PROVING SET IDENTITIES

1. Identity Law 7. Distributive Law

∅∪A=A, U∩A=A A∪(B∩C)=(A∪B)∩(A∪C)
A∩(B∪C)=(A∩B)∪(A∩C)
2. Domination Law
A∪U =U, A∩∅=∅ 8. De Morgan’s Law
(A∪B) ' =A'∩B'
RULES OF REPLACEMENT/LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE 3. Idempotent Law (A∩B) ' =A'∪B'
Identity Law Universal Bound Law A∪A=A A∩A=A
p∨c≡p p∨t≡t 9. Absorption Law
p∧t≡p p∧c≡c 4. Complementation Law A∪ (A∩B)=A
(A’) = A A∩(A ∪ B) = A

5. Commutative Law 10. Complement Law

A∪B=B∪A A ∪ A' = U
A∩B=B∩A A ∩ A'= Ø

6. Associative Law
A∪(B∪C)=(A∪B)∪C A∩(B∩C)=(A∩B)∩C
RULES OF INFERENCE
Domain – is the set of all the first elements
Range – is the set of all the second elements

Symmetric: at least one na bumabalik, pwede

Transitive: if a-b and b-c then a-c
Natural Numbers – N denoting the set of all natural
numbers: N = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} (sometimes defined excluding
0)

Integers – Z denoting the set of all integers (whether

positive, negative or zero): Z = {..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ...}

Rational Numbers – Q denoting the set of all rational

numbers (that is, the set of all proper and improper
fractions) TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Real Numbers – R denoting the set of all real numbers. This
set includes all rational numbers, together with all irrational
numbers

Ø={} |Ø| = 0 |{Ø}| = 1 |{ }| = 0

Domain of a Function
Input / inside the function f(x) all values of x, for which f(x)
is defined. Example: fx=x3 – 3
you can plug in any value for x, like x ∈ R
R becomes the domain for the given function

Range of a Function y=f(x)

Steps:
1. Put y=f(x) 2. Express x as the function of y

3. Find possible values of y

4. Eliminate values by looking at the definition to write the
range.
Given: x-1
y=x-1 Put y=f(x)
x=y + 1 Express x as the function of y
y∈R Find possible values of y

LAWS OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

LOGIC GATES