EE405 Electrical System Design: Arun Xavier Ap, Eee Vast

http://arunxeee.blogspot.
in/
EE405
Electrical System
Design
Arun Xavier
AP, EEE
VAST
https://www.youtube.com/c/arunxaviertech
http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Module VI
2
 Energy conservation techniques in lighting and

power.
 Selection of standby generator –power rating -
Continuous, prime power and standby power,
installation and its protection
 Introduction to Automatic Main Failure (AMF)
System.
 Introduction to Solar PV systems for domestic
applications. Simple design projects.
30-12-
ARUN XAVIER, VAST
2020
Photovoltaic Systems (PV)
3
 Photovoltaic systems (PV) have been in use world over for
more than 50 years generating electricity from the solar
energy as renewable electrical energy converted directly
from sunlight.
 Even though it was a very costly proposition originally, the
advancements in technology and manufacturing have
brought down the costs to an affordable level.
 Solar PV systems are being seen as a way to reduce the huge
gap between the supply and demand in the energy sector.
 This locally generated electricity can be used directly or can
be stored in batteries for use at night or can even be fed into
the existing power grid when it is not being consumed by the
appliances within the house, thereby earning credits against
our regular energy consumption. It is most suitable for homes
with a flat roof or with slanting roof.
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20
4 Types of PV Electrical Systems
 There are two general types of designs for PV

power systems for homes. The two principal
classifications are:
 Grid-connected or Utility-interactive systems
 Stand-alone or Off grid photovoltaic systems.

5 Grid Connected System

 Designed to operate in parallel with and interconnected
with the utility grid
 Primary component is the inverter or power conditioning
unit (PCU)
 Inverter converts DC power produced by the PV array
into AC power consistent with the voltage and power
quality required by the utility grid
 Bidirectional interface is made between PV system AC
output circuits and the electric utility network
 This allows PV system to either supply on site electrical
loads or to feed the grid when the PV output is greater
than the on site load demand

 When electrical demand is greater than the PV system
output, the balance of power required is drawn from the
electric utility
 Safety feature to consider is that PV system should not
operate feed to utility grid when grid is down for service
or repair

8 Stand-alone System

9
Stand-alone System
 Designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid
 Supply DC/AC loads
 Most suited for remote locations where there is no utility
supply
 Use batteries to store electricity but they wont last forever
 Need replacement every 5-6 years
 Next drawback is wastage of surplus energy - Grid tied
solar system can feed power to utility grid when generation
is excess and load demand is met, creating an energy
credit, this is not possible with stand alone systems
 System maintenance and trouble shooting are also serious
issues

10 PV system components
 Basic components are
 Solar PV modules
 Array mounting racks
 Grounding system
 Junction box
 Surge protection
 Inverter
 Meters
 Disconnector
 Battery bank
 Charge controller
 Battery disconnect

11 Solar and Modules
 Solar cell – basic building block
 Many cells wired together form PV Module
(10W-300W) and many modules form PV
Array
 Rating of a module is the maximum power
the module can produce under standard
test conditions(STC) with a radiation of 1kW
of sunlight per sq. meter at a temperature of
25° C in air and no wind.

12 Types of Solar Modules
 Mono crystalline - high performance solar
cells (efficiency 15-19%)
 Poly-crystalline - standard solar cells
(efficiency 11-15%)
 Amorphous – thin film solar cells( efficiency 5-
8%)
 Hybrid Solar Modules (combines two
technologies for manufacture)

Array Mounting Racks
13
 Orientation of PV array affects its performance
 Best location of PV system is south facing roof
 Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems
 On roof mounted systems, PV array is mounted on fixed racks
parallel to the roof and lifted off few centimeters above the
roof surface to allow airflow that will keep the surface cool
 Solar modules can also be placed on the ground either on a
fixed pole or a tracking mount
 Mounting Racks are adjustable such that angles can be set
for PV modules to follow the sun
 Tracked PV Arrays can increase system’s daily energy output
by 25%-40%, tracking systems are not recommended for
home solar applications
14 Grounding System
 Provides low resistance path from PV system to
ground to protect the system from current
surges, lightning strikes or equipment
malfunctions
 Stabilises the voltage and provides common
reference point
 Provides protection from shock caused by
ground fault
 All system components and any exposed
metal including equipment boxes, frames and
PV mounting equipment should be properly
grounded
15 Junction Box
 Output wires from individual PV modules are
run to the junction box
 Junction box includes safety fuse or circuit
breaker for each string and also includes a
surge protector

16 Surge Protection
 Protect the system from power surges due to
lightning
 Lightning surge is a sudden increase in voltage
above the design voltage

17
Inverter
 Converts DC power of PV to AC power to feed domestic
loads
 Also takes function of power conditioning
 Reduce voltage fluctuations
 Ensuring pure sinusoidal wave for grid connected systems
 Ensuring 50 Hz frequency of electricity
 Criteria for selecting a grid connected inverter: The
following factors should be considered for selection
 DC voltage of PV module
 Quality of inverter such as efficiency, voltage regulation and
good frequency
 Manufacturer warranty
 MPPT capability
18 Metering
 Provides easy access to various parameters of

the system and allows us to check whether the
system is operating properly or not
 Digital instruments are provided for
measurement

19 Disconnector
 Automatic and manual type

 Protects the wiring and components of a PV
system from power surges and other
malfunctions
 Ensure proper shut down of system for repair
and maintenance

20 Battery Bank
 Store DC power of PV system during daytime for later use
 Batteries increase cost and complexity of the system
 Reduces efficiency and output of PV system
 Different types of batteries used in solar system are
 Lead Acid Batteries
 Flooded - least expensive but distilled water has to be added
once in a month
 Sealed- spill proof and do not require maintenance
 Absorbent glass mat- maintenance free, suited for grid tied systems
 Gel cell- overcharging will damage it permanently
 Alkaline Batteries- high cost, used for extremely cold

temperatures

21 Charge Controller
 Necessary for systems with battery back up
 Prevents overcharging and over discharging of batteries
 Prevent charge from draining back to solar modules at
night
 Charge Controller must be selected such that it does not
interfere with the proper operation of the inverter
 Selection based on
 PV Array Voltage – The controller’s DC voltage input must
match the nominal voltage of the solar array
 PV Array Current – The controller must be sized to handle
maximum current produced by the PV array

Typical design for home
22
application
 Determine the load to be served in watt-hours/day
 Determine the average solar energy available on at
least a month by month basis
 Calculate the size of solar panel that is required to
meet the load demand under the worst month
conditions
 Calculate the size and type of battery that is needed
to provide the required reliability of power
 Determine the type of charge controller
 Determine the inverter capacity

Typical design for home
23
application
 System sizing is the process used for determining the
minimum PV panel, inverter, battery and charge controller
sizes needed to deliver the required electrical energy
under solar conditions that exists at site
 The following points are required to do the system sizing
 Solar energy available in kW/m2/day at the site for the lowest
solar energy month of the year
 Average Wh/day required by the user to operate the desired
appliances
 Losses that occur in the PV System reduces the energy
available to the user

24 Determining load to be
served in watt-hours per day
 The steps involved in the estimation of total watt-hours
to be supplied are:
 Determine the power rating in watts of each of the
appliances to be used in the household
 Estimate the number of hours per day that each
appliance will be used.
 For each appliance multiply the power rating in watts
by the hours of use to get watt hour/day
 Calculate the total watt hour per day for all appliances
taken together.

25 Problem
 A residential building has the following electrical loads:
 Three numbers 18 W CFL used 4 hours per day
 Two numbers 60 W ceiling fans used 8 hours per day
 One refrigerator of 125 W used 24 hours with 50% duty cycle
 One 5 W night lamp used 7 hours per day
 One 125 W washing machine used for 1 hour per day
 Calculate the total watt-hour per day for all applications

26 Problem

Determining the Average Solar
27
Energy Available on at least a
Month by Month Basis
 Actual measurements at the site are the best but at least the date
for one full year is needed and if possible the data for several
years is preferred.
 Measurements taken with instruments tilted at the same angle as
that of the solar panels are best but horizontal "meteorological"
measurements are also acceptable.
 Monthly Average Solar Irradiation (kWh/m2/day) in Trivandrum,
Kerala, India (Source: www.synergyenviron.com)

Size of solar panel required
28 to meet the load
 In order to find out the size of the solar panel, we need first
to find out the energy that should be produced by the
solar panel to meet the requirement of the household.
 For a system with batteries the main components of losses
are the losses happening in the interconnections and that
in the battery.
 Wiring and connection losses will amount to about 10% of
our requirement and that in the battery will be about 20%.
Hence, the total losses will be about 30% of our
requirement.
 So, the solar panels need to produce 30% more energy
than that is required by the user. Therefore, the watt-
hour/day to be generated by the solar panel is about
130% of the watt-hour needed by the equipment in the
household.
29 Problem
 Determine the watt-hour per day to be generated by

the solar panels for the problem done above
 Total watt-hour required per day = 2836

 = 1.3 x 2836
 Therefore, watt-hour to be produced by the panels

 = 3686.8

30 to meet the load
 Panel Generation Factor (PGF) is an important component
used in deciding solar panel size
 The PGF is computed using the solar irradiation data for a
particular location, usually, the starting point is the lowest
monthly average solar irradiation.
 In our case for example the lowest average monthly solar
irradiation is 4.83 kWh/m2/day. That is equivalent to 4.83
hours of 1000 W/m2 sunlight every day. Therefore, each Wp
of the panel would deliver an energy equivalent to 4.83
Wh/day if all other conditions were perfect.
 The conditions are normally not perfect and so we have to
correct for the variations from standard conditions.
 There are several factors that influence performance of the
solar panels and we need to apply corrections for the same
31 Size of solar panel required to meet
the load - Corrections include
 15% for ambient temperature above 25ᵒC (85% derating)
 5% loss due to sunlight not striking straight on the panel
(95% derating)
 10% for loss due to not receiving energy at MPP (not
present if there is a MPPT charge controller) 90% derating
 5% allowance for dirt collected on the solar panel (95%
derating)
 10% allowance for the panel being below specification
and for ageing (90% derating)

32
to meet the load
 Therefore, the rating of the solar panel gets derated by a
factor which is equal to
 Derating factor = 0.85 x 0.95 x 0.90 x 0.95 x 0.90
 = 0.62
 This is equivalent to saying that 62% of the rating will only be
actually available for use.
 In case MPPT charge controller is used,

 the derating factor will be
 Derating factor = 0.85 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.90
 = 0.69

33
to meet the load
 Therefore, the Panel Generation Factor in Wh/Wp/day
(PGF) is obtained by multiplying the lowest watt-
hour/day by the derating factor.
 The PGF for the example = 4.83 x 0.62 = 2.99 (without MPPT) or
 = 4.83 x 0.69 = 3.33 (with MITT)
 Hence, we can conclude that every Wp capacity of

the solar panel would produce a minimum of 2.99
Wh/day (without MPPT) or 3.33 Wh/day (with MPPT)
during the lowest solar month.

34
to meet the load

35

36 Problem
 Calculate the size of the PV panel and that of the solar
plant for the previous example, if the location of the
building is in Trivandrum.

37 Problem
 The capacity of the solar plant is therefore 10 x 110 = 1100 Wp.

 The panels are connected as two in series and five in parallel.
 Thus, if we choose 110 Wp modules, we will require 10 solar
modules rated at 110 Wp.
 The surface area of each module from table 12.2 is 0.85 m2.
Therefore, the roof area required for installing the solar PV
system will be about 10 x 0.85 = 8.5 m2.

Battery Sizing
38
 Deep Cycle Battery is preferred for PV systems
 The battery shall be large enough to operate the
appliances at night and on cloudy days.
 Battery size also shall take into account rainy season with
no solar input for a few days (about 2-4 clays).
 Depth of discharge of the battery should not be large to
have good life of battery
 4000 cycles to 10% depth of discharge
 The following assumptions are made for selecting the
capacity of the battery bank
39 Battery Sizing
 Battery efficiency is assumed to be 85%
 Depth of discharge is assumed to be 50%
 Cloudy days are assumed to be 2
 Battery voltage levels are chosen based on the
wattage capacity of the plant
 12V for up to 500W capacity

40 Problem
 Determine the size of the battery for use with the solar
PV system described in previous example.

41 Problem
 Therefore, we can choose 8 Nos. of 150 Ah, 12 V
batteries connected as two in series and four in parallel
(4 x 150 = 600 Ah at 24 volts) and this will be able to
supply the load for 2 days without interruption.
 As 12 V batteries are more popular, two 12 V batteries
are connected in series to get 24 V DC.
 Since the solar plant capacity is 1100 Wp, the operating
voltage is selected as 24 volts DC. From table, we can
choose 6LMS150 L, 12 V 150 Ah low maintenance
tubular floated - LMS batteries.

42

Selection of Charge Controller
43
 A charge controller is an essential element of

PV solar system with storage batteries. The
basic functions of the charge controller are:
 Block the reverse flow of current
 Prevent battery over charging
 Prevent battery over discharge
 Protect the battery from overload
 Display battery status and flow of power

44 Charge Controller Specifications
 The charge controller is specified in terms of current
and voltage.
 Charge controller is selected to match the voltage of
the PV array and batteries.
 Make sure that the charge controller has enough
capacity to handle the current from the PV array.
 The standard practice is to size the charge controller to
operate at 30% more than the short circuit current Isc of
the array.

45 Problem
 Determine the size of the charge controller for the problem
specified in previous example
 The number of PV modules is equal to 10, each rated for a peak

power of 110 watts.
 From example, the battery voltage is selected as 24 volts.
Therefore, the PV modules shall be connected as two numbers in
series and five numbers in parallel.
 So that the open circuit voltage of the PV modules will be around
(21 x 2) = 42 volts.
 From Table the short circuit current of each module is 6.98
ampere.
 Therefore the total short circuit current from all the five PV
modules connected in parallel will be equal to 6.98 x 5 = 34.9 A.
46 Problem
 Hence, the current rating of the charge controller
 = 130% of the short circuit current
 = 1.3 x 34.9 = 45.37 A (say 50A)
 Therefore, we can choose a charge controller rated for 24
volt 50 A capacity.
 Additional specifications that can be included in the
specifications are voltage, current, power and energy
display.
 State of the charge on the battery can also be displayed
on the charge controller.

47 Selection of Inverters
 Inverters take care of four basic tasks of power
conditioning in the solar PV systems:
 Converting the DC power coming from the PV

modules or battery bank to AC power
 Ensuring that the frequency of the AC cycles is 50
cycles per second
 Reducing voltage fluctuations
 Ensuring that the shape of the AC wave is
appropriate for the application, i.e., a pure sine-wave
for grid-connected systems

Criteria for selecting the Inverters
48
 The following factors should be considered for a grid-
connected inverter:
 A UL1741 listing and IEEE1547 compliance of the inverter
for use in a grid-interactive application,
 The voltage profile of the incoming direct current from the
solar array or battery bank
 The DC power window of the PV array
 Characteristics indicating the quality of the inverter, such
as high efficiency and good frequency and voltage
regulation
 Additional inverter features such as meters, indicator
lights, and integral safety disconnects
 Manufacturer's warranty, which is typically 5-10 years
 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) capability, which
maximizes power output.
Problem
49  Determine the size and specification of the grid connected
inverter for previous example
 Grid-connected systems are sized according to the power

output of the PV array, rather than the load requirements of
the building.
 This is because any power requirements above what a grid-
connected PV system can provide is automatically drawn
from the grid.
 In this case the power output of the PV array is 1100 watt.
Hence, the capacity of the inverter can be fixed as 1200
VA.
 The final specification of the inverter can be 24 V DC inputs,
240 V AC output, 1200 VA grid smart inverter, conforming to
UL 1741 and IEEE1547 standards.
50
Regards
Arun Xavier
http://arunxeee.blogspot.in
/c/arunxaviertech

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 Energy conservation techniques in lighting and

 There are two general types of designs for PV

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 Provides easy access to various parameters of

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 Automatic and manual type

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 Alkaline Batteries- high cost, used for extremely cold

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 Determine the watt-hour per day to be generated by

 Total watt-hour required per day = 2836

 Therefore, watt-hour to be produced by the panels

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 In case MPPT charge controller is used,

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 Hence, we can conclude that every Wp capacity of

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 The capacity of the solar plant is therefore 10 x 110 = 1100 Wp.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 A charge controller is an essential element of

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 The number of PV modules is equal to 10, each rated for a peak

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 Converting the DC power coming from the PV

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

 Grid-connected systems are sized according to the power

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 30-Dec-20

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