempt has been made to study the properties of waste plastic fiber, in the
concrete, which is causing environmental pollution. Metallic fibers were also used to
reinforce concrete. Optical fiber sensors have used to create smart structures.

References
ACI Committee 440. 1996. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced
Plastic (FRP) for Concrete Structures (ACI 440R). ACI Manual of Concrete
Practice Part 5, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 68, pp. 2.

Bagherzadeh, R., Pakravan, H. R., Sadeghi, A. H., Latifi, M., Merati, A.A. 2012. An
Investigation on Adding Polypropylene Fibers to Reinforce Lightweight Cement
Composites (LWC). Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics Vol. 7, Issue 4, pp. 13-
21.

Banthia, N. 1991. Fiber Reinforced Concrete. ACI Materials Journal, July-

August, pp. 448-454.

Barro, J. A. O. and Figueiras, J. A., 1998. Experimental Behavior of Fiber

Concrete Slabs on Soil. Journal Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials,
Vol. 3, pp. 277-290

Barros, J., Pereira, E., Ribeiro, A., V. Cunha and J. Antunes. 1991. Self-compacting
Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Precasted Sandwich Panels – Experimental and
Numerical Research. ACI Materials Journal, 1991, 88(3), pp. 354-362.

Chandramouli, K., Srinivasa Rao, P., Pannirselvam, N., Seshadri Sekhar T.

and Sravana. P., 2010. Strength Properties of Glass Fibre Concrete. ARPN
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 429

Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 4, April

ISSN1819-6608, pp. 1-6.

Chen, P. W. and Chung, D. D. L. 1995. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete as

an Iintrinsically Smart Concrete for Damage Assessment During Dynamic
Loading. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 78, Issue 3, March,
pp. 816–818,

Demers, M. and Neale, K W., 1999. Confinement of Reinforced Concrete Columns

with Fibre-reinforced Composite Sheets - an Experimental Study. Canadian Journal of
Civil Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1999, pp. 226-241,

Ding, Y., Zhang, F., Fernando, T. and Zhang Y. 1992. Shear Behaviour of Steel Fibre
Reinforced Self-consolidadting Concrete Beams Based on the Modified Compression
Field Theory. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 176-184.

Gowri, R. and Angeline Mary M. 2013. Effect of Glass Wool Fibres on

Mechanical Properties of Concrete. International Journal of Engineering
Trends and Technology (IJETT), Vol. 4, Issue 7, July, ISSN:2231-538, pp.
3045-3048.

Hameed, R., Turatsinze, A., Duprat, F. and Sellier A. 2009. Metallic Fiber
Reinforced Concrete: Effect of Fiber Aspect Ratio on the Flexural Properties.
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 5, July 2009,
ISSN 1819-6608, pp. 67-72.

Ikponmwosa, E. E. and Salau, M. A. 2011. Effect of Short Steel Fibre

Reinforcement on Laterized Columns. Journal of Sustainable Development,
Vol. 4, No. 1, February, pp. 230-239.

Kozicki, J. and Tejchman, J. (2010). Effect of Steel Fibres on Concrete

Behavior in 2D and 3D Simulations using Lattice Model. Arch. Mech.,
Warszawa, Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 465–492.
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 430

Lau, K.T., Zhou, L.M., Tse, P. C., Yuan, L.B. 2002. Applications of Composites,
Optical Fibre Sensors and Smart Composites for Concrete Rehabilitation: An
Overview. Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 4, July, pp. 221-247.

Musmar, M. 2013. Tensile Strength of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 225 - 237
doi.org/10.12988/ces.2013.3531.

Neves, R.D. and Fernandes de Almeida, .C.O. 2005. Compressive Behaviour

of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete. Structural Concrete, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-8.

Olaoye, R.A., Oluremi, J.R., and Ajamu, S.O. 2013, The Use of Fibre Waste
as Complement in Concrete for a Sustainable Environment, Innovative
Systems Design and Engineering, Vol.4, No.9, Special Issue - 2nd
International Conference on Engineering and Technology Research, pp. 91-97.

Rapoport, J., Aldea, C. M., Shah, S. P., Ankenman, B. and Karr, Alan F.
2001. Permeability of Cracked Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. National
Institutue of Statistical Sciences, NC, USA, www.niss.org, Technical Report
Number 115, January.

Safan, M.A. 2012. Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams with

Spliced Tension Steel Reinforcement. Concrete Research Letters, Vol. 3, No.
1, March, pp. 346-358.

Shende, A.M. Pande, A.M., Pathan, M.G., 2012, Experimental Study on Steel
Fiber Reinforced Concrete for M-40 Grade. International Refereed Journal of
Engineering and Science (IRJES), Vol. 1, Issue 1, September, pp. 043-048.

Soranakom, C. and Barzin Mobasher, B. 2009. Flexural Design of Fiber-Reinforced

Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 106, No. 5, September-October. pp. 461-469.
Effect of Fibers In Concrete Composites 431

Yi, S.T. and S. G. 2012. Effect of Hybrid Fibre Reinforcement on Capacity of

Reinforced Concrete Beams. Proceedings of the ICE - Structures and Buildings, Vol.
166, Issue 10, December pp. 537 –546 .