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JR Chemistry Chapter Wise Important Questions Part 1
JR Chemistry Chapter Wise Important Questions Part 1
Jr.Inter Chemistry 2
5. STOICHIOMETRY
Short answer type questions :
1*. Chemical analysis of a carbon compounds gave the folowing percentage copmposition by weight of the
elements present, carbon = 10.06%, hydrogen = 0.84% chlorine = 89.10%,Calculate the empirical
formula of the compound.
2*. A carbon compound on analysis gave the following percentage composistion, carbon 14.5%, hydrogen
1.8%, chlorine 64.46%, oxygen 19.24%. Chlorine 64.46%, oxygen 19.24% Calculate the empirical
formula of the compound.
3*. Calculate the empirical formula of a compound having percentage composition postassium (k) = 26.57.
chromium (cr) = 35.36; oxygen (O) 38.07. (Give the atomic weights of K, cr and O as 39; 52 and 16
respectively)
4*. A carbon compound contains 12.8% carbon, 2.1% hydrogen, 85.1% bromine. The molecular weight
of the compound is 187.9. Calculate the molecular formula.
5*. Balance the following redox reactions by ion - electron method :
(a) MnO4 − ( aq ) + I − ( aq ) → MnO2 ( S ) (in basic medium)
6. THERMODYNAMICS
Long answer type questions :
1. Explain the spontaneity of a reaction interms of enthalpy change, entropy change and Gibb’s energy
change.
Short answer type questions :
1. What are open, closed and isolated systems? Give one example for each.
2. Define the state function and state variables. Give examples
3. “Internal energy is a state function”. Expalin.
4. Derive the equation for Wrev ’ in isothermal reversible process.
5. Explain the state function ‘enthalpy,H’. What is the relationship between ∆ U and ∆H ?
6. Explain extensive and intensive properties.
7. Define heat capacity. What are CP and CV ? Show that CP - CV = R .
8*. State and explain the Hess’s law of constant Heat summation.
9. Explain the spontaneity of a process?
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10*. What is entropy? Explain with examples.
11*. State the second law of thermodynamics and explain it.
12*. State the third law of thermodynamics. What do you understand by it ?
13. Explain spontaneity of a process in terms of Gibbs energy.
7. CHEMICAL AND IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
Long answer type questions :
1*. What is Lechatlier’s principle? Discuss briefly the factor s which can influence the equilibrium.
2*. Discuss the application of Lechatelier’s principle for the industrial synthesis of Ammonia and sulphur
trioxide.
3*. Explain the concept of Bronsted acids and Bronsted bases, Illustrate the answer with suitable examples.
4*. Explain Lewis acid-base theory with suitable example. Classify the following species into Lewis acids
and Lewis bases and show these act as Lews acid / base.
a) OH - b) F- c) H + d) Bcl3
5*. Define pH.. what is buffer solution ? Derive Henderson - Hasselbalch equation for Calculating the pH
of an acid buffer solution.
6*. Explain the term “Hydrolysis of salts” with examples.Discuss the pH of the follow ing types of salt
solutions. i) Salts of weak and strong base. ii) Salts of strong acid and weak base.
Short answer type questions :
1. Write expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for each of the following reactions.
→ 2 NOg + CI 2( g )
(i) 2 NOCI g ←
2. How does the value of equilibrium constant predict the extent of reaction ?
3. Explian the terms :
i) extent of ionization and on what factors it depends.ii) dissociation iii) ionization
4*. Explain the Arrhenius concept of acids and bases.
5*. What is conjugate acid-base pair ? Illustrate with examples.
6. Write equation that shows H 2 PO4 - acting both as an acid and as a base.
7. Write the conjugate acid and conjugate base of each of the following :
a) OH - b) H 2O (c) HCO3 - (d) H 2O2
8*. Define ionic product of water. What is its value at room temperature ?
9*. What is common ion effect ? Illustrate.
10*. Define solubility product ? Write solubility product expressions for the following :
i) Ag 2Cr2O7 ii) Zr3 ( PO4 )4
11*. Give the classification of salts. What type of salts undergo hydrolysis ?
12*. Aqueous solution of NH 4 CI is acidic. Explain.
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2*. Write the chemical reaction to justify that hydrogen peroxide can function as on oxidizing as well as
reducing agent.
3*. Write a note on heavy water.
4*. Discuss the principle and the method of softening of hard water by synthetic, ion- exchange resins.
5. In how many ways can you express the strength of H2O2 ? Calculate the strength of 15 volume solution
of H2O2 in g/l. Express this strength in normality and molarity.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 5
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Jr.Inter Chemistry 6
9. Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radition o f
0
wavelength 4000 A . What is the threshold frequency (v0) ?
Ans : Formulae
1 1 2
hv = hv0 + mv 2 ⇒ hv = hv0 + m ( o )
2 2
hv = hv0
0
λ = 4000 Α
= 4 × 103 × 10 −10 = 4 × 10−7 m.
υ = 0 , C = 3 x 108 m/sec.
⇒ v = v0
c 3×108 3 15
∴v = = = ×10 = 0.75 × 1015 = 7.5 × 1014 sec −1 .
λ 4×10−7 4
10. Which of the following orbitals are possible ? 2s,1p,3f,2p.
Ans : 2s,2p orbitals are possible among 2s,1p,3f,2p and 1p, 3f orbitals ar not possible.
11. How many electrons in an atom may have n = 4 and m = +1/2 ?
Ans : For n = l values are 0,1,2,3
l = 0 → s contains are electron with ms = +1/2
l = 1 → p contains 3 electron with ms = +1/2
l = 2 → d contains 5 electron with ms= +1/2
l = 3 → f contains 7 electron with ms= +1/2
∴ Total no.of electrons with ms= +1/2 for n = 4
= 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
1. What is the difference in the approach between the Mendeleev's periodic law and the modern
periodic law ?
Ans : → According to Mendeleev the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of
their atomic weights.
→ According to modern periodic law physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions
of their atomic numbers.
2. In terms of period and group, where would you locate the element with Z = 114 ?
Ans : Element Z = 114 is present in 17th period and IVA group (Group - 14)
3. Write the atomic number of the element, present in the third period and seventeenth group of
the periodic table.
Ans : The Element present in 3rd period and Group - 17 (VIIA group) is chlorine (Cl) It's atomic
number is 17.
4. Which element do you think would have been named by
a) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Jr.Inter Chemistry 7
b) Seaborg's group
Ans : a) Lawrence Berkeley (Laboratory-Lanthanide)
b) Seaborg's group - Actinide (Transuranic element )
5. What are representative elements ? Give their valence shell configuration.
Ans : → Representative elements are s and p-block elements except zero group.
→ These have general electronic configuration ns1-2 np1-5
6. Give the outer shells configuration of d-block and f-block elements.
Ans : → The outer shell electronic configuration of d-block- elements is ns1-2 (n-1)d1-10
→ The outer shell electronic configuration of f-block - elements is ns1-2 (n-1)d0 (or) 1 (n-2) f1-14
7. Name the anomalous pairs of elements in the Mendaleev's periodic table.
Ans : In Mendelleev's periodic table anamalous pairs are the elements whose atomic weights
increasing order is reversed.
Te I Co Ni
Eg : 1) 2)
127.6 126.9 58.93 58.69
→ Nitrogen has half filled shell and is stable so more amount of energy is required to
remove an electron , than in oxygen Hence IE, of 'O' is lessthan that of 'N'.
10. Which in each pair of elements has a more negative electron gain enthalpy ?
Ans : a. O or F b. F or Cl
a) (14 2 43 has more negative electron gain enthalpy than , that of Oxygen
Fluorine 14 2 43
−328 KJ / Mole ) ( −141.2 KJ / Mole )
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Clorine Fluorine
b) ( −1349
4 2 43 has more negative electron gain enthalpy than that of 14
KJ / Mole )
2 43
( −328 KJ / Mole )
11. Write the increasing order of the metallic character among the elements B,Al, Mg and K.
Ans : Given elements are B,Al, Mg and K
The increasing order of metallic character is
B< Al < Mg < K
Jr.Inter Chemistry 9
18. Why are zero group elements called noble gases or inert gases ?
Ans : → Zero group elements has general outer electronic configuration ns 2 np 6 (except for He)
→ These contains stable octet configuration. So these are stable and chemically inert.
Hence these are called inert gases.
→ These elements neither lose nor gain electrons. Hence these are called 'noble gases'.
19. Electron affinity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine - explain.
Ans : Chlorine (-349 KJ / Mole) has high electronegative gain enthalpy than fluorine (-328KJ/mole)
because 'F' has small size and more inter electronic repulsions.
20. Which in each has higher electron affinity ?
a. F or Cl- b. O or O − c. Na+ or F d. F or F
Ans : a) Fluorine has high electron affinity than Cl- ion because of inert gas configuration of Cl- ion.
b) Oxygen has high electron affinity than O- because O has positive of 2nd electron
affinity.
c) F has high electron affinity than Na+ because Na+ has inert gas configuration.
d) F has high electron affinity than F- because F- has inert gas configuration.
21. Arrange the following in order of increasing ionic radius :
a. Cl − , p −3 , s −2 , F − b. Al + 3, Mg +2 , Na + , O −2 , F − c. Na + , Mg +2 , K +
Ans : a) The increasing order of ionic radius is F < Cl < S −2 < P −3
b) The increasing order of ionic radius is Al +3 < Mg +2 < Na + < F < O −2
Electronic configuration of s −2 1s 2 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6
Jr.Inter Chemistry 10
2. Predict the change, if any, in hybridization of Al atom in the following reaction
AlCl3 + Cl −
→ AlCl4−
AlCl3 + Cl −
→ AlCl4−
| |
sp hybridisation sp 3 hybridisation
2
3. Is there any change in the hybridization of Boron and Nitrogen atoms as a result of the follwing
reaction ? BF3 +NH 3
→ F3 BNH 3
H 2 N: + BF3 → [ H 3 N :→ BF3 ]
Donor Acceptor Ammonia − Boron trifluoride
Boron in BF3 (sp2 hybridization with one vacant unhybrid 'p' orbital. This orbital also
undergoes)hybridization in presence of NH3 so that the hybridised state of 'B' changes
from sp2 to sp3 .This vacant hybrid orbital is bonded to NH3 through dative bond. During
this process there is no change in the hybridized state of Nitrogen in NH3.
4. If A and B are two different atoms when does AB molecule become Covalent ?
Ans : 1) If the difference in electronegativity values between A and B is less than 1.7, then
covalent compound formation is possible
2) If A and B are sharing one or more electron pairs mutually then AB will be a covalent
compound
5. What is meant by localized orbitals ?
Ans : The molecular orbital with bonded electron cloud localised between the two nuclei of
bonded atoms is called localized orbital. (or) The orbitals which are involved in bond
formation arelocalized orbitals.
6. Cl − has greater stability than chlorine atom. Why ?
A. It has [Ar] configuration . Hence it is stable but Cl atom has one electron short to nearest [Ar] configu-
ration. Hence it is unstable.
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7. Why argon is not represented by Ar2 ?
A. Since Ar atom has only paired electrons with stable octet configuration, it can’t share its electrons with
another Ar atom and cannot form di atomic molecule.
8. What is sigma bond ? How many sigma and Pi bonds are present in Acetylene, Benzene and
Ethylene molecules ?
A. Chemical bond formed by the head - on overlapping of atomic orbitals is called sigmabond.
C2H2 ( Acetylene) 3σ and 2π
A. In PCl5 , ‘P’ shows sp3d hybridization and in SF6 molecule, ‘s’ shows sp3d 2 hybridisation.
11. What is octet rule ?
A. The demand of an atom to have 8 electrons in its valence shell to get extra stability is known as octet rule.
(
∴ T= t 0 C+273.16 K )
6. What are Isobars ?
Ans : The curves (or) graphs that can be drawn at constant pressure are called Isobars.
Eg : Graphs drawn between volume and temperature.
7. What is Absolute Zero ?
Ans : It is the lowest temperature theoritically possible at which volume of perfect gas is zero.
8. State Avogadro's law.
Ans : Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contains
equal number of molecules
v α n ( mathematically )
v = kn
9. What are Isochores ?
Ans : At constant volume a line on a graph showing the variation of temperature of a gas with its pressure is
called Isochores.
10. What are STP Conditions ?
Ans : STP means Standard Temperature and Pressure conditions.
→ Standard temperature is 00 C = 273 K
→ Standard pressure is 1 atmosphere = 76 cm = 760 mm. of Hg.
11. What is Gram molar volume ?
Ans : The volume occupied by one gram molecular weight (or) one gram mole of an element
(or) compound in the gaseous state is called gram molar volume.
(or)
→ At STP one mole of any gas occupy 22.4 lit. of volume
This is known as gram molar volume.
12. What is an ideal gas ?
Ans : A gas which obeys gas laws i.e. Boyle's law, Charle's law and Avagadrols law exactly at all
temperatures is called an ideal gas
13. Give the values of gas constant in different units.
Ans : R = 0.0821 lit. atm. k-1 mol
= 8.314 J .K −1 mol −1
14. How are the density and molar mass of a gas related ?
w
Ans : Pv = n RT ⇒ Pv = RT
m
Jr.Inter Chemistry 13
w RT
p=
vM
dRT w
Molar mass M =
p ∴ v density ( d )
Reason : CH 4 gas (16) has low molecular weight than N 2 (28) and O2 (32).
17. How many times methane diffuse faster than sulphurdioxide ?
Ans : According to Graham's law of diffusion.
rCH 4 M SO2 64 4
= = = =2
rSO2 M CH 4 16 1
∴ Partial pressure of A ( PA ) = X A × PT
nA nB
partial pressure of B ( PB ) = X B × PT , XA = , XB =
nA + nB n A + nB
Jr.Inter Chemistry 14
= 1.38 × 10 −23 J / k , molecule .
21. What is RMS velocity ?
Ans : The square root of mean of the squares of the speeds of all molecules of a gas is known
as RMS velocity (URMS)
U12 + U 22 + ...... + U N2
U rms =
n1 + n2 + ........
22. What is Average velocity ?
Ans : The arithematic mean of speeds of gas molecules is known as average velocity ( U av )
U1 + U 2 + ...... + U n
U average =
n1 + n2 + .......
23. What is Most probable velocity ?
Ans : The speed velocity possessed by the maximum number of molecules of the gas is known
probable velocity (U mp )
24. Give the ratio of RMS average and most probabale velocities of gas molecules.
2 RT 8RT 3RT
Ans : U mp :U av :U rms = : : = 1:1.128 :1.224
M ΠM M
25. What is Compressibility factor ?
Ans : The ratio of the actual molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of a perfect gas under
the same conditions is called compressibility factor.
PV
Compressibility factor Z = For a perfect Z = 1.
nRT
26. What is Boyle Temperature ?
Ans : The temperatue at which a real gas exibits ideal behaviour for a considerable range of
pressure is called Boyle's temperature.
27. What is critical temperature ? Give its value for CO2.
Ans : The temperature above which no gas can be liquified how ever high the pressure may be
applied is called critical temperature. → Critical temperature of CO 2 gas is 31.980C.
28. What is critical Volume ?
Ans : The volume occupied by one mole of gas at critical temperature and critical pressure is
known as critical volume.
29. What is critical pressure ?
Ans : The pressure required to liquify a gas at critical temperature is known as critical pressure.
30. What are critical constants ?
Ans : Critical temperatue (Tc), Critical volume (Vc) and critical pressure (Pc) are called as
critical constants.
31. What is surface tension ?
Ans : The force acting at right angles to the surface of the liquid along unit length of surface is
called surface tension. → Unit : dynes/cm.
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32. What is laminar flow of a liquid ?
Ans : In liquids a regular gradation of velocity for layers in passing from one layer to the next observed.
This flow of liquid is called Laminar flow.
33. What is coefficient of Viscosity ? Give its units.
Ans : The force of friction required to maintain velocity difference of 1cm. sec-1 between two
parallel layers of a liquid 1 cm. apart and each layer having an area 1cm2 is called coefficient
of viscosity.
→ It is denoted by η
du
→ F = ηA
dx
→ Units : Poise : in CGS system 1 poise = 1g. cm-1 sec-1.
34. Find the RMS speed of CO2 gas at 27°C temperature.
3RT
A. RMS velocity =
M
Given temperature T = 273 + 27 = 300 K
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44 g
Molar gas constant R = 8.314 x 107 ergs K–1 mol–1
5. STOICHIOMETRY
1. The empirical formula of a compound is CH 2 O . Its molecular weight is 90. Calculate the molecular
formula of the compound.
Jr.Inter Chemistry 16
Ans :
1 mole CaCO3
→ 1 mole CO2 at STP
100 gms of CaCO3
→ 22.4 lit of CO2 at STP
4 gms OF CaCO3
→ ?
4 × 22.4
= 0.896 lit
100
5. How many significant figures are present in the following ?
i) 0.0025 ii) 208 iii) 5005 iv) 126,000 v) 500.0 vi) 2.0034
Ans : i) 0.0025 has 2 significant figures ii) 208 has 3 significant figures
iii) 5005 has 4 significant figures iv) 126000 has 3 significant figures
v) 500.0 has 4 significant figures vi) 2.0034 has 5 significant figures
6. Round up the following upto three significant figures :
i) 34.216 ii) 10.4107 iii) 0.04597 iv) 2808
Ans : i) 34.216 becomes 34.2 ii) 10.4107 becomes 10.4
iii) 0.04597 becomes 0.046 iv) 2808 becomes 281
7. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species :
a) NaH 2 PO4 b) NaH SO4 c) H 4 P 2O7 d) k2 MnO4
Jr.Inter Chemistry 17
x − 5 = 0 ,x = +5
Oxidation no.of 'p' in NaH 2 PO4 = +5
b) NaH SO4
1( +1) + 1( +1) + x + 4 ( −2 ) = 0 ⇒ 1 + 1 + x − 8 = 0 , x = +6
c) H 4 P 2O7
4 ( +1) + 2 x + 7 ( −2 ) = 0
2 x − 10 = 0 ⇒ x = +5
Oxidation no.of 'P' in H 4 P2 O7 is +5
d) K 2 MnO 4
2 ( +1) + x + 4 ( −2 ) = 0
2+ x −8 = 0 ⇒ x = +6
Oxidation no of Mn is K 2 MnO 4 = + 6
e) CaO 2
+2+2x = 0, 2x = -2
x = -1
Oxidation no. of oxygen in CaO 2 = −1
f) NaBH 4
1( +1) + x + 4 ( −1) = 0 1 + x − 4 = 0 x = +3
Oxidation no. of 'B' in NaBH4 = +3
But 'B' most probably exhibis - 3 oxidation state.
g) H 2S2 O7
2 (1) + 1X + 7 ( −2 ) = 0
2+2X-14=0
2 x − 12 = 0 ⇒ x = +6
Oxidation state of 'S' in H 2S2 O7 = + 6
h) k Al ( SO4 )2 12H 2O :
General formula of above compound is
k2 SO4 Al2 ( SO4 )3 24 H 2O (Potash alum)
Jr.Inter Chemistry 18
2 x + 3 ( −2 ) = 0 2 x − 6 = 0 x = +3
8. What are the oxidation number of the underlined elements in each of the following and
how do you rationalise your results ?
a) K I 3 b) H 2 S4 O6 c) Fe3O 4
Ans : KI3
2 (1) + 4 X + 6 ( −2 ) = 0 ⇒ 4 X − 10 = 0
'S' average Ox. No = 2.5 x = 2.5
c) Fe3O4
3x + 4 ( −2 ) = 0
8
3x-8 = 0 ⇒ x=
3
In general Fe3O4 obtained by FeO + Fe2 O3
c) i, CH 3CH 2 -OH
C2 H 6O
2 X + 6 (1) + ( −2 ) = 0
2X + 6 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = -2
d) CH3 COOH
C2 H 4O2
2 x + 4 ( +1) + 2 ( −2 ) = 0 ⇒ 2x + 4- 4 = 0
x=0
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9. Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur, chromium and nitrogen in H 2 SO5 , Cr2O7−2 and NO3− .
Suggest structure of these compounds.
Ans : a) H 2SO5 Structure :
2+ x−2−6 = 0 ⇒ x=+6
b) Cr2O7−2 Structure :
2 ( x ) + 7 ( −2 ) = −2
2 x − 14 = −2 ⇒ x = +6
c) NO3−
x + 3 ( −2 ) = −1
x-6=-1 ⇒ x = +5
10. How many number of moles of glucose are present in 540gm of glucose.
Given weight
A: No.of moles =
Gram molecular weight
540
= = 3moles
180
11. Calculate the weight of 0.1 moles of sodium carbonate.
Given weight
A: No.of moles =
Gram molecular weight
Jr.Inter Chemistry 20
⇒ Weight = No.of moles x Gram mol. weight = 0.1 x 106 = 10.6gm
12. How many molecules of Glucose are present in 5.23 gm of Glucose?
A: No.of molecules = No.of moles x N.
5.23
= × 6.023 × 1023 = 1. 75 x 1022 molecules
180
13. Calculate the number of molecules. Present in 1.12 x 10–7 c.c of a gas of S.T.P
A: 1 mole = 6 .023 x 1023 molecules = 22,400 c.c at S.T.P
?
– 1.12 x 10–7 c.c.
1.12 ×10−7
× 6.023×1023 = 3.01×1012 molecules
22400
6. THERMODYNAMICS
1. Define a system. Give an example.
Ans : System : A small part of the universe chosen for thermodynamic study is called system.
2. What is the workdone in the free expansion of an ideal gas in reversible and irreversible
processes ?
Ans : In case of free expansion of an ideal gas pressure becomes zero. (into vaccum)
∴No workdone during free expansion of an ideal gas in case to reversible as well as irreversible process.
3. What are intensive and extensive properties ?
Ans : Measurable (or) macroscopic properties such as mass, pressure, volume, temperature,
surface tension, viscosity etc, can be subdivided into two categories as below :
i) Extensive properties : The properties whose magnitude depends upon the quantity of
matter present in the system are called extensive properties. Examplels of such properties
are mass, volume, heat capacity, internal energy, entropy, heat content , gibbs free energy
etc. These properties change with quantity of matter present in the system. These properties
are additivein nature.
4. Give the equation that gives the relationship btween ∆U and ∆H .
Ans : The equation that gives the relationship between ∆U and ∆H
∆U = ∆H + ∆nRT
∆H = Change in Enthalpy
∆U = Change in Internal energy
Jr.Inter Chemistry 21