Report Ipd 1

INTEGRATED PRODUCT DESIGN 1 | C.L.
N ECO BIN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 4

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 1.0: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Overview of the Project ................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Product Description ......................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.5 Mission Statement ........................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Scope of Work ................................................................................................................ 10
1.7 Organization Chart ......................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 12
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Types of Device/ Tool (Existing Tools in The Market) .......................................................... 13
2.3 Design Concept of the Tool ............................................................................................ 17
2.4 Problem Related to the Product .......................................................................................... 18
2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages ........................................................................................... 18
2.6 Benchmarking ...................................................................................................................... 19
2.7 Patent Search ....................................................................................................................... 19
2.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER 3.0: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 21
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Market Survey ...................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Design Criteria for Market Survey (Questionnaire) .......................................................... 21
3.2.2 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Design Specifications ........................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Conceptual Design ......................................................................................................... 22
3.4.1 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................... 22
3.5.2 Structural Analysis (Manual Calculation) .......................................................................... 22
3.5.3 Morphological Chart ......................................................................................................... 23
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INTEGRATED PRODUCT DESIGN 1 | C.L.N ECO BIN
3.5.4 Concept Generation .......................................................................................................... 24

3.5.5 Concept Selection ............................................................................................................. 24
3.6 Mechanical Design and Analysis .......................................................................................... 25
3.6.1 Part and Assembly Drawing ....................................................................................... 25
3.6.2 Computational Analysis (E.G. Structural Analysis, FOS, Simulation) ......................... 25
3.7 Fabrication of the Model ..................................................................................................... 26
3.8 Master Planning – Gantt Chart/PERT................................................................................... 26
3.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 26
CHAPTER 4.0: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................ 27
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Market Survey Analysis ........................................................................................................ 27
4.3 Gap Analysis – Opportunity of the Project .......................................................................... 39
4.4 Design Specification ............................................................................................................. 40
4.5 Manual Calculation of Design .............................................................................................. 41
4.6 Costing Analysis and Budgeting ........................................................................................... 43
4.7 Conceptual Design ............................................................................................................... 45
4.7.1 Comparison Between the Product in The Market ..................................................... 45
4.7.2 Concept Generations ................................................................................................. 45
4.7.3 Three Optional of Conceptual Design ........................................................................ 46
4.7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages ................................................................................. 49
4.8 Selection of the Final Conceptual Design ............................................................................ 52
4.8.1 Pugh Concept Selection ............................................................................................. 52
4.8.2 Scoring Method Selection .......................................................................................... 53
4.9 Mechanical Design and Analysis .......................................................................................... 54
4.9.1 Product Design using CAD .......................................................................................... 54
4.9.2 Part and Assembly Drawing ....................................................................................... 56
4.9.3 Exploded Drawing ...................................................................................................... 56
4.9.4 Bill of Materials .......................................................................................................... 56
4.9.5 Structural Analysis...................................................................................................... 57
4.9.6 Other Related Analysis and Calculation ..................................................................... 60
4.9.7 Simulation .................................................................................................................. 64
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4.10 Fabrication of Model.......................................................................................................... 65

4.10.1 Materials of the Model .............................................................................................. 65
4.10.2 Manufacturing Process .............................................................................................. 65
4.11 QFD – House of Quality/ Morphological Chart .................................................................. 66
4.12 Material Selection .............................................................................................................. 67
4.12.1 Material Properties .................................................................................................... 68
4.12.2 Availability of the Material......................................................................................... 72
4.13 Manufacturing Process Selection ...................................................................................... 73
4.13.1 Types of Processes ..................................................................................................... 73
4.14 Safety Aspects of the Product ............................................................................................ 74
4.15 Legal issue – Standard, Code of Practice, Act and Regulations ......................................... 74
4.16 Design for Assembly and Design for Manufacture ............................................................ 75
4.17 Design for Environmental and Sustainability ..................................................................... 75
4.18 Ergonomics Aspects of the Product ................................................................................... 76
4.19 Benefits of Product to Society ........................................................................................... 77
4.20 Potential Risk of Product and its Management ................................................................. 78
4.21 Problems and Difficulties in Completing the Project ......................................................... 79
4.22 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 80
CHAPTER 5.0: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................... 81
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 81
5.2 Recommendation................................................................................................................. 83
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 84
APPENDICES............................................................................................................................... 86
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Joseph-Joseph Titan Trash Compactor.................................................................. 13
Figure 2: CleanCube Solar Powered Compactor Bin ............................................................ 14
Figure 3:: Smart Cara Food Waste Disposal Unit .................................................................. 15
Figure 4: Joseph-Joseph Totem 60 Waste & Recycling Bin ................................................ 16
Figure 5: Question 1 Result ....................................................................................................... 27
Figure 10: Question 6 Result ..................................................................................................... 30
Figure 14: Question 10 Result .................................................................................................. 33
Figure 20:Question 16 Result.................................................................................................... 36
Figure 27: Concept design 1 drawn by Nur Sakinah ............................................................. 46
Figure 28: Concept design 2 drawn by Nur Afelia ................................................................. 46
Figure 29: Concept design 3 drawn by Nur 'Aqilah................................................................ 47
Figure 30: Concept design 4 drawn by Zahid ......................................................................... 47
Figure 31: Concept design 5 drawn by Syaham .................................................................... 48
Figure 32:Isometric view of the design .................................................................................... 54
Figure 33: Top view of the design ............................................................................................ 54
Figure 34: Left view of the design ............................................................................................. 55
Figure 35: von Mises Analysis on the compactor handle...................................................... 57
Figure 36: Displacement analysis on the compactor handle ................................................ 58
Figure 37: Strain analysis on the compactor handle ............................................................. 59
Figure 38: von Mises analysis on the compactor ................................................................... 60
Figure 39: Displacement analysis on the compactor ............................................................. 61
Figure 40: Strain analysis on the compactor .......................................................................... 61
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Figure 41: Von Mises Stress Analysis of Inner Bucket ......................................................... 62

Figure 42: Equivalent Strain Analysis of Inner Bucket .......................................................... 63
Figure 43: Displacement Analysis of Inner Bucket ................................................................ 63
Figure 44: Motion Analysis on the blade ................................................................................. 64
Figure 45: Graph of Motor Torque vs Time ............................................................................. 64
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List of Tables
Table 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Product ............................................................ 18
Table 2: Benchmarking of Existing Product ............................................................................ 19
Table 3: Design Specifications .................................................................................................. 40
Table 4: Fixed cost table ............................................................................................................ 43
Table 5: Variable cost table ....................................................................................................... 43
Table 6: Pugh Concept Selection ............................................................................................. 52
Table 7: Weighted Decision Matrix ........................................................................................... 53
Table 8: Morphological Chart .................................................................................................... 66
Table 9: Types of Material for Part/Component ..................................................................... 67
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CHAPTER 1.0: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of the Project

The integrated product design involves the design and fabrication of innovative
rubbish container which is able to manage and process the food waste or solid waste
effectively. The product produce must equip with special design features and
competitive advantages. This product is to be placed on level grounds which can be
used to benefit the society at home, office, restaurant and other places.
1.2 Product Description

The product produce from this project is a two compartments rubbish container
with two mechanical mechanisms which are a grinder where the concept of blender is
being used and another mechanism is a compactor which is for compacting solid
waste such as bottles and cans. The size of the rubbish container is L400 mm x W350
mm x H600mm. The material of the product is Polypropylene for most parts of the
rubbish container, acrylic for the lid and stainless steel for the parts that need to be
resistant to rust.
One of the compartment with the grinder mechanism consists of two standard
blades and they are place in a removable inner bucket. The mechanical mechanism
applied is used to grind the food waste into small pieces which will ease the process
of decomposition. The removable inner bucket can be wash with soapy water.
The other compartment consists of a manually handle compactor. Solid waste
such as bottles and cans will be compact which then provide more space to store
waste. This process result in less number of plastic bags to be use.
The two compartments rubbish container provide a good waste management
which ease the user to separate their waste from home. Users only need a rubbish
container to separate their waste.
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1.3 Problem Statement

The world need an invention on rubbish container. One of the major problems is
the rising amount of municipal solid waste in the residential area due to the high
demand of food products and other essentials. Therefore, rubbish bins are filling up
faster than ever and inevitably many of the bins end up overflowing before collected.
This will not only attract pests and produce bad odours but it will also cause negative
impacts to the environment and even our health [1]. This is because overflowing waste
bins are an ideal breeding ground for bacteria, insects and vermin. Other than that,
decomposed waste will contaminate the air by emitting toxic substances in the air such
as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane which will causes various respiratory
diseases and other adverse health effects as contaminants are absorbed from lungs
into other parts of the body [1].
One of the factors that contribute to this problem is that there are a lot of users that
do not sort their waste at home. This is because current rubbish bin only has one
compartment to store waste. Thus, users will need to prepare another container or
rubbish bag to be able to sort their waste and this could be quite a hassle. Waste which
has not be sorted at the source is indeed difficult or even impossible to recycle as
recycling is feasible only if material flows are homogeneous [2]. Most of the
unrecyclable waste are dumped in landfills. Therefore, a larger space will be needed
for the landfills if the amount of unrecyclable waste keeps on increasing.
Another factor is that there are no alternative ways for the users to reuse or recycle
their waste, especially food waste. A statement from Economic and Technology
Management Review, Vol. 13, 2018, a total amount of 3,000 tonnes edible food that
is still good to consume has been dumped in landfills every day in Malaysia [3].
Statistics by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2011 imply an estimated one-
third of edible food meant for human consumption is thrown away globally. This
constitutes roughly 1.3 billion tons each year [3].
The problem encountered in the current rubbish container in the market are the
size of the product. Mostly the products are in small size which could not store a lot of
wastes. Consequently, the user need to use a number of rubbish bags in a day. Other
than that, as waste are in the rubbish container, unpleasant smell is being released.
All the existing innovative rubbish container product in the market only provide one
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compartment so, the user still need different rubbish container to separate their
household waste.
1.4 Objectives
The objective of this project is to design and build a rubbish container that are able
to prevent it from overflowing. This can be done by reducing the volume of the waste
by compacting recyclable waste and decomposing organic or food waste. When the
volume of the waste decrease, the bin will be able to store more waste which will also
reduce the usage of rubbish bags.
Other than that, it will not only improve the state of the environment but it will also
reduce the health risk to human. Last but not least, the bin will also be safe for use
and user-friendly so that anyone will be able to handle it.
1.5 Mission Statement

The mission statement signals what the business is all about to the customers,
employees, suppliers and the community. It provides a clearly stated purpose of
business and the goals for succeeding. The mission of this project is to produce an
innovative rubbish container by improving all the aspects regarding the customers’
need. As research were done, the purpose of rubbish container is not only to store
waste but also an essential for the surrounding. Through this project, the mission to
provide customised solution with high quality product successfully to the users is the
goal.
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1.6 Scope of Work

i. Position: Manager
Name: Nur Sakinah Binti Rosley
 Manage overall project and make sure the team progress run smoothly.
 Delegating responsibilities
 Establishing the project objectives
 Help other team members
ii. Position: Assistant manager

Name: Nur ‘Aqilah Binti Md Azman
 Helps manager keep the company running smoothly by taking some
managerial tasks.
 Record all group meetings with supervisors and team mate
iii. Position: Design Manager

Name: Muhammad Syaham Bin Mohamad Bakre
 Responsible for the overall project design
 Brainstorming ideas to generate it in designing
iv. Position: Safety and Quality Manager

Name: Zahid Bin Haris
 Make sure the product safety factor and standard regulation
 To identify strength and limitation of various designs
v. Position: Finance and Marketing Manager

Name: Nur Afelia Qistina Binti Zamri
 Record and keep all the information involving the project
 Handle Finance and Product Marketing
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The project involves Computer Aided Design (CAD) software to design the 3D
model of the product and also to do the analysis on the critical parts. The
manufacturing process also involve such as the selection of material and machining
process need to be chosen and describe correctly.
1.7 Organization Chart
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CHAPTER 2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Human daily activities cannot be separated from waste. Waste comes in many
different forms and may be categorized in a variety of ways and one of the most
common categories is municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste or more commonly
known as trash, consists of everyday items that we use and then throw away, such as
product packaging, food waste, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food
scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries [4]. Unfortunately, several
studies reported that the municipal solid waste that are generated from the developing
countries are mainly from households (55–80%), followed by market or commercial
areas (10–30%) [5].
Therefore, it is necessary to provide the rubbish bins in the house, especially in
the kitchen to facilitate people in disposing waste. Some existing bins, however, have
not accommodated users’ need. Thus, a lot of innovative design of rubbish bins was
developed to meet users’ requirements.
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2.2 Types of Device/ Tool (Existing Tools in The Market)

1. Titan Trash Compactor
Figure 1: Joseph-Joseph Titan Trash Compactor
Titan compactor bin is a manually operated bin which features a patented and
hygienic compaction system that allows it to hold up to 3 times more waste inside than
any other bin of the same size. The capacity of this bin is 30 litres and it has a weight
of 7.9 kg. It cost is RM 769.00 [6]. The rectangular design of the bin make it sits neatly
against a wall. The stylish bin come with a fingerprint-proof stainless-steel coating
which it makes it easy to clean [6]. One of the best features of the bin is it provides an
odour filter compartment that holds a replaceable filter which function to neutralize any
unpleasant smells [6]. The filter is integrated into the underside of the lid.
The mechanism of the bin is it compact the waste which can give more space to
throw more waste. The process of compacting is by simply lift up the handle and push
it down. The mechanism ensures that only the inside of the bin liner touches the waste
so it is completely hygienic. The bin also features an anti-tear design that won’t stretch
or pinch the lines and it is compatible with standard plastic bags. This bin also comes
with extra-large and strong steel foot pedal [6].
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2. CleanCUBE Solar Powered Waste Compactor Bin
Figure 2: CleanCube Solar Powered Compactor Bin
The bin performs intelligent compaction of waste by monitoring fill level in real-time
using sensors. This bin is equipped with bi-directional communication link which relays
information in real time which include fill level capacity and collection efficiency [7]. It
relays the information to clean city networks which consists of team of people
dedicated to collect the waste from these smart bins.
It also can hold 8 times more waste compare to normal waste bins and an
intelligent safety sensor which stops compaction cycle when it detects hand of human
being and the fire detection sensor which triggers immediate notification to the
emergency team in case of fire were installed [7]. It is available in different sizes from
100L to 240L and the price could range from RM 9,979 to more than RM 25,000. The
higher size bins are compatible with wheelie bins available around the world.
The solar panel on top of the bin converts solar energy into electrical energy to be
stored in the battery for situations when there is no sunlight. The polycarbonate shield
which is resistant to external forces protect the bin. Last but not least, it contains LED
backlit option which is used to display advertisement to generate additional revenue
[7]. It can also be visible even at night time.
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3. Smart Cara
Figure 3:: Smart Cara Food Waste Disposal Unit
Smart Cara is a compact electric food waste disposal unit that are able to reduce
the volume of food waste by pulverization. It has a weight of 9kg and cost about
RM2,209. The bin is able to reduce food waste up to 90% through 3 simple process
which are grinding, dehydrating and filtering odour [8].
It is equipped with sharp grinding blades and a 3-part impeller that is strong enough
to crush and pulverize hard objects, including chicken bones. The slow movement of
the impeller, 6 to 8 rotations a minute, ensures a powerful yet quite operation. The
crushed food waste inside the dehydration chamber are dried using high heat cross-
sectional multi-rolling in conjunction with air-circulation. The dehydration chamber is
coated on both the inside and outside with multiple varnishes, making the pulverization
system stronger and more efficient. Generally, it takes 3 to 4 hours to process 1kg of
food waste [8].
Lastly, food waste processing can create unpleasant odour. Therefore, Smart Cara
optimally combines multiple carbon filters to eliminate foul smells. The filters can last
approximately 3 months before it need to be replaced. However, this is depending on
the frequency of use and the organic materials that are being processed [8].
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4. Totem 60 Waste & Recycling Bin
Figure 4: Joseph-Joseph Totem 60 Waste & Recycling Bin
Totem 60 is the perfect solution for households wanting to combine their waste
and recycling in one place, including a food caddy, a 36 litre (9.5 US gallon) general
waste compartment and a multi-purpose recycling drawer [9]. It weighs about 10.85kg
with the price of RM 1353.00.
The advantages of this smart bin are it consist of a food waste caddy. The 4-litre
caddy can be stored on the worktop or inside Totem. Next, a big capacity of 36-litre
for general waste compartment is great for storing everyday waste or recycling. Totem
also provides a multi-purpose drawer with capacity of 24-litre. This drawer features a
removable divider perfect for separating different types of recycling. An integrated
odour control located inside the lid. The odour filter compartment holds replaceable
filters which is available separately. Other than that, the inner bucket is removable
where this feature liner retaining holes to prevent messy bag overhang [9].
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2.3 Design Concept of the Tool

The existing products mainly focused on the functional, usability and sustainability
of the products. First is functional, which mean that the products were designed to
meet the customer requirements. For example, customers need a rubbish bin that will
make it easier for them to manage their waste. Therefore, the products were designed
and equipped with mechanisms that are able to help the customers in organizing and
recycling the waste.
Next, is usability. The products were also designed to be user-friendly. The
mechanism equipped in the products were designed to enable the consumer to
operate without needing a certain skills or knowledge. Therefore, the consumer will be
able to operate the mechanism easily regardless of their age. Other than that, the
products were designed carefully in order to prevent any harm or injury to the
customer.
Last but not least is sustainability. The main purpose of these products is to reduce
the environmental damage and improve quality of life for the consumer. For example,
they were either designed to compact, grind or separate waste in order to reduce the
volume of waste produce and prevent the waste from overflow, which in turn reduce
the environmental pollution. Thus, consumer will be able to live in a clean and healthy
environment.
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2.4 Problem Related to the Product

Main problem of the products is they are not commercially available in Malaysia.
Therefore, the products need to imported if there are any customer from Malaysia that
wish to buy it. Not only that it will take quite a long time for the customer to obtain the
product but it will also increase the cost of the product as customers need to pay for
the transportation fee.
Other than that, the maintenance of the product will be difficult. This is because
some parts used in the products are not domestically available. For example, the are
some complain from Joseph-Joseph Titan Trash Compactor users’ saying that it is
very difficult to find the spare part for the compactor shaft. This will hinder the users
from using the product and it is also not practical.
Lastly, the product offers only one waste management mechanism. The customer
will have to choose whether they want to be able to compact, grind or sort their waste.
It is not efficient and does not give the users freedom in managing their waste.
2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages

Table 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Product
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Easier to manage waste Not commercially available
User-friendly Too expensive
Prevent bad odour Maintenance is difficult
Reduce environmental pollution Only have one mechanism
Easy to clean
Able to store more load
Require less space
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2.6 Benchmarking
Table 2: Benchmarking of Existing Product
Totem 60 Waste & Recycling
CleanCUBE Solar Powered

Titan Trash Compactor
Waste Compactor Bin

Smart Cara
Bin
# Needs Imp
1 The rubbish bin is affordable. 5 •••• ••• •• •
2 The rubbish bin is lightweight. 4 •••• •• ••• •
3 The rubbish bin easy to clean. 4 ••• •••• •• •
4 The rubbish bin easy for maintenance. 3 ••• •••• •• •
5 The rubbish bin able to separate waste. 5 • •••• • •
6 The rubbish bin able to store more waste. 5 •• ••• • ••••
7 The rubbish bin able to pulverize food waste. 5 • • •••• •
8 The rubbish bin is safe to use. 5 •••• •••• ••• ••
9 The rubbish bin is easy to use. 5 •••• •••• •••• ••
10 The rubbish bin is durable. 5 •••• •••• •• •••
11 The rubbish bin is stable. 3 •• ••• • ••••
12 The rubbish bin is quiet. 3 •••• •••• ••• •
13 The rubbish bin prevents bad odour. 4 ••• ••• •••• •
14 The rubbish bin has low power input. 3 •••• •••• ••• •••
2.7 Patent Search

Refer to appendices
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2.8 Conclusion
As a conclusion, most of the smart rubbish container in the market usually only
have one compartment. It will be a hassle for the users to separate the waste as they
have to use more another container. This will take more space in their house which is
not practical. For our new product, the rubbish container will have two compartments,
one for food waste and the other for other type of waste. Therefore, the customers will
be able to separate their household waste easily. This will save the space and it is
more efficient.
Next, the grinder is applied in the food waste compartment so that the food waste
will be pulverized while compaction system is applied in the other compartment. These
mechanisms are included in the new design is to reduce the volume of the household
waste and prevent the rubbish from overflow. We also include some safety precautions
in our design to make sure the product is user-friendly and will not damages property
or cause harm to the users.
Other than that, current rubbish bin has bad odour. This is because decomposed
food waste will emit toxic gas such as hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. These gases
are the cause of the bad odour and without filtration, the bad odour cannot be
prevented. Therefore, our new design will have filter holder that will be able to hold the
replaceable filters.
Lastly, the existing smart rubbish container are too expensive, thus they are not
commercially used in Malaysia. Therefore, simple and semi-automated system are
applied in the new product design in order to reduce the manufacturing and production
cost which will allow us to sell the product at a much cheaper price. Thus, more
customers are able to afford our rubbish containers. This also will reduce the power
consumption and the maintenance costs.
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CHAPTER 3.0: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
Methodology is the research methods that are used for different procedures of data
collection, calculation, analysis and to make sure that all the processes involve run
step by step correctly. It is important in every project or work as it can be used as a
validation point of the research. The flow chart of the project can be review in the
appendices.
3.2 Market Survey

Market survey is the survey research and analysis of the market for a particular
product or service which includes the investigation into customer inclinations. It is a
tool to directly collect feedback from the target audience to understand their
characteristics, expectations and requirements. It is a very important component of
business strategy.
3.2.1 Design Criteria for Market Survey (Questionnaire)

The market survey was done through the Google Form. The survey consists of 22
questions where all the questions were to determine the user requirements for
designing the concept of the product. The questions in the survey have the
required criteria for designing an innovative rubbish container. The survey was
distributed though media platform such as WhatsApp to the target audience which
are the homeowners and housewife. The list of the question can be reviewed in
the appendices.
3.2.2 Data Analysis

The survey has been done for two weeks. The total number of respondents
collected is 30 respondents. The results collected are in the form of pie chart and
bar chart were analysed. All the requirements were then generating into design
that meet the users’ requirements.
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3.3 Design Specifications

The design specifications of the product are the details of a product where the
dimension, material, weight, capacity and other related specifications that users
should know are mentioned properly. These are made after taking into consideration
of the data analysis form the survey, the selection of material, machining processes
and cost of manufacturing.
3.4 Conceptual Design

3.4.1 Gap Analysis
Gap analysis is the comparison of actual performance with potential or desired
performance that is between the current state and the desired future state [10].
The gaps can include the difference between the current operation of an activity
and the activity vision which is the current gap vision. Other than that, gap analysis
is make to compare between actual and theoretical targets which is the actual gap
target.
The gap analysis done for this project based on five different existing rubbish
container that provide mechanical mechanism. The detail of the analysis is made
into a table of benchmarking.
3.5.2 Structural Analysis (Manual Calculation)

The manual calculation for the structural analysis is determination of the effects
of loads on physical structures and their components. Structural analysis employs
the fields of applied mechanics, material science to compute a structure’s
deformations, internal forces, stresses, reaction forces and stability. The results of
the analysis are used to verify a structure's fitness for use, often precluding
physical tests. Structural analysis is thus a key part of the engineering design of
structures.
Working force, Minimum Torque,
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝜏
𝐹𝑤 = 𝐹 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝜏 = 𝐹 • 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
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3.5.3 Morphological Chart

A morphological chart is a visual way to capture the necessary product
functionality and explore alternative means and combinations of achieving that
functionality. For each element of product function, there may be a number of
possible solutions. The chart enables these solutions to be expressed and
provides a structure for considering alternative combinations [11].
The method to do the morphological chart is by listing the product functions
of features. The list should not be long but should include the major functions of
the product. Next, list the possible solutions for each function by which it might be
achieved. Any important characteristics of the solutions should be recorded. Then,
draw up chart containing all possible sub-solutions. The total solution of the
product made up of combinations of sub-solutions [11].
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3.5.4 Concept Generation

Steps in Generating the Idea and Design
i. Sketching
Problems with the current rubbish container were studied. Rough sketching
of the product was done and there was several sketching with two
mechanical mechanisms to process the waste. Hence, to decide the final
concept and design of the product, a survey has been conducted to the
users.
ii. Survey Analysis and Design
Based on the survey analysis, the customer requirements were
determined. The most problem choose by them was the unpleasant smell
from the current rubbish container. The mechanism voted by respondents
of the survey was the compactor.
3.5.5 Concept Selection

There are five different concept designs from all the members. The selection
of the concept was make based on the customer requirements from the survey.
Morphological chart, weighted decision matrix and Pugh concept selection were
made to get the best selection between the five concept designs.
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3.6 Mechanical Design and Analysis
3.6.1 Part and Assembly Drawing

All the CAD parts are drawn to indicate the specific Geometric, Dimensioning
and Tolerance (GDT). The dimension of every parts are stated in the drawing and
the symbols used for joining and machining such as welding symbol are also stated
in the drawing. For the cylindrical and other parts, the centre lines and centre marks
and hidden lines are drawn specifically. Other than that, particulars details are
clearly and completely mentioned such as name of designer, date, part name, part
no., materials and scale.
All the parts and assembly drawing is drawn to show the third angle projection
view. The exploded drawing is drawn to apply the bill of materials of the product.
The bill of materials has the number of unit for every part where it is indicated by
the balloon for every parts.
3.6.2 Computational Analysis (E.G. Structural Analysis, FOS, Simulation)

The structural analysis is done to get the result on stress analysis which are
Von Mises, displacement and strain. The motion analysis is done on the part that
rotate to get the required result such as the motor torque, reaction force and any
other related result.
Factor of Safety is measured to know whether the product is suitable and safe
to use in different kinds of condition and places. The Factor of Safety is calculated
based on the yield stress of the material used and also the force applied on the
product.
25
3.7 Fabrication of the Model

Fabrication of model is a process of making the design into a real product with all
the manufacturing criteria are taking into consideration. One of the criteria is the
material to be use to fabricate the model. The material use has been decided to get
the best product. The machining process should be selected suitable to the type of
material and the processes involve. Other than that, the cost of manufacturing also
must be calculated to make sure that it is not over the budget.
3.8 Master Planning – Gantt Chart/PERT

Gantt chart and PERT chart are two types of planning schedule to make sure the
project finish on time. The difference between these two is that Gantt chart is make
during the process of the project while PERT chart is make prior to the process. The
Gantt chart focus on the time required to complete a task whereas a PERT chart
focuses on interties relationships. PERT chart is more detailed as it has parallel
networks of individual tasks. Gantt chart is straightforward and not recommended for
a project which need changes while PERT chart is complex and made for small
portions of the project.
3.9 Conclusion
As a conclusion, the criteria of the tool needed for the project are determined
through the methodology. Then, from conceptual design, the selected design is being
further study about it. Structural analysis is done to determine the required results. The
product design is then has been finalized before going through the next step. Lastly,
after all the step are followed completely, fabrication of the product is the goal.
26
CHAPTER 4.0: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
After several steps were done, the results of the project have been determined. It
contained the market survey analysis which analyses the customer requirements and
other required information. Next, conceptual design has been generated and
evaluation on it is made. Full scale drawing of the final design selected has been done.
Hence, the analysis is conducted as a result of the project.
4.2 Market Survey Analysis

This survey result was represented in pie chart and bar graph to see the
percentages between the given answer. 30 respondents had answered the survey
form. From the results, the customer requirements were determined. Figure 5 until
Figure 26 showed the result and each of the result will be elaborated after the figures.
At the end of this survey result section a discussion will be made for the overall survey
result. The sample of the questionnaire can be referred in the appendix section.
Figure 5: Question 1 Result
Figure 5 shows the result of question. The first question of the survey was the
gender of the respondents. From the pie chart, it showed that 76.7% of the
respondents were female while only 23.3% were male. This is because the survey
targeted woman and housewives.
27
From the result in Figure 6, most of the respondents which is 43.3% are in age
range of 45-54 years old followed by the range of age 35-44 years old with 23.3%.
Around 6.8% of the respondents age in range of 19-24 years old and none for the age
range of younger than 18 and older than 65 years old.
Figure 7 shows the question for the status of employment of the respondent. 60%
of the respondents are full time employed and about 13.3% of the respondents are
homemaker.
28
The question number 4 from the questionnaire was the monthly income of the
respondents. This is to determine the capability of the respondents to purchase a
costly product. Referred to the pie chart, the result in light blue colour has the highest
percentage of the respondent with income of more than RM5000 which is 36.7% of
the respondents. However, there is no big difference in the result of the respondents
with the income of less than RM100 which is only 13.4% of difference in percentage.
Figure 9 shows the question on the members in the household. The blue section
for 1-5 member has the highest percentage with 56.7% of the respondents. The red
section is the result for 6-10 members in the household with 43.3%. There is no
respondent with 11-15 members in the household.
29
The pie chart shows the results on the question of the problems with current
rubbish container. The choices given to the respondents were ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. The blue
section represented the ‘Yes’ answer and the red section represented the ‘No’ section.
Referred to Figure 10, the blue section represented 46.7% of the pie chart meanwhile
the red section represents 53.3% of the pie chart. Hence, it can be concluded that
most of the respondents choose the answer ‘No’ that shows that they are satisfied with
current rubbish bin at home and least number of respondents that choose the answer
‘Yes’.
30
Figure11 shows the answer to the problem of the current rubbish bin. The main
problem to the current rubbish bin was the bin is too smelly which is voted by
respondents around 71.4%. Next, 50% of respondents voted the rubbish bin will attract
pest and wild life as ant, rat and others. Respondents also vote that the current rubbish
bin were too small and not durable. Next, around 14.3% stated that the current bin
was too big and not portable. Lastly, 7.1% respondent stated that rubbish bin was too
expensive.
31
From Figure 12, shows how often the respondents changed the plastic rubbish
bag. From the pie chart it can be seen that around 46.7% change their rubbish bag
every day. This shows that the usage of rubbish bag around respondents were very
high. About 43.3% of the respondents change their rubbish bag three times a week
and only 10% of the respondents change the rubbish bag twice per week.
Figure 13 shows the answer for what is the mainly consist of. 86.7% respondents
answered food waste because our targeted respondents were housewives. Next,
second highest waste was plastics and followed by paper, tin and household material.
The most waste contributed by respondents were food waste.
32
From Figure 14, it can be concluded that only 60% of the respondents separate
the food and solid waste from their home. Another 40% just mixed their waste without
separating the waste. This situation is not good for the environment
Figure 15 shows the aspect that respondent look when purchasing the rubbish bin.
The most important criteria that customers want is functionality to be useful for all the
users. Next, second most important aspect to be considered was about the cost
follows by the safety of the rubbish bin. Other aspects vote by the respondents is
safety, durability, aesthetics value, portability and sustainability.
33
Figure 16 shows the answer for the question on how the respondents want to
separate their waste. 86.7%of the respondents want the bin to have two compartment
for food waste and solid waste. While the other 10% want the bin to have one
compartment only and uses for food waste only.
This question was made to know the preferable process by the respondents
to manage the waste. From the pie chart, 46.7% want the waste to be decompose.
Next 33.3% of the respondents want it to compact the waste to avoid overflowing
waste. Another 16.7 % want the waste to be dried and the rest of the respondents
want grinding mechanism.
34
Figure18 shows the answer for the question on how would the respondents want
to be? From the pie chart it can clearly be seen that most of the respondents want
the lifetime of the rubbish bin to be more than 6 years. Next, the second highest vote
by the respondents was 1-3 years follows by 23.3%.
Figures 19 shows the answer for question of what is the most important safety
features of the smart rubbish bin. First and foremost, the smart rubbish bin must be
non- toxic. Next, respondents voted the smart rubbish bin must be antimicrobial. 40%
of the respondents want the rubbish bin to have blunt edges for their safety. Lastly,
around 26.7% wanted the rubbish bin to be non-corrosive.
35
Figure 20:Question 16 Result
From this question, most respondents choose light and moderate weight. This
shows that the respondents want a portability rubbish bin.
Figure 21 shows the answer for the question 17 that shows the willingness of the
respondents to buy the smart rubbish bin. The highest value is 43.3 % which users
were might or might to purchase the rubbish container. Around 20% of respondents
will probably purchase the smart rubbish container. While another 10% had the strong
opinion to not buy it. Only 3.7% confident they will buy the smart rubbish container
although the price was above RM 100.
36
Figure 22 shows the price of smart rubbish bin that the respondents willing to pay.
The respondents stated that the highest price that they were willing to pay was RM
100. Second highest rate by the respondents was RM 40. This is impossible to fulfil
because smart rubbish bin included mechanical mechanism that quite costly. The
highest price put by the respondents was RM 150.
37
From the questionnaire, most of the respondents never used the smart rubbish
bin which is 96.7%. This shows that citizens in Malaysia were not exposed to smart
rubbish bin. Figure 26 shows that suggestion of the respondent to improve the
performance of the rubbish bin. One of them suggest that the trash container cannot
contain waste water from wet rubbish because this will make the rubbish bin smelly.
Respondents also want the rubbish bin free from unwanted smell. Lastly, the
respondents wanted the price of the smart rubbish bin were affordable for most
people.
38
4.3 Gap Analysis – Opportunity of the Project

Most of the products available in market provide only one compartment, so the
customer has to throw all their waste in the compartment regardless of the type of
waste. They need to have different container to be able to sort the waste. This method
is not practical as it will require more space and increase the cost for waste disposal.
Next, some of the existing products does not equip with compacting mechanism.
This will cause the rubbish container to overflow as the volume of the waste produce
are not reduced. This problem will contribute to environmental and health pollution.
This is because overflow rubbish containers are an ideal breeding ground for bacteria
which will causes various diseases while garbage and liquid waste that end up in water
bodies negatively change the chemical composition of the water. Technically, this type
of pollution is called water pollution [1].
Lastly, all the rubbish bins are commercially used in Malaysia. One of the reasons
is that, these products are foreign product. So, if the customers want to buy it, they
have to wait for a long period of time. Other than that, existing smart rubbish container
are expensive thus not many people can afford them. For example, the cheapest
product available is the Titan Trash Compactor which is RM 769.00 and the highest
price is CleanCUBE Solar Powered Waste Compactor Bin which is RM 25, 000. The
prices are much higher than the price customers in Malaysia are willing to pay.
39
4.4 Design Specification

Table 3: Design Specifications
CLN ECO BIN

Brand CLN
Dimension 400mm x 350mm x 600mm
Capacity 25L
Weight 6.8kg
Material Polypropylene Plastic (PP)
Features Manually operated compactor
2 electric grinders
Inner bucket equipped with sieve
Wastewater drawer
Air filter
Colours Available in various colours
Motor DC 12V 3500-9000 rpm
Power Supply 12V 10AH VRLA Battery
Durability 5 Years Guarantee
Cleaning Surface: Wipe clean
Inner bucket: Wash with soapy water
Price RM 400.00
40
4.5 Manual Calculation of Design

i. Factor of Safety (FOS)
The FOS for the innovative rubbish bin was set to 2. As the rubbish bin is built by
using reliable materials, also the loading and environmental conditions are not
severe.
ii. Area of Compactor

The FOS can be calculated by:
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑌𝑠
𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹𝑤
Where Fw is the force exerted per unit surface area of the compactor while Ys is
the yield stress for the material of the compactor.
Compactor is made up of Polypropylene Plastic (PP). The value of Ys obtained for
PP is 12 MPa. 12MPa is equal to 12 x 106 N/m2. Thus;
12 × 106 𝑁⁄ 2
2= 𝑚
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹𝑤
12 × 106 𝑁⁄ 2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹𝑤 = 𝑚 = 6 × 106 𝑁
2
Working force is given by:
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐹𝑤 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Pressure is the pressure exerted by human hand on the compactor. Several

studies have shown that the average pressure exerted by the human hand is
250kPa. Therefore;
250 × 103 𝑁⁄ 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑚 = 0.0417𝑚2
6 × 106 𝑁
41
iii. Minimum Torque
𝜏
𝐹=
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = 𝐹 • 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Study have shown that a typical chicken bone can withstand 150-200 Newtons
(35-50 pounds) of force. The average amount of total food wasted per household
was 4.41 kg per week and it is estimated that the inner bucket will be able to store
5kg food waste. Assuming 2800N force is needed to break 1kg of chicken;
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 2800𝑁 × 5 = 14000𝑁

𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹 • 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 14000 • (0.035) sin(25°)
𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 207.08 𝑁⁄𝑚
42
4.6 Costing Analysis and Budgeting

Fixed cost (F):
Table 4: Fixed cost table
Per month / unit Unit Cost

Rent RM 5,500 1 RM 5,500
Insurance RM 5,800 1 RM 5,800
Salary RM 1,300 5 RM 6,500
Mold RM 8,000 1 RM 8,000
Injection RM 100,000 1 RM 100,000
molding
Utility RM 4,200 1 RM 4,200
TOTAL COST RM 130,000
Variable cost (VC):

Raw material for 1-unit product
Table 5: Variable cost table
Per unit Unit Cost

Blade RM 36.70 2 RM 73.60
Motor RM 30.00 2 RM 60.00
Polypropylene Plastic RM 4.00 4 RM 16.00
Magnetic Push Latch RM 4.00 3 RM 12.00
Big Hinge RM 6.90 2 RM 13.80
Small Hinge RM 10.00 3 RM 30.00
Battery RM 89.00 1 RM 89.00
Screw RM 0.20 42 RM 9.80
Bolts & Nuts RM 0.80 2 RM 1.60
Acrylic Plate RM 6.90 4 RM 27.60
TOTAL COST RM 333.40
43
Selling Price (SP):
Profit per product = 20%
20
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑆𝑃) = 𝑅𝑀 333.40 + ( × 𝑅𝑀 333.40) = 𝑅𝑀 400.08 ≅ 𝑅𝑀 400.00
100
Break-Even Quantity:
𝐹
𝑄𝐵𝐸 =
(𝑆𝑃 − 𝑉𝐶)
𝑅𝑀 130000
𝑄𝐵𝐸 = = 1952 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
(𝑅𝑀 400 − 𝑅𝑀 333.40)
44
4.7 Conceptual Design

4.7.1 Comparison Between the Product in The Market
The comparison between the products in the market was done by
benchmarking. Benchmarking is a process of measuring the best performance
being achieved by the existing products. The point of benchmarking is to identify
internal opportunities for improvement. From benchmarking, it was found that
Totem 60 Waste & Recycling Bin has the best performance among the existing
product. However, it still has some disadvantages. With the price of RM 1,353.00,
the bin is quite expensive for Malaysian customer whose average salary is RM
3,421.96 per month. Other than that, the bin is also quite heavy which make it hard
to move. Lastly, the main disadvantage of that Totem 60 Waste & Recycling Bin is
that it only equipped with one waste management mechanism which is sorting.
Therefore, some improvement regarding these problems were made during the
invention of the new C.L.N Eco Bin.
4.7.2 Concept Generations

By using the data from benchmarking and questionnaire, several concepts for
the new products were made. The concepts produce are:
1.The rubbish bin must have more than one compartments.
2.The rubbish bin must have more than one waste management mechanism.
3.The rubbish bin must be affordable.
4.The rubbish bin must be durable.
5.The rubbish bin must be user-friendly.
6.The rubbish bin must be environmental-friendly.
7.The rubbish bin must be lightweight.
45
4.7.3 Three Optional of Conceptual Design
Figure 27: Concept design 1 drawn by Nur Sakinah
Figure 28: Concept design 2 drawn by Nur Afelia
46
Figure 29: Concept design 3 drawn by Nur 'Aqilah
Figure 30: Concept design 4 drawn by Zahid
47
Figure 31: Concept design 5 drawn by Syaham
48
4.7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
Concept 1
2 waste compartments No mechanism to remove wastewater
Able to sort food and recyclable waste Hard to clean food waste compartment
Able to compact recyclable waste No safety equipment except lid
Able to grind the food waste Not portable
Able the filter foul odour Expensive manufacturing cost
Able to remove grinded food waste easily
Able to store more waste
Concept 2
Able to sort food and recyclable waste Not portable
Able to compact recyclable waste Expensive manufacturing cost
Able to grind the food waste
Able the filter foul odour
Sensor to detect whether the lid is closed
Removable and easy to clean food waste
compartment
49
Concept 3
Able to grind the food waste No safety equipment except lid
Able to remove grinded food waste easily Not able to compact recyclable waste
Moderate manufacturing cost Not able to filter foul odour
Not portable
Store less waste
Concept 4
Able to grind the food waste Not able to filter foul odour
Able to compact recyclable waste Expensive manufacturing cost
Nozzle to prevent hand from reaching the
shredder
Portable
50
Concept 5
2 waste compartments Hard to clean food waste compartment
Able to sort food and recyclable waste Hard to remove grinded and decomposed
food waste
Able to grind and compost food waste Not able to compact recyclable waste
Boiler to remove moisture in food waste No safety equipment except lid
Solar panel as power supply Not able to filter foul odour
Portable Store less waste
Expensive manufacturing cost
51
4.8 Selection of the Final Conceptual Design

4.8.1 Pugh Concept Selection
Table 6: Pugh Concept Selection
CONCEPTS
Concept Concept Concept Concept Concept Datum
Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Sakinah Afelia Aqilah Zahid Syaham Totem 60
Weight + 0 + + 0 0
Cost 0 + 0 - - 0
Durability + + - - + 0
Functionality + + + + - 0
Safety 0 + + 0 0 0
Size + + + + 0 0
PLUSES 4 5 4 3 1
SAMES 2 1 1 1 3
MINUSES 0 0 1 2 2
NET 4 5 3 1 -1
RANK 2 1 3 4 5
CONTINUE? Yes Yes Yes Yes No
52
4.8.2 Scoring Method Selection

Table 7: Weighted Decision Matrix
Concepts
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4 Concept 5
(Sakinah) (Afelia) (Aqilah) (Zahid) (Syaham)
Selection Weight
Rate Score Rate Score Rate Score Rate Score Rate Score
Criteria %
Ease of
8 3 0.24 3 0.24 3 0.24 3 0.24 3 0.24
handling
Ease of use 15 4 0.60 4 0.60 4 0.60 4 0.60 4 0.60
Ease of
9 2 0.18 2 0.18 3 0.27 2 0.18 2 0.18
manufacture
Durability 9 3 0.27 3 0.27 3 0.27 3 0.27 3 0.27
Safety 10 3 0.30 3 0.30 2 0.20 2 0.20 2 0.20
Cost 9 2 0.18 2 0.18 3 0.27 2 0.18 1 0.09
Sustainability 9 3 0.27 3 0.27 3 0.27 3 0.27 3 0.27
Function 10 4 0.40 4 0.40 3 0.30 3 0.30 2 0.20
Aesthetics 5 3 0.15 4 0.20 3 0.15 3 0.15 2 0.10
Total score 2.59 2.64 2.57 2.39 2.15
Rank 2 1 3 4 5
Continue? NO YES NO NO NO
53
4.9 Mechanical Design and Analysis

4.9.1 Product Design using CAD
Figure 32:Isometric view of the design
The design of two compartments rubbish container. Every edges are

being fillet by 10 mm.
Figure 33: Top view of the design
The yellow colour is the inner bucket where it is removable. The two
blades inside are for grind the food waste into small pieces. On the right is
the compacting device.
54
Figure 34: Left view of the design
From the left view, the drawer and also the doors for changing the
motor and battery can be seen. The function of the drawer is to store the
water from the food waste.
55
4.9.2 Part and Assembly Drawing

Refer to appendices
4.9.3 Exploded Drawing

Refer to appendices
4.9.4 Bill of Materials

Refer to appendices
56
4.9.5 Structural Analysis

The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was done on the compactor handle which
is one of the critical part. The result of the analysis includes the stress analysis
which is Von Mises analysis, displacement and strain analysis. The force applied
is 250 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 .
Stress Analysis
Figure 35: von Mises Analysis on the compactor handle
The material use for the compactor handle is Polypropylene. The yield
stress of the material is 12 MPa which is equal to 1.2 × 107 𝑁/𝑚2 . From the figure
above, the highest value (the red colour) of the von Mises obtained from the
analysis is 2.091 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2 . The value is then compared with the yield stress of
the material. If the value of the von Mises exceed the yield stress, the design is
considered as failed. However, for this part the value of von Mises obtained does
not exceed the yield stress of 12 MPa. Hence, it can be concluded that the design
is safe to use.
57
Displacement
Figure 36: Displacement analysis on the compactor handle
Resultant displacement is the displacement occur on an object such as

deformation or changes in parameters. In this case, the compactor handle have a
slight displacement of 2.242 × 10−1 𝑚𝑚.
58
Strain Analysis
Figure 37: Strain analysis on the compactor handle
For this analysis, the figure shows the equivalent strain on the object where
the maximum value is 1.495 × 10−4 and the minimum is 7.201 × 10−8 . The blue
colour shows a lesser strain on the section.
59
4.9.6 Other Related Analysis and Calculation

1. Compactor
Stress analysis
Figure 38: von Mises analysis on the compactor
The material use for the compactor is Polypropylene. The force applied is
125 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 The yield stress of the material is 12 MPa which is equal to
1.2 × 107 𝑁/𝑚2 . From the figure above, the von Mises obtained from the analysis
is 4.008 × 106 𝑁/𝑚2 . The value is less than the yield stress of the material. Hence,
it can be concluded that the design is not fail.
60
Displacement
Figure 39: Displacement analysis on the compactor
Resultant displacement is the displacement occur on an object such as

deformation or changes in parameters. In this case, the compactor handle have a
slight displacement of 4.352 × 100 𝑚𝑚.
Strain Analysis
Figure 40: Strain analysis on the compactor
For this analysis, the figure shows the equivalent strain on the object where
the maximum value is 1.644 × 10−3 and the minimum is 8.582 × 10−7 . The blue
colour shows a lesser strain on the section.
61
2. Inner bucket
Some analysis were made to find out the amount of force the inner bucket is
able to withstand. The analysis are Von Mises Stress, Displacement and Strain
Analysis. Force that was inserted in the analysis is 49.05N (5kg).
Figure 41: Von Mises Stress Analysis of Inner Bucket
From figure 41, it can be seen that most part of the inner bucket experienced
minimal stress with the approximate value about 1.623x102N/m2 to 2.052x106N/m2.
However, the sieve part of the inner bucket experience quite a lot of stress with the
approximate value of 4.102x106N/m2. The material used for inner bucket is
polypropylene and yield strength for polypropylene is 12x106N/m2. Therefore, the
sieve part of the inner bucket will not fracture as the value of stress applied on it is
less than the yield strength of polypropylene.
62
Figure 42: Equivalent Strain Analysis of Inner Bucket
Figure 43: Displacement Analysis of Inner Bucket
It was shown in figure 42 that the sieve part of the inner bucket experienced the
largest value of strain (3.834x10-3). Strain is defined as the deformation of a solid due
to stress. Thus, it will also experience the largest displacement which is about
5.976mm based on figure 43. This result does not critically affect the performance of
the inner bucket as the value of the displacement is small. However, this problem can
be prevented by increasing the thickness of the sieve part or using material with
higher strength.
63
4.9.7 Simulation
Motion analysis is done on the blade. The motor torque result is obtained from this
analysis.
Figure 44: Motion Analysis on the blade
The motion analysis is done by input the RPM of the motor which is 9000 RPM.
The shaft and the blade are selected as the component to be analysed.
Figure 45: Graph of Motor Torque vs Time
From the graph obtained, the highest motor torque the blade can handle is 0.26
Newton per mm or 260 N⁄m. From the manual calculation the motor torque
needed by the blade is 207.08 N⁄m. This conclude that the design of blade is not
fail and can be use in the project.
64
4.10 Fabrication of Model

4.10.1 Materials of the Model
Polypropylene (PP) was the chosen material for the fabrication of model. The
yield strength of the polypropylene is in range of 12 to 43 MPa. The raw material
of PP is in pellet form. The estimated weight of the pellet for 1 unit of the product
is 4 kg.
4.10.2 Manufacturing Process

The selected process to fabricate the model is plastic injection moulding.
65
4.11 QFD – House of Quality/ Morphological Chart

Table 8: Morphological Chart
Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4 Concept 5
Sakinah Afelia Aqilah Zahid Syaham

Hand
Lid Foot pedal Foot pedal Foot pedal Hand
Two Two Three Two Two
compartments compartments compartments compartments compartments
Waste
for: for: for: for: for:
Storage
-Food waste -Food waste -Food waste -Food waste -Food waste
-Others -Others -Others -Others -Others
Portability No wheel No wheel No wheel Wheel Wheel
Compacting Yes, by using Yes, by using

hand No No No
device hand
Grinding
device Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Drying device
No No No No No
Odour Yes, Yes,

No No No
filtration Carbon filter Carbon filter
Sensor No
Yes No No No
Weight 6 kg
5 kg 5 kg 7 kg 8 kg
Plastic and
Material Stainless steel Stainless steel Plastic Plastic
stainless steel
More than 3 More than More than 8
Durability 3 years 2 years 2 years
years years
Size 600 x 350 x 600 x 350 x 600 x 350 x 600 x 350 x 650 x 400 x
(H x L x W) 350 350 350 350 400
Power Supply Electric Electric Electric Electric Solar Panel
Cost
RM 250 RM 180 RM 200 RM 300 RM1000
Anti- Anti- Blunt edges

Safety
Microbial Microbial Emergency Blunt edges Lid
Blunt edges Blunt edges button
66
4.12 Material Selection

Table 9: Types of Material for Part/Component
Part/ Component Types of material

Full body Polypropylene
Inner bucket Polypropylene
Compactor Polypropylene
Lid cover Acrylic/ Perspex
Hinge Stainless steel
Blade Stainless steel
67
4.12.1 Material Properties

Polypropylene
Polypropylene is used in both household and industrial applications. Its unique

properties and ability to adapt to various fabrication techniques make it stand out
as an invaluable material for a wide range of uses [12]. Polypropylene is choosing
as body of the trash container due to its properties.
Properties of polypropylene are:
1. Chemical Resistance: Diluted bases and acids don’t react readily with
polypropylene, which makes it a good choice for containers of such liquids, such
as cleaning agents, first-aid products, and more.
2. Elasticity and Toughness: Polypropylene will act with elasticity over a certain
range of deflection (like all materials), but it will also experience plastic deformation
early on in the deformation process, so it is generally considered a "tough"
material. Toughness is an engineering term which is defined as a material's ability
to deform (plastically, not elastically) without breaking.
3. Fatigue Resistance: Polypropylene retains its shape after a lot of torsion,

bending, and/or flexing. This property is especially valuable for making living
hinges.
4. Insulation: polypropylene has a very high resistance to electricity and is very

useful for electronic components.
5. Transmissivity: Although Polypropylene can be made transparent, it is normally

produced to be naturally opaque in colour. Polypropylene can be used for
applications where some transfer of light is important or where it is of aesthetic
value. If high transmissivity is desired, then plastics
like Acrylic or Polycarbonate are better choices.
68
Acrylic
Acrylic is a transparent plastic material with outstanding strength, stiffness, and

optical clarity. Acrylic sheet is easy to fabricate, bonds well with adhesives and
solvents, and is easy to thermoform. It has superior weathering
properties compared to many other transparent plastics [13]. Acrylic is transparent
plastic with various colour. The lid is made from acrylic so that the users can see
the amount of waste in the container.
Properties of acrylic are:
1. Acrylic is 50% Lighter than Glass
One of the greatest advantages of using acrylic plastic in place of glass is that
while it’s more durable, it also weighs 50% less than glass. Whether fabricated
in cast or extruded forms, acrylic is less expensive while remaining 10 times more
impact-resistant than glass. Due to its incredible durability, acrylic can be used
over a broad temperature range and has superior weather resistance compared to
glass and other forms of plastic. Under high impact, it will not shatter and if it does
break, it fractures into large, dull-edged pieces. This is an important safety feature
for applications such as shower doors, sliding doors, and enclosures built for
hockey rinks and ball fields.
2. Highly Transparent
Acrylic plastic remains transparent as it gets older without excessive yellow tinting.
This is extremely important for applications that are exposed to sunlight. More
fade-resistant than other plastics, acrylic plastic’s light transmittance is equal to
glass while providing the same aesthetic appearance for a more reliable, long-term
result. This makes it perfect for applications such as windows, automotive screens,
computers, eye glasses, tanks and more.
69
3. Easy to Maintain
While there are some rules surrounding acrylic care and cleaning, it’s an easy
material to maintain. When cleaning acrylic that has slight blemishes and dirt it is
recommended to use a wet microfiber cloth and blot the material. The gentler you
are when cleaning acrylic, the better. Avoid using rough paper towels because they
will not remove scratches and may accidentally cause them. When cleaning and
maintaining acrylic the easiest and safest measure is to use soapy water or Novus
products. These products will keep your acrylic plastic looking polished and new
with minimal effort.
70
Stainless steel
The name stainless steel covers a variety of corrosion resistant steels that contain
a minimum of 11% Chromium. Changing the Chromium content and adding other
elements like Nickel, Molybdenum, Titanium and Niobium changes the mechanical
and physical properties of the steel [14]. The hinge and the blade are important to
use stainless steel as a safety to the users.
Properties of stainless steel are:
1. Strength
A fundamental property of stainless steel is its strength. It remains incredibly strong

at very high or low temperatures, making it a highly sought after metal for demand
applications like aviation.
2. Easy to clean
As it is one of the most hygienic materials, its use in catering and medical
applications is suitable. It doesn’t support the growth of bacteria and is easy to
clean and sterilize, hence is low maintenance. It can be cleaned using a swab and
an all-purpose cleaner, making it beneficial for use in kitchens and hospitals.
3. Aesthetics
Strength is not the only property of stainless steel. It also looks great which is why
it is commonly featured in architecture. It adds a sleek and contemporary look to
classic and modern spaces, without compromising on functionality.
4. Corrosion resistance
Stainless steel can fend off rust and water stains as it is highly resistant to
corrosion. This is why stainless steel applications extend to outdoor as well as
indoor applications at various pressure and temperature extremes. This property
of stainless steel comes from the addition of chromium to the metal, which when
exposed to oxygen, creates a fine film over the steel to protect it.
71
5. Recyclable
Most of the stainless steel is made from recycled steel. Impressively, its qualities
do not deteriorate once the metal is recycled, allowing it to be reused continuously
and benefit the environment.
4.12.2 Availability of the Material

All the material is easy to get in Malaysia whether purchase it through hardware
shop or online. The price is also affordable and suitable to fabricate.
72
4.13 Manufacturing Process Selection

4.13.1 Types of Processes
Injection moulding
The process that we used produce this trash container is injection moulding,
joining and drilling. Injection moulding machines, also known as an injection press,
is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic
parts. A wide variety of products are manufactured using injection moulding, which
vary greatly in their size, complexity, and application. The injection moulding
process requires the use of an injection moulding machine, raw plastic material,
and a mould. The plastic is melted in the injection moulding machine and then
injected into the mould, where it cools and solidifies into the final part.
Joining
Injection moulding machines, also known as an injection press, is the most

commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts. A wide
variety of products are manufactured using injection moulding, which vary greatly
in their size, complexity, and application. The injection moulding process requires
the use of an injection moulding machine, raw plastic material, and a mould. The
plastic is melted in the injection moulding machine and then injected into the
mould, where it cools and solidifies into the final part.
Drilling
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-
section in solid materials. Drill machine is used to make hole at the part involved.
73
4.14 Safety Aspects of the Product

This rubbish bin designed with blender for food waste and compacter with safety
aspect to prevent injury to user while using this product. Safety precautions in this
design is the lid cover the top of the rubbish bin while the blender is turned on. It will
make sure there is no unwanted accident occur due to spinning blade inside it.
The rubbish bin is designed with suitable size and strength of material of the body
and cover to make sure it can withstand all the impact, vibration and applied on it. So
customer can use the rubbish bin safely without any problem.
This rubbish bin also environment friendly and help consumer to safe environment
from rubbish that thrown out all over the place.
4.15 Legal issue – Standard, Code of Practice, Act and Regulations
- Companies in the tech industry often face aggressive patent litigation. Companies
often sit on patents for years, hoping that another company inadvertently violates
them, to get easy money through patent and copyright lawsuits.
- Customers who are dissatisfied can file class action lawsuits against your
company, in which they gather in large consumer groups and attack your company
over faulty products, services or promises.
In manufacturing, a measure of excellence or a state of being free from defects,

deficiencies and significant variations. It is brought about by strict and consistent
commitment to certain standards that achieve uniformity of a product in order to satisfy
specific customer or user requirements.
ISO 8402-1986 standard defines quality as "the totality of features and characteristics
of a product or service that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."
74
4.16 Design for Assembly and Design for Manufacture

Design for assembly
This product is focuses on simplicity to minimize part number, part variety, simplify
assembly sequences and component handling and insertion. General guidelines that
we used are minimize the total number of parts, minimize the assembly surfaces, use
subassemblies and mistake-proof the design and assembly.
From the design for assembly it will shorten product design time, reduce assembly
time, simplify assembly process, reduce total material cost, improves quality and
reduce defects and also reduce labour content.
Design for manufacture
In design for manufacture the steps taken are estimate the manufacturing costs,
reduce the costs of components, reduce the costs of assembly, reduce the costs of
supporting production and consider the impact of DFM decisions on other factors.
From this design, it will impact the development time, development cost, product
quality and external factor for example component reuse and life cycle costs. It will
give benefit to management and manufacturing process so that the cost will be
reduced.
4.17 Design for Environmental and Sustainability

This rubbish bin is designed to be environment friendly and reduce the pollution to
the environment by managing the rubbish and recycle from consumer. This product
will promote more green environment and recycle the rubbish that will harm earth due
to toxic or any unsafe material.
The material used are also considered to be material that can be recycled after it
have been broken or cannot be used anymore.
75
4.18 Ergonomics Aspects of the Product

Ergonomics is important part of research in the product development process. Its
purpose is to increase the safety, comfort and performance of a product or an
environment such as a house [15]. In research, human factors employ the scientific
method to study human behaviour so that the resultant data may be applied to the four
primary goals. Human factors is employed to fulfil the goals of occupational health and
safety and productivity. It is relevant in the design of such things as safe furniture and
easy-to-use interfaces to machines and equipment.
In safety aspects, the design of the rubbish container should include safety
features to make sure it is safe to the users. In C.L.N Rubbish Container the safety
featured that we included are blunt edges and lid to cover the upper part of the rubbish
container. Blunt edges are important to avoid any harm to the users. Another special
feature of this innovative rubbish container is odour filter. It is used to reduce unwanted
smells. The rubbish containers lack of safety aspects for the children because it
contains two blades which can be dangerous to children.
Next, in consideration of the physical ergonomic, the specification of the rubbish
container must be suitable to the environment. The main target of the customers is
home owner in Malaysia. The height of the rubbish container is 600mm which is
suitable for Malaysians height. The material chosen also not harmful to the users and
the environment. The mass of the rubbish container is around 6.8 kg. This is because
we consider the portability when designing this rubbish container.
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4.19 Benefits of Product to Society

The compacter will reduce the usage of plastic bags. The compacter will compact
rubbish so that more rubbish can be compacted in one plastic bag.
A rubbish compactor consolidates waste materials, reducing the volume of
rubbish. This reduces the need for rubbish bags and manpower for rubbish handling,
resulting in further cost reduction. Recyclable materials can be recycled and sold,
increasing the bottom line.
Rubbish compactors simplify the process of waste management. The need to
monitor rubbish bins and replace the rubbish bags in emptied bins would be
eliminated. It relinquishes the need to purchase rubbish bags for handling rubbish.
Also, compactor is easy to operate and do not require special skills.
Since traditional waste management systems use rubbish bags and rubbish bins,
this necessitates a place to store rubbish bins as well as full rubbish bags. The rubbish
compactors eliminate the need for cleaning up unattractive rubbish bins and piles of
full rubbish bags, ensuring a neat and tidy facility.
Dry waste and liquid waste can both become a problem in the work place. Stored
rubbish can create obnoxious odours especially and dry waste can take up a lot of
space that can take away from work space. A compactor reduces, condenses and
stores waste in a specific location that will help to increase and improve the workplace
efficiency and safety.
This product also enables households to realize the rewards of doing their part to
help reduce landfill waste. Even better than recycling food waste, is beautifying your
own landscaping and plants at the same time as the food waste will be and releasing
nutrients into the soil.
77
4.20 Potential Risk of Product and its Management

A great invention will still come with a risk. One of the potential risk is the project
risk. There is potential where the product we manufacture is unacceptable to the
consumer. If this happen, the product schedule will slip and the cost will increase.
Other than that, the business risk also another potential risk which is may be that the
product is competing with other competitor. Consumer might choose the one with low
price. Next is technical risk. Technical risk usually in the form of quality of the product.
if the quality of the product is not acceptable to the consumer, implementation may
become difficult of impossible.
78
4.21 Problems and Difficulties in Completing the Project

The first problem is it will likely face is internal. Sometimes group not properly
define the goals or objectives of a business before going into it. This will present a big
problem to the project in the long run. A poorly planned project will definitely fail at the
end. It is very important that goals, budget, and timeframe are discussed before the
project even commences. It is also good to have other options in case the first idea
does not work out.
A project’s success is dependent on the people that execute it. As completing a
project, the second problem you will likely face is working with either inexperienced
team members or team members who lack the skill to handle the tasks at hand. This
challenge will slow down the progress of your work and in some cases will lead to the
termination of the project, unsuccessfully. It is very important that you are provided
with team members that are tailored to the job or proper training is provided to ensure
that they are ready for the task ahead.
In a project, it is expected that the risks in the project are low. This is a very hard
task especially if there are internal factors that are affecting your work. You can reduce
the risks level in your team by gathering enough information on the project, building a
circle of trust amongst the team members and knowing which part of the project isn’t
feasible and changing it before it is too late.
The problems during the assembly process in CAD is one of the challenges
process. The part that cannot be assemble to another part need to be redesign or
adjust it dimension get the right one to assemble. Other than that, the problems in
doing the motion analysis for the blade. The motion analysis took almost two weeks to
finish as lack of skills is one of the factor.
79
4.22 Conclusions
Our project is suitable for all people throughout Malaysia or even overseas, as it is
very convenient for rubbish handling and also for the environment. This project is
economically viable, due to its simple construction and the use of inexpensive
materials and construction methods. An approximate cost of RM333 has been
estimated for materials, thus a retail price in the RM400 to RM500 price range is
envisaged. This price covers all costs and includes a reasonable profit margin the
results of a representative consumer survey suggest suitable demand for the product
in this price range.
This project satisfies all of the restrictions as described, and satisfies the outcomes
described in section. It is an innovative solution for handling rubbish and food waste,
durable and inexpensive solution. This project successfully eliminates the difficulty of
operating rubbish and overcome the increase of food waste in the world. It is a possible
and commercially viable solution for this design problem.
80
CHAPTER 5.0: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
This project takes 14 weeks to be completed. There were various problems
encountered while completing this project but some of them were resolved. One of the
problems is the time given is too short. We could not get enough time to do deep
research for this project. But with the help of the supervisor the flow of the project went
smoothly.
C.L.N bin provides users with conveniences. With two compartments provided to
the users, making it easier for users to sort out waste at home. As we know in Malaysia,
waste segregation is included in law because it is much easier to recycle. Effective
segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill which makes it cheaper
and better for people and the environment. It is also important to segregate for public
health.
This innovative rubbish container helps to save the earth. For the blade
compartment, it is used to crush the food into small particle. By weight, food waste is
the largest waste item in landfills. The time taken for food waste decomposition
depends on the type of food. Normally, an orange peel takes six months, while an
apple core or a banana peel takes around one month to decompose [16]. So, it is
important to crush the food waste into small particle to shorten the time for it to
decompose.
We are also able to learn and apply engineering knowledge especially

manufacturing during conducted this project. Before choosing the right material for the
rubbish container, we must know the properties of the rubbish container whether it is
suitable or not to withstand the force applied. So, simple calculation is needed to
ensure the right material is chosen for every part of the rubbish container. CAD skills
are also improved when designing the model in CAD software. The CAD software that
we choose is Solidwork.
In order to complete this project, teamwork within each group members are very
important so that all the tasks given can be completed smoothly. The tasks were
divided equally between group members. All group members should follow the due
81
date given so other tasks can be done according to the due date set up. Other than
that, we must have committed and give cooperation to others so that it can improve
the quality of the project.
82
5.2 Recommendation
Many improvements that are being suggested by the panel after the final
presentation. First and most foremost, the safety of the rubbish containers must be
considered for all ages. For C.L.N containers it is quite dangerous for the children
because the blender compartment still can operate even when the lid is open. This
situation has tendency to bring harm to the children. One of the panels suggested to
put sensor that make sure the blender only can operate when the lid is closed.
Next, for compactor compartment, the solid waste must be specified to only one
types of waste. For example, if when want to design the part for paper compaction, we
must let the customers know so they will not have mixed the solid waste. As we know,
Malaysia has started the separation of solid waste from home. This is to ensure the
waste are easy to recycle.
In order to reduce the cost of the product we must use more standard part
because it is cheaper. The hinges for each lid are suggested to use the same size.
Other than that, the battery energy is suggested to change to electrical energy to
achieve the objective of the trash container which is environmentally innovative
rubbish container. Rechargeable batteries can contain metals that may be harmful to
the environmental if not disposed properly [17].
83
REFERENCES
[1] ECUBE Labs. (2016, July 8). Overflowing garbage bins: 5 impacts on health and
environment, and how to prevent. Retrieved from
https://www.ecubelabs.com/overflowing-garbage-bins-5-impacts-on-health-and-
environment-and-how-to-prevent/
[2] Zero Waste France. (n.d.). HOW TO IMPROVE WASTE SORTING AND
RECYCLING. Retrieved from https://www.zerowastefrance.org/en/zero-waste-
approach/improve-waste-sorting-and-recycling/
[3] Syahirah, Siti Wahidah, Nur Aida, Aniadila, Nurzafirah, Mahani and Ainu Husna.
(2018) Household food wastage prevention in Malaysia: An Issue Processes
Model perspective. Economic and Technology Management Review, Vol. 13.
[4] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2016, March 30). Municipal Waste.
Retrieved from https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/html/
[5] Kodwo Miezah, Kwasi Obiri-Danso,Zsófi Kádár, Bernard Fei-Baffoe, Moses

Y.Mensah. (2015). Municipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a
measure towards effective waste management in Ghana. Waste Management, pp.
15-27.Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X15301185#bb0180
[6] Joseph Joseph. (n.d.). Titan Trash Compactor. Retrieved from

https://www.josephjoseph.com/en-rw/titan-trash-compactor
[7] Ecovision. (n.d.). EcoClean CUBE Solar Powered Compacting Bins. Retrieved
from https://ecovisionenvironmental.com/product/ecocleancube/
[8] Smart Cara. (2016). Smart Cara: The Revolutionary Product. Retrieved from
http://koreaexpo2017.kotra.pl/style/catalogs/Smart%20Cara/1.Smart%20Cara%2
02016.pdf
[9] Joseph Joseph. (n.d.). Totem 60. Retrieved from

https://www.josephjoseph.com/en-rw/totem-60
84
[10] Jeff Ball (2018), Gap Analysis. Retrieved from

https://www.projectmanagement.com/wikis/233055/Gap-Analysis
[11] Morphological Chart. Tools and Techniques. Retrieved from

https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dmg/tools-and
techniques/morphological-charts/
[12] Everything You Need to Know About Polypropylene (PP) Plastic, Retrieved from
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/all-about-polypropylene-pp-plastic
[13] Acrylic, Retrieved from Curbell Plastic https://www.curbellplastics.com/Research-

Solutions/Materials/Acrylic
[14] Stainless Steels - Specifications, Grades and Properties, Retrieved from

https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2874
[15] ERGONOMICS. Retrieved from http://www.safetyequipco.com/ergonomic.html
[16] Waste separation rules to cover three sectors, Lim Leoi Leoi Retrieved from
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39214032/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/are-
batteries-bad-environment/#.XfBNa-gzbIU
[17] Are batteries bad for environment? Retrieved from

http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39214032/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/are-
batteries-bad-environment/#.XfBNa-gzbIU
85
APPENDICES
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INTEGRATED PRODUCT DESIGN 1 | C.L.

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 4

3.5.4 Concept Generation .......................................................................................................... 24

4.10 Fabrication of Model.......................................................................................................... 65

Figure 41: Von Mises Stress Analysis of Inner Bucket ......................................................... 62

CHAPTER 1.0: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of the Project

1.2 Product Description

1.3 Problem Statement

1.5 Mission Statement

1.6 Scope of Work

ii. Position: Assistant manager

iii. Position: Design Manager

iv. Position: Safety and Quality Manager

v. Position: Finance and Marketing Manager

1.7 Organization Chart

CHAPTER 2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Types of Device/ Tool (Existing Tools in The Market)

Figure 1: Joseph-Joseph Titan Trash Compactor

2. CleanCUBE Solar Powered Waste Compactor Bin

Figure 2: CleanCube Solar Powered Compactor Bin

Figure 3:: Smart Cara Food Waste Disposal Unit

4. Totem 60 Waste & Recycling Bin

Figure 4: Joseph-Joseph Totem 60 Waste & Recycling Bin

2.3 Design Concept of the Tool

2.4 Problem Related to the Product

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages

Totem 60 Waste & Recycling

CleanCUBE Solar Powered

Waste Compactor Bin

2.7 Patent Search

CHAPTER 3.0: METHODOLOGY

3.2 Market Survey

3.2.1 Design Criteria for Market Survey (Questionnaire)

3.2.2 Data Analysis

3.3 Design Specifications

3.4 Conceptual Design

3.5.2 Structural Analysis (Manual Calculation)

Working force, Minimum Torque,

3.5.3 Morphological Chart

3.5.4 Concept Generation

3.5.5 Concept Selection

3.6 Mechanical Design and Analysis

3.6.1 Part and Assembly Drawing

3.6.2 Computational Analysis (E.G. Structural Analysis, FOS, Simulation)

3.7 Fabrication of the Model

3.8 Master Planning – Gantt Chart/PERT

CHAPTER 4.0: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.2 Market Survey Analysis

Figure 5: Question 1 Result

Figure 6: Question 2 Result

Figure 7: Question 3 Result

Figure 8: Question 4 Result

Figure 9: Question 5 Result

Figure 10: Question 6 Result

Figure 11: Question 7 Result

Figure 12: Question 8 Result

Figure 13: Question 9 Result

Figure 14: Question 10 Result

Figure 15: Question 11 Result

Figure 16: Question 12 Result

Figure 17: Question 13 Result

Figure 18: Question 14 Result

Figure 19: Question 15 Result