6.

Sign convention:
Ax o + By o + C
d=
2 A 2 + B2

 Use (+) when the point is above of to be right of line provided B is (+)
 Use (-) when the point is below or to the left of line provided B is (+)

7. Find the distance between the given lines 4x-3y = 12 and 4x-3y = -8
4x – 3y – 12 = 0
4x – 3y + 8 = 0
C1 - C2 12  8
d= =
A 2 + B2 43  32
d=4

8. A line has an equation 3x-ky-8 = 0. Find the value of k if this line makes an angle
of 45° with the line 2x + 5y – 17 = 0
m -m
tan θ = 1 2
1 + m1m 2

Solution:
2x + 5y – 17 = 0
2x + 5y = 17
x y
1
   
+
17 17
2 5

3  2 
 
k  5 
tan 45 
3  2 
1  
k 5 
3 2

1 = 1 k 5
6
1
5k
6 3 2
1  
5k k 5
3 21

5 5k
k=7

2 3
 
tan 45  5 k
 2  3 
1    
 5  k 
 2 3
 
1 5 k
6
1
5k
6 2 3 7 9
1    
5k 5 k 5 5k
k= 1
7

9. The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle, are A (0, - 4), B (3, 2), C (-2, 4).
The orthocentre of the triangle is at (7/3, 11/6). Find the equation of Eater’s line,
a line passing through the centroid and the orthocentre of the triangle.

Centroid ( x, y )
x +x +x 03 2 1
x 1 2 3  
3 3 3
y1 +y 2 +y3 4  2  4 2
y  
3 3 3
P1 = (1/3, 2/3)
P2 = (7/3, 11/6)
Using Two point form:
y -y
y - y1 = 2 1 (x - x1 )
x 2 - x1
11 2
-
2 6 3  1
y- =  x- 
3 7 -1  3
3 3
7
2 6  1
y- =  x- 
3 2  3
 2 7  1 
 y- 3 = 12  x- 3   12
  
12y-8=7x-7/33
36y-24 = 21x-7
21x – 36y + 17 = 0

Circle
A circle is a graph of all points equidistance from a fixed point called the center.

Standard eqn. of circle w/ center at (0, 0)

(x – h)2 + y2 = R2

Standard Eqn. of Circle w/center at (h, k)

(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = R2
 General Eqn. of Circle
X2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Problems:
1. How far from y-axis is the center of the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 31 = 0.
Solution:
X2 + y2 – 2x – 4y = 31
Applying perfect square trinomials:
X2 + y2 – 2x – 4y = 31
(x – 1)2 + (y -2)2 = 62
Center (h, k) = (1,2)
h=1

2. What is the equation of circle which has its center at (-4, 5) tangent to the line y
= x – 4.

Center (h, k) = (-4, 5)

Solving for R = d:
Ax o + Byo + C
R= d=
A 2 + B2
1(-4)-1(5)-4 13
R=d= 
12 + 12 2
Thus;
(x-h)2 + (y – k) = R2
2
 13 
 x – 4    y – 5   
2 2

 2
3. The shortest distance from A(3, 8) to the circle x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y = 12 is:
Solution:
x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y = 12
x2 + 4x + y2 – 6y = 12
using perfect square trinomials:
x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 – 6y + 9 = 12 + 4 + 9
(x + 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 52
Center (H, K) = (-2, 3) ; r = 5

s.d = D –R
whre:
D= (x-x1 )2 +(y-y1 )2
D= (3+2) 2 +(8-3) 2
D= 50
So;
s.d = 50  5
s.d = 2.07

4. Find the equation of the radical axis of two circles having equations x2 + y2 + 4x
+ 6y – 3 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 12x + 14y + 60 = 0

t1 = t2
t2 = t2

x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y - 3 = x 2 + y 2 + 12x + 14y + 60
8x + 8y + 63 = 0

5. Find the eq’n of the line passing through the points of intersection of the circles
x2 + y2 + 4x = 0 and x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y -4 = 0

x 2 + y 2 + 4x = x 2 + y 2 - 14y + 2y - 4
8x = 2y – 4
y – 2 = 4x

Parabola
A parabola is a graph of all points whose distances from a fixed point equal their
distances from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line the
directrix.

d1 = d2
d1  ( x  a)2  ( y  0) 2
d1  ( x  a) 2  y 2
d 2  ( x  a)2  ( y  y 2
d2  x  a

 
2
( x  a) 2  y 2  ( x  a) 2
( x  a)2  y 2  x 2  2ax  a 2
x 2 - 2ax + a 2 + y2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2
y2 = 4ax
Standard Equations:
Vetex at (0, 0)
y2 = ± 4ax

vertex at (h, k)
(y-k)2 = ±4a(x-h)

General Eq’n:
y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Vertex at (0, 0)
x2 = ± 4ay

vertex at (h, k)
(x-h)2 = ±4a(y-k)

General Eqn:
X2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Problems:
1) Find the eq’n of parabola with vertex at (5,-2) and focus at (5, 4).
From:
(x-h)2 = -4a(y-k)
Where: (h, k ) = (5, -2)
A = -2-(-4) = 2
So;
(x -5)2 = -4(2)(y+2)
(x – 5)2 = -8 (y + 2)
x2 – 10x + 25 = -8y – 16
x2 – 10x + 8y + 41 = 0
2) Find the equation of a parabola which has a vertical axis and passes through
(0, 0), (1, 0) and (5, -20) the bridge.
Sol’n:
x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
at (0, 0)
0 + D(0) + E(0) + F = 0
F =0
St (1, 0)
 12 + D(1) + (E)(0) + F = 0
1+D=0
D = -1
At (5, - 20)
52 + D (1) + (E)(0) + F = 0
25 + (-1)(5) + (2-20E) = 0
E=
Thus;
x2 + (-1) x 1y + 0
x2 – x + y = 0
3) Compute the length of the latus rectum of the parabola.
y2 + 8x – 6y + 25 = 0
Solution:
y2 – 6y = -8x – 25
y2 – 6y + 9 = -8x – 25 + 9
y2 – 6y + 9 = -8x – 16
(y – 3)2 = -8(x + 2)
Thus; L = 4a
L=8
4) A truck hauling cylindrical steel tank has a pass under a parabolic arch bridge
which has a span of 24m and is 20m high. If the tank is 16m in diameter and
is placed in the truck with its sides vertical, and the top of the tank is 10m
above the street level, what is the smallest clearance from the top of the tank
to the bridge.

(x - h)2 = -4a (y – k)
(x – 0)2 = -4a (y – 20)
602
4a   120
30
Thus;
x2 = 120 (y – 10)
x2 = 120y – 1200
x2 – 120y + 1200 = 0

Ellipse
An ellipse is a graph of all points, the sum of whose distance from two fixed
points is a constant. Two fixed points are called the fosus
a = distance from center to vertex
c = distance from center to focus
2a = length of major axis
2b = length of minor axis
a2 = b2 + c2

c
accentricity = e =  /, 0
a
Length of latus Rectum:
2b 2
L=
a

Standard
Center at (0, 0)
x 2 y2
+ =1
a 2 b2

Center at (h, k)
(x-h)2 (y-k)2
+ 2 =1
a2 b

Center at (0, 0)
y 2 x2
+ =1
a 2 b2

Center at (h, k)
( y  k ) 2 ( x  h) 2
+ =1
a2 b2

General eq’n of Ellipse:

Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Problems:
1. Find the area enclosed by the curve 18x + 25y2 – 100y = 116
9[x2 + 2x + 1] + 25 [y2 – 4y + 4] = 116 + 9(1) + 25 (4)
9 (x + 1)2 + 25 (y – 2)2 = 225
9 25
( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  1
225 225
( x  1) ( y  2)
2
 1
25 9
a = 25  5
b= 9 3
 A   (3)(5)
A = 15π
2. A semi-ellipse and a parabola rest on the same base 60m wide and both are 20m
high. Using the common base as x-axis, compute the difference of ordinates at
points 25m from the center of the base.

Parabola:
(x-h)2 = -4a (y – k)
(h, k) = (0, 20)
(x – 0)2 = 4a (y – 20)
At (30, 0)
30 = -4a (0 – 20)
2

4a = 900/20
4a = 45
2
x = -45 (y – 20)
at (25, yp)
252 = -45 (yp – 20)
Yp = 6.11 m

Ellipse
a = 30 ; b = 30
x 2 y2
+ 1
a 2 b2
x2 y2
+ 1
302 202
At (25, ye)
2
25 ye2
+ 1
302 202
ye = 11.05 m
thus;
y  11.05  6.11
y  4.94m
3. Compute the length of the latus rectum of an ellipse having the ends of the
major axis at (-9, 4) and (3, 4) and passing through the point (-3, 8).
x +x 3  (9)
h= 1 2   3
2 2
k=4
and; a = 3 –(-3)
a=6
so;
 (x+3)2 ( y  4)2
 1
62 b2
At (-3, 8)
(3  3)2 (8  4)2
 1
36 b2
b=k
thus;
2(4) 2
L
6
L = 16/3

a2 = b2 + c2
A = πab
L = 2b2/a
4. A satellite orbits around the earth in elliptical path of eccentricity 0.60 and a semi
minor axis of 12,000 miles. If the center of the earth is at one foci, find the
maximum altitude of the satellite.
From;
c
e=
a
c
0.60 =  ①
a
And;
a2 = b2 + c2
a2 = (12,000)2 + c2 → ②
combining ① and ②
a2 = (12,000)2 + (0.6)2 a2
(12,000)2
a2 
1  (0.6)2
a = 15,00
and;
c = 0.6 (15,000)
c = 9,000 mi
thus;
M = 9000 + 15,000
M = 24,000 mi

Hyperbola
A hyperbola is a graph of all points the difference of whose distance from two fixed
points is constant. The two fixed points are called foci.
a = distance from the center to vertex
2a = lenth of transvers axis
C = distance from center to focus
2b = length of conjugate axis
c2 = a2 + b2
eccentricity of hyperbola
c
e   1.0
a
Length of latus rectum
2b 2
L
a
Distance from the center to directrix:
a
d
e

EQUATION
Horizotal Traverse Axis
Center at (0, 0)
x 2 y2
+ =1
a 2 b2

Center at (h, k)
(x-h)2 (y-k)2
+ 2 =1
a2 b

Center at (0, 0)
y 2 x2
+ =1
a 2 b2

Center at (h, k)
( y  k ) 2 ( x  h) 2
+ =1
a2 b2

General Equation:
Ax2 – cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Problems:
1. From the given eq’n of the curve 11x2 – 9y2 – 128x – 90y – 113 = 0, Locate the
center of the curve and find the distance of the right director from the origin.
Solution:
16x2 – 128x – 9y2 – 90y – 113 = 0
16x2 – 128x – 9y2 – 90y = 113
16[x2 – 8x] – 9[y2 + 10y + 25] = 113
+16(16)-9(25)
16  x – 4 2 – 9  y  5 2  144  1
  144
(x-4)2 y+5
- =1
9 16
But;
a 9 3
b  16  4
c  a 2  b2  5
So; center = (h,k) = (4, -5)

e = c/a so;
2
a a (3)2 29
cl   D  4 
e c 5 5
2. A point moves so that the difference of its distance from (0.5) and (0, -5) is 8,
find the equation of the locus.
Solution:
Based on the defi of hyperbola
d1 – d2 = 2a
8 = 2a
a=4

center (0,0)
b2  c 2  a 2
2 2
y x
2
 2 1 b  12  42
a b
b3
2 2
y x
2
 2 1
(4) (3)
y 2 x2
 1
16 9
9y2 – 16x2 = 144
Tangents and Normals to a Conics To formulate the eq’n of a line tangent to the
conic section at (x, y), make the following substitutions.

Terms in Conic Substitution

section
x2 xx1
y2 yy1
X x + x1
2
y y+y1
2
xy xy1  x1 y
2

Problems:
1. Determine the eq’n of the line tangent to the graph y = 2x2 + 1 at the point (1,
3). Also formulate the eq’n of the normal to the curve at the same pont.
Solution:
y = 2x2 + 1
1
x 2   y  1
2

y = 2x2 + 1 (1, 3)
y3
 2  x(1)   1
2
y + 3 = 4x + 2
y – 4x + 1 = 0 eq’n of a tangent line

eq’n of tangent
y – 4x + 1 = 0 → mT = 5
1
Normal line → mN = -
4
pt (1, 3)
using point slope form:
(y – y1) = m (x – x1)
1
 y – 3  ( x  1)
4
4y – 12 = -x + 1
4y + x – 13 = 0 eq’n of normal line

2. What is the eq’n of the tangent to the curve 9x2 + 25y2 – 225 = 0 at (0, 3)?
Solution:
 9x2 + 25y2 – 225 = 0
9(x x1) + 25(y y1) – 225 = 0
9(x)(0) + 25(y)(3) – 225 = 0
225
y=
75
y 3

Diameters of Conic Sections

Ellipse:
x2 y 2
 1
a 2 b2
Eq’n of diameter
b2
y 2 x
am
Where:
m = slope of chords bisected by the diameter

Parabola:
y2 = 4ax
Eqn of diameter
2a
y
m
Hyperbola:
x2 y 2
① 2 2 
a b
Eq’n of diameter
b2
y 2 x
am
② xy = C
Eq’n of diameter
y = -mx

Problems:
x2 y 2
1. Find the eq’n of the diameter of ellipse   1 which bisects all chords of
25 9
slope m = 2:
Solution:
Eq’n of diameter:
b2
y 2 x
am
9
 x
25(2)
y = -9/50 x
2. Find the eq’n of the diameter of parabola y2 = 64x which bisects chords parallel
to the line 2x – 3y = 6
Solution:
y2 = 64x
4a = 64
2a = 32
Eq’n of diameter.
2a
y
m
32
y
m
2
Where: m 
3
32
y
23
y = 48

Translation of Axes

x = x2 + h
* x’ = x – h
y = y’ + k
* y’ = y – l

Problem:
1. By translation of axes eliminate the x term of the equation x2 – 6x – 6y – 15 = 0
x2 – 6x = 6y + 15
x2 – 6x + 9 = 6y + 15 + 9
(x – 3)2 = 6y + 24
(x – 3)2 = 6(y + 4)
x' = x – 3
y’ = y – (-4)
(x’)2 = 6 (y’)
2. Find the new eqn of the curve x2 + 4x + 7y = 0 if the origin is translated to the
point (-2, 6)
(h,k) = (-2, 6)
x = x’ + h = x – 2
y = y’ + k = y’ + 6
(x’ – 2)2 + 4(x’ – 2) + 7 (y’ + 6) = 0
( x ') 2  4 x '  4  4 x '  8  7 y  42  0
(x’)2 + 7y’ + 38 = 0

3. Find the new coordinates of the point (3, -5) if the axes are translated to the
new origin (4, -6)
(x’, y’) = ? (h, k) = (4, -6)
x' = x – h
x’ = 3-4 = -1
 y’ = y – k
y’ = 5 –(-6) =1
so;
(-1, 1)

Rotation of Axes

x = x’ cos θ – y’ sin θ
y = sin θ + y’ cos θ

x cos θ = x’ cos2 θ – y’ sin θ cos θ

y sin θ = x’ sin2 θ = x’ [cos2 θ + sin2 θ]
x cos θ + y sin θ = x’ [cos2 θ + sin2 θ]
x’ = x cos θ + ysin θ
y = y cos θ – x sin θ

Problems:
1. Find the new coordinates of the point (3, 4) if the axis are rotated through 60”
(x, y) = (3, 4) θ = 60°
(x, y’) = ?

x' = 3cos θ + 4 sin θ

= 3cos 60° + 4 sin 60°
= 3(1/2) + 4( 3 )
2
3 4 3
X’ =
2
And,
y' = 4cos 60° - 3sin 60°
= 4(1/2) – 3( 3 )
2
43 3
y' =
2
so;
 3 4 3 43 3 
 , 
 2 2 
2. Compute the transformed eq’n of the curve xy = 1 by rotating the axis through
45°
xy = 1 θ = 45°

x = x’ cos θ – y’ sin θ
 1   1 
 x'   y' 
 2  2
y = x’ sin θ + y’ cos θ
 1   1 
= x’  x '    y '  
 2  2
 x' y '  x y 
   52   1
 2 2  2
( x)2 ( y ')
 1
2 2

Polar Coordinates

From (x, y) to (r, θ) from (r, θ) to (x, y)

r= x2  y2 x = r cos θ
y
θ  tan 1 y = r sin θ
x

Problems:
1. Write the polar coordinates of the point ( 3,1)

r  3  (1) 2
r=2

1
tan  
3
  30
Solution:
Polar coordinates : (2, 2330°)
Or (2, -30°)

2. Det. The rectangular coordinates of the polar point (-2, 30°)

(-2, 30°) → (x, y)
x = r cos θ
x = -2 cos 30
2 3
x=
2
x=  3
and,
y = rsin θ
y = -2 sin 30
1
y = -2  
2
y = -1
so;
(x, y) = (- 3, 1)
3. Write the equivalent polar equation of the line 3x + 4y = 20
x = rcos θ
y = r sin θ

3[r cos θ] + 4 [r sin θ] = 20

R[3 cos θ + 4 sin θ] = 20

4. Write the Cartesian eq’n of the polar eq’n r = 5

From:
r  x2  y 2
So;
x2  y 2  2
x2 + y2 = 75

Coordinate System in space

Polar Coordinates
(r,  , β, ∅)
From (x, y, z) to (r,  , β, ∅)
r  x2  y 2  z 2
x y z
cos  ;cos   ;cos  
r r r

From (r,  , β, ∅) to (x, y, z)

x = r cos 
y = r cos β
z = r cos ∅

Cylindrical coordinates
(r, θ, z)
From (x, y, z) to (r, θ, z)
r= x2  y2
y
θ  tan 1
x
From (r, θ, z) to (x, y, z)
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
z =z

Spherical coordinates
(r, θ, ∅)
From (x, y, z) to (r, θ, ∅)
 r = x 2 + y2 + z2
y
θ  tan 1 
x
z
  cos 1 
r
From (r, θ, ∅) to (x, y, z)
x = r sin ∅ cos θ
y = r sin ∅ sin θ
z = r cos ∅

x = h cos θ
h = rsin ∅
* x = rsin ∅ cos θ
y = h sin θ
*y = rsin ∅ sinθ

Problems:
1. Find the polar coordinates of the point plane having rectangular coordinates (3, 4,
5) polar coordinates (r,  , β, ∅)
r = x 2 +y 2 +z 2
= 32 +42 +52
r 5 2
So;
x 3
cos   ;  6454'
r 5 2
y 4
cos    ;   5533'
r 5 2
z 5
cos    ;  45
r 5 2
2. Find the Cartesian coordinates of the point having spherical coordinates
(5 2,53.13, 45)
(r, θ, ∅) → (x, y, z)
x = rsin ∅ cos θ
x = 5 2 sin 45° cos 53.13° = 3
y = rsin ∅ sin θ
= 5 2 sin 45 sin 53.13° = 4
z = r cos θ
= 5 2 cos 53.13° = 5
So;
(x, y, z) = (3, 4, 5)

Solid Geometry
Distance Between two Points:
d= ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2  ( z1  z2 )2
Equation of Plane
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Equation of plane in intercept form
x y z
  0
a b c

Distance from a point (xo, yo, zo) to a plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

Ax o +Byo +Cz o +D
d
A 2 +B2 +C2

Angle Between two planes

A1x + B,y + C1z + D1 = 0
A2x + B2y + C2 z + D2 = 0
A1A 2 +B1B2 +C1C2
cos θ =
A1 +B12 +C12 A 2 2 +B2 2 +C2 2
2

Problems:
1. Determine the distance between (1, 1, 0) and (-2, 3, 4)
d = (1  2) 2  (1  3) 2  (0  4) 2
d = 5.385

2. Determine the distance from (1, 5, -3) to the plane 4x + y + 8z + 33 = 0

(4)(1)  1(5)  (8)(3)  33
d
42  12  82
d=2

Differential Calculus
Formulas:
d
1) c=0
dx
d du dv
2) (u+v) = +
dx dx dx
d dv dv
3) (uv) = u +V
dx dx dx
du dv
V -u
d u
4) ( ) = dx 2 dx
dx v V
5)
dx

d n
u  = nu n-i
du
dx

Trigonometric Functions
d du
6) sin u = cos u
dx dx
d du
7) cos u = sin u
dx dx
 d du
8) tan u = sec 2 u
dx dx
d du
9) cot u = -csc2 u
dx dx
d du
10) sec u = sec u tan u
dx dx
d du
11) csc u =  csc u cot u
dx dx

Inverse trigonometric Functions

d 1 du
12) sin -1u =
dx 1-u 2 dx
d 1 du
13) cos-1u =
dx 1-u 2 dx
d 1 du
14) tan -1 u =
dx 1-u 2 dx
d 1 du
15) cot -1 u = - 2
dx 1-u dx
d 1 du
16) sec-1 u =
dx u u 2  1 dx
d 1 du
17) csc-1 u = -
dx u u  1 dx
2

Transcendental Functions
d 1 du
18) log u = -
dx u dx
d u 1 du
19) a =
dx u dx
d u du
20) a =a u ln a
dx dx
d u u du
21) e =e
dx dx
Hyperbolic functions
d du
22) sin h u = cosh u
dx dx
d du
23) cos h u = sin h u
dx dx
d du
24) tan h u = sec h 2u
dx dx
d du
25) cot h u = - csc h 2u
dx dx
d du
26) sec h u = -sec h u tan h u
dx dx
d du
27) csc h u = -csc h u cot h u
dx dx
Evaluate the limits:
 x 2 - 5x + 4
a) lim
x 4 x-4
(x-4) (x-1)
lim
x 4
 x - 4
lim x-1
x 4

=4–1
=3
Note:
0 
Indeterminate forms  , 
0 
L’ Hospitals rule

f ( x) f(x)
lim  lim
x k g ( x) x  k g'(x)

Applying L’ Hospitals rule in example @:

x 2  5x  8
lim
x k x-4
2x  5
=
1
2(4)  5
 3
1

sin x sin 0 0
b) lim  
x 0 x 0 0
Using L’ Hospitals:
sin x cos x
lim 
x 0 x 1
cos 0 1
 
1 1
1  cos x
2
c) lim
x 0 x
1  cos 2 0 0
= 
0 0
Using L’ Hospitals:
1  cos 2 x 0  2cos x sin x
lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 1
2(1)(0)
 0
1

Find the derivative of y w/ respect to x

a) y = 2 cos2 (x2 + 2)
dy
dx
 
 2 cos( x 2  2)   sin( x 2  2)(2 x) 
 dy
 2 x cos( x 2  2)sin( x  2)
dx

b) y = x ln x – x
dy 1
 x    lnx(1)  1
dx  x
dy
 ln x
dx

c) y = csc-1 3x
dy 1
 .3
dx 3 x (3 x) 2  1
dy 1

dx x 9 x2 1

d) y = 4 tan-1 2x
dy  1 
 4 (2) 
1  (2 x)
2
dx 
dy 8

dx 1  4 x 2
2
e) y = x x
2
ln y = ln x x
ln y = x2 ln x
1 dy 1
 x 2    ln x  2 x 
y dx  x
dy
 y  x  2 x ln x
dx
dy
 x x  x  2 x ln x
2

dx
dy
 x x 1 1  ln x 
2

dx

f) 4x2 + 9y = 36
 dx   dy 
8 x    18 y    0
 dx   dx 
dy
18 y  8 x
dx
dy 8 x

dx 18 y

Slope:
1. Find the slope of the curve x2 + y2 – 6x + 10y + 5 = 0 at pt. (1, 0)
Sol’n:
 x2 + y2 – 6x + 10y + 5 = 0
1 dy dy 
 2 x  2 y  6  10  0  0 
2 dx dx 
dy du
x  y 35 0
dx dx
dy
 y  5  3  x
dx
dy 3  x

dx y  5
At point (1, 0)
dy 3  1 2
 
dx 0  5 5
2. Find the eqn of the line tangent to the curve y = 2ex at (0, 2)
Sol’n:
y = ex
dy
= 2e x (1)
dx
At point (0, 2)
dy
=2
dx
So;
m = 2 and point (0, 2)
eq’n of the line:
(y – 2) = 2 (x – 0)
y – 2 = 2x
2x – y + 2 = 0

Curvature
dθ 1
Curvature : =
ds ρ

1  42  y"
 2 2

 1  ( y )  [if ( y ')2 ]3/2

1. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y = 2x3 + 3x2 at (1, 5)

3/2
1  ( y ')2 

y"
But;
y = 2x3 + 3x2
y’ = 6x2 + 6x
 at (1, 5)
y’ = 6(1)2 + 6(1)
y’ = 12
and;
y” = 12x + 6
at (1, 5)
y” = 12(1)+6
y” = 18
so;
3/2
1  (12)2 

18
  97

2. Find the curvature of the curve x2 + y2 = 25 at (3, 4)

From:
1 y"

 [1  ( y ') 2 ]3/2

x2 + y2 = 25
2x + 2y y’ = 0
2x = -2yy’
x = -yy’
y’ = x/-y
at (3, 4)
y’ = 3
4
and;
x + yy’ = 0
1 + y(y”) + y’ (y’) = 0
1 + y y” (y’) = 0
At (3, 4)

1 + 4 y” + 3 4  0
2

y" 
 
 9
16
1
4
25
y" 
16(4)
So;
25

1 16(4)

   3 2  3/2
1     
  4  
1 1

 5
 Maxima, Maxima
1. A rectangular box with a square base and an open top is to be made from 432 m2 of
materials. Find the value of the largest box.

From:
V = x2 h
Where:
As = x2 + 4xh
432 = x2 + 4xh
432  x 2
h
4x
So;
2  432  x 
2
V x  
 4x 
432 x  x3
V
4
Thus;
dv 1
 0   432 x  x 2 
dx 4
1
0   432  3 x 2 
4
3x = 432
2

x = 12
and;
V = x2 h
2  432  (12) 
2
V  12   
 4(12) 
V = 864m3

2. A cylindrical boiler is to have a volume of 1340 cu.ft. The cost of the metal sheets to
make the boiler should be minimum. What should be its base diameter in ft.

πD2
V= h
4
πD2
1340 = h →①
4
But; c  AS
πD2
AS = (2)+πDh
4
Where:
 1340(4)
h=
 D2
 D2 1340(4) 
As   D 
  D 
2
2
 D 2 1340(4)
As  
2 D
dAs 2 D  0  4(1340) 
0  
dD 2  D2
0 = πD – 4(1340)
D = 11.95 ft

3. The lower of a picture frame is 3m, the upper edge sm, above the eye of an observer
At what horizontal distance from the picture frame should the observer stand to the
best view.

5
tan(  ) 
x'
3
tan 
x
Where
tan θ  tan  5

1  tan θ tan  x
3
tan θ 
x 5
3 x
1  tan θ  
 x
3 5 15
tan     2 tan 
x x x
 15  2
tan  1  2  
 x  x
2x
tan   2 x
x  15
x2
2x
tan   2
x  15
d ( x 2  15)(2)  2 x(2 x)
sec2  
dx ( x 2  15)2
d
0 0
dx
0 = 2x2 – 30 – 4x2
x  15
Alternate Sol’n:
x = h1h 2
 x= 3(5) = x = 15

Time Rates Problems

1. A ladder 5m long leans against the wall of a building. If the lower end of the ladder is
pulled horizontally away from the wall at 4m/s, how fast is the top of the ladder
sliding down when the lower end is 3m from the wall.

dx
= 4m/s
dt
dy
=
dt
From:
x2 + y2 = 52
dx dy
2x  2 y 0
dt dt
dx
-x
dy
= dt
dt y
When x = 3
y= 52  32
y=
so;
dy 3
 (4)  3m / s
At 4

2. A funnel in the form of a cone is 10 cm across the top and 8cm deep. Water is
powered into the funnel at the rate of 12 cm3/s and flows out at 4 cm3/s. How fast is
the surface of water rising when it is 5 cm deep.

From:
πr 2 h
V
3
By R & P:
r 5

h 8
So;
2
π  5h 
V=   h
3 8 
π  25 
V=   h3
3  64 
dV π(25) 2 dh
= 3h
dt 3(64) dt
 dV π(25) 2 dh
= h
dt 64 dt
When h = 5:
 (25) 2 dh
12 - 4 = (5)
64 dt
dh
 0.26cm / sec
dt

3. A particle moves along the curve according to the eq’n y = x3  1 where x is the
time in sec’s and y is the distance in m. Find the rate of change of speed at 2 seconds.
dy
→ Speed
dx
d2y
→ Accelerations
dx 2

y  x3  1  ( x3  1)1/2
dy 1 3 1/2
  x  1 (3 x )
dx 2
d2y 3  1 3 1/2 
  ( x  1)3/1 (3x 2 )( x 2 )  2 x  x3  1 
dx 2
2 2 
When x = 2
d 2 y 3  1 3/2 
  (9) (12)(4)  2(2)(9)1/2 
dx 2
2 2 
2
d y
 0.67m / s 2
dx 2

4. A bomber plane, flying horizontally 3.2 km above the ground is sighting on a target
on the ground directly ahead its line of flight. The angle between the line of sight and
the path of the plane is changing at the rate of 5/12 rad/min. when the angle is 30°
What is the speed of the plane?

d  5rad

dt min
3.2
tan 
x
d  3.2 dx
sec 2  
dt x dt
When:
d rad
 30  25
dt hr
3.2
x  5.54
tan 30
So;
 3.2 dx
sec2 30  25 
(5.54)2 dt
dx km
 319.7
dt hr

Error Approximation

1. The altitude of the right circular cylinder is twice the radius of the base. The altitude
is measured as 12cm with a possible error of 0.005 cm. Find the approximate error
in the calculated volume of the cylinder.

2
h
V = π  h
2
πh 3
V=
4

dV =
4
 3h 2dh 
When: h =2
Dh = 0.005

dV = (3)(12) 2 (0.005)
4
dV = 1.69

2. The diameter of a sphere is to be measured and its volume computed. If diameter

can be measured within a maximum error of 0.001 cm and the volume must be
accurate within 0.10cu.cm Find the diameter of the sphere for which the process can
be used.

4 πD3
V= πR 3 =
3 6
π
dV = (3D 2 dD)
6
↓

0.10 = (3) D3 (0.001)
6
D = 7.98 m

Integral Calculus
(Basic Formulas)

1)  du = u + c
2)  cdu = c du
u n+1
 u du =
2
3) +c
n+1
 du
4)  u =lnu + c
5)  u dv = uv- vdu
au
 a du  c
u
6)
ln a
7)  eu du  eu  c
8)  sin u du = -cos u + c
9)  cos u du = -sin u + c
10)  tan u du = ln sec u  c
11)  cot u du = ln sin u  c
12)  sec u du = ln sec u  tan u  c
 ln csc u  cot u  c
13)  cscu du = ln csc u  cot u  c

 sec udu= tan u  c

2
14)

 csc udu = cot u  c

2
15)
16)  sec u tan u du = sec u + c
17)  csc u cot u du = csc u + c
du u
18)  a2  u 2
 sin 1
a
c

du 1 1 u
19)  a 2  u 2  a tan a  c
du 1 1 u
20)  u u 2  a 2  a sec a  c
 /2 (m  1)(m  3)(n  1)(n)
0 sin x cos xdx  (m  n)(m  n  2)(m  n  1
m n
21)

Where:
 = π/2 if m and n are even nos. otherwise,  = 1.

Evaluate the following :

 /2
a) 
0
5cos6 x sin 2 x dx
 5(3)(1).(1) 
 5 . 
 8(6)(4)(2) 
 5(3)(1).(1)  
 5 . 
 8(6)(4)(2) 2 
25

64(4)
  /2
b) 0
15sin 7 x dx
 6(4)(2) 
 15  . 
 7(5)(3)(1) 
 6(4)(2) 
 15  .1
 7(5)(3)(1) 
6(4)(2)
 .1
7
48
 .1
7

 cos 2 xe
sin2x
c) dx
Let u = sin 2x
du = cos 2x (2dx)
du
= cos 2x dx
2
u du 1 u
 e 2  2  e du
1
= eu   c
2
  esin 2 x   c
1
2

e x dx
d)  e x +1
Let: u = ex + 1
Du = ex
du
 u  ln u + c
e x dx
 e x  1  ln (e  1)  c
x

xdx
e)  ( x  1) 2

let u = (x + 1)8
du = 8(x + 1)7 dx
 ( x  1)7  ( x  1)7
  7   7 dx
8
x ( x  1) dx  x 
 
From:  u dv = uv- Vdu
Let
u=x dV = (x + 1)-8 dx
( x  1)7
du = dx V
7
 x( x  1)7 1  ( x  1)6 
  c
7 7  6 
x 1
  c
7( x  1) 42( x  1)6
7

2 y
f) 
0 0
(3x2  9 y 2 )dxdy
3x3
 9 y 2 x 0 dy
2

y
0 3
   y3   9 y 2 ( y) dy
2

   y3  9 y3 dy
2

0
2
2 10 y 4 
  10 y dy  2
0 4  0
= 40

g)  ln x dx
Let u = ln x
1
du = dx
x
dv = dx
1
= ln x(x) -  x dx
x
= xlnx – x + c

 tan
1
h) x dx
Let u = tan-1 x
1
du = dx
1+ x 2
dV = dx
V=x
 1 
 tan xdx  tan 1 x( x)   x 
1
2 
dx
 1 x 
Let: w = 1 + x2
dw = 2x dx
dw
 x dx
2

dw
 tan xdx  tan 1 x  
1

2w
1
= x tan 1 x  ln w  c
2
 1
 x tan 1 x  ln(1  x 2 )  c
2

*Volume Solid of Reduction*

2nd Proposition of Pappus
Volume = generating area x distance travelled by its centroid
V = A. θ . x
x = distance from centroid to axis of revolution
θ = angle of rotation

1. Given an area bounded by the curve x2 = 8y the line y = 2 and the y – axis in the first
quadrant. What is the volume generated when this area is revolved about the line y
=2

Solution:
2 2 
V= (4)(2).2  (2) 
3 5 
V = 26.81 cu.units
Or:
h  y1  y p
x2
h  2
8
 x2 
 2  
h  8 
x 
2 2
h
dV = hdx.2π. 2 π.
2
 dV=   h dx
2

2
 x2 
4
V =   h dx     2  
2
0
 8 
2

4  x2  x4 
V =    4  2(2)     dx
0
  8  64 
4
 1  x3  1  x5  
V =  4 x       
 2  3  64  5   0
 43 45 
V =  16   
 6 64(5) 
V = 26.81 cu.units

2. Given the area in the first quadrant bounded by the curve x2 = 8y, the line x = 4 and
the x-axis. What is the volume generated by revolving this area about the line x = 4.
 xm
2
dV = dA. 2  .x
dV = mdy. 2  . m
2
 dV    m dy
2

V =   m dy 2

m = XL - XP = 4 - 8y
m2 = 16 – 2(4) 8 y  8 y
2
V    (16  8 84  84)dy
0
2
 8 8( y 3/2 ) 8 y 2 
V   16 y   
 3/ 2 2 0
 8 8(2)3/2 
V   16(2)   8(2) 2 
 3 
V = 16.76 cu.units

OR;

V = 1/3 (4)(2). 2  :1
16 
V=
3
V = 16.76 cu.units.

Centroid Solid Revolution

1. The region in the first quadrant which is bounded by the first quadrant is revolve
about the x-axis. Locate the centroid of the solid formed:
Formulas:

xc dV yc dV
x ; y
dV dV
zc dV
z
dV
 y 0 ; x? ; z 0

x=
 xc dV
 dV
dV = dA. 2  y  2
dV = ydx.  .y
dV =  y2 dx
but y2 = 4x
dV =  (4)(x) dx
xc = x
so;

x
 x  4 xdx
  4 xdx
4
 x dx
2

x 0
4
 x dx
0
4
x3 
 2
4

x  32   ( x)
x  3 0

2 
0

x  8/3

Moment of Inertia

y
2
Ix = c dA
Iy =  x c
2
dA
Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded by the curve x2 = 4y, the line y = 1 and
the y-axis in the first quadrant w/ respect to the x- axis.

I x   yc 2 dA
dA = sdy
yc = y
Ix =  y 2 x dy
At;
x  2 y  2 y1/2
 y (2 y )dy
2 1/2
Ix =
1
Ix =  2y5/2 dy
0
 1
2 y 7/ 2
Ix =
7/2 0
7/2
4(1) 4
Ix = 
7 7

Work
Work = Force × Distance
1) According to Hooke’s Law, the force required to stretch a spring is propotional to the
elongation of the spring. The natural length of spring is 8 cm and a force of 4kg will
stretch it to a total length of 10 cm Find the work done in stretching the spring from
its natural length to a total length of 16 cm.

F  kx
4 = k(2)
K = 2kg/cm

So;
F = 2x
 dW =  F.dx
8
W =  2x dx
0
8
2x2
W=
2 0

1
W = (2)(8) 2 = 64kg.cm
2
2) A cistern in the form of an inverted cone 20 cm deep and 12 m diameter at the top. If
the water in the cistern is 16m deep, find the work done in pumping out the water
through a point 10m above the top of the cistern.

dF = δdV
dV =  x 2 dy
by R and P:
x 6

y 20
6 y 3y
x 
20 10
From:
 9 2
dV    y dy
100 
 9 2
dF  y dy
100
 dW   dF (30  y)
   9  2
W   (30  y )  y dy
 100 
δ  9 16
W
100 0
(30 y 2  y 3 )dy
16
δ  9  30 y 3 y 4 
W  
100  3 4 0
9.81(1)(9)  (16)4 
W 3

100  4 
10(16)

W = 68,166.75 N.m or joules

Engineering Mechanics
Dynamics (in Motion)
*Kinematics
*Kinetics
Rectilinear Motion
Displacement (s)*distance
ds
Velocity (v)*speed → V=
dt
Acceleration (a) → a = dV
dt

Formulas:
1) V = Vo + at → constant acceleration
2) S = Vot + 1/2 at2 → constant acceleration
3) V2 = Vo2 + 2 as → constant acceleration
4) S = vt → constant velocity (zero acceleration)

Problems:
1) A stone is dropped from the deck of a bridge. The sound of splash is heard 3 seconds
later. If sound travels 342 m/s in still is air how high is the deck of the bridge above
the water?

Stone:
S=? a = 9.81 m/s2 ↓
T = t1
Vo = 0
From:
S = Vo t + 1 at 2
2
S = ½ (9.81)(t1)2 → ②
Sound:
S = vt
S = 342(t2)
S = 342 (3-t1)
S = 342(3) – 342t1 → ③
Equate ② and ③:
 4.905 t12 = 342(3) – 342t,
4.905t12 + 342t – 342(3) = 0
Using Q.F.
T1 = 2.88
Thus,
S = 4.905 (2.88)2
S = 40.6m
2) A stone is dropped from a balloon which is rising vertically at 29.3 m/s. If the height
of the balloon when the stone was dropped is 195 m, Find the velocity of the stone
as it hits the ground.

VD2 = VA2 + 2a s
(-VD)2 = (29.3)2 + 2(-9.81)(-195)
-VD = 68.44 m/s
VD = 68.44 m/s ↓

Varying Acceleration
A car accelerates for 6 secs from an initial velocity of 10 m/s. The acceleration is
increasing uniformly from zero to 8 m/s2 in 6 sec. During the next 2 xec, the car
decelerates at a constant rate of 2m/s2. Compute the total distance the car has
travelled from the start after 8 seconds.

Va = 10 m/s
VB = VA + AAB
VB = 10 + ½ (6)(8) = 34 m/s
Vc = VB + Aec
=34 + 2(-2) = 30 m/s
SAB = AAB
= 1/3(6)(24) + 6 (10) = 108m
SAC = SAB + SBC
SAC = 108 + ABC
SAC = 108 + ½ (34 + 30)2
SAC = 172 m
OR;
Using Integration:
dV 4
= t
dt 3
v 64
10 dV  0 3t dt
6
4 t2 
V  10   
3  2 0
V = 10 + 2/3 (6)2
V = 34 m/s

Curvilinear Motion
Projective (Air Resistance Neglected)

ax = 0
ay = -g

x = Vox t
x = Vo cos θ t → ①
y = Vo yt + ½ at2
y = Vo sin θ t – 9/2 t2 → ②
① and ②:
 x  g  x2 
y =Vosin θ  -  2 2 
 Vo cosθ  2  Vo cos θ 
g  x2 
y = x tan θ -  2 2  → ③
2  Vo cos θ 

For Max. Height:

V2 = Vo2 + 2as
↓
O = (Vosinθ)2 + 2(-g)H
Vosin 2θ
H=
2g
Range of Projectile:
sin  gx 2
y=x 
cos  2Vo 2 cos 2 
at (R, 0)
R sinθ gR 2
O= -
cosθ 2V0 2cos 2 
gR
 sin θ
2V0 2 cos θ
Vo 2 2sin  cos 
R=
g
V 2sin 2
2
R= o
g

1) A projectile is fixed with a velocity of 430 m/s from a cliff, 92m high, directed
upward at 45° with the horizontal. Find the distance from the cliff to the point at
which the projectile hits the ground.

gx 2
y = x tan θ -
2b 2cos 2θ
At (x, -92)
 (9.81)x 2
-92 = x tan45 -
2(430)2 cos2 45
x2 – 18848.1 x – 1734026.5 = 0
18848.1  (18848)2  4(1)(1734026.5)
x
2(1)
x = 18939.6 m

2) A stone was thrown upward at an angle of 60° with the horizontal at a velocity of
100 m/s. If gravity decelerates the stone at 9.8 m/s2, what is the actual velocity 10
sec. later.

V = Vo + at

Vy = Voy + (-9.8)(10)
Vy = 100 sin 60 – 9.8(10)
Vy = -11.4 m/s
Vx = Vox = 100 cos 60°
Vx = 50 m/s
V = Vy 2  Vx 2  (11.4)2  (50)2
V = 51.28 m/s
Vy 11.4
tan x  
Vx 50
x  12.84°

Circular Motion
dV
at =
dt
V2
an 
R
a 2  at 2  an 2

A cyclist is traveling on a circular track of radius 800 ft. His speed is increasing at the
rate of 3ft/sec2. What is the cyclists total acceleration at the instant that his speed is 27
ft/sec.

at  3 ft / sec 2
V 2 272
an    0.91 ft / s 2
R 800
So;
a  an 2  at 2
a  32  0.912
a  3.14 ft / s 2
Kinetics

F a
F=ka
↓
W = kg
w
k  m
g
F  ma

Problems:
1. A block weighing 200N rests on a plane inclined at 4 vertical and 3 horizontal
compute the acceleration of each block if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the 200 N block and the incline is 0.10.

Assume block A at rest

WN = 200 cos 53.13 = 120 N

WT = 200sin 53.13 = 160 N
From:
F = fN
= 0.10(120) = 12 N

Block A:
Fv  0
100
T  100  a →①
9.81

Block B:
FT  0
200
T  12  a  160
9.81
200
T  128  a →②
9.81

Equate ① and ②
100 200
100  a  148  a
9.81 9.81
48(9.81)
a  1.57
300

2. Compute the acceleration for each block in the system shown below.

Block A:
Fv  0
200
T a A  200 →①
9.81
 Block A:
Fv  0
30
2T  300  aB → ②
9.81

From:
SB = x
SA = 2x
SA = 2SB
VA = 2VB
a A  2 aB
OR;
Work  0
WA = -TSA
WB = 2TSB

-TSA + 2TSB = 0
SA = 2SB
VA = 2VB
a A  2 aB → ③

② and ③:
150  a A 
T  150 
9.81  2 
75
T  150  aA → ④
9.81

② and ④:
200a A 75
200   150  aA
9.81 9.81
275
a A  50
9.81
50(9.81)
aA 
275
a A  1.78
And;
1
aB  a A
2
aB  0.89

3. A weight is attached to a chord and rotated about the vertical axis. If the period is 2.0
sec, determine the velocity of the weight if the chord makes an angle of 25° with the
vertical.
 dV
at   0 → if speed is constant
dt
V2
an 
R

V2
tan θ = →②
gR

① and ② :
V2
tan 
 0.2 
g
 2  
 0.2 
V g tan θ
 2  
V = 0.14

Problem:
Determine the angle of super elevation for a highway curve of 183 m radius so that
there will be no “side thrust” for a speed of 72 km/hr. At what speed will skidding
impend if the coefficient of friction is 0.30.

Where:
V = Rated speed
1000m
V = 72 km x hr s =20m/s
hr 3600secs km
(20)2
tan θ =
9.81(183)
θ = 12.56°

F = fRn
tan  = f = 0.30
 = 16.7°

V2
tan(θ   ) 
gR
V2
Tan(R.56+16.7) =
9.81(183)
V = 31.71 m/s
 Rotation:

S = Rθ
ds = R dθ
dt dt
V = Rw
W = angular speed (rad/sec)

dv Rdw
=
dt dt
aR
 = angular acceleration
(rad/sec2)

Linear:
V = Vo + at
1
S = Vot + at2
2
V2 = Vo2 + 2as

Rotation:
w  wo   t
1
a  wot   t 2
2
w  wo  2  
2 2

1. A Flywheel is rotating at a speed of 180 rpm, a brake is applied to cause a constant

deceleration of 2 rad/sec2. How many turns does flywhell make before coming to
stop?
Sol’n:
w0
f = 180 rev (frequency)
min
rev 1min 2  rad
w o =180 x x =6  rad
min 60s 1rev sec
 2 rad / sec 2

From:
w  wo   t
O = 6  + (-2)t
2t = 6 
t = 3
so;
θ = w0 t + 1  t 2
2
θ = 6 (3 )  1 (2)(3 ) 2
2
 θ = 92
Thus;
2  N  9 2
N = 4.5 

2. An object is placed 3ft. from the center of the platform. The coeff. Of friction is 0.30.
The onject will begin to slide off when the platform speed is nearest to:
a. 12 rpm
b. 17 rpm
c. 22 rpm
d. 26 rpm

FH  0
w V 2 
F  
g R 
w V 2 
tw   
g  R
V2
0.30 =
32.2(3)
V = 5.38 ft/sec
From:
V = Rw
Where: f(rev/min)
 rev min 2  rad 
w f  x x 
 min 60s rev 
2
w f
60
5.38  3  2  ( f ) 
 60 
f = 17.17 rpm

Momentum (MV)
Conservation of momentum:
M1V1 + M2V2 = M1V1 + M2 V2
Impact
Elastic impact (e) ←coefficient of restitution
Relative velocity after impact
e
relative velocity before impact

1. A 100kg body moves to the right at 5m/s and another 140 kg body moves to the left
at 3m/s. They collided each other and after impact the 100 kg body rebounds to the
left at 2m/s. Compute the coefficient of restitution.

Conservation of momentum:
 M1V1 + M2V2 = M1V’1 + M2 V’2
100(5) + 140(-3) = 100(-2) + 140(V’)
V’ = 2 m/s
From:
V'1  V'2
e
V1 - V2
2  (2)
e
5-(-3)
4
e
8
e = 0.50

Friction:
1. A 300-N block is placed on top of a 400N body which is resting on a horizontal floor.
A cord inclined at 30° with the horizontal is attached from the wall to the 300-N
block. If the coefficient of friction for all contacting surfaces is 0.30, find the
horizontal force P needed to pull the 400 N block away from the wall.

tan   f  0.30
  16.70

R1 300

sin  sin 
By Force Polygon:

So;
R1 300

sin 60 sin103.3
R1 = 266.97N

Fv  0
N2 = 400 + R1cos 
N2 = 400 + 266.97 cos 16.7°
N2 = 655.71
And;
F2 = fN2
= 0.30(655.71)
F2 = 196.7
Thus;
Σfn=0
P = R1 sin  + F2
= 266.97 sin 16.7° + 196.7
P = 273.42 N
2. A 600-N block rest on a 30° inclined plane. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30
and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20, what is the value of P applied
horizontally to keep the block moving up the plane?

P
tan(30  k ) 
600
tan k  0.20
k  11.3
So;
P
Tan (30° + 11.3°) =
600
P = 527.11N

Force System in Space

A tripod whose legs are each 4m long supports a load of 100 kg the feet of the tripod are
at vertices of a horizontal equilateral triangle whose side is 3.5 m. Determine the load
on each leg.

F Fx Fy
 
5 3 4
F Fx Fy Fz
  
d 2 dx dy dz
d  dx 2  dy 2  dz 2

Sol’n:
Fv  0
1000 = ABv + Acv + ADv
Where: ABv = Acv + ADv
1000 = ABv + ABv + ABv
3ABv = 1000
ABv = 333.33
AB ABv
=
4 y

1.75
x=  2.02
cos 30
y 2  42  (2.02)2
y = 3.45 m

Cables:
Parabolic Cable:
The load is uniformly distributed along the horizontal.
 2
1
W 
To =  
2
2d
wL2
To =
8d

Length of Cable:
Approximate:
8d 2 32 d 4
S  L   .....
3L 5 L3
Exact Formula:
L2  4d  4d  
2 2
  4d   4d
S 1    ln   1  
8d  L  L   L  L  
 
Analysis

T2 = To2 + w2 x2
wx
T = To 2  w2 x2 tanθ =
To

M A  0
x
To y = wx  
2
wx 2
To 
2y

Problems:
1. A cable is supported at pt. A and B 210 m apart, with B 30 m higher than A. The cable
sags so that its lowest point is 10m below A. The uniform load is 400 kg/m
distributed horizontally. Find the tensions at the supports and at the lowest point.
Using square Property of Parabola:
X A2 (210  xA ) 2

10 40
4XA + (210 – xA)2
2

2xA = 210 - xA
XA = 70 m
And;
210 – XA = 210 – 70 = 140 m

M A  0
T0  400(70)(35)
To = 98,000
 TB   (400)(140)2  (98, 000)2
TB  98,039.99

TA   (400)(70)  (98,000)2
2

TA = 101,921.54

2. A pipe line crossing a river is suspended from steel cable stretcher between the
posts 100m apart. The weight of the pipeline is 14 kg/m while the cable weighs
1kg/m assumed to be uniformly distributed horizontally. The allowed sag is 2m.
Find the tension at the posts and the length of cable.

M A  0
wL  L 
To (d ) 
2  4 
wL2 15(100)2
To  
8d 8(2)
To = 9375
So;
2
 wL 
T    To
2

 2 
2
15(100) 
T    (9375) 2
 2 
T = 9404.95
And;
 8  d  32  d  2 
S  Ld      
 3  L  5  L  
8 (2)2 32 (2)4
s  100  
3 (100) 5 (100)3
S = 100.11 m

By Force Polygon:

Catenary cable:
The load is distributed uniformly along the length of cable

Formulas:
1) T = μy
2) To = πc
3) y2 = s2 + c2
 s y
4) x = c ln
c

Note:
L
 10 The catenary cable be approximated as parabolic curve
d

Problem:
A cable500m long weighing 1.5 kg/m has tension of 750 kg at each end.
Compute the sag and the distance between supports.

From:
T=μy
750 = 1.5 y
y = 500

by Force Polygon:

To = (750) 2 (600) 2
To = 450 kg
So;
To = μc
450 = 1.5 c
C = 300
And;
d=y–c
d = 500 – 300
d = 200 m
thus;
s y
x = c ln
c
(400)500)
= 300h
300
X = 329.58
And;
L = 2x
= 2(329.58)
L = 659.17m