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ROUTE SURVEYING
Horizontal Curves
Simple Curves:
𝐷 20
sin =
2 2𝑅
Using Cosine Law:
202 = 2𝑅2 − 2𝑅2 cos 𝐷
202
𝑅= √
2(1 − cos 𝐷 )
LECTURE MODULE
ROUTE SURVEYING
Symmetrical Curves:
Where:
P.C.C. – Point of Compound Curvature
𝐿𝐵
Stationing of P.C.C: 𝐻=
8
𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑷.𝑪.𝑪. = 𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑷.𝑪. + 𝑳𝑪𝟏
Where: 𝑔1 𝐿 𝑔2 𝐿
𝑥𝑚1 = 𝑥𝑚2 =
𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑷.𝑪.𝑪. – Stationing of P.C.C. 𝐵 𝐵
𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑷.𝑪. – Stationing of P.C. Where:
𝑳𝑪𝟏 – Length of the first Curve 𝐵 = |𝑔1 − 𝑔2 |
To get the elements of the compound curve, simply By Square Property of Parabola:
examine the simple curves connected and use 𝐿 2
trigonometric formulas on principles on the triangle 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 (2 )
formed by the common tangent and the extension of = = 2
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝐻
tangents at the point of intersection of tangent.
Unsymmetrical Curves:
Reversed Curves:
Reversed Curves – combination of one or more
simple curve connected by a continuous arc with the
connected one in opposite direction (reverse).
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐵
𝐻=
Where: 2𝐿1 + 2𝐿2
P.R.C. – Point of Reverse Curvature
𝑔1 𝐿1 2
𝑥𝑚1 =
2𝐻
LECTURE MODULE
ROUTE SURVEYING
At L = Lc, θ = θC , thus
𝑳𝒄 𝑫 𝒄 𝑳𝒄
𝜽𝑪 = =
𝟐𝑹𝒄 𝟒𝟎
𝑳𝒄 𝟐
𝑿𝑪 =
𝟔𝑹𝒄
1. By Trapezoidal Rule:
𝑑
𝐴= (ℎ + ℎ𝑛 + 2 ∑ ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
2 1
2. By Simpson’s 𝟏⁄𝟑 Rule:
𝑑
𝐴= (ℎ + ℎ𝑛 + 2 ∑ ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑑 + 4 ∑ ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 )
3 1
Earthworks:
1. Prismoidal Formula:
𝑳
𝑽𝑷 = ∙ (𝑨𝟏 + 𝟒𝑨𝒎 + 𝑨𝟐 )
𝟔
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒆 − 𝑪 𝑷
𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
𝑽𝒆 = ( )∙𝑳
𝟐
𝑳
𝑪𝑷 = ∙ (𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 ) ∙ (𝑯𝟏 − 𝑯𝟐 )
𝟏𝟐