DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SELF HEALING COMPOSITE

MATERIALS

ABSTRACT
Self-healing materials are a class of smart materials that have the structurally
incorporated ability to repair damage caused by mechanical usage over time. Cracks and other
types of damage on a microscopic level has been shown to change thermal, electrical,
and acoustical properties, and eventually their propagation leads to wholesale failure of the
material. In general, cracks are hard to detect at an early stage, and repair is performed by
manual intervention A material that can intrinsically correct damage caused by normal usage
could lower costs of a number of different industrial processes through longer part lifetime,
reduction of inefficiency over time caused by degradation, as well as prevent costs incurred by
material failure. For a material to be strictly defined as autonomously self-healing, it is
necessary that the healing process occurs without human intervention.

The aim of the project is calculating static results for four self healing composite
materials. From these results we can say their strength and stress values and also we can get an
idea which material we have to use with different loading conditions and also we can say their
limitation of usage.

In this project here we taken 4 self haling composite materials those are (AL2O3, SIC,
CARBON, BORON NITRIDE) and created sand-witch structure by using creo-2 and analysed
model with(Ansys workbench) static loading conditions and calculated results like
deformation, stress, strain, safety factor.

Tools were used:

Cad tool: creo-2

Cae tool: Ansys workbench

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 1. INTRODUCTION
Self-healing materials are a class of smart materials that have the structurally incorporated
ability to repair damage caused by mechanical usage over time. The inspiration comes from
biological systems, which have the ability to heal after being wounded. Cracks and other types
of damage on a microscopic level has been shown to change thermal, electrical,
and acoustical properties, and eventually their propagation leads to wholesale failure of the
material. In general, cracks are hard to detect at an early stage, and repair is performed by
manual intervention. A material that can intrinsically correct damage caused by normal usage
could lower costs of a number of different industrial processes through longer part lifetime,
reduction of inefficiency over time caused by degradation, as well as prevent costs incurred by
material failure. For a material to be strictly defined as autonomously self-healing, it is
necessary that the healing process occurs without human intervention. Some examples shown
below, however, include healing polymers that require an external intervention (light,
temperature change,) to initiate the healing process. Self-healing materials can be dated back
to Roman times when some mortars were already self-healing, however, their development
took place mostly since around the end of the 1990s. Although most cases are found with
polymers or elastomers, self-healing cover all classes of materials, including metals, ceramics,
cementitious materials, and the healing mechanisms vary from an instrinsic repair of the
material to the addition of a repair agent contained in a microscopic vessel.

History:

Self healing materials only emerged as a widely recognized field of study in the 21st century.
The first international conference on self-healing materials was held in 2007. The field of self-
healing materials is related to bio mimetic materials (materials inspired by living nature) as
well as to other novel materials and surfaces with the embedded capacity for self-organization,
such as the self-lubricating and self-cleaning materials. However, some of the simpler
applications have been known for centuries, such as the self repair of cracks in concrete.
Related processes in concrete have been studied microscopically since the 19th century. A
form of self healing mortar was known even to the ancient Romans

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Biomimetics:

In the course of 3.8 billion years plants and animals have evolved the amazing capacity to seal
and heal wounds. In all plants and animals examined, firstly a self-sealing phase and secondly
a self-healing phase can be identified. In plants, the rapid self-sealing prevents the plants from
desiccation and from infection by pathogenic germs. This gives time for the subsequent self-
healing of the injury which in addition to wound closure also results in the (partly) restoration
of mechanical properties of the plant organ. Based on a variety of self-sealing and self-healing
processes in plants different functional principles were successfully transferred into bio-
inspired self-repairing materials. The connecting link between the biological model and the
technical application is an abstraction describing the underlying functional principle of the
biological model which can be for example an analytical model or a numerical model. In cases
where mainly physical-chemical processes are involved a transfer is especially promising.
There is evidence in the academic literature of these biomimetic design approaches being used
in the development of self-healing systems for polymer composites. In biology, for the
minimum power to pump fluid through vessels Murray's law applies. Deviation from Murray’s
law is small however, increasing the diameter 10% only leads to an additional power
requirement of 3%–5%. Murray’s law is followed in some mechanical vessels, and using
Murray’s law can reduce the hydraulic resistance throughout the vessels. The DIW structure
from above can be used to essentially mimic the structure of skin. Toohey et al. did this with
an epoxy substrate containing a grid of microchannels containing dicyclopentadiene(DCPD),
and incorporated Grubbs' catalyst to the surface. This showed partial recovery of toughness
after fracture, and could be repeated several times because of the ability to replenish the
channels after use. The process is not repeatable forever, because the polymer in the crack
plane from previous healings would build up over time. Inspired by rapid self-sealing
processes in the twining liana Aristolochia macrophylla and related species (pipevines) a
biomimetic PU-foam coating for pneumatic structures was developed. With respect to low
coating weight and thickness of the foam layer maximum repair efficiencies of 99.9% and
more have been obtained. Other role models are latex bearing plants as the weeping fig (Ficus
benjamina), the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and spurges (Euphorbia spp.), in which the

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coagulation of latex is involved in the sealing of lesions. Different self-sealing strategies for
elastomeric materials were developed showing significant mechanical restoration after a
macroscopic lesion.

Self-healing polymers & Elastomers:

In the last century, polymers became a base material in everyday life for products like plastics,
rubbers, films, fibres or paints. This huge demand has forced to extend their reliability and
maximum lifetime, and a new design class of polymeric materials that are able to restore their
functionality after damage or fatigue was envisaged. These polymer materials can be divided
into two different groups based on the approach to the self-healing mechanism: intrinsic or
extrinsic. Autonomous self-healing polymers follow a three-step process very similar to that of
a biological response. In the event of damage, the first response is triggering or actuation,
which happens almost immediately after damage is sustained. The second response is
transport of materials to the affected area, which also happens very quickly. The third response
is the chemical repair process. This process differs depending on the type of healing
mechanism that is in place. (e.g., polymerization, entanglement, reversible cross-linking).
These self-healing materials can be classified in three different ways: capsule based, vascular,
and intrinsic (which is listed as “Reversible healing polymers” above). While similar in some
ways, these three ways differ in the ways that response is hidden or prevented until actual
damage is sustained.

Polymer breakdown:
From a molecular perspective, traditional polymers yield to mechanical stress through
cleavage of sigma bonds. While newer polymers can yield in other ways, traditional polymers
typically yield through homolytic or heterolytic bond cleavage. The factors that determine
how a polymer will yield include: type of stress, chemical properties inherent to the polymer,
level and type of solvation, and temperature. From a macromolecular perspective, stress
induced damage at the molecular level leads to larger scale damage called microcracks. A
microcrack is formed where neighboring polymer chains have been damaged in close
proximity, ultimately leading to the weakening of the fiber as a whole.

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Self-healing fibre-reinforced polymer composites:
Methods for the implementation of self-healing functionality into filled composites and fibre
reinforced polymers (FRPs) are almost exclusively based on extrinsic systems and thus can be
broadly classified into two approaches; discrete capsule-based systems and continuous
vascular systems. In contrast to non-filled polymers, the success of an intrinsic approach based
on bond reversibility has yet to be proven in FRPs. To date, self-healing of FRPs has mostly
been applied to simple structures such as flat plates and panels. There is however a somewhat
limited application of self-healing in flat panels, as access to the panel surface is relatively
simple and repair methods are very well established in industry. Instead, there has been a
strong focus on implementing self-healing in more complex and industrially relevant
structures such as T-Joints and Aircraft Fuselages.

Capsule-based systems:
Capsule-based systems were first proposed by White et al. in 2001,  and since adapted by a
number of authors for introduction into fibre reinforced materials.  This method relies on the
release of an encapsulated healing agent into the damage zone, and is generally a once off
process as the functionality of the encapsulated healing agent cannot be restored. Even so,
implemented systems are able to restore material integrity to almost 100% and remain stable
over the material lifetime.

Vascular systems

A vascular or fibre-based approach may be more appropriate for self-healing impact damage
in fibre-reinforced polymer composite materials. In this method, a network of hollow channels
known as vascules, similar to the blood vessels within human tissue, are placed within the
structure and used for the introduction of a healing agent. During damage event cracks
propagate through the material and into the vascules causing them to be cleaved open. A liquid
resin is then passed through the vascules and into the damage plane, allowing the cracks to be
repaired. Vascular systems have a number of advantages over microcapsule based systems,
such as the ability to continuously deliver large volumes of repair agents and the potential to
be used for repeated healing. The hollow channels themselves can also be used for additional
functionality, such as thermal management and structural health monitoring. A number of

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methods have been proposed for the introduction of these vascules, including the use of
hollow glass fibres (HGFs), 3D printing, a ‘lost wax’ process and a solid perform route.

Self-healing coatings

Coatings allow the retention and improvement of bulk properties of a material. They can
provide protection for a substrate from environmental exposure. Thus, when damage occurs
(often in the form of microcracks), environmental elements like water and oxygen can diffuse
through the coating and may cause material damage or failure. Microcracking in coatings can
result in mechanical degradation or delamination of the coating, or in electrical failure in fibre-
reinforced composites and microelectronics, respectively. As the damage is on such a small
scale, repair, if possible, is often difficult and costly. Therefore, a coating that can
automatically heal itself (“self-healing coating”) could prove beneficial by automatic
recovering properties (such as mechanical, electrical and aesthetic properties), and thus
extending the lifetime of the coating. The majority of the approaches that are described in
literature regarding self-healing materials can be applied to make “self-healing” coatings,
including microencapsulation and the introduction of reversible physical bonds such as
hydrogen bonding, ionomers and chemical bonds (Diels-Alder chemistry). Microencapsulation
is the most common method to develop self-healing coatings. The capsule approach originally
described by White et al., using microencapsulated dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) monomer and
Grubbs’ catalyst to self-heal epoxy polymer was later adapted to epoxy adhesive films that are
commonly used in the aerospace and automotive industries for bonding metallic and
composite substrates. Recently, microencapsulated liquid suspensions of metal or carbon black
were used to restore electrical conductivity in a multilayer microelectronic device and battery
electrodes respectively; however the use of microencapsulation for restoration of electrical
properties in coatings is limited. The most common application of this technique is proven in
polymer coatings for corrosion protection. Corrosion protection of metallic materials is of
significant importance on an economical and ecological scale. To prove the effectiveness of
microcapsules in polymer coatings for corrosion protection, researchers have encapsulated a
number of materials. These materials include isocyanates monomers such as
DCPD GMA epoxy resin, linseed oil and tung oil. By using the aforementioned materials for

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self healing in coatings, it was proven that microencapsulation effectively protects the metal
against corrosion and extends the lifetime of a coating.

Self-healing cementations materials:

Cementations materials have existed since the Roman era. These materials have a natural
ability to self-heal, which was first reported by the French Academy of Science in 1836. This
ability can be improved by the integration of chemical and biochemical strategies.

Autogenously healing:

Autogenously healing is the natural ability of cementitious materials to repair cracks. This
ability is principally attributed to further hydration of unhydrated cement particles and
carbonation of dissolved calcium hydroxide. Cementitious materials in fresh-water systems
can autogenously heal cracks up to 0.2 mm over a period of 7 weeks.

Chemical additives based healing

Self-healing of cementitious materials can be achieved through the reaction of certain

chemical agents. Two main strategies exist for housing these agents, namely capsules and
vascular tubes. These capsules and vascular tubes, once ruptured, release these agents and heal
the crack damage. Studies have mainly focused on improving the quality of these housings
and encapsulated materials in this field.

Bio-based healing

The self-healing ability of concrete has been improved by the incorporation of bacteria, which
can induce calcium carbonate precipitation through their metabolic activity. These precipitates
can build up and form an effective seal against crack related water ingress. Jonkers et al. first
incorporated bacteria within cement paste for the development of self-healing concrete. It was
found that the bacteria directly added to the paste only remained viable for 4 months. Later
studies saw Jonkers use expanded clay particles and Van Tittlelboom use glass tubes, to
protect the bacteria inside the concrete. Other strategies to protect the bacteria have also since
been reported.

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Self-healing ceramics:

Generally, ceramics are superior in strength to metals at high temperatures, however, they are
brittle and sensitive to flaws, and this brings into question their integrity and reliability as
structural materials. Mn+1AXn phase ceramics, also known as MAX Phases, can
autonomously heal crack damage by an intrinsic healing mechanism. Micro cracks caused by
wear or thermal stress are filled with oxides formed from the MAX phase constituents,
commonly the A-element, during high temperature exposure to air Crack gap filling was first
demonstrated for Ti3AlC2 by oxidation at 1200 °C in air. Ti2AlC and Cr2AlC have also
demonstrated said ability, and more ternary carbides and nitrides are expected to be able to
autonomously self-heal. The process is repeatable up to the point of element depletion,
distinguishing MAX phases from other self-healing materials that require external healing
agents (extrinsic healing) for single crack gap filling. Depending on the filling-oxide,
improvement of the initial properties such as local strength can be achieved. On the other
hand, mullite, alumina and zirconia do not have the ability to heal intrinsically, but could be
endowed with self-healing capabilities by embedding second phase components into the
matrix. Upon cracking, these particles are exposed to oxygen, and in the presence of heat, they
react to form new materials which fill the crack gap under volume expansion. This concept has
been proven using SiC to heal cracks in an Alumina matrix, and further studies have
investigated the high temperature strength, and the static and cyclic fatigue strength of the
healed part. The strength and bonding between the matrix and the healing agent is of prime
importance and thus govern the selection of the healing particles.

Self-healing metals:
When exposed for long times to high temperatures and moderate stresses, metals exhibit
premature and low-ductility creep fracture, arising from the formation and growth of cavities.
Those defects coalesce into cracks which ultimately cause macroscopic failure. Self-healing of
early stage damage is thus a promising new approach to extend the lifetime of the metallic
components. In metals, self-healing is intrinsically more difficult to achieve than in most other
material classes, due to their high melting point and, as a result, low atom mobility. Generally,
defects in the metals are healed by the formation of precipitates at the defects sites that
immobilize further crack growth. Improved creep and fatigue properties have been reported

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for underaged aluminium alloys compared to the peak hardening Al alloys, which is due to the
heterogeneous precipitation at the crack tip and its plastic zone. The first attempts to heal
creep damage in steels were focused on the dynamic precipitation of either Cu or BN at the
creep-cavity surface. Cu precipitation has only a weak preference for deformation-induced
defects as a large fraction of spherical Cu precipitates is simultaneously formed with the
matrix. Recently, gold atoms were recognized as a highly efficient healing agents in Fe-based
alloys. A defect-induced mechanism is indicated for the Au precipitation, i.e. the Au solute
remains dissolved until defects are formed. Autonomous repair of high-temperature creep
damage was reported by alloying with a small amount of Au. Healing agents selectively
precipitate at the free surface of a creep cavity, resulting in pour filling. For the lower stress
levels up to 80% filling of the creep cavities with Au precipitates is achieved resulting in a
substantial increase in creep life time. Work to translate the concept of creep damage healing
in simple binary or ternary model systems to real multi component creep steels is ongoing.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials to give a
unique combination of the properties of the constituent materials. The advantage of the
composites is that they usually exhibit the best qualities of the constituents and some
qualities that neither constituent possesses. The properties that can be improved include:
Strength


Stiffness


Corrosion resistance


Wear resistance


Attractiveness


Weight


Fatigue life


Thermal insulation


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 Thermal conductivity


Acoustical Insulatio


The composite materials are not "new". Since ancient times mankind has used
composite materials in different areas. Straw was used to strengthen mud bricks. Medieval
swords and armor were constructed with layers of different materials. In the Mongolian
arcs, compressed parts that are made of corn, and stretched parts that are made of wood
and cow tendons were glued together .
1.2 SANDWICH STRUCTURES
Sandwich structures are a special kind of laminated composite. Laminated composites
consist of layers of at least two different materials that are bonded together. A structural
sandwich consists of three elements, as shown in Fig 1.1:

1) Face sheets

2) Core

3) Adhesive

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 Figure 1.1 : Sandwich Panel

Structural sandwich construction is one of the first forms of composite structures that have
attained broad acceptance and usage. Virtually all commercial airliners and helicopters, and
nearly all military air and space vehicles make extensive usage of sandwich
construction. In addition to air and space vehicles, this system is commonly used in
the manufacture of cargo containers, movable shelters and airfield surfacing, navy ship
interiors, small boats and yachts, die models and production parts in the
automobile and recreational vehicle industry,snow skis, display cases, residential
construction materials, interior partitions, doors, cabinets, and a great many of other
everyday items.

The idea of using two cooperating faces with a distance between them was
introduced by Delau in about 1820. The first extensive use of sandwich panels was during
WW II. First theoretical writings appeared also during WW II. In the “Mosquito” aircraft,
shown in Fig. 1.2, the sandwich structure was used, mainly because of the shortage of other
materials, in England during the war. The faces were made of veneer while the core
consisted of balsa wood. One of the early uses of sandwich structures in an aerospace
application was in 1937, where balsa wood core and cedar plywood face sheets were used
in the construction of De Havilland Albatross airplane.

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 Figure 1.2 : Mosquito Aircraft
After the 50’s, with the advent of new materials and new production techniques,
most of the severe problems of sandwich panels were solved.

Natural sandwich structures also exist, in Fig. 1.3, the upper figure is a section
of a human skull, showing two layers of dense compact bone separated by a layer of
spongy trabecular bone and the lower one is a section from a bird’s
Wing.

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 Figure 1.3 : Natural Sandwich Structures

1.2.1 Face sheet materials

The primary functions of the face sheets are to provide the required bending and
in-plane shear stiffness alongside to carry the axial, bending, and in-plane shear loading.
There are various materials that can be used as face sheets. Some examples are given
below:
 Aluminum

 Steel/Stainless Steel

 Carbon/Epoxy

 Fiberglass/Epoxy

 Aramid/Epoxy

 Plywood

In a panel, it is generally desirable to use the same materials on each side of the HC
structure. In cases where dissimilar face sheets are required, caution is needed to eliminate
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face sheet distortion due to unequal thermal expansion coefficients.

1.2.2 Core materials

The core has several vital functions. It must be stiff enough to resist loads acting in
perpendicular direction to the panels, so the distance between the upper and lower face sheet
remains fixed. Also, it must be stiff enough in shear to prevent the sliding of the face sheets
over each other. If this condition is not fulfilled, the face sheets act as two independent panels
and the sandwich effect is lost. In addition, the core should be stiff enough to stabilize
the thin face sheets, otherwise wrinkling (local buckling) of the face sheets may occur . The
most commonly used core materials can be classified in three main groups: cellular cores,
corrugated cores and honeycomb cores.

1.2.3 Adhesives

Adhesives’ (or the bounding layer) role in the sandwich structures is to keep the faces and
the core co-operating with each other. The adhesive between the faces and the
core must be able to transfer the shear forces between the faces and the core. The
adhesive must be able to carry shear and tensile stresses. It is hard to specify the demands on
the joints; a simple rule is that the adhesive should be able to take up the same shear stress
as the core. Some adhesive types, such as phenolic, give out vapor during curing reaction.
The vapor can cause several problems if this vapor is trapped; it may cause little or no
bond in some areas, the pressure may damage the core material or it may cause the core to
move to an undesired position. Common adhesives in current use are:
1. Nitride Pheonolic

2. Vinyl Pheonolic

3. Epoxy

4. Urethane

5. Polyimide

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
ynthetic self-healing materials are a class of new emerging smart materials with the ability to

spontaneously and autono-mously heal, mimicking the self-healing functionality that is

observed in many living organisms [1,2]. In fact, spontaneous self-healing is an imperative

requirement for sustaining life; it in- creases the survivability and lifetime of most living

organisms[3e5]. Since the publication of our paper on autonomic self-healing of polymer

composites in 2001 [6], the Web of Science lists more than 6000 publications covering the

field of self-healing materials. These publications reported on self-healing chemistries in

different kinds of materials, including thermoplastic polymers, thermo set polymers,

elastomers, shape memory polymers, supra molecular polymers, polymer composites,

nanocomposites, and coatings [7e12]. Inspired by a variety of natural materials, research in

syn-thetic self-healing materials focuses on the preparation of multi-functional materials that

are able to recover their fundamental properties including mechanical strength, conductivity,

fracture toughness, and corrosion resistance, after damage has occurred [5]. Self-healing

abilities in synthetic materials increase lifetimes and open a range of promising applications

for these materials [7,13]. During the last few years, several review articles have been

published investigating the synthesis and chemistry of self-healing polymers [14e18] . The self-

healing properties of polymecomposites have also been comprehensively reviewed [4,19e21].

The concept of self-healing has been successfully applied to a number of materials that also

include nanostructured materials [20,22e24]. On the basis of chemistry of self-healing

polymers/ polymer composites, current literature categorizes these materials into two classes:

(i) autonomic and (ii) non-autonomic self-healing materials

Among different materials, polymer nano composites with superior properties in terms of
strength, stiffness, cost, thermal stability and lightweight are leading candidates as material
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components in a number of applications to improve the efficiency and sustainability [26].
However these also suffer from drawbacks such as mesoscopic damage (e.g., micro-cracks
and cavitation), degradation and surface scratches. The implication of self-healing concepts
into polymer nano composites offers new directions towards sustainable, safer and longer
lasting materials for multifunctional applications including, electronics, energy, transportation
and coatings to name a few. Indeed, the field of self healing polymer nano composites is
rapidly emerging and new.

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 2. INTRODUCTION:

CREO
2.1. CAD
Computer aided design (cad) is defined as any activity that involves the

effective use of the computer to create, modify, analyze, or document an engineering design.

CAD is most commonly associated with the use of an interactive computer graphics system,

referred to as cad system. The term CAD/CAM system is also used if it supports

manufacturing as well as design applications

2.2. Introduction to CREO

CREO is a suite of programs that are used in the design, analysis, and manufacturing of a

virtually unlimited range of product.

CREO is a parametric, feature-based solid modeling system, “Feature based”

means that you can create part and assembly by defining feature like pad, rib, slots, holes, rounds,

and so on, instead of specifying low-level geometry like lines, arcs, and circle& features are

specifying by setting values and attributes of element such as reference planes or surfaces

direction of creation, pattern parameters, shape, dimensions and others.

“Parametric” means that the physical shape of the part or assembly is driven

by the values assigned to the attributes (primarily dimensions) of its features. Parametric may

define or modify a feature’s dimensions or other attributes at any time.

For example, if your design intent is such that a hole is centered on a block, you

can relate the dimensional location of the hole to the block dimensions using a numerical

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formula; if the block dimensions change, the centered hole position will be recomputed

automatically.

“Solid Modeling” means that the computer model to create it able to contain all the

information that a real solid object would have. The most useful thing about the solid

modeling is that it is impossible to create a computer model that is ambiguous or physically

non-realizable.

There are six core CREO concepts. Those are:

 Solid Modeling

 Feature Based

 Parametric

 Parent / Child Relationships

 Associative

 Model Centric
2.3 Capabilities and Benefits:

1. Complete 3D modeling capabilities enable you to exceed quality arid time to arid time

to market goals.

2. Maximum production efficiency through automated generation of associative C tooling

design, assembly instructions, and machine code.

3. Ability to simulate and analysis virtual prototype to improve production performance

and optimized product design.

4. Ability to share digital product data seamlessly among all appropriate team members

5. Compatibility with myriad CAD tools-including associative data exchange and

industry standard data formats.

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2.4 Features of CREO

CREO is a one-stop for any manufacturing industry. It offers effective feature,

incorporated for a wide variety of purpose. Some of the important features are as follows:

 Simple and powerful tool

 Parametric design

 Feature-based approach

 Parent child relationship

 Associative and model centric

2.4.1. Simple and Powerful Tool

CREO tools are used friendly. Although the execution of any operation using the tool can

create a highly complex model

2.4.2. Parametric Design

CREO designs are parametric. The term “parametric” means that the design operations

that are captured can be stored as they take place. They can be used effectively in the future

for modifying and editing the design. These types of modelling help in faster and easier

modifications of design.

2.4.3. Feature-Based Approach

Features are the basic building blocks required to create an object. CREO wildfire models

are based on the series of feature. Each feature builds upon the previous feature, to create the

model (only one single feature can be modified at a time). Each feature may appear simple,

individually, but collectively forms a complex part and assemblies.

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 The idea behind feature based modelling is that the designer construct on object, composed

of individual feature that describe the manner in which the geometry supports the object, if its

dimensions change. The first feature is called the base feature.

2.4.4. Parent Child Relationship

The parent child relationship is a powerful way to capture your design intent in a model. This

relationship naturally occurs among features, during the modeling process. When you create a

new feature, the existing feature that are referenced, become parent to the feature.

2.4.5. Associative and Model Centric

CREO drawings are model centric. This means that CREO models that are represented in

assembly or drawings are associative. If changes are made in one module, these will

automatically get updated in the referenced module.

2.5. CREO Basic Design Modes

When a design from conception to completion in CREO, the design information goes through three

basic design steps.

1. Creating the component parts of the design

2. Joining the parts in an assembly that records the relative position of the parts.

3. Creating mechanical drawing based on the information in the parts and the assembly.

2.6 Assembly in CREO:

Bottom-Up Design (Modeling):

The components (parts) are created first and then added to the assembly file. This technique

is particularly useful when parts already exist from previous designs and are being re-used.

Top-Down Design (Modeling):

The assembly file is created first and then the components are created in the

assembly file. The parts are build relative to other components. Useful in new designs

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In practice, the combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches is used. As you often

use existing parts and create new parts in order to meet your design needs.

Degrees of Freedom:

An object in space has six degrees of freedom.

• Translation – movement along X, Y, and Z axis (three degrees of freedom)

• Rotation – rotate about X, Y, and Z axis (three degrees of freedom)

Assembly Constraints:

In order to completely define the position of one part relative to another, we must constrain all

of the degrees of freedom COINCIDENT, OFFSET

OFFSET

Two surfaces are made parallel with a specified offset distance..

COINCIDENT

Two selected surfaces become co-planar and face in the same direction. Can also be applied to

revolved surfaces. This constrains 3 degrees of freedom (two rotations and one translation). When

Align is used on revolved surfaces, they become coaxial (axes through the centers align).

CREO Modules:-

 Sketcher (2D)

 Part (3D)

 Assembly

 Drawing and Drafting

 Sheet Metal

 Surface modelling

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 3D MODEL IS DEVELOPED USING CREO:-
Open pro-e/creo

New enter namebase foamok

Design developed by using cad tool (creo-2)
Create rectangular 300*320mm with reference dimensions

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The above sketch should follow 3 conditions those are the sketcher should be closed and there
should be no open end there should be no over lapping. By following these conditions we have to
create our model. After completion of sketch click ok and we will get below model.
Then extrude it25mmok

Extrude model
After completion of that just click on ok then we will get below model

Base foam final model

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 Top foam
Create rectangular 300*320mm with reference dimensions

The above sketch should follow 3 conditions those are the sketcher should be closed and there
should be no open end there should be no over lapping. By following these conditions we have to
create our model. After completion of sketch click ok and we will get below model.
Then extrude it25mmok

Extrude model
After completion of that just click on ok then we will get below model

24
 Top foam final model
Honey comb
Create rectangular 300*320mm with reference dimensions

The above sketch should follow 3 conditions those are the sketcher should be closed and there
should be no open end there should be no over lapping. By following these conditions we have to
create our model. After completion of sketch click ok and we will get below model.
Then extrude it100mmok

25
Honey comb extrude model

Honey comb with holes

26
 Honey comb final model

ASSEMBLING ALL MODELS

Import rectangular base foam first into assembly window then select default option this
default option makes object planes coincide with assembly planes. Then import honeycomb
also and place it contact with foam. Here we are using only coincide constraint option for all

27
these constraint

Top foam & base foam& honey comb

Repeat the same process to constraint above foam also.

Final assembly

28
 INTRODUCTION TO FEA
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was first developed in 1943 by R. Courant, who utilized the
Ritz method of numerical analysis and minimization of variational calculus to obtain
approximate solutions to vibration systems. Shortly thereafter, a paper published in 1956 by
M. J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin, and L. J. Topp established a broader definition of
numerical analysis. The paper centered on the "stiffness and deflection of complex structures".
FEA consists of a computer model of a material or design that is stressed and analyzed for
specific results. It is used in new product design, and existing product refinement. A company
is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the client's specifications prior to
manufacturing or construction. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to qualify
the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA may be
used to help determine the design modifications to meet the new condition.

29
There are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry: 2-D modeling, and 3-D
modeling. While 2-D modeling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a
relatively normal computer, it tends to yield less accurate results. 3-D modeling, however,
produces more accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but the fastest
computers effectively. Within each of these modeling schemes, the programmer can insert
numerous algorithms (functions) which may make the system behave linearly or non-linearly.
Linear systems are far less complex and generally do not take into account plastic
deformation. Non-linear systems do account for plastic deformation, and many also are
capable of testing a material all the way to fracture.
FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes which make a grid called a mesh. This
mesh is programmed to contain the material and structural properties which define how the
structure will react to certain loading conditions. Nodes are assigned at a certain density
throughout the material depending on the anticipated stress levels of a particular area. Regions
which will receive large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than those which
experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of: fracture point of previously
tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and high stress areas. The mesh acts like a
spider web in that from each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the adjacent nodes.
This web of vectors is what carries the material properties to the object, creating many
elements.
A wide range of objective functions (variables within the system) are available for
minimization or maximization:
 Mass, volume, temperature

 Strain energy, stress strain

 Force, displacement, velocity, acceleration

 Synthetic (User defined)

There are multiple loading conditions which may be applied to a system. Some examples are
shown:
 Point, pressure, thermal, gravity, and centrifugal static loads

 Thermal loads from solution of heat transfer analysis

30
  Enforced displacements

 Heat flux and convection

 Point, pressure and gravity dynamic loads

Each FEA program may come with an element library, or one is constructed over time. Some
sample elements are:
 Rod elements

 Beam elements

 Plate/Shell/Composite elements

 Shear panel

 Solid elements

 Spring elements

 Mass elements

 Rigid elements

 Viscous damping elements

Many FEA programs also are equipped with the capability to use multiple materials within the
structure such as:
 Isotropic, identical throughout

 Orthotropic, identical at 90 degrees

 General anisotropic, different throughout

3.1 TYPES OF ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Structural analysis consists of linear and non-linear models. Linear models use simple
parameters and assume that the material is not plastically deformed. Non-linear models consist
of stressing the material past its elastic capabilities. The stresses in the material then vary with
the amount of deformation as in.

31
Vibrational analysis is used to test a material against random vibrations, shock, and impact.
Each of these incidences may act on the natural vibrational frequency of the material which, in
turn, may cause resonance and subsequent failure.
Fatigue analysis helps designers to predict the life of a material or structure by showing the
effects of cyclic loading on the specimen. Such analysis can show the areas where crack
propagation is most likely to occur. Failure due to fatigue may also show the damage tolerance
of the material.
Heat Transfer analysis models the conductivity or thermal fluid dynamics of the material or
structure. This may consist of a steady-state or transient transfer. Steady-state transfer refers to
constant thermo properties in the material that yield linear heat diffusion.
3. 2Results of Finite Element Analysis
FEA has become a solution to the task of predicting failure due to unknown stresses by
showing problem areas in a material and allowing designers to see all of the theoretical
stresses within. This method of product design and testing is far superior to the manufacturing
costs which would accrue if each sample was actually built and tested.
In practice, a finite element analysis usually consists of three principal steps:
1. Preprocessing: The user constructs a model of the part to be analyzed in which the
geometry is divided into a number of discrete sub regions, or elements," connected at
discrete points called nodes." Certain of these nodes will have fixed displacements, and
others will have prescribed loads. These models can be extremely time consuming to
prepare, and commercial codes vie with one another to have the most user-friendly
graphical “preprocessor" to assist in this rather tedious chore. Some of these
preprocessors can overlay a mesh on a preexisting CAD file, so that finite element
analysis can be done conveniently as part of the computerized drafting-and-design
process.

2. Analysis: The dataset prepared by the preprocessor is used as input to the finite
element

code itself, which constructs and solves a system of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations
Kijuj = fi

32
where u and f are the displacements and externally applied forces at the nodal points. The
formation of the K matrix is dependent on the type of problem being attacked, and this module
will outline the approach for truss and linear elastic stress analyses. Commercial codes may
have very large element libraries, with elements appropriate to a wide range of problem types.
One of FEA's principal advantages is that many problem types can be addressed with the same
code, merely by specifying the appropriate element types from the library.
3. Postprocessing: In the earlier days of finite element analysis, the user would pore
through reams of numbers generated by the code, listing displacements and stresses at
discrete positions within the model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot spots
this way, and modern codes use graphical displays to assist in visualizing the results. A
typical postprocessor display overlays colored contours representing stress levels on
the model, showing a full field picture similar to that of photo elastic or moiré
experimental results

4. INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package.  Finite Element
Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces (of
user-designated size) called elements. The software implements equations that govern the
behaviour of these elements and solves them all; creating a comprehensive explanation of how
the system acts as a whole. These results then can be presented in tabulated, or graphical
forms.  This type of analysis is typically used for the design and optimization of a system far

33
too complex to analyze by hand.  Systems that may fit into this category are too complex due
to their geometry, scale, or governing equations.
ANSYS is the standard FEA teaching tool within the Mechanical Engineering Department at
many colleges. ANSYS is also used in Civil and Electrical Engineering, as well as the Physics
and Chemistry departments. 
ANSYS provides a cost-effective way to explore the performance of products or processes in a
virtual environment. This type of product development is termed virtual prototyping.
With virtual prototyping techniques, users can iterate various scenarios to optimize the product
long before the manufacturing is started. This enables a reduction in the level of risk, and in
the cost of ineffective designs. The multifaceted nature of ANSYS also provides a means to
ensure that users are able to see the effect of a design on the whole behavior of the product, be
it electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical etc
4.1.1 GENERIC STEPS TO SOLVING ANY PROBLEM IN ANSYS: 
Like solving any problem analytically, you need to define (1) your solution domain, (2) the
physical model, (3) boundary conditions and (4) the physical properties. You then solve the
problem and present the results. In numerical methods, the main difference is an extra step
called mesh generation. This is the step that divides the complex model into small elements
that become solvable in an otherwise too complex situation. Below describes the processes in
terminology slightly more attune to the software.

4.1.1.1 BUILD GEOMETRY

Construct a two or three dimensional representation of the object to be modeled and tested
using the work plane coordinate system within ANSYS.
4.1.1.2 DEFINE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Now that the part exists, define a library of the necessary materials that compose the object (or
project) being modeled.  This includes thermal and mechanical properties.
4.1.1.3 GENERATE MESH
At this point ANSYS understands the makeup of the part.  Now define how the modeled
system should be broken down into finite pieces. 

34
4.1.1.4 APPLY LOADS
Once the system is fully designed, the last task is to burden the system with constraints, such
as physical loadings or boundary conditions.
4.1.1.5 OBTAIN SOLUTION
This is actually a step, because ANSYS needs to understand within what state (steady state,
transient… etc.) the problem must be solved.
4.1.1.6 PRESENT THE RESULTS
After the solution has been obtained, there are many ways to present ANSYS’ results, choose
from many options such as tables, graphs, and contour plots. 
4.2 SPECIFIC CAPABILITIES OF ANSYS:
4.2.1 STRUCTURAL 
Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite element method as it
implies bridges and buildings, naval, aeronautical, and mechanical structures such as ship
hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as
pistons, machine parts, and tools. 
·         Static Analysis - Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static loading
conditions. ANSYS can compute both linear and nonlinear static analyses. Nonlinearities can
include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper elasticity, contact
surfaces, and creep. 

Modal Analysis
A modal analysis is typically used to determine the vibration characteristics (natural
frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure or a machine component while it is being
designed. It can also serve as a starting point for another, more detailed, dynamic analysis,
such as a harmonic response or full transient dynamic analysis.
Modal analyses, while being one of the most basic dynamic analysis types available in
ANSYS, can also be more computationally time consuming than a typical static analysis.  A
reduced solver, utilizing automatically or manually selected master degrees of freedom is used
to drastically reduce the problem size and solution time.

35
Harmonic Analysis - Used extensively by companies who produce rotating machinery,
ANSYS Harmonic analysis is used to predict the sustained dynamic behavior of structures to
consistent cyclic loading.  Examples of rotating machines which produced or are subjected to
harmonic loading are:
 Turbines

o Gas Turbines for Aircraft and Power Generation

o Steam Turbines

o Wind Turbine

o Water Turbines

o Turbo pumps

 Internal Combustion engines

 Electric motors and generators

 Gas and fluid pumps

 Disc drives

A harmonic analysis can be used to verify whether or not a machine design will successfully
overcome resonance, fatigue, and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.
·         Transient Dynamic Analysis - Used to determine the response of a structure to
arbitrarily time-varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static Analysis above are
allowed. 
·         Buckling Analysis - Used to calculate the buckling loads and determine the buckling
mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and nonlinear buckling analyses are possible.  
In addition to the above analysis types, several special-purpose features are available such as
Fracture mechanics, Composite material analysis, Fatigue, and both p-Method and Beam
analyses.  
4.2.2 THERMAL 

36
ANSYS is capable of both steady state and transient analysis of any solid with thermal
boundary conditions. 
Steady-state thermal analyses calculate the effects of steady thermal loads on a system or
component. Users often perform a steady-state analysis before doing a transient thermal
analysis, to help establish initial conditions. A steady-state analysis also can be the last step of
a transient thermal analysis; performed after all transient effects have diminished. ANSYS can
be used to determine temperatures, thermal gradients, heat flow rates, and heat fluxes in an
object that are caused by thermal loads that do not vary over time. Such loads include the
following: 
·         Convection
·         Radiation
·         Heat flow rates
·         Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)
·         Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)
·         Constant temperature boundaries
A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties; or
nonlinear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties of most
material vary with temperature. This temperature dependency being appreciable, the analysis
becomes nonlinear. Radiation boundary conditions also make the analysis nonlinear. Transient
calculations are time dependent and ANSYS can both solve distributions as well as create
video for time incremental displays of models.

4.2.3 FLUID FLOW

The ANSYS/FLOTRAN CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) offers comprehensive tools
for analyzing two-dimensional and three-dimensional fluid flow fields.  ANSYS is capable of
modeling a vast range of analysis types such as: airfoils for pressure analysis of airplane wings
(lift and drag), flow in supersonic nozzles, and complex, three-dimensional flow patterns in a
pipe bend.  In addition, ANSYS/FLOTRAN could be used to perform tasks including:  
·         Calculating the gas pressure and temperature distributions in an engine exhaust
manifold
·         Studying the thermal stratification and breakup in piping systems

37
·         Using flow mixing studies to evaluate potential for thermal shock
·         Doing natural convection analyses to evaluate the thermal performance of chips in
electronic enclosures
·         Conducting heat exchanger studies involving different fluids separated by solid regions 
 4.2.4 ACOUSTICS / VIBRATION
ANSYS is capable of modeling and analyzing vibrating systems in order to that vibrate in
order to analyze  
Acoustics is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption, and reflection of pressure
waves in a fluid medium. Applications for acoustics include the following:  
·         Sonar - the acoustic counterpart of radar
·         Design of concert halls, where an even distribution of sound pressure is desired
·         Noise minimization in machine shops
·         Noise cancellation in automobiles
·         Underwater acoustics
·         Design of speakers, speaker housings, acoustic filters, mufflers, and many other similar
devices.
·         Geophysical exploration
Within ANSYS, an acoustic analysis usually involves modeling a fluid medium and the
surrounding structure. Characteristics in question include pressure distribution in the fluid at
different frequencies, pressure gradient, particle velocity, the sound pressure level, as well as,
scattering, diffraction, transmission, radiation, attenuation, and dispersion of acoustic
waves. A coupled acoustic analysis takes the fluid-structure interaction into account. An
uncoupled acoustic analysis models only the fluid and ignores any fluid-structure interaction.
The ANSYS program assumes that the fluid is compressible, but allows only relatively small
pressure changes with respect to the mean pressure. Also, the fluid is assumed to be non-
flowing and inviscid (that is, viscosity causes no dissipative effects). Uniform mean density
and mean pressure are assumed, with the pressure solution being the deviation from the mean
pressure, not the absolute pressure.

4.2.5 COUPLED FIELDS

38
 A coupled-field analysis is an analysis that takes into account the interaction (coupling)
between two or more disciplines (fields) of engineering. A piezoelectric analysis, for example,
handles the interaction between the structural and electric fields: it solves for the voltage
distribution due to applied displacements, or vice versa. Other examples of coupled-field
analysis are thermal-stress analysis, thermal-electric analysis, and fluid-structure analysis.
Some of the applications in which coupled-field analysis may be required are pressure vessels
(thermal-stress analysis), fluid flow constrictions (fluid-structure analysis), induction heating
(magnetic-thermal analysis), ultrasonic transducers (piezoelectric analysis), magnetic forming
(magneto-structural analysis), and micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS).

39
 ANSYS PROCESS

IMPORTING THE COMPONEENT FROM CAD (CREO) TOOL TO CAE TOOL (ANSYS):

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:-
1. Click on Ansys workbench
Static structural

3. Engineering dataright click enter values

FOR
Al2o3
Young’s modulus: - 3.55*10^11 Pa
Poison ratio: 0.32
Density: 3200 Kg/m^3
Yield strength: 350 Mpa

40
Boron nitride
Young’s modulus - 9*10^7 Pa
Poison ratio: 0.27
Density: 2300 Kg/m^3
Yield strength: 235 Mpa
Carbon
Young’s modulus - 2.3*10^10 Pa
Poison ratio: 0.21
Density: 2000 Kg/m^3
Yield strength: 50 Mpa
Sic
Young’s modulus: - 4.1*10^8 Pa
Poison ratio: 0.14
Density: 3100 Kg/m^3
Yield strength: 137 Mpa
Geometry right click import geometry import iges format model
After importing model just click on geometry option then we will get selection of
material. From engineering data here we already applied the above mentioned materials.

Model imported from pro-e tool in IGES format.

41
After completion of material selection here we have to create meshing for each object meshing
means it is converting single part into no of parts. And this mesh will transfer applied loads for
overall object. After completion meshing only we can solve our object. Without mesh we
cannot solve our problem. And here we are using tetra meshing and the model shown in
below.
Meshing

After completion of meshing now we have to apply boundary conditions according to our
requirement. Here we consider the above sandwich structure as a cantilever beam so fix at one
side and apply pressure on top surface.

Static structural supportsfixed supportselect sides

Pressure 6Mpa

42
After completion of boundary conditions here we have to check results by solving. Just click
on solve option and select results like deformation, strain, stress and safety factor values for
the object.
Solutionsolvedeformation
Solutionsolvestrain
Solutionsolvestress
Solutionsafety factor
Results
Materials: Al2o3
Deformation

The above figure shows the deformation results of AL2O3 self healing composite material and
here we have maximum deformation results 0.26836mm and minimum is 0mm.

43
Stress

The above figure shows the stress results of AL2O3 self healing composite material and here
we have maximum stress results 238.12Mpa and minimum is 0.19645Mpa.

Strain

The above figure shows the strain results of AL2O3 self healing composite material and here
we have maximum strain results 0.00067077 and minimum is 5.5339e-7.

44
Safety factor

The above shows the safety factor results of al2o3 self healing composite material and here we
have minimum safety factor is 1.4698 and maximum is 15. From these we can say the al2o3
material can bear applied boundary condition and also we can say this boundary condition is
the maximum limit of the al2o3 self healing composite material.
Results
Materials: Carbon
Deformation

45
The above figure shows the deformation results of carbon self healing composite material and
here we have maximum deformation results 4.2016mm and minimum is 0mm. Compare with
al2o3, carbon has more deformation for same boundary condition.
Stress

The above figure shows the stress results of carbon self healing composite material and here
we have maximum stress results 237.75Mpa and minimum is 0.15935Mpa.here carbon has
0.37Mpa less stress compare to al2o3 with same boundary condition.
Strain

The above figure shows the strain results of Carbon self healing composite material and here
we have maximum strain results 0.010337 and minimum is 7.1251e-6. It has high strain values
compare Al2o3.

46
Safety factor

The above figure shows the safety factor results of carbon self healing composite material and
here we have minimum safety factor value is 0.2103 and maximum 15. The minimum safety
factor value is less than 1 so our material will start breaking. And this material cannot bear this
much of pressure.
Materials: Boron nitride
Deformation

The above figure shows the deformation results of boron nitride self healing composite
material and here we have maximum deformation results 1067.5mm and minimum is 0mm.
compare to Al2o3 and Carbon it has more deformation for same boundary condition.3

47
Stress

The above figure shows the stress results of Boron Nitride self healing composite material and
here we have maximum stress results 237.91Mpa and minimum is 0.18032Mpa.compare with
Al2o3 it has 0.21Mpa less stress and compare with carbon 0.16Mpa high stress.

Strain

The above figure shows the strain results of Boron Nitride self healing composite material and
here we have maximum strain results 2.6434 and minimum is 0.0020036. It has low strain
values compare with carbon and high strain value than Al2o3.

48
Safety factor

The above figure shows the safety factor results of boron nitride self healing composite
material and here we have maximum safety factor is 15 and minimum is 0.9877 it means the
material has been reach its yield limit it occurs failure of the object.
Materials: Sic
Deformation

The above figure shows the deformation results of silicon carbide self healing composite
material and here we have maximum deformation results 236.06mm and minimum is 0mm.
compare to Al2o3 and Carbon it has more deformation for same boundary condition. And
when compare with Boron Nitride it has less deformation.

49
Stress

The above figure shows the stress results of silicon carbide self healing composite material
and here we have maximum stress results 237.47Mpa and minimum is 0.13473Mpa.it has less
stress values compare with any other material with same boundary condition.

Strain

The above figure shows the strain results of silicon carbide self healing composite material
and here we have maximum strain results 0.57919 and minimum is 0.00036204.

50
Safety factor

The above figure shows the safety factor results of silicon carbide self healing material and
here we have maximum safety factor value 15 and minimum 0.58071 and it means it has
started its breaking and it cannot bear this much of pressure.
Tables
Al2o3 Boron nitride carbon sic

Deformation(mm 0.26836 1067.5 4.2016 236.06

)
Stress(Mpa) 238.12 237.91 237.75 237.47
Strain 0.00067077 2.6434 0.010337 0.57919
Safety factor 1.4698 0.98777 0.2103 0.58071

The above table shows the deformation, stress, strain and safety factor results of four different
self healing composite materials. And in this process we came to know that boron nitride is
having very high deformation compare to any other material due to its low young’s modulus
and Poisson ratio values. For four materials we got approximately same stress values there is
very minor change in each material stress values among all sic has less stress and al2o3 has
maximum stress values. From all material al2o3 has good strength values and carbon has poor
strength value.

51
Graphs:
Deformation

Deformation(mm)
1200

1000

800
Deformation(mm)
600

400

200

0
Al2o3 Boron nitride carbon sic

The above Graph shows the deformation results of all four self healing materials. And here we
have very high deformation for boron nitride and low for al2o3 and carbon
Stress

Stress(Mpa)
238.2
238.1
238
237.9
237.8
Stress(Mpa)
237.7
237.6
237.5
237.4
237.3
237.2
237.1
Al2o3 Boron nitride carbon sic

The above Graph shows the stress results of all four self healing materials. And here we have
very stress for AL2o3 and low for sic.

52
Strain

Strain
3

2.5

2
Strain
1.5

0.5

0
Al2o3 Boron nitride carbon sic

The above Graph shows the strain results of all four self healing materials. And here we have
maximum strain for boron nitride and low for al2o3 and carbon

Safety factor

Safety factor
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Safety factor
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Al2o3 Boron nitride carbon sic

The above Graph shows the safety factor results of all four self healing materials. And here we
have maximum safety factor for al2o3 and low for carbon.

53
 CONCLUSION
In this project we analysed four self healing composite materials with static and dynamic
loading conditions in this process here we were used one sandwich structure which is created
by using Cad tool (creo-2) and analyses with CAE tool (Ansys workbench). Al2o3, Carbon,
Boron Nitride, Sic are four different self healing composite materials.

In this process we were analysed these four materials with same boundary conditions,
and calculated deformation, stress, strain, safety factor results. And those were changing for
each material. From all other material boron nitride has very high deformation and Al2o3
(026836mm) has minimum deformation. Stress values for all materials we have approximate
results there is no major difference between them. But among all silicon carbide has less
stress (236.06Mpa) compare to Al2o3 (238.12Mpa) value. And the safety factor results also
good for al2o3 (1.4698) when other materials having boron nitride (0.98) and carbon (0.2103)
sic (0.58071) safety factors values.
Finally we can conclude by these static analysis results Al2o3 material has a very good
physical properties. And it produces less stress values and less deformation values. Among all
other self healing composite material one can use this AL2o3 material to get more strength
and durability.

54
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