What is Philosophy? 4.
THOMAS AQUINAS
Philosophy – is the study of ideas about
knowledge, the nature and the meaning of life.
Philosophy of life – is an overall vision or
attitude toward life and the purpose of life.
The history of philosophy – is replete with
men and women who inquired into the
fundamental nature of self.
Greeks – the ones who seriously questioned
myths and moved away from them in
attempting to understand reality and respond
to perennial question of curiosity, including
the question of the self.
The Iconic Philosophers
1. SOCRATES
• 1st philosopher who ever engage in a
systematic questioning about the self
• He asserts that "the true task of the
philosopher is to know “ONESELF”
• He posits that " the true task of the
unexamined life is not worth “living”
• He notes that every man/woman in
composed body and soul
• He explained that "All individuals have
an imperfect, impermanent aspect, the
body, while maintaining that
there is also a soul that is perfect and
permanent
2. PLATO
• He argues that man/woman is dual
nature soul which has
3 components
• In his magnum apres. The Republic,
Plato emphasizes that "justice in the
human person can only be attained if the
three parts of the soul are working
harmoniously with one another"
3. AUGUSTINE
• He agreed that "man is of bifurcated
nature"
• He posits that "the body is bound to die
on earth and the soul is to anticipate
living eternally in a realm of spiritual
bliss in communion with God"
• He asserts that the goal of every human
person is to attain this communion and
bliss with the Divine by living his life on
earth in virtue.
• The doctor of the church and the most
eminent 13th century scholar
• He elucidates that man is composed of
two parts: matter and form
• In the case of the human person, the
body human person is something that
he/she shares even with animals
• The soul is what animates the body, it is
what makes us humans
5. RENE DESCARTES
• considered the father of modern
philosophy who conceived that the
human person as having a body and a
mind
• He claims that there is so much that we
should doubt: in fact, he says that much
of what we think because they are
infallible, may turn out to be false
• He also thought that the only thing one
cannot doubt is the existence of the
SELF
• For even if one doubts oneself, that only
proves there is a doubting self, a thing
that thinks and therefore, that cannot he
doubted
• resulted to his famous "CORGIO ERGO
SUM" or I think therefore before I am
6. DAVID HUME
• Believes that one can know only what
comes from the senses and experience
• He argues that THE SELF is nothing like
what his predecessors thought of it
• THE SELF is not an entity over beyond
the Physical Body
• He argues that men and woman can only
attain knowledge by experiencing.
• He insists that THE SELF is nothing else
but a bundle of impressions.
7. IMMANUEL KANT
• Thinking of the SELF as mere
combination of impressions was
problematic for Kant
• He thinks that the things that men
perceive around them are not just
randomly infused into the human
person without organizing principles
that regulates the relationship of all
these impressions
• He asserts without the self, one cannot
organize the different impressions that
one gets in relation to his own
existence.
 • He suggests that the self is an actively
engaged intelligence in man that
synthesizes all knowledge and
experience
8. GILBERT RYLE
• He says that "what truly matters is the
behavior that a person manifest in
his/her day-to-day life"
• For him looking for and trying to
understand SELF as it really exists is
like visiting your friend's university
and looking for the "university"
• He also suggests that THE SELF is not
an entity once can locate simply the
convenient name that people use to
refer to all the behaviors that people
make.
9. MERIACE PONTY
• He says that "the mind and body are
so intertwined that they cannot be
separated from one another
• That is, once cannot find any
experience that is not an embodied
experience; all experience is
embodied; one body is his/her
existence to the world
The Self, Society, and Culture
• Across time and history, the self has
been debated, discussed and fruitfully
conceptualized by different thinkers in
philosophy
• Eventually with the advent of social
sciences, it become possible for new
ways and paradigm to re-examine the
true nature of the self
What is the self?
• The self is commonly defined by the
following characteristics: Separate,
self-contained, independent,
consistent, unitary and private.
(Stevens 1996)
• The self is always unique and has its
own identity. one cannot be another
person.
• The self is self-contained and
independent because in
itself it can exist. It does not require
any other self for it to exist.
• It is consistent because it has
personality that is enduring and
therefore can be expected to persist
for quite some time.
• Self is unitary in that it is the center of
all experiences and thoughts that run
through a certain person.
• The self is private. Each person sorts
out information, feelings and
emotions, and thought process within
the self.
• The self is being private suggest that
the self is isolated from external
world.
• However, we also see that this
potential clash between self and
external reality.
• The self is always in participation with
social life and its identity subjected to
influences here and there.
• The self is capable of morphing and
fitting itself into any circumstances it
finds itself in.
The self and culture
• According to French anthropologist,
Marcel Mauss every self has two faces:
Personne and Moi
• Moi is a person’s basic identity.
• Personne is composed of the social
concepts of what it means to be who is.
• The dynamic and capacity for different
personne can be illustrated better cross-
culturally
The Self and Development of Social
World
Mead and Vygostky
• The way that human persons develop is
the with the use of language acquisition
and interaction with others
• The way that we process information is
normally a form of internal dialogue in
our head.
• A young child internalizes values, norms,
practices and social beliefs.
Self in Families
• Human beings are born virtually
helpless and dependency period of
human baby to its parents for nurturing
is relatively longer than animals
• Human persons learn the ways of living
therefore their selfhood by being in a
family.
• Babies internalizes ways and styles that
they observe from their family.
• Notice how kids reared in respectful
environment become respectful as well.
 • Internalizing behavior may be either
conscious or unconsious
• Without family, biologically and
sociologically a person may not even
survive or become person
Gender and the Self
• Gender is one of those loci of the self that
subject of alteration, change and
development
• We have seen in past years how people
fought hard for their gender expression
• Many conservatives may frown upon this
and insist on the biological.
• Our gender partly determines how we
see ourselves in the world.
• Sometime society forces a particular
identity unto us depending on our sex
and gender
• Nancy Chodorow, a feminist argues that
because mothers take the role of taking
the children, there is tendency for girls to
imitate the same.
• On other hand men is the periphery of
their own family, are taught how to
behave like man.
• The sense of the self that is being taught
make sure that an individual fits in
particular environment. This is
dangerous and detrimental in the goal of
finding one self.
• Gender has to be personally discover and
asserted and not dictated by culture and
the society.
The Self as Cognitive Construct
Psychological Concept
and The Self What is
Psychology?
Psychology
• As a traditional belief in philosophy.
During older days psychology was based
on traditions and superstitions.
• Was derived from two Greek words
“psyche” (soul) and “logos” (study) in
short it is study of the soul thus the term
has religious implications.
Benefits that one can derive from
study of psychology are: • Awareness
and understanding of one’s behavior,
problems, motivations, emotions,
sensations, thinking and personality so that
one can adjust more feasibly to other people
• Understanding other people’s behavior,
problems, motivations, emotions,
sensations, thinking and personality if
one can understand one self, one must
also understand others.
The “I” and the “Me”
• William James (1980) was on of the
earliest psychologist to study self and
conceptualized self as having two
aspects: the “I” and “me”
• The “I” is the thinking, acting, and
feeling self. The “ME” ON other hand, is
the physical characteristics as well as
psychological capabilities. (Gleitman,
Gross and Reisberg
2011)
• Carl Rogers (1959) theory of personality
used the same term the “I” as the one
who acts and decides while “me” is what
you think or feel about yourself as an
object.
Identity and Self concept
• Identity is composed of one’s personal
characteristics, social roles and
responsibilities.
• Self-concept is basically what comes on
your mind when you are asked about
who you are
• Self, Identity and self-concept are not
fixed in one time frame.
SELF-SCHEMA
Schema
• This idea was captures by Carl rogers in
his concept of SELF-SCHEMA- our
ORGANIZED system or collection of
knowledge about who we are.
• Schema includes hobbies, religion,
family and nationality. It may also
include your interest, work, course, age,
name and physical characteristics
• As you grow and adapt to changes
around you they also change.
Symbolic interactionism
• The self is under the theory of symbolic
interactionism argued that self is created
and developed through human
interaction
Three reasons why SELF and IDENTITY
are social products:
1. We do not create ourselves for nothing
2. Whether we like to admit or not, we
actually need others to affirm and
reinforce who we think we are- we also
need them for our reference
3. What we think as important to us may
also have been influenced by what is
important in our social or historical
context.
Two types of self that we can aware
of:
1. The PRIVATE SELF
• Internal standards and private thoughts and
feelings
2. The PUBLIC SELF
• Public image commonly geared towards
having a good presentation of yourself to
others.
Self-awareness
• Self-awareness may be positive or
negative depending on the
circumstances and our next course of
action; it can keep you from doing
something danger; it can help remind
you that there is something more
important that we have to.
Self-awareness also present three
other self-schema:
1. ACTUAL SELF- who you are at the
moment
2. IDEAL SELF- who you like to be
3. OUGHT SELF- who we think we should
be
On self-esteem: the mystery begins
Self esteem
• Self-esteem is defined as our own
positive and negative perception or
evaluations of ourselves (Jhangiani and
Tarny 2014)
• Self-esteem is the disposition to
experience oneself as competent to cope
with basic challenges of life and worthy
of happiness
• Self-esteem is the ability to think,
confidence in our ability to cope with
basic challenges in life.
• Self esteem is confidence in our right to
be successful and happy the feeling of
being worthy and deserving.
• Self esteem is a basic need; a need is that
required for our effective functioning
Pillars of Self esteem
1. The practice of living
consciously
• To live consciously means to seek
to be aware of everything that
bears on our actions, purposes,
values and goals to be the best of
our ability, whatever that ability
may be and to behave in
accordance with that which we see
and know.
2. The practice of self-acceptance
• To be self-accepting is to be on my
own side to be for myself; it refers
to an orientation of self-value and
self-commitment that derives
from the fact that I am alive and
conscious.
3. The practice of self-
responsibility
• Being responsible for how I
prioritize
• Being responsible for the quality
of communication
• Being responsible for my personal
happiness
• Being responsible for accepting or
choosing the values which I live
• Being responsible for raising my
self esteem
• Being responsible for the
achievement of my desires
• Being responsible for my choices
and actions
• Being responsible for the level of
consciousness I bring to my work
and relationships
• Being responsible for my behavior
with other people
4. The practice of self-assertiveness
• Self-assertiveness means honoring my
wants, needs and values and seeking
appropriate forms of their
expression in reality
5. The practice of living purposely
• To live purposefully is to use our
powers for the attainment of goals we
have selected; goal of studying, of
raising family, earning a living,
starting a business etc.
The Physical and Sexual Self
Physical Self
On the nature of beauty
• Beauty is an innate quality, a way
of being, a manner of
acting(Santos 1991)
• Beauty is confidence with a heart
(Wurtzbach 2015)
• Beauty is the intelligence with
sublime identity with good
(Ferraro 2008)
• Beauty is intelligence of your
mind and compassion of your
heart.
• A thing is beautiful if it is
desirable, if it is desirable it must
be good, if it is good, it must be
beautiful.
• Outer beauty is highlighted not
only by personal attractiveness
but outer behavior, poise and
education
Sexual Self
What is sex?
• Sex is often limited to sexual
activity, to certain part of the body
or being biological male or female
• Sex is used to create emotional
bond between individuals, sex
used to act out fantasies
• It is not surprising that sex has
become more than just a
reproduction activity for females
and males and intersex individual.
Mature humans are sexually
active all year around
Reproductive system
• Marieb explain that gonads begin
to form until eight weeks of
embryonic development.
• When the primary reproductive
structures are formed the
development of the accessory
structures and external genitalia
begins.
• Any intervention with the normal
pattern of sex hormone
production in the embryo results
in strange development.
• Pseduohermaphrodites are
formed who are individuals
having accessory reproductive
structures that do not match with
their gonads
• Hermaphrodites are individuals
who possess both ovarian and
testicular tissues but this
condition is rare in nature
• Pseduohermaphrodites undergo
sex change operations to have
their outer selveds fit their inner
selves.
Disease Associated with reproductive
system
• Neoplasm are the major threat to
reproductive organs.
• Most women hit the highest point
of their reproductive abilities in
late 20s.
• Healthy men, their reproductive
capability seems unending and
are still able to father offspring
well into their 80s and beyond.
• Vaginal infections are more
common in young and elderly
women in those resistance to
diseases is low.
• Vaginal infection that left
untreated may spread throughout
the female reproductive and can
cause disease and sterility.
• In males, the most common
inflammatory conditions are
prostatis, urethritis and
epidimytis, all which may follow
 sexual contacts in which STD
microorganism are transmitted.
Erogenous Zones
Erogenous zones refers to parts of body the
body that are primarily receptive and increase
sexual arousal when in touched in sexual
manner. Some are mouth, breast, genitals and
anus
Types of sexual behavior
1. Solitary Behavior
• Self gratification means self
stimulation that leads to sexual
arousal and generally sexual climax
• It generally begins at or before
puberty, is very common among
young males but become less when
sociosexual activity is available.
2. Sociosexual behavior
• It usually begins in childhood and
may be motivated by curiosity, such as
showing or examining genitalia
• Coitus, the insertion of male
reproductive structure into the female
reproductive organ is viewed by
society quite differently depending
upon marital status of individuals.
Patterns of human sexual response
1. Excitement phase
• It is caused by increase in pulse and
blood pleasure, resulting in increased
skin temperature, flushing and
swelling of distenble body parts, rapid
breathing, secretion of genital fluids
and viganal expansion.
2. Plateu phase
• It is generally of brief duration. If
stimulation
• Continued, orgasm occurs.
3. Sexual climax
• It is marked by feeling of abrupt,
intense pleasure, a rapid increase in
pulse rate and blood pressure and
spasms of the pelvic muscle causing
contraction of female reproductive
organ and ejaculation of male
4. Resolution phase
• It is the last stage refers to the return
to a normal or subnormal physiologic
state. Females are physically capable
of repeated orgasms without
intervening “rest period” required by
males.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
1. Chlamydia
• Chlamydia is a common STD that can
infect both men and women. It can
cause serious, permanent damage to a
woman's reproductive system. This
can make it difficult or impossible for
her to get pregnant later on.
2. Gonorrhea
• Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a
sexually transmitted bacterium that
infects both males and females.
Gonorrhea most often affects the
urethra, rectum or throat. In females,
gonorrhea can also infect the cervix.
3. Syphilis
• Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually
spread by sexual contact. The disease
starts as a painless sore — typically on
your genitals, rectum or mouth.
Syphilis spreads from person to
person via skin or mucous membrane
contact with these sores.
4. Chancroid
• Chancroid is caused by infection with
the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi.
Clinical manifestations include genital
ulcers.
5. Human Papilomavirus
• HPV stands for human
papillomavirus. It’s the most common
sexually transmitted infection. HPV is
usually harmless and goes away by
itself, but some types can lead to
cancer or genital warts.
6. Herpes Simplex Virus
• HSV is among the most prevalent of
sexually transmitted infections.
Although infections are subclinical,
clinical manifestation are
characterized by recurrent, painful
genital or anal lesions
7. Trichomas Vaginalis
• It is a common sexually transmitted
protozoal infection associated with
adverse health outcomes such as
 preterm birth and symptomatic
vaginitis.
THE MATERIAL SELF Material Self
• Belk (1998) stated that “we regard our
possessions as parts of ourselves. We
are what we have and what we
possess.
• William James wrote in his book “The
Principles of Psychology”. The
material self is about our bodies,
clothes, immediate family and home.
Material Self Investment Diagram
Body
• The innermost part is our body.
Intentionally, we are investing in our
body.
• We strive hard to make sure that this
body functions wee and good.
• We do have certain preferential
attachment or intimate closeness to
certain body parts because of its value
to us.
Clothes
• James believed that clothing is an
essential part of material self.
• The fabric and style of the clothes we
wear bring sensations to the body to
which directly affect our attitudes and
behavior.
• Clothing is a form of expression. We
choose and wear clothes that reflect
our self.
Immediate family
• Our family and siblings holds
important part of our self. What they
do or become affects us.
• When family member dies, part of us
dies also, when their live in success,
we feel victories also.
• We place huge investment on our
immediate family when we see them
as the nearest replica of our self.
Home
• Home is where our heart is. It is the
earliest nest of our childhood.
• Our experiences inside the home were
recorded and marked on particular
parts and things in our home.
• The home thus is an extension of self,
because in it, we can directly connect
our self.
• As we grow older, putting importance
to material possession decreases.
However material possessions gains
higher value in our lifetime if we use
material possession to find happiness
associate these things with significant
events.
• Sometimes when materials possession
of a person that is closely identified to
the person gains acknowledgement.
SPIRITUAL SELF
• According to James William, the
spiritual self is the most intimate,
inner subject part of self.
• The ability to use moral sensibility
and conscience may be seen through
the expression of religion, its beliefs
and practice.
• The spiritual self: the practice of
religion, belief in supernatural being
and power
RELIGION
• According to Rebecca Stein, religion is
a set of cultural beliefs and practices
that usually includes some or all of
basic characteristics. These
characteristics are:
1. A belief in anthropomorphic
supernatural being, such as spirit
and gods
 2. A focus on sacred supernatural,
where sacred refers to a feeling of
reverence and awe
3. The presence of supernatural
power or energy that is found on
supernatural beings as well as
physical being
4. The performance of ritual
activities that involves the
manipulation of sacred object to
communicate to supernatural
beings.
5. The articulation of worldview and
moral codes through narratives
and other means.
The choice of religious belief lies within
spiritual self. The choice maybe influenced by
the society and its culture.
Ritual
• Ritual is the performance of
ceremonial acts prescribed by
tradition or sacred law.
• Ritual is specific, observable mode
of behavior exhibited by all known
societies
• Participation to rituals is
expressions of religious beliefs.
Some world religious beliefs and
practices
1. Buddhism
BELIEFS
• Buddhism believes that life is not
a bed of roses.
• When people suffer, they want to
experience the goodness in life
and avoid disappointments
• It becomes a habit known as the
reactive cycle of wanting and
hating, like and dislike and
craving and aversion.
• This cycle can be broken
through the practice of
meditation, acquiring more
wisdom and deeper
understanding and acceptance of
things as they are.
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
• There are two types of meditation
process: Samatha and Vipassana
• Samatha is practiced as
mindfulness of breathing and
development of loving kindness
• Vipassana practices aim at
developing insight into reality.
• Buddhist believe in non-violence
principle.
• They acquired wisdom by
studying Buddha’s teaching, the
Dharma
DHARMA WHEEL
2. Christianity
BELIEFS
• Christians believe in Trinitarian
God: One God in three personas:
God the Father (Creator), God the
Son (Savior), and God the Holy
Spirit (Sustainer)
• Eternal life after death will be
achieved through faith in Jesus
Christ
• Anyone who believes in Him will
be saved and have eternal life.
• Holy bible is the book of sacred
writings used in Christian religion
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
• Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes
the birth in Christian world.
• Sacrament of communion is an
act of remembrance of Jesus
Christ sacrificial love.
• Jesus Christ teaching in
unconditional love that is
expressed in loving the poor,
oppressed and outcast in the
society.
 • Christmas and Resurrection
(Easter) are the two major
celebrations in Christianity.
2. Hinduism
BELIEFS
• Hinduism covers a wide range of
traditional beliefs and religious
groups, thus, there is no single
founder or leader.
• Hindus believe that existence is a
cycle of birth, death and rebirth
governed by Karma.
• Karma is a concept reicarnated
life will depend on how the past
life was spent.
• Vedas are sacred scriptures in
Hindus
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
• Diwali and Navrati are the most
celebrated festivals of hindus
• Diwali is the festival of light
• Navrati is the festival of nine
nights.
• These festival celebrate the
triumph of good over evil.
3. Islam
BELIEFS
• Muslims believe in Allah, who is
their “One God”
• Islam means “willing submission
to God”
• Muslims believe that Mohammed
is the last and final final prophet
sent by God.
• The Holy book of Islam is called
the Quran.
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
• Muslims believe in the five pillars
of Islam:
a. Shahadah- statement of faith “There is no
God but the one true God and
Mohammed the messenger”
b. Salat- the prayer that practiced five times
a day.
c. Zakat- the monetary offering fro the
benefit of the poor.
d. Hajj- the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca.
e. Sawm- the fasting during the celebration
of Ramadan
Two of the major festivals in Islam are Eidul-
Firt and Eidul Adha
5. Judaism
BELIEFS
• Jews believe in God of Abraham
the same God that liberated the
Hebrew slaves from Egypt to
Canaan”
• Jews believe in the coming of
Messiah, the Savior.
• The sacred scriptures of the Jews
is called the Torah of the Law
CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
There are five majors festivals observed
by the Jews:
1. Rosh Hashanah- New Year
2. Yom Kimpur- the Day of
Atonement
3. Pesach- Passover
4. Shavout- Pentecost
5. Sukkot- Tabernacles. The
Jewish Sabbath begins on
Friday evening at sunset.
Meaning of Life
• Another extensive study of self
can be found in the works of Dr.
Victor E. Frank
• Dr. Victor E. Frankl was born on
March 26,1905 in Vienna Austria.
He was graduated with a medical
degree from University of Vienna
• He was assigned in Vienna
Hospital Suicide ward.
LOGOTHERAPY
• Logotherapy is a psychotherapy
introduced by Dr.Frankl, who is
considered the Father of
Logotherapy.
• The main belief of logotherapy is
that “man’s primary motivational
force is search for a meaning.
• Logotherapy aids individuals to
find personal meaning of life,
whatever life situation they may
be.
• Dr. Frankl published a book about
logotheraphy
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF FRANKLIAN
PSYCHOLOGY:
• Life has meaning under all
circumstances
• Main motivation for living is our
will to find the meaning in life.
• Freedom to find meaning.
LOGOTHERAPY ASSUMPTIONS
1. The human being is an entity consisting
of body mind and spirit.
• According to Frankl, the body and
mind are what we have and the spirit
is what we are.
2. Life has meaning under all
circumstances.
• Assumption two is “ultimate
meaning”. This is difficult to grasps
but it is something everyone
experience and it represent an order
3. People have will to meaning.
• This seen as our main motivation to
for living and acting.
• When we see meaning we are ready
for any type of suffering.
4. Life has a demand quality to which
people must respond if decisions are to
be meaningful.
• It is the meaning of the moment.
• This can be done by following values
of society or by following the voice of
our conscience.
5. The individual is unique
• This assumption deals with one’s
sense of meaning
• This is enhanced by the realization
that we are irreplaceable. In essence,
all humans are unique with an entity
of body, mind and spirit. We all go
through unique situations and are
constantly looking to find the
meaning.
THREE WAYS OF DISCOVERING
MEANING OF LIFE
1. Purposeful work (Through Action)
• To find meaning of life starts with holding
a future goal.
• Each individual has each own future goal
to achieve.
• That task or goal to fulfil becomes the
meaning of life.
2. Courage in the Face of Difficulty
(Through our suffering)
• A meaningful life is a life without
suffering
• To find the meaning of life is to recognize
suffering, pain and death as part of life
and to have courage to face these
difficulties.
• Sometimes people find themselves in
situation in which they are unable to
engage in much meaningful action.
3. Love (Through our connections)
• These connections can involve our
relationships with spouse, family or
friends. It can also involve
relationship with God or sacred
• We keep fighting for our loved ones.
• No one can fully aware of the very
essence of another human being
unless he loves him.
• The ultimate factor to find the
meaning of life is love.
“The ultimate secret on the spiritual
foundation of life is that love is salvation and
joy eternity. -Viktor Frankl
Being Filipino and Political Self
Political Self
• The political self is formed from
the (1) constructed Filipino
identity (2) Political history and
landscape
• When Filipino is born, he or she is
exposed to a democratic country
controlled by oligarch
• The Filipino identity then is
ingrained in different generations
of Filipinos to be manipulated in
order to sway politics in their
favor.
• Filipino politics has a long
historical battle for control and
power
• We have different political views,
but we must based our views from
factual information.
 • Due to contrasting political views,
this is certainly true today, people
squabbling (even ending
friendship) on social media and
real life.
Filipino Values and Traits
The Filipino Hospitality
• Filipino trait that is known
everywhere is the Filipino’s brand
of hospitality
• Filipinos welcome their guests
and tourist as if they own brothers
and sisters
• During festivals or fiestas
Filipinos serve heaps of festive
food and invite the whole
barangay over.
• Filipinos are also fond of giving
pasalubong or tokens from their
travels or farewell gifts to their
visitors.
Respect for Elders
• Filipino greet their elders by
kissing their hand while saying
“Mano po” and constantly using
“po and opo.”
• Forgetting to address older people
properly will regard them as rude
impolite • There is also wide array
of references to elder people.
Close Family Ties
• Filipinos maintain a tight
relationship with their families
regardless if the children are old
enough.
• They are also fond of family
reunions
• Some Filipinos even opt to live in
a big house where everyone can
stay together.
Cheerful Personality
• Filipinos have a habit of smiling
and laughing a lot.
• Smiling has been coping strategy
from many Filipinos especially
during trying times and
calamities.
• They always try to maintain a
positive outlook in life which
make them resilient.
Bayanihan
• Bayanihan is the spirit of
communal unity and cooperation
of Filipinos.
• It is about giving without
expecting something in return
• Filipinos are always ready to
share and help their friends and
loved ones who are in need.
“Bahala na” Attitude
• It is the Filipino version of the
famous line “Hakuna Matata”
meaning no worries.
• The phrase is said originated from
“Bathala na”
• It can be also viewed as something
to the cheerful and positive
attitude of Filipinos.
Colonial Mentality
• It is regarded as the lack of
patriotism and attitude where
Filipinos favor foreign products
more than their own.
• Not only goods, but also the desire
to look more foreign than local
and keep up with foreign beauty
trends.
“Manana” Habit
• The Filipino term for procrastination.
• It was derived from Filipino Phrase
called “Mamaya na”
• It is a poor habit of laziness that result
in heavier workloads.
“Ningas Kugon”
• It is Filipino term for flame and
cogon grass that easily burns out
after puts into flames.
• It refers to the attitude of eagerly
starting things but quickly losing
eagerness soon after experiencing
difficulty.
• Laziness is a common problem
among Filipino.
Pride
• Most of Filipinos hold on their
pride as if they are more precious
than keeping a good relationship
with family and loved ones
 • When two parties are not in good
terms, they find it so hard to
apologize.
Crab Mentality
• Toxic Filipino trait where one
resents the achievement of
another, instead of feeling happy
for that person.
• Filipinos should change this
troublesome attitude and focus
more on their own inadequacies
to improve one’s self.
Filipino Time
• Filipinos have this common
attitude of arriving late at
commitments, dinner and parties.
• They tend not observe punctuality
altogether.
How To Be A Good Filipino?
A Good Filipino
1. Be an active Filipino citizen
2. Study the Philippine History.
3. Support local products
4. Speak the Filipino language
5. Do not spread fake news and democratic in
engaging dissent
Abstraction
Albert E. Bandura Self Efficacy
• The concept of self efficacy was
introduced by Albert Bandura in an
article “Self Efficacy:Toward a unfiying
Theory Of Behavioral Change”
• Albert Bandura was bon in Mundare,
Alberta on December 4, 1925
• He graduated with the Bolocan Award
in Psychology in 1949
The Bobo Doll Experiment
• In this experiment, the sample
children were presented with new
social models of violent and non
violent behavior an inflatable
rebounding Bobo doll
• This experiment proven right the
hyphothesis that social modeling is
very effective way of learning.
Self-efficacy
• Self- efficacy theory is based on the
assumption that psychological
procedures serve as a means of
creating and strengthening
expectations of personal efficacy.
• It also distinguishes between
expectations of efficacy and response
outcome expectancies.
• An efficacy expectation is the
conviction that one can successfully
execute behavior required to produce
the outcomes.
The people with high assurance in their
capabilities are
• Approach difficult task and challenges
to be mastered
• Set challenging goals
• Heighten or sustain efforts in the face
of failures
• Attribute failure to insufficient effort
• Approach threatening situations with
assurance that they can exercise
control them
In contrast people “who doubt their
capabilities”
• Shy away from task they view as
personal threats
• Have low aspirations and weak
commitment
• Dwell on personal deficiencies
• Give up quickly in the face of
difficulties
• Fall easy victim to stress and
depression
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting Theory 10
• Edwin A. Locke is internationally
known for his research on goal setting
• He was born on January 5 1938. He is
a Dean’s Professor of Leadership and
Motivation at the University of
Maryland.
• He published more than 300
chapters, notes and articles. He also
author 12 books.
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting theory 11
• Locke first described that the
approach of goal setting theory is
based on what Aristotle called final
casuality; that is, action caused by
purpose
• Goals have both an internal and
external aspect.
• Internally they are ideas (desired
ends)
 • Externally they refer to object or
conviction sought (a job, a sale, a
certain performance level.
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting theory 12
• When you set goals for yourself, it is
important that they motivate you
• If you have little interest in the
outcome then the chances of you
putting in the work to make it happen
are slim.
• Set goals that real to the high
priorities in your life.
• Goal achievement requires
commitment, so to maximize the
likehood of success, you need feel
sense of urgency and have an “I must
do this”
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting theory 13
Set SMART Goals
1. SPECIFIC
2. MEASURABLE
3. ATTAINABLE
4. RELEVANT
5. TIME BOUND
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting theory 14
Set Specific Goals
• Your goal must be clear and well
defined
• Vague or generalized goals are
unhelpful because they don’t provide
sufficient direction.
Set Measurable Goals
• Include precise amounts, dates and so
on in your goals so you can measure
your degree.
• Without a way to measure your
success you miss out on the
celebration that comes with knowing
you have actually achieved something.
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting theory 15
Set Attainable Goals
• Make sure that it’s possible to achieve
the goals you set.
• By setting realistic yet challenging
goals you hit the balance you need Set
Relevant Goals
• Goals should be relevant to the
direction you want to your life and
career to take.
• By keeping goals aligned with this,
you’ll develop the focus you need to
get ahead and do what you want
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting theory 16
Set Time Bound Goals
• Your goals must have deadline.
• When you are working on a dead line
your sense of urgency increases and
achievement will come that much
Edwin A. Locke’s Goal Setting theory 17
• The more difficult the goal, the greater
achievement
• The more specific the goal, the more
precisely performance is regulated
• Goals are both specific or explicit goal,
the more precisely performance is
regulated
• Global setting is most effective when
there is feedback that show progress
in relation to goal.
Latham Five principles of goal setting
that can improve our chances of
success
According to Research of Locke Goals
are:
• Clarity
• Challenge
• Commitment
• Feedback
• Task complexity
People with growth mindset, where there is
room for improvement of performance, with a
positive perceived self efficacy, where he or
she has confidence on his or her capabilities
and has set specific achievable goals have a
high possibility to attain success.
Stress Management
Stress
▪ Stress is a state of mental tension
and worry caused by problems in your
life, work etc.
▪ The unpleasant or harmful variety of
stress is distress and eustress often
connotes euphoria
▪ Eustress is stress in daily life that
has positive connotation, such as
marriage, promotion, baby, winning
money, new friend and graduation.
 ▪ Distress is stress in daily life that has
negative connotations such as divorce,
punishment, injury, negative feelings,
financial problems and work
difficulties.
▪ Stress is increasingly becoming part of
our daily lives
▪ Coping with stress, on the other hand
is important for human survival and
can be defined as the process of
managing external and internal
demands.
▪ College students especially freshmen
are particularly prone to stress due to
transitional nature of college life
▪ Hans Salye hyphotesized a general
adaptation or stress syndrome. Stress
always manifest itself by a syndrome,
a sum of changes, and not by simply
one change.
3 Component of stress syndrome
1. The alarm stage
▪ Represents a mobilization of the
body’s defensive forces.
▪ The body is preparing for the “fight or
flight” syndrome
▪ This involves a number of hormones
and chemicals excreted at high levels
as well as increase in heart rate, blood
pressure, perspiration and respiration
rate.
2. The stage of resistance
▪ The body becomes adaptive to the
challenges and even begins to resist it.
▪ The length of this stage resistance is
dependent upon the body’s innate.
▪ The acquired adaptation is lost if the
individual is subject to still greater
exposure to stressor.
3. The exhaustion stage
▪ The body dies because it has used up
its resources of adaption energy.
▪ Thankfully, few people ever
experience this last stage.
Techniques to counter chronic stress
1. Relaxation Process
▪ These include deep abdominal
breathing, focus on soothing word
(such as peace or calm, visualization
of tranquil scenes, repetitive prayer,
and yoga.
2. Physical Activity
▪ People can exercise to stifle the build
up of stress in several ways.
3. Social Support
▪ Confidants, friends, acquaintances,
co-workers, relatives, spouses, and
companions all provide a life
enhancing social net and may increase
longetivity.
Stress for self-care therapy
1. Stop, breathe and tell yourself “This is
hard and I will get through this one
step at a time”
2. Acknowledge to yourself what you are
feeling. All feelings are normal
3. Find someone who listen and
accepting.
4. Maintain your normal routine as
possible.
5. Allow plenty for at task
6. Take good care of yourself
In taking good care of self. Remember
to:
1. Get enough rest and sleep
2. Eat regularly and make healthy
choices
3. Know your limits and when you need
to let go
4. Identify or create nurturing lace in
your home
5. Practice relaxation
6. Escape for a while.
Self-Compassion
▪ Compassion is an awareness of
another person’s suffering. It is a
feeling of wanting to help someone
who is sick, hungry, trouble etc.
▪ Self-compassion entails being
▪ warm and understanding toward
ourselves when we, suffer, fail or feel
inadequate rather than flagellating
ourselves with self-criticism
▪ Self-compassion consist of three main
element: kindness, common
humanity and mindfulness
3 Elements
1. SELF KINDNESS
▪ With self-kindness we soothe and
nurture ourselves when we
confronting our pain rather than
 getting angry when life falls short our
ideals.
▪ We clearly acknowledge our problems
and shortcoming without judgement.
2. COMMON HUMANITY
▪ It involves recognizing that the human
condition is imperfect and that we are
not alone in our suffering
▪ We cannot always get what we want.
We cannot always be who we want to
be.
▪ When we denied this reality suffering
arises.
▪ We forget that failure and
imperfection are actually normal.
3. MINDFULNESS
▪ Mindfulness may be defined as
awareness of present experience with
acceptance.
▪ It involves turning toward our painful
thoughts and emotions and seeing
them as they are without avoidance.
▪ Being mindful of our suffering is
therefore necessary for self-
compassion
Self-compassion phrases
“This is a moment of suffering”
This phrase help to mindfully open to sting or
emotional pain
“Suffering is part of my life”
This phrase reminds us that suffering unites
all living beings and reduces the tendency to
feel ashamed and isolated.
“May I be kind to myself”
This phrase begins the process of responding
to self-kindness rather than self-criticism
“May I give myself the compassion I
need”
The final phrase reinforces the idea that you
both need and deserve compassion in difficult
moments.
Research Findings
▪ Self-compassion appears to facilitate
resilience by moderating people’s
reaction to negative events
▪ Self-compassionate people are less
afraid of failure and more likely to try
again when they do fall.
▪ Having self-compassion for personal
weaknesses, failures and past moral
transgressions resulted in more
motivation to change for the better,
try harder to learn and avoid
repeating past mistakes.
4 ways to boost your self-compassion
1. Comfort your body
▪ Eat something healthy.
▪ Lie down and rest
▪ Anything you can do to improve how
you feel physically gives you a dose of
self-compassion.
2. Write a letter to yourself.
▪ Think of a situation that caused you to
feel pain (a breakup with a lover, a job
loss, a poorly received presentation).
▪ Write a letter to yourself describing
the situation, but without blaming
anyone — including yourself.
▪ Use this exercise to nurture your
feelings.
3. Give yourself encouragement.
▪ Think of what you would say to a good
friend if he or she was facing a
difficult or stressful situation.
▪ Then, when you find yourself in this
kind of situation, direct these
compassionate responses toward
yourself
4. Practice mindfulness
▪ Even a quick exercise, such as
meditating for a few minutes, can be a
great way to nurture and accept
ourselves while we're in pain.
Point of the topic
◦ We should be in control of the stress
that confronts us everyday. Otherwise
when we overwhelmed by stress, it
can be detrimental to our health. Self
care and self compassion are two ways
to positively confront stress. We
should love and care for our self more
and more each day.