FLUID MECHANICS

AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

PROBLEM 1: SOLUTION utilize equation 6

Determine the absolute pressure at the 0.0826 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 0.0826 (0.021)(600) 𝑄1 2
bottom of the tank containing a fluid with hf1 = =
𝐷5 0.45 In HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 + hf6, but
2
a specific gravity of 2.0 at at height of 4 = 101.637𝑄1 hf4 + hf5 = hf2 + hf3,
m 0.0826 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 0.0826 (0.021)(450)𝑄2 2
hf2 = =
a. 78.48 kPa b. 92.44 kPa 𝐷5 0.255
so we can say that
c. 150.46 kPa d. 179.805 kPa = 799.304𝑄2 2
0.0826 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 0.0826 (0.021)(350)𝑄3 2
HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 + hf6,
Solution: hf3 = = is also
𝐷5 0.25
Pbot = γh = 1897.219𝑄3 2 HL = hf1 + hf4 + hf5 + hf6,
𝑘𝑁
PBOT = 2 x 9.81 𝑚3 x 4 = 78.48 kPa 0.0826 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 0.0826 (0.021)(520)𝑄4 2
hf4 = =
Pabs = Pgage + Patm
𝐷5 0.255 5 = 101.637𝑄1 2 + 923.64𝑄4 2 +
2
Pabs = 78.48 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 923.64𝑄4 13.322𝑄5 2 + 428.296𝑄6 2
0.0826 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 0.0826 (0.021)(240)𝑄5 2
Pabs = 179.805 kPa Answer hf5 = =
𝐷5 0.55
= 13.322𝑄5 2
5 = 529.933 𝑄1 2+ 936.962𝑄4 2
SITUATION 1: 0.0826 𝑓𝑙𝑄2 0.0826 (0.021)(600)𝑄5 2
hf6= = 2
The pipe network shown is composed of 𝐷5
2
0.35 √5 − 529.933 𝑄1 = 𝑄4
6 pipes that are connected by series = 428.296𝑄6 936.962
and parallel connections with frictional working equations.
factor f = 0.021 with properties shown in Since there are 6 pipes here, we then use Q1 = Q2 + Q4
the table. The head loss from the need to establish 6 equations
5 − 529.933 𝑄1 2
entrance to the exit is 5 m. 1. Q1 = Q6 Q1 = √
PIPE DIAMETER LENGTH 2. Q2 = Q3 2696.523
1 400 600 m 3. Q4 = Q5 5 − 529.933 𝑄 2

2 250 450 m 4. Q1 = Q2 + Q4 +√ 936.962 1

3 200 350 m 5. hf4 + hf5 = hf2 + hf3
4 250 520 m 6. HL = hf1 + hf4 + hf5 + hf6
Solving for Q1, Q1 = 0.0745
5 400 240 m
6 300 600 m SOLUTION m3/s
We will be utilizing the equation 4;
Q1 = Q 2 + Q 4 Solving for Q2
2
5 − 529.933 𝑄1
then we will have Q2 in terms of Q1 𝑄2 = √ =
and then Q4 in terms of Q1. 2696.523
In HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 + hf6 5 − 529.933 (0.0745 )2
5 = 101.637𝑄1 2 + 799.304𝑄2 2 + √ = 0.0276
2696.523
1897.219𝑄3 2 + 428.296𝑄6 2 m3/s
1. Change the 𝑄3 as 𝑄2 because
2. Determine the discharge of pipe 2 they are equal based on equation 2 5 − 529.933 𝑄1 2
𝑄4 = √ =
a. 0.1224 m3/s b. 0.0662 m3/s 936.962
c. 0.0469 m3/s d. 0.0276 m3/s 2. Change the 𝑄6 as 𝑄1 because 5 − 529.933 (0.0745)2
3. Determine the discharge of pipe 4 they are equal based on equation 1 √ = 0.0469
936.962
a. 0.0662 m3/s b. 0.0469 m3/s
c. 0.1224 m3/s d. 0.0276 m3/s m3/s
5 = 101.637𝑄1 2 + 799.304𝑄2 2 +
4. Determine the headloss in Pipe 5 1897.219𝑄2 2 + 428.296𝑄1 2
a. 0.058 m b. 0.0101 m hf5 = 13.322𝑄5 2 , 𝑄4 = 𝑄5
c. 0.029 m d. 0.2m combine like terms hf5 = 13.322(0.0469)2 =
5 = 529.933 𝑄1 2 + 2696.523 𝑄2 2 0.029 m
So we now have the 𝑄2 in terms of
𝑄1 already
and that is
2
√5 − 529.933 𝑄1 = 𝑄2
2696.523
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

Problem 5 7. What value of force must be added

A small boat weighing 8 kN is floating on will cause the wedge to be fully 9. Diameter of pipeline serving town A.
a seawater having a specific gravity of submerged. a. 0.217 m b. 0.237 m
1.026. Determine the draft of the boat if a.16.07 kN b. 13.55 kN c. 0.209 m d. 0.261 m
it has a top view dimension of 1.2m x c. 23.544 kNd.19.256 kN SOLUTION
2.4 m Solution: 0.0826(0.02)(9,000) (0.044)2
a. 0.334 m b. 0.275 m 120 - 60=
BF = W + F 𝐷5
c. 0.114 m d. 0.755 m 9.81(1/2)(3)(4)(1) =
Solution: 0.6(9.81)(1/2)(3)(4) + F D = 0.217 m
Draft is the vertical distance from F = 23.544 kN 10. Diameter of pipeline serving town B.
the bottom of the vessel to the SITUATION 8 a. 0.206 m b. 0.373 m
water surface. Energy level at reservoir 1 is at c. 0.395 m d. 0.191 m
BF = W elevation 180 m; at junction 2 is at SOLUTION
γfluidVolfluid = γmaterialVolmaterial elevation 120 m and is 15000 m from 1. 0.0826(0.02)(6,000) (0.0528)2
1.03 x 9.81 ( 1.2 m x 2.4m x draft) 120 - 45=
Town A with a population of 20000 𝐷5
=8 inhabitants is at elevation 60 m and is
draft = 0.275 m D = 0.206m
9000 m from junction 2. Town B with a
SITUATION 5 population of 24000 inhabitants is at SITUATION 7
A triangular wedge of wood having an elevation 45, and is 6000 m from A tank with a length of 10 m and a width
specific gravity of 0.60 is forced into the junction 2. The consumption is 190 L of 2m is partially filled with water up to a
water by a 10 N. force. The wedge is 3 per capita per day. Neglect all losses depth of 3m.
m in width and 4 m in depth and 1 m in except from friction. Use f = 0.02. It is then accelerated at 2 m/s2.
the plane perpendicular to the x and y 11. Find the sufficient height of the tank
axis so that no water will be spilled out.
a. 4.01 m b. 3.78 m
c. 5.12 m d. 3.16 m
SOLUTION
𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑔
3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 9.81
𝜃 = 11.52𝑜
8. Diameter of pipe from reservoir 1. 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 11.52 = 10
a. 0.33m b. 0.37 m (
2
)
c. 0.39 m d. 0.29 m y = 1.02 m
6. What is the draft? SOLUTION: Highest dimension of the tank
a. 3.1 m Discharge required by Town A and 3 + 1.02 = 4.02
b. 2.8 m B having 44,000 inhabitants 12. If it is then accelerated at a 5 m/s2.
c. 1.9 m together. How much water will be spilled?
d. 2.09m
a. 28.441 m3 b. 16.211 m3
SOLUTION Q = 190 L/person/day c. 30.198 m 3
d. 11.244 m3
BF = W 44,000 1 day
= 0.19m3 x 𝑥 x
day 86400 sec
9.81(1/2)(x)(d)(1) 3
=0.6(9.81)(1/2)(3)(4) = 0.0968 m /s
By ratio and proportion 20,000 1 day
4 d 3
= ; x = 4d ; QA = 0.19m3 x 𝑥 x
day 86400 sec
3 x
3 = 0.044 m3/s
9.81(1/2)( 4d)(d)(1)= 24,000 1 day
QB = 0.19m3 x day 𝑥 x
0.6(9.81)(1/2)(3)(4) 86400 sec
3
Draft = 3.098 m = 0.0528 m /s

D1-2
0.0826fL 𝑄2
hf1= 𝐷5

0.0826(0.02)(15,000) (0.0968)2
180 - 120= 𝐷5
D = 0.33m
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

𝑎 15. What will be the force acting on the SOLUTION

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = gate if it is fully submerged in the water
𝑔 The height of the paraboloid should
5 such that the top is flushed with the be the height of the tank for so that
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = fluid.
9.81 the pressure is 0 kPa.
𝜃 = 27 a. 39.24 kN 𝑤 2 0.62
b. 31.392 kN 4.8 = 2(9.81)
4.01
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = c. 19.24 kN 60
10 𝑤 = 16.174 rad/sec x = 154.45
d. 12.66 kN 2𝜋
𝜃 = 21.85𝑜 rpm
SOLUTION
F = γℎ̅𝐴 SOLUTION:
F = 0.8 x 9.81 x 1 x 2 x 2 18. If the tank is brought to rest, what
F = 31.392 kN will be the remaining height of water?
a. 2.401 m
SITUATION b. 2.942m
A cylindrical tank full of water is rotated
Solve for B; c. 2.442 m
about its vertical axis. It has a diameter
tan 27 = 4.01/B; B =7.87 m d. 1.255m
of 1.2 and a height of 4.8m.
Vremaining = ½ (7.87)(4.01)(2) 16. Determine the angular velocity the SOLUTION
=31.559 m3 tank was rotated when after rotating the Volume of Paraboloid = Volume
Vspilled = V original – V rem remaining volume was 3/4 of the initial spilled
Vspilled = (3x10x2 – 31.559) volume
1
Vpar = 2π(0.6)2 (4.8) = 2.714 m3
Vspilled = 28.441 m3 a. 11.437 rpm VRemaining = Vinitial - VPar
SITUATION b. 109.213 rpm Vrem = 5.43 m3 – 2.714 m3 = 2.716
A square gate having a dimension of 2m c. 120.44 rpm m3
x 2m is used to retain a fluid. The top of d. 156.35 rpm VRemaining = Vcylinder
the gate is protruding above the fluid SOLUTION: 2.716 m3 = π(0.6)2 (h)
surface such that half of the gate is Volume initial = πr2 h = π(0.6)2(4.8) h = 2.401 m
submerged in oil and the other is above = 5.43 m3 PROBLEM 19:
the fluid level. 3
Volume remaining = 4 (5.43 m3) = A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,
13. Determine the hydrostatic force 480 kg and a volume of 0.675 cu.m.
4.0725 m3
acting on the gate Determine its weight?
Volume of paraboloid =
a. 9.81 kN b. 7.848 kN a. 14,519 kN b. 14.519 kN
Volume spilled =
c. 4.14 kN d. 6.135 kN
(5.43 – 4.0725) = 1.3575 m3 c. 14.519 N d. 145.19 kN
SOLUTION 1 2
πr h = 1.3575 m3 PROBLEM 20:
F = γℎ̅𝐴 1
2
π(0.6) h = 1.3575 m ;
2 3 What is the specific weight of air at 450
F = 0.8 x 9.81 x 0.5 x 2 x 1 2 kPa absolute and 21 OC?
F = 7.848 kN h = 2.4 m
𝑤 2𝑟2
a. 48.52 N/m3 b. 78.13 N/m3
14. Determine the location of the h= 2𝑔
c. 781.28 N/m3 d. 52.32 N/m3
hydrostatic force from the bottom of the 𝑤 2 0.62
tank 2.4 = 2(9.81) ; SOLUTION
a. 0.6667 m b. 0.3333 m 𝑤 = 11.437rad/sec 𝑃
𝜌=
c. 1.2 m d. 0.4 m 𝑤 = 109.213 rpm 𝑅𝑇
SOLUTION 17. Find the angular velocity so that the 450 𝑥 1000
yp = 𝑦̅ + e 𝜌=
pressure at the center of the base of the (287)(21 + 273)
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼 tank is 0 kPa.
yp = 0.5 + = 0.5 + 12
= 0.5 + 𝜌 = 5.333 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝐴𝑦̅ 𝐴𝑦̅ a. 16.174 rpm
2(1)3 b. 123.56 rpm 𝑁
12 𝛾 = 5.333 𝑥 9,81 = 52.32
(2𝑥1)(0.5) c. 154.45 rpm 𝑚3
yp = 0.6667 m d. 132.16 rpm
yp measured from bottom of the
tank = 1 – 0.6667 = 0.3333m
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

PROBLEM 21: SOLUTION SITUATION I:

A liquid is compressed in a container The mass of tetrachloride is 300 kg. with
has a volume of 1.5 liter at a pressure of 57 + 9.81(0.5) + 13.6(9.81)(0.8) – a total volume of 0.350 m3.
1MPa and a volume of 1.495 liter at a 13.6 ( 9.81)(0.3cos40o) – (9.81)( 28. Compute the unit weight in kN/m3
pressure of 2 MPa. What is the bulk a. 9.409 b. 10.409
modulus of elasticity of the liquid? 0.3cos40o) = PB c. 8.409 d. 7.409
a. 200 MPa b. 250 MPa PB = 135.72 KPa
c. 300 MPa d. 350 MPa Solution:
1𝑘𝑁
PROBLEM 25: 300𝑥9.81𝑥 1000𝑁
SOLUTION 𝛾=
Find the value of H in the multi layered 0.350
− ∆𝑃 − (1−2) 𝑘𝑁
Eb = ∆𝑉 = (1.5−1.495) tank shown. 𝛾 = 8.409 𝑚3 (answer)
𝑉 1.5

Eb =300 𝑀𝑃𝑎 29. Compute the mass density in kg/m3

a. 857.14 b. 956.14
PROBLEM 22: c. 1428.60 d. 562.25
Estimate the height to which water will
rise in a capillary tube of 4mm. Use σ = Solution:
300
0.0728 N/m and γ = 9810 N/m3 for 𝜌=
water. θ = 0°. 0.350
𝑘𝑔
a. 9.9 mm b. 7.4 mm 𝜌 = 857.14 𝑚3 (answer)
c. 10.7 mm d. 6.2 mm a. 3.54 m b. 1.22 m
c. 2.96 m d. 3.23 m PROBLEM 30:
What is the specific weight of air at
SOLUTION 98.675 kPa and at a temperature of
PROBLEM 23:
121 + 0.75(9.81)(2.5) + (9.81)(2.5) 23OC?
Find the absolute pressure in kPa at a
+ 13.6(9.81)(2) = 13.6(9.81)(H) a. 35.5 N/m3 b. 23.1 N/m3
depth of 10 m below the free surface of 3
H = 3.23 m c. 26.7 N/m d. 25.8 N/m3
oil of sp. Gr. of 0.75 if the barometric
reading is 760 mm of Hg? PROBLEM 26: Solution:
a. 173.9 b. 174.9 Calculate the approximate depression in 𝑃
c. 175.9 d. 176.9 a capillary tube of radius 20 mm surface 𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
tension for mercury is 0.515 N/m and its (98.675 + 101.325)(1000)
Solution: specific weight is 133.0 kN/m3. For 𝜌=
(287)(23 + 273)
Pabs = Pgage + Patm mercury 𝜃 = 140O 𝜌 = 2.354 𝑥 9.81
a. -0.4 mm. b. -0.3 mm. 𝜌 = 23.1𝑁/𝑚3
Pabs = 0.75(9.81)(10) + c. -0.5 mm. d. -0.2 mm.
(13.6)(9.81)(0.76) PROBLEM 31:
Solution:
Pabs = 174.97 kPa 1𝑚 1𝑘𝑁 The volume of water needs to be
4(0.515)(cos 140)(1000𝑚𝑚)(1000𝑁) reduced by 0.8%. What is the pressure
ℎ=
1 required? Use E = 2.8GPa.
PROBLEM 24: (133)(40)(1000)3
From the figure shown, compute the ℎ = −0.30 𝑚𝑚 (answer) a. 13.8 MPa b. 18.5 MPa
gage pressure at B. c. 22.4 MPa d. 27.8 MPa
PROBLEM 27:
Find the mass density of air at 310 kPa Solution:
absolute and at temperature of 33 OC? ∆𝑃
a. 4.67 kg/m3 b. 3.53 kg/m3 𝐸=
∆𝑉
c. 2.54 kg/m3 d. 4.36 kg/m3 𝑉
∆𝑃
Solution: 2.8(1000) =
0.8%
𝑃 310 𝑘𝑃𝑎(1000) ∆𝑃 = 22.4𝑀𝑃𝑎 (answer)
𝜌= =
𝑅𝑇 (287)(33 + 273)
𝜌 = 3.53 kg/m3 (answer)
a. 121.15 kPa b. 110.09 kPa
c. 134.94 kPa d. 144.87 kPa
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

PROBLEM 32: 35. Locate the center of pressure of A1 PROBLEM 38:

What is the height of building if the measured from the water surface. An iceberg having a specific gravity of
barometric pressure measured at the a. 6.25 m. c. 5.79 m. 0.92 floats in sea water having a specific
foot of the building is 101300 Pa and at b. 6.56 m. d. 7.32 m. gravity of 1.10. if the volume of ice
the same time the barometer at the top above the water surface is 320 m3, what
of the building reads 755 mm of Hg? Solution: is the total volume of the iceberg?
Unit weight of air is 12 N/m3? 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: a. 2229.16 m3 b. 382.61 m3
a. 47.58 m b. 56.89 m 𝐴1 = (3𝑥7) = 21𝑚2 c. 1572.95 m3 d. 1955.56 m3
c. 38.89 m d. 43.78 m 𝐴2 = (2𝑥4) = 8𝑚2
ℎ̅1 = 3.5𝑚 Solution:
BF = W
Solution: ℎ̅2 = 5𝑚
𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝛾ℎ (3)(7)3 1.1(9.81)(Vsub)= 0.92(9.81)(320+Vsub)
101.3 = (9.81)(13.6)(0.755) 𝐼1 = = 85.75𝑚4 Vsub = 1635.56 m3
12
12 (2)(4)3 Vtotal = 1635.56 + 320
+( )(ℎ) 𝐼2 = = 10.67𝑚4
1000 12 Vtotal = 1955.56 m3
ℎ = 47.58𝑚 (answer) 𝐼𝑔 = (85.75 + (21)((3.91 − 3.5)2 ) SITUATION III
SITUATION II: +(10.67 + (8)(5 − 3.91)2 ) A dam holds water to a depth of 10 m as
A vertical plate is submerged in vinegar 𝐼𝑔 = 553.65𝑚4 shown.
(S.G. = 0.8) as shown in the figure. 109.45
𝑒= = 0.64
(29)(5.91)
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2 + 3.91 + 0.64
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 6.55(answer)
PROBLEM 36:
Two pressure gauge were installed at
elevation 6 m. and 4 m. on vertical side
of a tank. Said gauges read 90 kPa. and
110 kPa respectively. Find the specific
weight of liquid inside.
33. Locate the center of pressure of A1 a. 5 kN./m3 c.10 kN./m3
c. 6 kN./m 3
d. 6 kN./m3 39. Find the hydrostatic force acting on
measured from the liquid surface. the vertical side of the dam.
a. 4.55 m. c. 5.29 m. Solution: a. 624.0 kN b. 392.4 kN
b. 6.24 m. d. 7.12m. c. 490.5 kN d. 422.6kN
110 = 90 + (𝛾)(2)
Solution: 𝛾 = 10𝑘𝑁/𝑚3(answer)
Solution:
(3)(7)3 PROBLEM 37: 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
𝐼 ( 12 )
𝑒= = = 0.7424 A block of wood 0.20 m thick is floating 𝐹 = (9.81)(5)(10)(1)
𝐴𝑦̅ (3𝑥7)(5.5) in seawater (s = 1.03). The specific 𝐹 = 490.5𝑘𝑁 (answer)
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2 + 3.5 + 0.7424 gravity of the wood is 0.65. Find the
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 6.24𝑚(answer) minimum area of the wooden block to 40. Without neglecting the uplift
support a man weighing 80 kg. pressure, compute the factor of safety
34. Compute the magnitude of the a. 0.215 m2 b. 1.053 m2 against sliding if the coefficient of friction
hydrostatic force acting on one side of c. 2.150 m 2
d. 2.310 m2 between the dam and the ground is 0.6.
the plate.
a. 1346 kN b. 1224 kN a. 1.94 b. 1.65
Solution:
c. 1.43 d. 1.32
c. 1297 kN c. 1456 kN BF = W
1.03(9.81)A(0.2) = 0.65(9.81)A(0.2) + Bonus
Solution:
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴 (80*9.81/1000) 41. Without neglecting the uplift
𝐴1 = (3𝑥7) = 21𝑚2 A = 1.053m2 pressure, compute the factor of safety
𝐴2 = (2𝑥4) = 8𝑚2 against overturning.
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 29𝑚2 a. 2.18 b. 2.75
29𝑦̅ = 21(3.5) + 8(5) c. 2.56 d. 3.04
𝑦̅ = 3.91𝑚
𝐹 = (9.81)(0.8)(2 + 3.91)(29) Bonus
𝐹 = 1345.07 𝑘𝑁(answer)
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

SITUATION IV SITUATION V: SITUATION VI:

A 3.5 m x 3.5 m square plate, was The cross section of a 1.2 m wide gate A 30 cm diameter, 2 m long log is
immersed in water such that two of its is shown below. floating upright in fresh with a draft of
edges were vertical. In order for the 1.62 m.
center of pressure be 80 mm from the 49. Find the specific gravity of the log.
center of gravity. a. 0.86 b. 0.81
42. How far below the water surface is c. 0.66 d. 0.72
the upper edge of said plate?
a. 11.01 m b. 9.25 m Solution:
c. 12.35 m d. 15.10 m BF = W
𝜋
9.81( (0.3)2 )(1.62) =
Solution: 4
1𝑚 𝜋
𝑆𝐺(9.81)( (0.3)2 )(2)
𝑒 = 80𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 0.08 4
1000𝑚𝑚
3.5(3.5) 3 46. Compute the hydrostatic force acting SG = 0.81
( 12 )
on the gate. 50. What force must be applied at the
0.08 =
(3.5 𝑥 3.5)(𝑦̅) a. 21.24 kN b. 18.33 kN bottom of the log to pull it to
𝑦̅ = 12.76 c. 23.54 kN d. 26.72 kN submergence?
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 12.76 − 1.75 = 11.01 a. 263.5 N b. 318.2 N
Solution: c. 223.4 N d. 287.1 N
43. What is the distance of the center of F = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴 = 9.81(1)(2)(1.2)
Solution:
pressure from free water surface? F = 23.54 kN BF = W + F
a. 12.84 m b. 11.36 m 47. Locate the center of pressure 𝜋
9.81( (0.3)2 )(2) =
c. 14.807 m d. 8.627 m 4
measured from the hinge.
a. 1.33 m b. 1.0 m 𝜋
Solution: 0.81(9.81) ( (0.3)2 ) (2) + 𝐹
4
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 12.76 + 0.08 = 12.84𝑚 c. 0.78 m d. 0.67 m
F = 0.2635 kN = 263.5 N
44. Determine the hydrostatic force in Solution:
kN acting on the plate. Yp = 𝑦̅ + 𝑒
a. 890.40 b. 1022.31 1.2(2)3
12
c. 1236.71 d. 1533.40 Yp = 1 + = 1.33
(1.2 𝑥 2)(1)

Solution: Yp = 2- 1.3333 = 0.67

𝐹 = 9.81(12.76)(3.5𝑥3.5)
𝐹 = 1533.40 𝑘𝑁 (answer) 48. What must be the volume of the
concrete block (S.G. = 2.4) needed to
PROBLEM 45: keep the gate closed.
A dam 4 m on top, 18 m at the bottom a. 0.481 cu.m b. 0.379 cu.m
and 24 m high has a water 20 m deep c. 0.459 cu.m d. 0.313 cu.m
acting on its vertical side. What is the
factor of safety against overturning? Solution:
Assume weight of masonry to be 2400 Take moment at hinge to solve for T
kg/m3. 23.54(0.67)=T(2.5)
a. 3.12 b. 1.87
c. 5.59 d. 3.29 T = 6.31 kN
BF + T = W
Solution:
SOLUTION
FOSO = RM/OM 9.81*Volume of concrete + 6.31 =

FOS0=(23.5*4*24*1*16)+ (2.4)(9.81)(Volume of concrete)

(23.5*0.5*14*24*2/3*14)/ V concrete = 0.459 m3

(9.81*10*20*1*1/3*20)
FOSO = 5.58
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

SITUATION I: 5. The area of water jet out the orifice is a. 0.497 b. 0.642
A 500mm-square orifice, with an initial head most likely equal to: c. 0.359 d. 0.489
of 3.2 m meters, is attached on a cylindrical
Solution: 9. The coefficient of area of the orifice.
tank with a diameter of 12 m. 𝑐𝐷 = 0.623
1. The time needed to bring down the head 𝑐𝐷 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑣 Solution:
to 1.8m. 0.72 = 𝑐𝑐 (0.98) 𝑐𝐷 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑣
𝑐𝑐 = 0.7347 0.62 = 𝑐𝑐 (0.9893)
Solution: 𝐴𝐽𝐸𝑇 = 𝑐𝐶 𝐴𝑜 𝑐𝑐 = 0.6267
2𝐴𝑠
𝑡= − ∙ (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 ) 𝐴𝐽𝐸𝑇 = (0.7347)(0.0075)
𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 𝐴𝐽𝐸𝑇 = 0.0055𝑚2 a. 0.6537 b. 0.6702
𝜋 c. 0.6267 d. 0.6380
2 ∙ (12)2 BONUS
𝑡=− 4 ∙ (√3.2 − √1.8)
(0.623)(0.5)2 √2𝑔 SITUATION IV:
6. The ideal efflux velocity of the orifice. A 12m x 6m rectangular tank is partitioned to
𝑡 = 146.63 𝑠
Solution: equal volume capacities along its width. One
portion is made to hold water at a depth of
a. 142.13 s b. 143.26 s 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ 6.7m and the other half at a depth of 3.2m. A
c. 141.28 s d. 146.63 s
𝑣 = √2𝑔(6.7) submerged orifice with diameter 470mm is
2. The coefficient of discharge of the orifice 𝑚 then attached in between the partitions. Use
if it took 2 minutes to bring down the head to 𝑣 = 11.465 𝑐𝐷 = 0.615
𝑠
2m. 10. Find the time it will take for the partitions
𝑚 𝑚
a. 7.732 b. 9.532 to have a difference in height equal to 1m
Solution: 𝑠
𝑚
𝑠
𝑚
2𝐴𝑠 c. 10.237 c. 11.465 Solution:
𝑠 𝑠
𝑡= − ∙ (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 ) 2𝐴𝐵
𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 SITUATION III: 𝑡= − ∙ (√∆ℎ1 − √∆ℎ2 )
𝜋 (𝐴 + 𝐵) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
2 ∙ (12)2 An orifice is attached on a tank with a height 1
120 𝑠 = − 4 ∙ (√3.2 − √2) of 2.1m from the ground. It discharges water 𝐴 = 𝐵 = (12𝑥6) = 36
2
𝑐𝐷 (0.5)2 √2𝑔 to a distance of 3.9m. The orifice has a 2(36)2
𝑐𝐷 = 0.638 diameter of 350mm with a head of 1.85m. 𝑡= − ∙ (√3.5 − √1.0)
(36 + 36) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
Use 𝑐𝑑 = 0.62.
𝑡 = 66.332 𝑠
a. 0.652 b. 0.597 7. The coefficient of velocity of the orifice.
c. 0.638 d. 0.723
Solution: a. 58.913 s b. 62.513 s
3. The coefficient of discharge of the orifice 𝑣𝑡ℎ = √2𝑔ℎ c. 66.332 s d. 69.696 s
if it took 2.5 minutes to bring down the head
to 2m. 𝑣𝑡ℎ = √2𝑔(1.85) 11. Find the coefficient of discharge if it will
𝑚 take 1.5mins for the partitions to have a
Solution: 𝑣𝑡ℎ = 6.0247 difference in height equal to 1m
2𝐴𝑠 𝑠
𝑡= − ∙ (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 ) 𝑔𝑥 2 Solution:
𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡 = √ 2𝐴𝐵
𝜋 2𝑦 𝑡= − ∙ (√∆ℎ1 − √∆ℎ2 )
2 ∙ (12)2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
150 𝑠 = − 4 ∙ (√3.2 − √2) 1
𝑐𝐷 (0.5)2 √2𝑔 𝑔(3.9)2 𝐴 = 𝐵 = (12𝑥6) = 36
2
𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡 = √ 2(36)2
𝑐𝐷 = 0.510 2(2.1) 90 = − ∙ (√3.5 − √1.0)
𝑚 (36 + 36) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
a. 0.542 b. 0.499 𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡 = 5.9604 𝑡 = 0.453
c. 0.591 d. 0.510 𝑠
𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡
SITUATION II: 𝑐𝑣 = a. 0.453 b. 0.623
𝑣𝑡ℎ
A 0.0075 𝑚2 orifice is attached at the side of 𝑚 c. 0.563 d. 0.333
a tank with a head of 6.7 m. The coefficient
5.9604 𝑠
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑚 12. How long will it take for the tank to have
of velocity and coefficient of discharge are 6.0247 𝑠 equal depths of water?
0.98 and 0.72, respectively.
4. Find the actual flow rate. 𝑐𝑣 = 0.9893 Solution:
2𝐴𝐵
Solution: 𝑡= − ∙ (√∆ℎ1 − √∆ℎ2 )
a. 0.8760 b. 0.9038 (𝐴 + 𝐵) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ c. 0.8863 d. 0.9893 1
𝐴 = 𝐵 = (12𝑥6) = 36
𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = (0.72)(0.0075 𝑚2 )√2𝑔(6.7) 8. The actual discharge on the orifice. 2
2(36)2
𝑚3 Solution: 𝑡= − ∙ (√3.5 − √0)
𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 0.0619 (36 + 36) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
𝑠 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ 𝑡 = 142.50 𝑠
𝑚3 𝑚3 𝜋
a. 0.0809 b. 0.0215 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = (0.62) (0.35)2 √2𝑔(1.85)
𝑠 𝑠 4 a. 362.32 s b. 121.92 s
𝑚3 𝑚3
c. 0.0619 d. 0.0975 𝑚3 c. 407.93 s d. 142.50 s
𝑠 𝑠 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 0.359
𝑠
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

SITUATION 6: 17. Determine the Froude Number of the 21. Determine the Froude Number of the
A rectangular channel having a width of 10m channel. channel.
𝑚3
is to carry a discharge of 25
𝑠
at a normal SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
depth of 3.3m. 𝑄2 𝑇 𝑄2 𝑇
13. The hydraulic radius of the channel is 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3
𝐴 𝑔 𝐴 𝑔
most likely to be:
2
Solution: 𝑚3
2 𝑚3
(18) (6𝑚) (12 ) (2𝑑 tan 30°)
𝐴𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 √ 𝑠 𝑠
𝑅= 𝐹. 𝑁. = 𝐹. 𝑁. = 3
𝑃𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 (6𝑚 𝑥 2.0116)3 (9.81) √3 2 (9.81)
(
𝑑 )
(10)(3.3) 𝑭. 𝑵. = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟕 √ 3
𝑅= 𝑭. 𝑵. = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟓
(10 + 2(3.3)) a. 0.3357 b. 0.8873
Bonus
𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝟖 c. 1.0397 d. 1.0058
a. 0.8536 b. 0.1978
a. 1.988 b. 1.582 18. The critical depth of the channel.
c. 0.2973 d. 0.3135
c. 1.798 d. 1.964 SOLUTION:
22. The critical depth of the channel.
14. Determine the slope of the channel if the 𝑄2 𝑇
roughness coefficient is equal to 0.002 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3 SOLUTION:
𝐴 𝑔
Solution: 𝑄2 𝑇
2 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑚3 𝐴 𝑔
(18 ) (6𝑚)
𝑚3 1 2 1 √ 𝑠
25 = (10𝑥3.3) (1.988)3 (𝑆)2 1 = 𝑚3
2
𝑠 0.002 (6𝑑𝑐 )3(9.81) (12 ) (2𝑑𝑐 tan 30°)
𝑠
𝑺 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒅𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟕 𝒎 1 = 3
√3 2 (9.81)
a. 9.18 𝑥 10−5 b. 9.18 𝑥 10−7 a. 0.9785 b. 0.9717 (𝑑 )
√ 3 𝑐
c. 5.27 𝑥 10−5 d. 5.27 𝑥 10−7 c. 0.8465 d. 0.8961
𝒅𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟗
15. Determine the specific energy of the 19. The critical velocity of the channel. Bonus
channel. SOLUTION:
23. The critical velocity of the channel.
Solution: 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣𝑐
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣𝑐
𝑣2 𝑚3
𝐸= +𝑑 18 = (6𝑚 𝑥 0.9717 𝑚)𝑣𝑐 𝑚3 √3
2𝑔 𝑠 12 = ( (2.4489)2 ) 𝑣𝑐
𝒎 𝑠 3
25 𝒗𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟒 𝒎
𝑣= 𝒔 𝒗𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟔
10𝑥3.3 BONUS 𝒔
𝑣 = 0.7576 BONUS
𝑚 𝑚
(0.7576)2 a. 1.97
𝑠
b. 2.97
𝑠
𝐸= + 3.3 𝑚 𝑚 24. The critical slope of the channel is most
2𝑔 c. 2.03 d. 1.07 likely to be:
𝑠 𝑠
𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟗
SITUATION 8: Solution:
a. 2.22 m b. 3.33 m A triangular channel has a discharge equal 1 2 1
𝑚3 𝒗𝒄 = 𝑅3 𝑆 2
c. 2.72 m d. 3.73 m to 12 . It has a vertex angle of 60 and its 𝑛
𝑠 2
SITUATION 7: roughness coefficient is equal to 0.02. Use 1 𝑑 2 3

𝑆 = 0.00025 1 ( ) sin 60° 1

A rectangular channel has a discharge equal 2 cos 30 °
𝒗𝒄 = ( ) (𝑆𝑐 )2
𝑚3 20. The normal depth of the channel. 0.02 2𝑑
to 18 . The base of the channel is equal to cos 30°
𝑠
6m and its roughness coefficient is equal to Solution:
0.012. Use 𝑆 = 0.00025 1 2 1
𝑄 = 𝐴 ( 𝑅3 𝑆 2 ) 𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟐
16. The normal depth of the channel. 𝑛 Bonus
2
𝑚3 1 𝑑
Solution: 12 =( ( ) sin 60°)
1 2 1 𝑠 2 cos 30 ° PROBLEM 25:
𝑄 = 𝐴 ( 𝑅3 𝑆 2 ) 2
2 This is defined as the speed at which a wave
𝑛 1 𝑑 3
travels through a medium.
2 1 ( ) sin 60° 1
𝑚3 1 6𝑑 3 1 ( 2 cos 30 ° ) (0.00025)2 a. serendipity b. flashing
18 = (6𝑑) ( ( ) (0.00025)2 ) 0.02 2𝑑
𝑠 0.012 6 + 2𝑑 cos 30° c. superspeed d. celerity
( )
𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝒎 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒎 𝒅 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝒎 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎
C is the nearest answer
a. 2.201 m b. 3.009 m
c. 2.012 m d. 3.106 m
a. 6.425 m b. 5.132 m
c. 4.698 m d. 6.325 m
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

SITUATION 1: 30. The area of water jet out the orifice is 34. The coefficient of area of the orifice.
A tank has an orifice on its side with a most likely equal to:
Solution:
diameter of 300 mm. It holds water at a
Solution: 𝑐𝐷 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑣
height of 3.5m above the orifice. It is
measured to discharge water at a rate of 𝑐𝐷 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑣 0.60 = 𝑐𝑐 (0.8953)
𝐿 0.72 = 𝑐𝑐 (0.98) 𝒄𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟐
300 with a jet having a diameter of 280 mm.
𝑠 𝑐𝑐 = 0.7347
26. The coefficient of contraction of the a. 0.6582 b. 0.6702
𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑜
orifice. c. 0.6132 d. 0.6891
𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 = (0.7347)(0.005)
Solution: SITUATION 4:
𝑨𝒋𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 A 500mm-orifice, with an initial head of 2.7m
𝒄𝒄 = meters, is attached on a cylindrical tank with
𝐴𝑜 a. 0.0021𝑚2 b. 0.0019𝑚2
𝜋 c. 0.0037𝑚2 d. 0.0049𝑚2 a diameter of 15 m. 𝑐𝐷 = 0.63
( )2
4 280 𝑚𝑚
𝒄𝒄 = 𝜋 35. The time needed to bring down the head
31. The coefficient of area of the orifice. to 1.8m.
( )2
4 300 𝑚𝑚 Solution:
𝒄𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟏 Solution:
𝑐𝐷 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑣 2𝐴𝑠
a. 0.8277 b. 0.8366 0.72 = 𝑐𝑐 (0.98) 𝑡= − ∙ (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 )
c. 0.8711 d. 0.8496 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
𝒄𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟕 𝜋
27. The velocity of the jet of water is most 2 ∙ (15)2
𝑡=− 4 ∙ (√2.7 − √1.8)
a. 0.786 b. 0.735
likely to be: (0.63)(0.5)2 √2𝑔
c. 0.813 d. 0.691
Solution: 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟔𝟖 𝒔
SITUATION 3:
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 An orifice is attached on a tank with a height a. 149.63 s b. 143.62 s
𝑚3 𝜋 of 1.1m from the ground. It discharges water c. 147.68 s d. 139.59 s
0.3 = (0.28)2 𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑠 4 to a distance of 2.3m. The orifice has a
𝒎 36. The coefficient of discharge of the orifice
𝒗𝒋𝒆𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟐 diameter of 400mm with a head of 1.5m. Use
𝒔 if it took 3 mins to bring down the head to
𝑐𝑑 = 0.60.
2m.
a. 4.872
𝑚
b. 4.698
𝑚 32. The coefficient of velocity of the orifice.
𝑠 𝑠 Solution:
𝑚 𝑚 Solution:
c. 5.132 d. 5.272 2𝐴𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
𝑣𝑡ℎ = √2𝑔ℎ 𝑡= − ∙ (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 )
28. Determine the coefficient of discharge. 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
𝑣𝑡ℎ = √2𝑔(1.5) 𝜋
Solution: 𝑚 2 ∙ (15)2
4
𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑡ℎ = 5.4249 180 𝑠 = − ∙ (√2.7 − √2)
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑠 𝑐𝐷 (0.5)2 √2𝑔
𝑣𝑡ℎ
𝑚 𝑔𝑥 2 𝒄𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟕
4.872 𝑠 𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡 = √
𝑐𝑣 = 2𝑦 a. 0.562 b. 0.497
√2𝑔(3.5) c. 0.589 d. 0.517
𝑐𝑣 = 0.5879 𝑔(2.3)2
𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡 = √ SITUATION 5:
𝑐𝐷 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑣 2(1.1) A 12m diameter tank is partitioned to equal
𝑐𝐷 = (0.8711)(0.5879) 𝑚 volume capacities. One portion is made to
𝒄𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡 = 4.8568
𝑠 hold water at a depth of 5m and the other
𝑣𝐴𝑐𝑡 half at a depth of 3.5m. A submerged square
a. 0.5364 b. 0.4989 𝑐𝑣 = orifice with side 300mm is then attached in
c. 0.5482 d. 0.5122 𝑣𝑡ℎ
𝑚 between the partitions. Use 𝑐𝐷 = 0.60
4.8568 𝑠
SITUATION 2: 𝑐𝑣 = 37. Find the time it will take for the partitions
A 0.005 𝑚2 orifice is attached at the side of a 𝑚 to have a difference in height equal to 1m
5.4249 𝑠
tank with a head of 3.2 m. The coefficient of
𝒄𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟑 Solution:
velocity and coefficient of discharge are 0.98 2𝐴𝐵
and 0.72, respectively. 𝑡= − ∙ (√∆ℎ1 − √∆ℎ2 )
a. 0.8164 b. 0.9058 (𝐴 + 𝐵) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
29. Find the actual flow rate. c. 0.8953 d. 0.8695 1 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝐵 = ( ) (12)2 = 18𝜋
Solution: 33. The actual discharge on the orifice. 2 4
2(18𝜋)2
𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ Solution: 𝑡= ∙ (√1.5 − √1.0)
𝜋 (18𝜋 + 18𝜋) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = (0.72) (0.005)√2𝑔(3.2) 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ 𝑡 = 67.652 𝑠
4 𝜋
𝑚3 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = (0.60) (0.4)2 √2𝑔(1.55) a. 59.623 s b. 65.923 s
𝑄𝐴𝐶𝑇 = 0.0224 4
𝑠 𝒎𝟑 c. 57.916 s d. 67.652 s
𝑸𝑨𝑪𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟗
𝑚3 𝑚3 𝒔
a. 0.0215 b. 0.0285
𝑠 𝑠
𝑚3 𝑚3 a. 0.491 b. 0.613
c. 0.0396 d. 0.0195 c. 0.512 d. 0.409
𝑠 𝑠
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

38. How long will it take for the tank to have 42. The normal depth of the channel. SITUATION 8:
equal depths of water? A triangular channel has a discharge equal
Solution: 𝑚3
Solution: 1 2 1 to 12 . It has a vertex angle of 60 and its
𝑄 = 𝐴 ( 𝑅3 𝑆 2 ) 𝑠
2𝐴𝐵 𝑛 roughness coefficient is equal to 0.02. Use
𝑡= − ∙ (√∆ℎ1 − √∆ℎ2 ) 2
(𝐴 + 𝐵) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 𝑚3 1 6𝑑 3 1 𝑆 = 0.00025
1 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝐵 = ( ) (12)2 = 18𝜋
18
𝑠
= (6𝑑) ( (
0.012 6 + 2𝑑
) (0.00025)2 ) 46. The normal depth of the channel.
2 4
2(18𝜋)2 𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝒎 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒎 Solution:
𝑡= ∙ (√1.5 − √0) 1 2 1
(18𝜋 + 18𝜋) ∙ 𝑐𝐷 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 𝑄 = 𝐴 ( 𝑅3 𝑆 2 )
a. 2.201 m b. 3.009 m 𝑛
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝒔 2
c. 2.012 m d. 3.106 m 𝑚3 1 𝑑
12 =( ( ) sin 60°)
a. 368.67 s b. 424.91 s 43. Determine the Froude Number of the 𝑠 2 cos 30 °
c. 413.31 s d. 339.19 s 2
channel. 1 𝑑 2 3
1 (cos 30 °) sin 60°
SITUATION 6: SOLUTION: ( 2 1
) (0.00025)2
A rectangular channel having a width of 10m 0.02 2𝑑
𝑚3 𝑄2 𝑇 cos 30°
is to carry a discharge of 25 at a normal 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3 ( )
𝑠 𝐴 𝑔 𝒅 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝒎 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎
depth of 3.3m.
C is the nearest answer
39. The hydraulic radius of the channel is 𝑚3
2
most likely to be: √ (18 ) (6𝑚)
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑁. = a. 6.425 m b. 5.132 m
Solution: (6𝑚 𝑥 2.0116)3 (9.81)
c. 4.698 m d. 6.325 m
𝐴𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑭. 𝑵. = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟕
𝑅= 47. Determine the Froude Number of the
𝑃𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 a. 0.3357 b. 0.8873
(10)(3.3) channel.
c. 1.0397 d. 1.0058
𝑅= SOLUTION:
(10 + 2(3.3)) 44. The critical depth of the channel.
𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝟖 𝑄2 𝑇
SOLUTION: 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3
𝐴 𝑔
a. 1.988 b. 1.582 𝑄2 𝑇 2
c. 1.798 d. 1.964 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3 𝑚3
𝐴 𝑔 (12 ) (2𝑑 tan 30°)
40. Determine the slope of the channel if the 𝑠
𝐹. 𝑁. = 3
2
roughness coefficient is equal to 0.002 𝑚3 √3 2 (9.81)
(18) (6𝑚) (
𝑑 )
Solution: √ 𝑠 3
1 = √
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 (6𝑑𝑐 )3(9.81) 𝑭. 𝑵. = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑚3 1 2 1 𝒅𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟕 𝒎 Bonus
25 = (10𝑥3.3) (1.988)3 (𝑆)2
𝑠 0.002 a. 0.9785 b. 0.9717 a. 0.8536 b. 0.1978
𝑺 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 c. 0.8465 d. 0.8961 c. 0.2973 d. 0.3135
a. 9.18 𝑥 10−5 b. 9.18 𝑥 10−7 45. The critical velocity of the channel. 48. The critical depth of the channel.
c. 5.27 𝑥 10−5 d. 5.27 𝑥 10−7 SOLUTION:
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣𝑐
41. Determine the specific energy of the 𝑚3 𝑄2 𝑇
channel. 18 = (6𝑚 𝑥 0.9717 𝑚)𝑣𝑐 𝐹. 𝑁. = √ 3
𝑠 𝐴 𝑔
𝒎
Solution: 𝒗𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟒 2
𝒔 𝑚3
𝑣2 BONUS (12 ) (2𝑑𝑐 tan 30°)
𝐸= +𝑑 𝑠
2𝑔 𝑚 𝑚
1 = 3
25 a. 1.97 b. 2.97 √3 2 (9.81)
𝑠 𝑠 (
𝑑 )
𝑣= 𝑚 𝑚 3 𝑐
10𝑥3.3 c. 2.03 d. 1.07 √
𝑠 𝑠
𝑣 = 0.7576 𝒅𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟗
(0.7576)2 Bonus
𝐸= + 3.3
2𝑔 a. 1.49 m b. 2.21 m
𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 c. 1.56 m d. 3.61 m

a. 2.22 m b. 3.33 m
c. 2.72 m d. 3.73 m
SITUATION 7:
A rectangular channel has a discharge equal
𝑚3
to 18 . The base of the channel is equal to
𝑠
6m and its roughness coefficient is equal to
0.012. Use 𝑆 = 0.00025
 FLUID MECHANICS
AND HYDRAULICS
Subject Code: RCE4

49. The critical velocity of the channel.

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣𝑐
𝑚3 √3
12 = ( (2.4489)2 ) 𝑣𝑐
𝑠 3
𝒎
𝒗𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟔
𝒔
BONUS
𝑚 𝑚
a. 8.901 b. 9.002
𝑠 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
c. 7.132 d. 9.364
𝑠 𝑠

50. The critical slope of the channel is most

likely to be:
Solution:
1 2 1
𝒗𝒄 = 𝑅3 𝑆 2
𝑛
2
2 3
1 𝑑
1 ( ) sin 60° 1
𝒗𝒄 = ( 2 cos 30 ° ) (𝑆𝑐 )2
0.02 2𝑑
cos 30°
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟐
Bonus
a. 0.0025 b. 0.0036
c. 0.0519 d. 0.0019