WINTER 2022

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统 计

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STA 238
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公开课 Class 1
By Alex

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 Disclaimers

This copy of handout and its content is the intellectual property of SavvyUni Edu. UTSG campus,

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2020. All rights reserved.

This handout is intended to be used as a supplement study material to the class contents taught in

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school. The purpose of this handout is help students strengthen the knowledge of the subject area

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by clarifying concepts, summarizing key points, and providing additional practices. This handout

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is NOT a direct substitute to any course material, lecture notes, problem sets, past exams provided

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by professors, school programs, and other publicly available resources.
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You may not, except agreed upon, distribute or commercially exploit this handout and associated
content. Any forms of re-distribution or re-production of a part or all of this handout in any form
is prohibited. SavvyUni Edu. reserves the right to seek all remedies available for any violations.
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 Winter 2022 STA238 公开课

Topic: Exploratory Data Analysis

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1 Course Description - 课程介绍

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STA238 承接了 STA237 的内容，是大家第一门真真正正的数据分析课程。它将培养大家逐

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步成为一名“统计学家”，以统计学的思维来分析生活中的许多事物。STA238 将为大家介

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绍许多核心统计学概念，例如 Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Confidence Interval, Linear

Regression 等，都会在之后的 STA 课里反复出现，可以说是数据分析领域的基础核心知识。

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在我们学习 STA238 的过程中，核心材料有 Textbook，课堂笔记，书后练习和 Test。在学习
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的过程中，大家一定要从基本的定义和方法入手，而不是直接盲目刷题。同时，对所有不理

解、不熟练的概念还有做错的题目一定要进行归纳及整理，这些都是考前复习的宝贵材料。
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2 Review of Statistical Concepts

2.1 Population vs. Sample, Parameter vs. Estimate vs. Estimator

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Population: all members of a specified group. It’s what we are interested in but cannot

directly observe.

所有我想研究的人，但我观测不到。

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Parameter: an unknown true quantity about the population.

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Population 里某个我想知道但不知道的量。

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Sample: a part, or a subset, of a population. We use information from the sample to make

inference(推测) about the population.

实验采集来的样本，用来帮助我推测 Population 里我不知道的量。

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Statistic: a value computed from the sample data to describe a feature of the data。

通过对我实验数据进行计算所算出的一个 parameter 的估计值。

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Outlier: an unusually large/small observation in your data that may not be representative

of the population.

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3 Statistical Process

1. Formulate a research question

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想研究什么？

2. Design your experiment/study

准备怎么研究？

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3. Collect your data

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收集数据

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4. Exploratory data analysis

通过计算和画图熟悉你的数据
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5. Inference on data

试图用数据回答你想研究的问题
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6. Make conclusions

下结论
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4 Exploratory Data Analysis

Example 1. We surveyed 10 students and recorded their heights below:

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169.1 170.9 167.6 170.5 168.6 169.8 170.3 171.0 166.6 172.1

What are some statistics that you can use to help describe this data sample?

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4.1 Numerical Summaries - Centre of Data

Sample Mean:

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x1 +x2 +···+xn
x̄n = n

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Sample Median:

a number such that half of the values are smaller than the median and half of the values are

larger than the median.

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4.2 Numerical Summaries - Variability of Data

Sample Variance:

∑n

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s2 = 1
n−1 i=1 (xi − x̄n )2

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Sample Standard Deviation:
√
s2

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Inter-Quartile Range (IQR):

IQR = qn (0.75) − qn (0.25)

( )
qn (p) = x(k) + α x(k+1) − x(k)
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k = ⌊p(n + 1)⌋ and α = p(n + 1) − k

Range:

range = max - min

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Example 2. Using the same data we had in Example 1, what are some graphs that can help

visualize this set of data?

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4.3 Graphical Summaries

Histogram:

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Bi = [x0 + (i − 1)b, x0 + ib)
the number of xj in Bi
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Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function:

number of elements in the dataset ≤x

Fn (x) = n

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Box-and-Whisker Plot:

A boxplot displays the distribution of data based on a five-number summary

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