Common Presentation of Heart Disease:

- Classic Symptoms of Heart Diseases=

 Chest Pain
 Skin Rash
 Discomfort
 Dyspnea ( shortness of breath)
 Palpitations
 Syncope ( fainting)
 Edema
 Lack of Stamina
 Pale gray or blue skin color

1) Congenital Heart Disease = a range of birth defects that affect the normal way the heart
works. Congenital heart defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves and the
arteries, or veins near the heart.
- Symptoms:
 Arrhythmias : Abnormal heart rhythms .
 Cyanosis :A bluish tint to the skin, lips and fingernails .
 Shortness of breath .
 Tiring quickly upon exertion .
 Edema : Swelling of body tissue or organs.
- Types
a) Ventricular septal defects (VSD): Occurs when a hole is present in the heart's lower
septum (divides between the left and right side).
b) Atrial septal defects (ASD): Occur when a hole is present in the heart's upper
septum (the divide between the left and right sides of the heart)

c) Patent Ductus Arteriosus:

All babies are born with a small hole
in the heart called ductus arteriosus.
 During the first few days of life, the hole usually closes on its own. However, in some
children the hole doesn't close on its own (called patent ductus arteriosus, or PDA).
Children with a ductal dependent congenital heart defect will experience
cardiovascular collapse when the PDA closes.

2) Ischemic Heart Disease / Myocardial Ischemia =

Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is
obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of
plaques (atherosclerosis). If the plaques rupture, you can have a heart attack
(myocardial infarction). This condition occurs most often during exertion or excitement,
when the heart requires greater blood flow.

3) Aortic Sclerosis =
The thickening and calcification of the aortic valve without an obstruction of the
ventricular flow of blood. This condition affects the aortic valve and may lead to aortic
stenosis. Aortic sclerosis is increasingly prevalent in older adults, as risk increases as a
patient ages.
- Symptoms:
 Abnormal heart sound (heart murmur) heard through a stethoscope
 Chest pain (angina) or tightness with activity
 Feeling faint or dizzy or fainting with activity
 Shortness of breath, especially when you have been active
 Fatigue, especially during times of increased activity
  Rapid, fluttering heartbeat (palpitations)
 Not eating enough (mainly in children with aortic valve stenosis)
 Not gaining enough weight (mainly in children with aortic valve stenosis)
- Causes:
The process of inflammation of the aortic valve leads to the deposition of calcium,
causing calcification of the aortic valve. Inflammation also leads to fibrosis of the valve.
Fibrosis and calcification are responsible for the thickened nature of the aortic valve.
4) Myocardium Disease / Cardiopathy =

a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the
rest of your body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.
- Symptoms:
 Breathlessness with activity or even at rest
 Swelling of the legs, ankles and feet
 Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid buildup
 Cough while lying down
 Difficulty lying flat to sleep
 Fatigue
 Heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding or fluttering
 Chest discomfort or pressure
 Dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting

- Types:
a) Dilated Cardiomyopathy :
the heart's ability to pump blood is decreased because the heart's main pumping
chamber, the left ventricle, is enlarged, dilated and weak. At first, the chambers of the
heart respond by stretching to hold more blood to pump through the body. This helps to
strengthen the heart's contraction and keep the blood moving for a short while. With
time, the heart muscle walls weaken and are not able to pump as strongly.
 Causes :
 Most cases of dilated cardiomyopathy are idiopathic (an exact cause is
not known)
 Sometimes a viral illness may be responsible
  Occasionally it may be inherited (familial cardiomyopathy)
 Heart valve disease (valvular cardiomyopathy)
 Alcoholism (heavy drinking, alcoholic cardiomyopathy)
 Drug abuse or taking d rugs that are toxic to the heart
 Thyroid disease
 Diabetes
 Women after childbirth (peripartum cardiomyopathy).
b) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy :

complex type of heart disease that affects the heart muscle. It causes thickening of the
heart muscle (especially the ventricles, or lower heart chambers), left ventricular
stiffness, mitral valve changes and cellular changes.

c) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy :
A condition where the chambers of the heart become stiff over time. Though the heart
is able to squeeze well, it's not able to relax between beats normally. This makes it
harder for the heart to fill with blood. The blood backs up in the circulatory system.
This can cause fluid to build up in the body including the lungs, which leads to many of
the symptoms of the condition. It also increases the pressure inside the ventricles and
the atria can become enlarged.
- Causes:
 Amyloidosis
 Hemochromatosis
 Sarcoidosis
 Eosinophilic endomyocardial disease
 Scleroderma
 Radiation-induced heart disease
 Certain rare genetic conditions