Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
Changes in business environments continually create opportunities for entrepreneurs to target specific
emerging needs of their customers. The first disposable female urination device (FUD) PeeBuddy was
launched in the Indian market in response to the emergent need among the urban women for a product
facilitating safe usage of public washrooms, especially during travel. PeeBuddy is among the many social
innovations (Alvord et al., 2004, p. 262), making prominent appearances in emerging economies battling
resource constraints (Austin et al., 2006).
The purpose of this case is to understand the ideation and execution of this social innovation in the
context of countries like India where cultural traditions and subjective norms are held in high regards.
In India, issues surrounding women’s personal hygiene are considered taboo for public communiqué.
This case explores the use of social media marketing approaches used to circumvent extant cultural
barriers hindering the adoption of PeeBuddy, which may be considered as a taboo product in the
context of the Indian market.
This case is aimed at students undertaking advanced marketing management and consumer behaviour
courses to sensitize them about subjective norms and their deep integration within culturally dominated
communities. It will establish the need for adopting innovative methods for marketing taboo products
and how creativity can be used to retail such products.
Keywords
Social innovation, social taboo, female hygiene, social media marketing, consumer engagement
Disclaimer: This case is written for classroom discussion and is not intended to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling
of an administrative situation, or to represent successful or unsuccessful managerial decision-making, or endorse the views of the
management. The views and opinions expressed in this case are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official
policy or position of South Asian Journal of Business & Management Cases.
1
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
2
Birla Institute of Management Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Corresponding author:
Ruchi Jain, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
E-mail: rjain@amity.edu
Jain et al. 11
Introduction
PeeBuddy sales had just crossed the million-unit mark and its founders were ecstatic. The Indian brand
had been a pioneer in the category of female urination devices (FUD) and had faced multiple obstacles in
its journey till date (Das, 2018). The PeeBuddy team had gathered to celebrate this victorious moment,
and as the celebration winded down, they discussed new milestones for the future. ‘Our social media
campaigns are gathering traction and generating online chatter. We are finally breaking down the customer
resistance towards trials and adoption’, said Deep Bajaj, one of the founding members of First Step
Digital (FSD), the parent corporation of PeeBuddy. ‘We have to leverage this pull further to solve our
major challenge—breaking down communication barriers surrounding our product and encourage offline
conversations about PeeBuddy for its adoption by the masses,’ Deep continued saying, ‘It will be a tough
task and I want to know your thoughts on the efforts that can be, and should be, made in this regard for
customers and internal stakeholders.’ As he prepared himself to hear the thoughts, views and ideas of his
team on his proposition, Deep reminisced about the journey that had brought them all to this day.
forecasted to rise because of rising levels of consumer awareness for hygiene, an increasing number of
working female population and the rapid development of healthcare infrastructure.
To add value to the product, the design team incorporated the idea of using biodegradable raw
materials and compositional formulations that could be used to create an eco-friendly product. Pulling
together results from the research, several rounds of prototype testing were conducted before the product
design was finalized to be a funnel-like contraption and it was named ‘PeeBuddy’. This phase generated
additional insights that led to the consideration of consumers’ usage patterns for prototype refinement
(Jain, 2018). Deep patented this design and launched First Step FSD, the parent corporation for this
product, through bootstrapping.
As FSD readied itself for the launch of PeeBuddy, the team started to build a marketing strategy for
its launch. It was a new product for the Indian market, and one that could possibly challenge existing
cultural and subjective norms as well as existing taboos. The team had no specific yardstick to follow
and, once again, Deep turned to the global market to develop a competitive positioning platform for
PeeBuddy. His search for similar products at the global level resulted in a comprehensive log of
competitors (Table 1) and some ideas for developing the marketing plan.
(Table 1 continued)
For the initial launch, the cohort of millennial women was chosen to be the primary market segment. The
team, especially Deep, knew that it would be a challenging task for them to educate the general masses
on PeeBuddy’s usage. Efforts would also be required to raise public awareness for the need to prioritize
and openly discuss issues related to female hygiene.
As a start-up firm with limited resources, the PeeBuddy team had to be highly proactive and careful
while formulating marketing strategies and identifying expected major challenges. From Deep’s per-
spective, the biggest challenge was overcoming consumer inhibition to openly discuss and adopt prod-
ucts for female hygiene, especially PeeBuddy. This innovative product required female users to remain
standing while using the PeeBuddy and could possibly draw negative feedback for its method of usage.
But Deep soon found out that, contrary to his expectations, the biggest resistance to PeeBuddy came not
from the customers, but two indelible partners of the value chain—distributors and retailers.
The product drew severe criticism from distributors and retailers for including the word ‘pee’ in the
brand name (Lobo, 2018). While some distributors and retailers remained unconvinced about the
product’s viability, others feared the inability to sell or disapproval from the public. They were highly
reluctant to stock PeeBuddy. Cultural norms in India censure public discussion of bodily functions, and
discussing female-related issues is a strict taboo. A female’s ablutions and related issues are meant to be
discussed only with other females through private or personal communication. PeeBuddy was challenging
these existing beliefs and norms through its name, design, usage and its very conceptualization.
Additionally, as expected, the idea of a woman standing like a man to urinate received a severe negative
response. This caused the company to halt plans of setting up a physical distribution network and to
explore alternative strategies.
Furthermore, Deep was aware that without paying attention to the outcomes of each phase of the
marketing plan, they would not be able to achieve market penetration or product adoption levels that they
aimed for. He guided the team in executing multiple campaigns across these chosen social media channels
in both paid as well as unpaid formats to induce product awareness and trials. Under his aegis, each
campaign was mapped to specific keywords that ultimately helped in measuring the campaign’s
effectiveness through pre-decided metrics such as Reach, Engagement, Acquisition, Conversion, etc.
(refer Table 2). Data-driven insights were used to generate and curate audiovisual content for increased
consumer engagement. Keeping true to the communication themes, the potential of audiovisual content
was correlated with hygiene-related dilemmas faced by women on a daily basis and an emotional connect
was developed between women and the PeeBuddy brand.
Keeping a close eye on the cost of each campaign through the ‘reaches’ and ‘touches’ it generated,
Deep continually tweaked the SMM plan to balance campaign effectiveness and efficiency. The resultant
data established owned channels to be the most cost-effective and efficient. Thus, owned channels were
primarily leveraged as an informative and educational platform. Deep concentrated on the content for
these platforms to deliver hands-on knowledge about the PeeBuddy brand, products, their usage and
disposal to any consumer who ‘touched’ this particular platform.
Deep understood that though owned media could educate and inform consumers, its solitary use
could not build positive feelings or trust for PeeBuddy, and for that purpose earned media would play a
crucial role in meeting this objective. Earned media channels were seen as unbiased and could have a
strong impact on the development of brand advocates and consumer trust in PeeBuddy. In order to
generate positive word of mouth (WOM), Deep encouraged the coverage of PeeBuddy, and its aim of
bringing a social change, by media groups such as BBC, Reuters, Yahoo and others. PeeBuddy was
presented as the need of the hour by these media groups and the resultant consumer comments were
leveraged through owned and paid channels. Consumer feedback on such coverage-related news, product
trials and usage was given utmost priority and was used to refine the product as well as the marketing
plans. The owned and earned media channels were supported by the use of paid social media channels.
Paid channels were used with the objective of increasing the brand’s reach and the number of consumers’
touches. These touches were used for targeting prospects and creating brand recall by supporting other
media channel campaigns.
To further fuel support for PeeBuddy’s adoption, Deep turned to the country’s medical community for
its patronage. He visited multiple metropolitan cities to introduce PeeBuddy to doctors renowned in the
medical fields of urology, oncology, gynaecology and orthopaedics. The adoption and successful use of
PeeBuddy in specific medical cases led to its widespread recommendation by doctors for hygiene
standards, ease of use and disposal. This added further authenticity to the communication that was
generated by social media influencers and reduced consumer resistance to PeeBuddy. As a result of
Deep’s clever strategizing, PeeBuddy’s adoption gained sudden impetus while familiarizing consumers
with its potential for adding convenience and safety to their daily lives.
That’s true. We have been able to launch a few product extensions like PeeBuddy Travel Hygiene Kit, vaginal
wipes, Mom & Baby Kit and toilet seat covers but our focus needs to be on increasing penetration for PeeBuddy.
We have been able to help women in metropolitan cities and we want to bring the same change in smaller towns
and cities. We look forward to suggestions from all of you that can help us achieve these objectives.
Leaving the floor open for ensuing dialogue, Deep hoped that the future would be as exciting as the
enthusiasm of his team that began their discussion.
Epilogue
Taboos are elemental foundations of a culture that place certain prohibitions on individual behaviour and
impact people’s lifestyle as well as consumption patterns (Sabri, Manceau, & Pras, 2010). A significantly
under-researched area, marketing of taboo products has been found to be influenced by individual religious
motivation (Muhamad & Mizerski, 2013), product features/ design (Wilner & Huff, 2017) and perceived
moral dangers associated with the taboo (Shao & Hill, 1994). Products that challenge taboos such as
intimacy, diseases or religious censure can often find market constraints (Larsen, Patterson, Sabri, &
Walther, 2018). Since these products act as a yardstick for morality (Michelson & Miller, 2019), they
require specialized treatment (Larsen et al., 2018). Taboo products and their marketing may be looked at
from the lens of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975, 1977) that posits that
consumers’ behavioural intentions are significantly impacted by their individual attitudes and existing
subjective norms. Subjective norms encapsulate perceived social pressure to engage (or disengage) with
specific actions (Sabri et al., 2010). Though the extant research on this theme is limited, Sabri (2017) has
found a communication medium to determine consumer reactions to taboo product marketing.
Jain et al. 17
This suggests that differential communication mediums may be used to reduce consumer resistance
towards taboo products. The traditional alternatives may constitute use of consumer engagement activi-
ties for brand activation, like reaching out to women-intensive places (colleges and schools) for creating
conversation and awareness. However, PeeBuddy took the unconventional way and chose SMM to
bypass the cultural barriers and initiated an open discussion on taboo products through the utilization of
digital platforms and virtual forums.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
Annexure 1
The following sections contain information that can enhance the reader’s understanding of the case
objectives and context. These sections have been designed to introduce readers to the concepts related to
social innovations and entrepreneurship and social media marketing. The readers are also advised to
refer to Sabri et al. (2010) for more detailed reading on taboo products and their marketing.
Responding to this urgent call, social entrepreneurs are rising to the rescue through the fluid process of
product innovation (Schroeder et al., 1989).
Sundaramurthy, Musteen, and Randel (2013) identified three categories of such social entrepreneurs
(Table 3).
The creator of PeeBuddy—Mr Deep Bajaj—may be identified as a ‘Market Maker’ as he has an
idealism complemented with realism that directed him to visualize the specific problem and market
opportunity and to designed a subsequently pertinent solution and business model.
Jain et al. 19
Date Uploaded on
Sl. No. Name of the Media Clip Source YouTube Views Likes Dislikes
Earned Media
1 PeeBuddy Sequence 1: Freedom Awesome Stuff 23 April 2015 30,577 14 9
for Women to Stand & Pee in
all Dirty toilets
2 ‘Pee-Buddy’ helps Indian Jenny McCarthy 29 June 2015 4,733 2 3
women avoid dirty toilets
3 Ladies, Now Stand And Pee! The Quint 30 June 2015 5,034 4 1
4 Women can now stand TedxTalks 15 February 2016 3,814 38 3
and pee! | Deep Bajaj |
TEDxNizamuddin
5 Deep Bajaj- PeeBuddy ET Chavi Taneja 17 February 2017 364 6 0
NOW LeadersofTomorrow
ETNOW 10 51pm 05 29min
6 PEEBUDDY NATURE’5 17 February 2017 278 2 0
7 CNBC Awaaz Entrepreneur Sunakshi Verma 17 April 2017 252 4 0
PeeBuddy
8 PAC Foundation and PeeBuddy RGV Love 03 May 2017 4,244 115 12
| An Extremely Honest Review
| Indian Mommy Vlogging
channel
9 PeeBuddy India—How to Use | Malaika Nangia 31 May 2017 44,293 259 58
Females can now Stand & Pee |
Say No to Dirty Toilets
10 PeeBuddy HD 1080p Anita Thomas 01 June 2017 484 3 2
11 PeeBuddy India—How to Use | Beauty Infinite 15 June 2017 4,769 256 7
Females can now Stand & Pee | (Payal Deshmukh)
Say No to Dirty Toilets
12 Say No to Dirty Toilets— Fravaganza 24 June 2017 3,273 4 0
PeeBuddy India x Fravaganza
13 Female Urination Device— Shimmer and 07 July 2017 2,373 41 1
WOMEN CAN STAND AND Muse
PEE WITH PEEBUDDY
14 India’s First Portable, Miss Audio 13 July 2017 1,089 3 0
Disposable Female Urination Video -Animated
Device Animated Explainer Explainer Video
Video: PeeBuddy
15 Girliyapa’s To Pee Or Not To Girliyapa-Youtube 04 August 2017 2,571,959 42000 4100
Pee
16 PeeBuddy—How to Use Ashwani Kr Jha 16 August 2017 47, 182 47 3
17 Why can’t she stand TedxTalks 22 September 2017 5,593 79 24
and pee ? | Deep Bajaj |
TEDxNitteUniversity
(Table 4 continued)
Jain et al. 21
(Table 4 continued)
Date Uploaded on
Sl. No. Name of the Media Clip Source YouTube Views Likes Dislikes
18 Travel Hygiene Kit- PeeBuddy| Such A Beautiful 12 November 2017 852 100 1
Review | GIVEAWAY Open till Life
25th December 2017
19 How to use PeeBuddy Classic Video 03 December 2017 732 1 1
20 Enabling women to stand and My Big Plunge 22 December 2017 109 0 0
pee; In conversation with Deep
Bajaj, founder of PeeBuddy
21 3 StartUp success tips: How Chalo Start-Up 23 December 2017 17,402 48 9
REAL startups solve real India
problems
22 Elevator Pitch—Deep Bajaj, RTS Lufthansa India 22 January 2018 44,188 2 0
5 Viewers’ Choice Award
23 Lufthansa Runway to Success YourStory 23 January 2018 161 3 0
Season 5 Semi-Finalist—Deep
Bajaj, PeeBuddy
24 PeeBuddy -A short film Kavish Pandit 13 February 2018 302 2 0
25 Overcome your fears with Puja Chaudhary 18 February 2018 295 15 0
PeeBuddy!
26 Pammi aunty and PeeBuddy Ssumier S 09 March 2018 8,060 117 5
Pasricha
27 PeeBuddy for females Trupti Shah 22 March 2018 134 0 0
28 PeeBuddy India—How to Say Frost Fervour 26 March 2018 218 14 2
No to Dirty Toilets || Frost
Fervour
Owned Media
1 PeeBuddy Europe—How to PeeBuddy 17 October 2015 258 0 0
Use (Females can now Stand &
PEE! Say No to Dirty Toilets)
2 PeeBuddy—NEWS9 Coverage PeeBuddy 22 February 2016 55 0 0
3 PeeBuddy India Freedom For PeeBuddy 24 February 2016 3,819 4 0
Women to STAND & PEE—
Users Reaction For PeeBuddy
4 PeeBuddy helps women avoid PeeBuddy 29 February 2016 194 2 0
dirty toilets—Reuters
5 PeeBuddy helps women in India PeeBuddy 29 February 2016 794 0 0
to stand and pee, avoid dirty
toilets. No More UTI’s—ANI
Coverage
6 Deep Bajaj—Founder of PeeBuddy 01 April 2016 7,022 18 0
PeeBuddy Female Urination
Device on NDTV The Real
Deal
7 WOW Product for Ladies: PeeBuddy 16 July 2017 49,938 97 6
PeeBuddy: Now Stand & Pee!
(Table 4 continued)
22 South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 9(1)
(Table 4 continued)
Date Uploaded on
Sl. No. Name of the Media Clip Source YouTube Views Likes Dislikes
8 Ladies, URINE control to You’re PeeBuddy 31 October 2017 90,432 152 4
in Control! Now, Simply Stand
& Pee: PeeBuddy
9 Amazing Reaction by Women PeeBuddy 29 November 2017 1,831 23 0
Cricketer! On Dirty Toilets &
PeeBuddy
10 Women Riders, Amazing Bikes PeeBuddy 03 April 2018 79 1 0
& PeeBuddy!
11 Mothers—a blessing! Make her PeeBuddy 12 May 2018 13,530 0 0
day!
Source: The authors’ observation.
Note
1. Since inception, First Step Digital has raised approximately `29 million (US$0.421 million; conversion rate
US$1 = `68.74) through their first round of funding from the Indian Angel Network (https://yourstory.
com/2017/03/first-step-digital-pre-series-a/).
References
(2018). 2020’s top 10 pee funnels (Female urination devices). Retrieved from https://menstrualcupreviews.net/best-
female-urination-devices-pee-funnels-reviews/
Alvord, S., Brown, L., & Letts, C. (2002). Social entrepreneurship and social transformation: An exploratory study.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 40(3), 260–282. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.354082.
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or
both? Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice, 30(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x.
Corcoran, S. (2018). Defining earned, owned, and paid media. Retrieved from https://go.forrester.com/blogs/09-12-
16-defining_earned_owned_and_paid_media/
Cranenburgh, C. (2018). With PeeBuddy, this social entrepreneur’s startup is enabling women to stand and pee.
Retrieved from https://mybigplunge.com/mybigplunge/in-conversation/PeeBuddy-stand-and-pee-social-
entrepreneur-startup/
Das, P. (2018). First step digital on an expansion mode. Retrieved from https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/first-
step-digital-on-an-expansion-mode/101746
Datta, P. (2011). Exploring the evolution of social innovation: A case study from India. International Journal of
Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 10(1), 55–75. doi:10.1386/tmsd.10.1.55_1.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hartmann, M., Krishnan, S., Rowe, B., Hossain, A., & Elledge, M. (2015). Gender-responsive sanitation solutions
in urban India. Retrieved 14 June 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK512957/
Hill, R., Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and
research. Contemporary Sociology, 6(2), 244. doi: 10.2307/2065853.
Hlavac, R. (2018). Coursera, manage your social strategies. Retrieved from https://www.coursera.org/learn/what-
is-social/home/week/3
Jain, S. (2018). Pee-buddy: Addressing common woes of public toilets’ hygiene. Retrieved from https://www.
entrepreneur.com/article/253869
Larsen, G., Patterson, M., Sabri, O., & Walther, L. (2018). A commentary on the treatment of taboo in consumption
and marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 34(13–14), 1067–1077.
Jain et al. 23
León, M. F., Baptista, M. V., & Contreras, H. (2012). La innovación social en el contexto de la respon- sabilidad
social empresarial. Forum Empresarial, 17(1), 31–63.
Lobo, S. (2018). Pee buddy founder Deep Bajaj shares how trolls tried to wet down his feminist cause. Retrieved
from http://www.indianwomenblog.org/our-PeeBuddy-deep-bajaj-shares-how-trolls-tried-to-wet-down-his-
feminist-cause/
Michelson, G., & Miller, R. (2019). Taboos, morality, and marketing: Towards a conceptual model and illustration.
Journal of Consumer Marketing, 36(3), 393–400.
Morrar, R., & Arman, H. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0): A social innovation perspective.
Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(11), 12–20. doi:10.22215/timreview/1117.
Muhamad, N., & Mizerski, D. (2013). The effects of following Islam in decisions about taboo products. Psychology
& Marketing, 30(4), 357–371.
Mulgan, G. (2006). The process of social innovation. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 1(2),
145–162. doi: 10.1162/itgg.2006.1.2.145.
Newmen, D. (2018). The role of paid, owned and earned media in your marketing strategy. Retrieved from
https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielnewman/2014/12/03/the-role-of-paid-owned-and-earned-media-in-your-
marketing-strategy/
Phills, J. A., Deiglmeier, K., & Miller, D. T. (2008). Rediscovering social innovation. Stanford Social Innovation
Review, 6(4), 34–43.
Research Nester. (2018). Urinary collection device market size: Global industry demand, growth, share & forecast
2024. Retrieved from https://www.researchnester.com/reports/urinary-collection-device-market/572
Sabri, O. (2017). Does viral communication context increase the harmfulness of controversial taboo advertising?
Journal of Business Ethics, 141(2), 235–247.
Sabri, O., Manceau, D., & Pras, B. (2010). Taboo: An underexplored concept in marketing. Recherche et Applications
en Marketing (English Edition), 25(1), 59–85.
Schroeder, D. M., Gopinath, C., & Congden, S. W. (1989). New technology and the small manufacturer: Panacea or
plague? Journal of Small Business Management, 27(3), 1.
Shao, A. T., & Hill, J. S. (1994). Global television advertising restrictions: The case of socially sensitive products.
International Journal of Advertising, 13(4), 347–366.
Sullivan Mort, G., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualisation.
International journal of nonprofit and voluntary sector marketing, 8(1), 76–88.
Sundaramurthy, C., Musteen, M., & Randel, A. (2013). Social value creation: A qualitative study of Indian social
entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 1350011. doi:10.1142/s1084946713500118.
Tandon, S. (2018). Startups are out to save Indian women from the horrors of public toilets. Retrieved from https://
qz.com/1022494/peesafe-pee-buddy-startups-are-out-to-save-indian-women-from-the-horrors-of-public-
toilets/
Wang, L., & He, X. (2016). Ergonomics design procedure for female urination device in computer system.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. doi:10.18178/ijmerr.5.3.217-223.
Wilner, S. J., & Huff, A. D. (2017). Objects of desire: The role of product design in revising contested cultural
meanings. Journal of Marketing Management, 33(3–4), 244–271.