FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

PROGRAMME : BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) MECHANICAL

COURSE CODE : MEC 551

COURSE NAME : THERMAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER 5

LECTURER’S NAME : IR. DR IRNIE AZLIN ZAKARIA

SUBMISSION DATE : 30TH JUNE 2020

GROUP : EMD5M3A

ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED BY:

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

SARIF SYAHIR BIN SARIF SALLEH 2019594203
ABDUL MUHAIMIN BIN MOHD DAUD 2019564159
DANIAL ERFFAN BIN MOHD NASIR 2019541909
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel.: 03-5543 6268 Fax: 03-5543 5160

Report Assessment

Assignment’s Title : ASSIGNMENT THERMAL

Groups’ Name : EMD5M3A

Member’s Name : 1) SARIF SYAHIR BIN SARIF SALLEH

2) ABDUL MUHAIMIN BIN MOHD DAUD

3) DANIAL ERFFAN BIN MOHD NASIR

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

Question Course Outcome Max. Marks Scale Given Marks

F1 10%
F2 20%
1 CO1 5%
2 CO2 10%
3 CO3 25%
4 CO2 10%
5 CO1 10%
6 CO3 20%
7 CO2 10%
8 CO2 10%
100%

OURSE OUTCOME ACIEVEMENT SUMMARY (Fundamentals, 10%)

COURSE OUTCOME MAXIMUM MARKS GIVEN MARKS

CO1 10%
CO2 20%
TOTAL 30%

COURSE OUTCOME ACIEVEMENT SUMMARY (Stage 1 & 2, 20%)

COURSE OUTCOME MAXIMUM MARKS GIVEN MARKS

CO1 15%
CO2 40%
CO3 45%
TOTAL 100%
 RUBRIC ASSESSMENT

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Total Marks
Criteria Poor Acceptable Excellent
 The principles and
 The principles and  The principles and fundamentals are well
fundamentals are poorly fundamentals are describe and are
correlated with the moderately describe correlated with the
problem given. and are correlated with problem given.
[CO1,  Making many errors in the problem given.  All relevant heat transfer
15%
PO1] applications of heat  Make some but tolerable and thermodynamics
transfer and errors in applications of principles and concepts
thermodynamics heat transfer and are accurately and
principles and concepts. thermodynamics comprehensively
principles and concepts. demonstrated and
applied.
 Correct and complete
 Correct interpretation of
interpretation of all
 Contain certain erroneous all results but lack
results.
elements in insightfulness. Insightful,
 Draw Insightful,
interpretations, supported and
thoughtful, supported and
discussion, and conclusion comprehensive
[CO2, comprehensive
of the thermal discussions or conclusions 40%
PO3] discussions or conclusions
engineering. of the thermal
of the thermal
 Only a very general engineering.
engineering.
discussion is made.  Have some useful
 Use and technically sound
recommendations.
recommendations.

 Substantially define the  The mathematical and
 Errors in integrating
mathematical model and problems statement are
mathematical solutions
[CO3, its problem statement well correlated
and problem statement. 45%
PO3]  Fairly define the solution  Has given a comprehensive
 No solution propose for
of given problem solution for the given
the given problem
statement problem
 FUNDAMENTALS QUESTIONS

i. Heat moves through building assemblies primarily in three ways: by conduction, by

convection, and by radiation.
Conduction

 Movement of heat energy directly through solid materials from molecule to molecule.
The movement of the material plays no role in the transfer of heat.
 Building materials conduct energy at different rates. Metals, such as copper and steel, for
example, have high conductivity, meaning heat energy moves through them at a very
efficient rate.
 The rate of conductive heat flow is measured as U-value, and resistance to heat flow is
measured by its reciprocal, R-value.

 The lower a given material’s U-value, the less conductive it is. The higher the U-value of
a material, the more conductive it is.

Convection

 Flow of heat within a fluid, with warmer fluids rising and colder fluids falling. In homes,
this fluid is air; in the ocean or a boiler, it’s water.

 When we account for convective air flows in buildings, we look at the following
variables:

 Difference in temperature (ΔT): As with all methods of heat transfer, a difference

in temperature from one area to the other is a necessary condition for heat to flow.

 Time (t): Length of time the air movement occurs.

 Volume of air (V)

Radiation

 Movement of heat through space (not air) as electromagnetic waves.

 Several other variables affect the rate of radiant heat transfer. In addition to the difference
in temperature, which affects the rate of all methods of heat flow, the rate of radiant heat
flow depends on:

 The distance between the two surfaces. The sun is far enough away that we aren't
vaporized by it's immense energy output, as we might be if the earth were closer
to the sun. Similarly, the further we are from a campfire or a heat slab, the less we
feel its warmth.

 The angle of the surfaces to each other is related to the optical properties. If one
surface is obliquely angled away from another surface, more energy will bounce
off or reflect than if the two surfaces are closer to parallel to each other. Radiant
energy moves in straight lines and when a surface is directly facing another, more
of the warm surface's energy will "see" the facing surface.

ii. Winter

 The heat transfer moves from hot to cooler temperature. Outdoor temperatures are
colder during winter than indoors.

 The temperature inside the building would then lead to shift to the cooler region
resulting in a cooler building. To reduce heat transfer, insulator can be used to
prevent cold inside the building to prevent heat from escaping the building.

 The insulator normally fits between the wall. Fibre glass or wool is typical
material used as an insulator.
  In addition, by installing heater, the temperature inside the building can also be
maintained to prevent the heat from escaping the building. This method can
reduce the heat transfer from the building.

Summer

 Outside of the building during the summer hotter than inside the building.
Insulation materials can also help reduce heat transfer to the inside of the
building.

 This is because insulation material like fiberglass helps trap the outside heat from
getting into the building, so the inside of the building remains cool.

 Most buildings have air conditioning units to keep the building cool, but if the
walls are not well insulated, it is still possible to transfer heat inside the building,
which will increase the temperature inside the building and may also cause the air
conditioning unit to break.

 Having an insulation material in the building's walls is therefore very important,

both in summer and winter.

Example of analysis

Area =10m²

Thickness of wall = 0.13mm²

Thermal conductivity of wall, k (W/mk) = 0.15

Thickness of insulator = 1/4 x 130 = 32.5mm

Thermal conductivity of insulator, k (W/mk) = 1/10 x 0.15 = 0.015

65mm 32.5mm 65mm

Assume dt = 20 – 5

Q = -kA dt/dx

Qwall = -(0.15) (10) 5-20/0.13 = 173.08W

Qinsulator = -(0.015) (10) 5-20/0.0325 = 69.23W

Qwall with insulator = 173.08 – 69.23 = 103.85

Percentage reduction = Qwall – Qwall with insulator/ Qwall with insulator =

173.08 – 103.85/103.85 = 0.6667

 The percentage reduction can therefore be concluded to be 66.67 per cent.

 It indicates that some heat transfer can occur, even with the insulator.

 The isolator only minimized the transfer of heat but did not completely prevent it
STAGE 1

1. There are many possible heat load causes in a hall during a ceremony such as large
number of occupants, the lighting, the computer for PA systems and gadgets brought by each
occupants which will contributes to heat load causes. This will cause an uncomfortable condition
during the ceremony. Below are the description for the heat load causes;

a) Solar heat gain.

The heat from the sun can reach into the hall by conduction and convection. Conduction
happens across the walls and roof since there are temperature difference between the inside and
the outside of the hall. Convections occurs when heat transfer from the surface hot outdoor air or
indoor air movement to surfaces at different temperature.

b) Heat from occupants.

Occupants are major source of heat inside the building. The energy released from the
human body as heat during metabolic process. The heating effect of humans also increases
depending on occupant density.

c) Heat from electronic and electrical devices.

Appliances such as smartphones, lighting features, laptops and LCD monitor consume
electricity and will release some heat in air-conditioned spaces.

d) Outdoor air heat.

The warmer air outside of conditioned spaces of the hall is called atmospheric air. Due to
higher temperature, atmospheric air tends to increase the average room temperature when it
enters indoor spaces of the hall. It enters the hall through leaks around doors and windows.

e) Heat from the window.

The heat from the sun enters the hall through the window by radiation. It can be reduced
by hanging curtains on the window to block the heat from sunlight to pass through.
2. 10 ̊C

AHU
ṁ = 13 L/m Tair, 2
= 0.217 kg/s
Air

T,air = 38 ̊C ṁ=10,000 until 20,000 L/m

4 ̊C

ṁ (air)

𝐿 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 10000 = 166.667
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠

ṁ (water)

𝐿 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 13 = 0.217
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠

𝑄𝑐,𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ (∆𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
= (0.217 ) ∗ (4.18 𝑘𝑔.°𝐶) ∗ (10°𝐶 − 4°𝐶)
𝑠

= 𝟓. 𝟒𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑾

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑄𝑐,𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄ℎ,𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑄ℎ,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.9 ∗ 𝑄𝑐,𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (90%)

𝑄ℎ,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.9 ∗ 5.442 𝑘𝑊 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑾

𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐀𝐇𝐔 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭

𝑳 𝒌𝒈
(𝒂𝒕 𝒎̇ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 )
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔

𝑄ℎ,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ (∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
4.898 𝑘𝑊 = (166.667 ) ∗ (1.007 ) ∗ (38°𝐶 − 𝑇2,𝑎𝑖𝑟 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶

𝑇2,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 37. 971 °𝐶

𝑳 𝒌𝒈
(𝒂𝒕 𝒎̇ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 )
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔

𝑄ℎ,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ (∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
4.898 𝑘𝑊 = (333.333 ) ∗ (1.007 ) ∗ (38°𝐶 − 𝑇2,𝑎𝑖𝑟 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔. °𝐶

T2,air = 37.985°C

Based from calculation for T2 at 10000L/m gives 37. 971 ℃ which emitted less heat to
surrounding. To achieve standard comfort temperature (20℃−22℃) the new value of air flow
rate must take into consideration.

(Air flow rate for temperature = 𝟐𝟐°𝑪)

𝑄ℎ,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ (∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )

𝑘𝐽
4.898 𝑘𝑊 = (𝑚̇) ∗ (1.007 ) ∗ (38°𝐶 − 22°𝐶)
𝑘𝑔. °𝐶

𝑘𝑔 𝐿
𝑚̇ = 0.304 = 18.24 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠
(Air flow rate for temperature = 𝟐𝟎°𝑪)

𝑄ℎ,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ (∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 )

𝑘𝐽
4.898 𝑘𝑊 = (𝑚̇) ∗ (1.007 ) ∗ (38°𝐶 − 20°𝐶)
𝑘𝑔. °𝐶

𝒌𝒈 𝑳
𝒎̇ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒔

Hence, to meet standard comfort temperature requirement, air flow rate into AHU are range from
16.2 L/min to 18.24 L/min must be taken into consideration.

Qh 𝑚̇ (l/min) 𝑚̇ (kg/s) Cp (air) T1 T2

4.9212 10,000 166.6667 1.005 38 37.971

4.9212 11,000 183.3333 1.005 38 37.973

4.9212 12,000 200 1.005 38 37.976

4.9212 13,000 216.6667 1.005 38 37.977

4.9212 14,000 233.3333 1.005 38 37.979

4.9212 15,000 250 1.005 38 37.980

4.9212 16,000 266.6667 1.005 38 37.982

4.9212 17,000 283.3333 1.005 38 37.983

4.9212 18,000 300 1.005 38 37.984

4.9212 19,000 316.6667 1.005 38 37.985

4.9212 20,000 333.3333 1.005 38 37.985

 T2(°C) vs Flow rate (L/min)
37.990

37.985

37.980
T2 (°C)

37.975

37.970

37.965

37.960
10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 19,000 20,000
Flow rate (L/min)

Graph 1: Air Exit Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

Based from the graph, it shows that the air exit temperature increases as the air flow rate
increase. Higher value of flow rate means the air moves faster, hence the air contact with the
cold water with a minimum duration. Thus, the rate of heat transfer will become lower. Due to
that, the amount of heat from air that did not transfer to cold water will carry along with the air to
the exit (outlet) gives higher value of temperature as the flow rate is higher.
3.

𝑇∞=10℃
𝑉∞=2𝑚/𝑠

Ts = 10℃

Natural Convection

V=0 β = 1/(293 K)

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐿3𝑐
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑃𝑟
𝑣2
𝑚 1
(9.81 2 ) (293 𝐾 ) (30 − 10)(0.25)3
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑠 (0.7309) = 33274456.31
2
−5 𝑚2
(1.516 × 10 𝑠 )

From Table 9/1 (Heat and Mass Transfer by

Cengel)
2

1
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐷6
𝑁𝑢 = 0.6 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + ( Pr ) ]
{ }
 2

1
0.387(33274456.31)6
𝑁𝑢 = 0.6 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + (0.7309) ]
{ }
= 40.64

ℎ𝑙
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘
𝑘 0.02514 𝑊
ℎ= 𝑁𝑢 = 40.64 = 4.09
𝑙 0.25 𝑚. 𝐾
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑄 = (4.09)(14.92)(30 − 10) = 1219.489 𝑊

Forced Convection

At velocity, 𝑣=2 𝑚/𝑠

Properties of Air at T=20℃
𝜌=1.204 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ³
𝜈=1.596×10−5 𝑚2/𝑠
𝑘=0.02154 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
T∞+Ts 𝑃𝑟=0.7309
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2 𝜇=1.825×10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠
30℃+10℃
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2

𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =20℃

(2)(0.25 )
𝑅𝑒 = = 32981.53
(1.516 × 10−5 )
Using Churchill and Bernstein Equation;

4
1 1 5 5
0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 +( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + ( Pr ) ]

4
1 1 5 5
0.62(32981.53)2 (0.7309)3 32981.53 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ] = 107.76
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + (0.7309) ]

𝑊
𝑘 0.2514 𝑚. 𝐾 𝑊
ℎ = 𝑁𝑢 = 107.76 = 10.84
𝐷 0.25 𝑚 𝑚. 𝐾

𝑊
𝑄 = (10.84 ) (14.92 𝑚2 )(30°𝐶 − 10°𝐶) = 3234.66 𝑊
𝑚. 𝑘

At velocity, 𝑣=4 𝑚/𝑠

T∞+Ts
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2
30℃+10℃
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2

𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =20℃

(4)(0.25 )
𝑅𝑒 = = 65963.0607
(1.516 × 10−5 )
Using Churchill and Bernstein Equation;

4
1 1 5 5
0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 +( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + ( Pr ) ]

4
1 1 5 5
0.62(65963.0607)2 (0.7309)3 65963.0607 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ] = 165.793
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + (0.7309) ]

𝑊
𝑘 0.02514 𝑚. 𝐾 𝑊
ℎ = 𝑁𝑢 = 165.793 = 16.6722
𝐷 0.25 𝑚 𝑚. 𝐾

𝑊
𝑄 = (16.6722 ) (14.92 𝑚2 )(30°𝐶 − 10°𝐶) = 4974.984 𝑊
𝑚. 𝑘

At velocity, 𝑣=6 𝑚/𝑠

T∞+Ts
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2
30℃+10℃
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2

𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =20℃

(6)(0.25 )
𝑅𝑒 = = 98944.591
(1.516 × 10−5 )
Using Churchill and Bernstein Equation;

4
1 1 5 5
0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 +( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + ( Pr ) ]

4
1 1 5 5
0.62(98944.591)2 (0.7309)3 98944.5918
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ] = 216.189
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + (0.7309) ]

𝑊
𝑘 0.02514 𝑚. 𝐾 𝑊
ℎ = 𝑁𝑢 = 216.189 = 21.74
𝐷 0.25 𝑚 𝑚. 𝐾

𝑊
𝑄 = (21.74 ) (14.92 𝑚2 )(30°𝐶 − 10°𝐶) = 6487.206 𝑊
𝑚. 𝑘

At velocity, 𝑣=8 𝑚/𝑠

T∞+Ts
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2
30℃+10℃
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 2

𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =20℃

(8)(0.25 )
𝑅𝑒 = = 131926.121
(1.516 × 10−5 )
Using Churchill and Bernstein Equation;

4
1 1 5 5
0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 +( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + ( Pr ) ]

4
1 1 5 5
0.62(131926.121)2 (0.7309)3 131926.1218
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ] = 262.871
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + (0.7309) ]

𝑊
𝑘 0.02514 𝑚. 𝐾 𝑊
ℎ = 𝑁𝑢 = 262.871 = 26.434
𝐷 0.25 𝑚 𝑚. 𝐾

𝑊
𝑄 = (26.434 ) (14.92 𝑚2 )(30°𝐶 − 10°𝐶) = 7887.998 𝑊
𝑚. 𝑘
4. At velocity, 𝑣=0 𝑚/𝑠

𝑄=𝑚̇𝐶𝑊𝑅̇𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑊𝑅Δ𝑇

1219.489 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−𝑇1)

1219.489 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−10)

𝑻2 =11.34℃

At velocity, 𝑣=2 𝑚/𝑠

Properties of Chilled water
𝑄=𝑚̇𝐶𝑊𝑅̇𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑊𝑅Δ𝑇 𝑚̇=13 L per min = 0.217 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐶𝑝=4.28 KJ/kg.K
3234.66 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−𝑇1)

3234.66 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−10)

𝑻𝟐 =13.54℃

At velocity, 𝑣=4 𝑚/𝑠

𝑄=𝑚̇𝐶𝑊𝑅̇𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑊𝑅Δ𝑇

4974.984 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−𝑇1)

4974.984 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−10)

𝑻𝟐=15.46 ℃

At velocity, 𝑣=6 𝑚/𝑠

𝑄=𝑚̇𝐶𝑊𝑅̇𝐶𝑝𝐶𝑊𝑅Δ𝑇

6487.206 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−𝑇1)

6487.206 = (0.217) (4.2K) (𝑇2−10)

𝑻𝟐= 17.12℃
 Velocity, V
0 2 4 6
(m/s)

Heat Trasfer, Q
1219.489 3234.66 4974.984 6487.206
(W)

Temperature
11.34 13.54 15.46 17.12
,T2 (℃)

Temperature ,T2 (℃) vs Heat Trasfer, Q (W)

20
18
16
Temperature ,T2 (℃)

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Heat Trasfer, Q (W)

Graph 2: Air Exit Temperature versus Heat Transfer Rate

The cooling coil load is high and water flow rate increases to a certain level in the cooling
coil, turbulent flow occurs in the tubes. As a result, both the water side and air side heat transfer
coefficients will increase and lead to increase in overall heat transfer, which will have a positive
increase of the chilled water temperatures.
5. Physical properties of R-410A:

Figure 1: Properties of R-410A

R-410A refrigerant which contains only fluorine does not contribute to ozone depletion,
and therefore becoming more widely used, as ozone-depleting refrigerants like R-22 are phased
out. However, R-410A has a high global warming potential but it has high cooling capacity per
unit. So, the refrigerant will be saving and less environmental impact than other refrigerants and
it largely contributes to weight-saving of the chiller. Although the operating pressure is larger
because the cooling capacity is high. Based on the properties above, critical pressure of R-410A
is 4.90MPa so operating pressure of the chiller system must be lower than the critical pressure of
R-410A.
6. Given:

𝐴𝑠 = 2𝑚2 𝑡𝑜 20𝑚2

From Question 4,

Assume:

At 𝑣 = 2 𝑚/𝑠

𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10°𝐶

𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 = 4°𝐶

𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 = 38°𝐶

𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑛 𝑄4(13.54°𝐶)

𝑄 = 3234.66 𝑊

∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛

= 38°𝐶 − 10°𝐶 = 13.54°𝐶 − 4°𝐶

= 28°𝐶 = 9.54°𝐶

∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑚 =
∆𝑇
ln(∆𝑇1 )
2

28 − 9.54
∆𝑇𝑚 =
28
ln( )
9.54

∆𝑇𝑚 = 17.145℃
 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑚

To find overall heat transfer coefficient, U;

𝑄
𝑈=
𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑚

When 𝐴𝑠 = 2𝑚2

3234.66
𝑈=
2(17.145)

= 94.332 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾

When 𝐴𝑠 = 4𝑚2

3234.66
𝑈=
4(17.145)

= 47.166 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾

When 𝐴𝑠 = 6𝑚2

3234.66
𝑈=
6(17.145)

= 31.444 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾

When 𝐴𝑠 = 8𝑚2

3234.66
𝑈=
8(17.145)

= 23.583 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾

When 𝐴𝑠 = 10𝑚2

3234.66
𝑈=
10(17.145)

= 18.866 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾
For surface area,𝐴𝑠 = 12𝑚2 𝑡𝑜 20𝑚2, the same equation as above will be used

Surface Area (𝑚2 ) Overall heat transfer coefficient (𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾 )

2 94.332
4 47.166
6 31.444
8 23.583
10 18.866
12 15.722
14 13.476
16 11.792
18 10.481
20 9.433

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Surface Area

100
Overall heat transfer coefficient (𝑊∕𝑚.𝐾)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Surface Area (𝑚^2)

Graph 3: Overall heat transfer coefficient versus surface area

Based on the graph above, it illustrates that the higher the area, the lower value of heat
transfer coefficient in the Air Handling Unit (AHU) system.
7. Based on the question 4, the info:

𝑇 = 13.07℃, Q = 2804.06 W

The, referred the table A-11 saturated refrigerant-134a, the info of Temperature table:

∴ At 𝑇4 = 32℃
ℎ3@ ℎ𝑓 = 96.48 𝑘𝐽⁄𝐾𝑔 ℎ4 = ℎ3 = 96.48 𝑘𝐽⁄𝐾𝑔

∴ At 𝑇1 = 1℃
The interpolation was make to find ℎ1

𝑻(℃) h( 𝒌𝑱⁄𝑲𝒈)
0 250.45
1 ℎ1
2 251.61
Table: The interpolation data for ℎ1

1−0 ℎ1 − 250.45
=
2 − 0 251.61 − 250.45

ℎ1 = 251.034 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∴ At 𝑇2 = 13.54℃

The interpolation was make to find ℎ2𝑠 and S:

𝑻(℃) h( 𝒌𝑱⁄𝑲𝒈)

12 257.27

13.54 ℎ2𝑠

14 258.37

Table: The interpolation data for ℎ2𝑠

13.54 − 12 ℎ2𝑠 − 257.27

−
14 − 12 258.37 − 257.27

ℎ2𝑠 = 258.117 𝑘𝐽⁄k𝑔

𝐓, ℃ 𝑺𝟐,( 𝒌𝑱⁄𝑲𝒈 . 𝑲)

12 0.92554

13.54 S

14 0.92470

Table: The interpolation data for S

13.54 − 12 𝑆 − 0.92554
−
14 − 12 0.9247 − 0.92554

𝑆 = 0.9249 𝑘𝐽⁄k𝑔.𝐾

∴ 𝑆1 = 𝑆2 = 0.9249𝑘𝐽⁄k𝑔.𝐾
Then, used 88% isentropic efficiency of the compressor to find ℎ2:

ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1
𝜂=
ℎ2 − ℎ1

258.117 − 251.034
0.88 =
ℎ2 − 251.034

ℎ2 = 259.083 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

After that:

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ4)

𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ4)

𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ3)

𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
∴ 𝑚̇ =
ℎ2 − ℎ3
3234.66
𝑚̇ =
259.083 − 96.48
𝑚̇ = 19.89 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

ℎ1 − ℎ4
∴ 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
ℎ2 − ℎ1
251.034 − 96.48
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
259.083 − 251.034
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 19.21
8. Given:

𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖𝑛 = 28℃

𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 38℃

𝜔 = 0.7

𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1000 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × × × = 0.1667 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

Calculation of mass flow rate of air

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜔=
𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟

0.1667
0.7 =
𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟

∴ 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.2381 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

Calculation of changes unit from LPM to kg/s of mass flow rate of air given

For 20000 L/min,

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 20000 × × × = 0.4083 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

For 30000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 30000 × × × = 0.6125 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

For 40000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 40000 × × × = 0.8167 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3
For 50000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 50000 × × × = 1.021 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

For 60000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 60000 × × × = 1.225 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

For 70000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 70000 × × × = 1.429 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

For 80000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 80000 × × × = 1.633 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

For 90000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 90000 × × × = 1.838 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

For 100000 L/min

𝐿 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.001𝑚2 1.225 𝑘𝑔

𝑚̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 100000 × × × = 2.042 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1𝐿 1𝑚3

Calculation of 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

= (0.2381)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 28)
= 2392.91 𝑊
Calculation of exit temperature of air based on the flow rate

For 20000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.4083 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (0.4083)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 33.83℃

For 30000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.6125 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (0.6125)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 31.89℃

For 40000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.8167 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (0.8167)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 30.92℃

For 50000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.021 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (1.021)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 30.33℃

For 60000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (1.225)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 29.94℃
For 70000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.429 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (1.429)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 29.67℃

For 80000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.633 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (1.633)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 29.45℃

For 90000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.838 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (1.838)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 29.30℃

For 100000 L/min, 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 2.042 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

2392.91 = (2.042)(1.005𝑘)(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 28)
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 29.17℃
 Air flow rate (𝐿/min) 𝒎̇𝒂𝒊𝒓 (𝒌𝒈⁄𝒔) 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕 (℃)

20000 0.4083 33.83

30000 0.6125 31.89

40000 0.8167 30.92

50000 1.021 30.33

60000 1.225 29.94

70000 1.429 29.67

80000 1.633 29.45

90000 1.838 29.30

100000 2.042 29.17

Table: Data from the calculations

Exit Temperature (℃) vs Air Flow Rate (LPM)

35
33.83
34

33
EXIT TEMPERATURE (℃)

31.89
32
30.92
31 30.33
29.94
29.67 29.45
30 29.3 29.17
29

28

27

26
20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000
AIR FLOW RATE (LPM)

Graph 4: Exit Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

Based on the graph above, we can conclude that the exit temperature decreasing due to
the increasing of air flow rate.