Polar Tracking
CAD01
REVIEWER
General Shortcut in AutoCAD
Ctrl + S - save file Ctrl + Y - redo
Ctrl + Z - undo Ctrl + C - copy
Ctrl + V - paste Ctrl + P - open plot
 AutoCAD Interface
AutoCAD Version Number
- shows what autoCAD version you running
Current Open Drawing Name
- shows the name of the drawing you currently have open.
Standard Toolbar - toolbar for standard commands
Pulldown Menus - easy acces to commands
Layers Toolbar - layer commands
Edit Toolbar - access in editing commands
Style Toolbar - access styles toolbar
Properties Toolbar - access to property toolbar
Cursor - used to point to objects
Draw Toolbar - access to draw commands
Tool Palettes - access to tool palettes
Scroll Bars - Used to scroll around drawing area
Status Bar -Used to turn on and off settings
Command Line -Used to type commands from keyboard
Coordinate Readout -Used to keep track of cursor
location in drawing area
Sheet Set Manager - access sheet set manager
 Select / deselect
Left to right - selects everything that the window crosses
Right to left - selects everything that the window contains
ESC - deselect
 ZOOM
- Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the
current viewport
All -Places entire drawing (all visible layers) on display
at once. Forces a regeneration.
Extents - Displays current drawing content as large as
possible.
Previous - Restores previous view.
Window - Designates rectangular area to be drawn as
large as possible.
Number - Magnification relative to ZOOM All display
Number X - Magnification relative to current display
(1X)
Center - Specifies center point and new display height.
Dynamic - Permits you to pan a box representing the
viewing screen around the entire generated
portion of the drawing and enlarge or shrink it.
RELATIVE COORDINATE ENTRY
- does not count from 0,0. Instead, the reference point is the
previous point in the drawing.
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
- Polar coordinates are named for their “pole”; the reference
point to start counting from, which is similar in concept to
the origin. Polar coordinates employ one radial distance and
one angle (by convention, the angle is measured
counterclockwise from the x-axis).
Dynamic Input
- Dynamic Input provides a command interface near the
cursor to help you keep your focus in the drafting area.
Orthogonal Lines
- Controls lines from being drawn at various angles to
straight lines.
With Polar Snaps on, AutoCAD shows the distances and
angles being displayed as the cursor moves.
 Modify Toolbar
Erase - erase object
Copy - used to copy one or more objects
Mirror - mirror an exact duplicate of an object
Extend - extend one line to another
Array - make rectangular or polar array of an object
Move - used to move objects
Rotate - used to rotate objects
Scale - used to make object larger or smaller
Trim - used to trim an object
Chamfer - used to put chamfer between two lines
Fillet - used to make fillet between two lines
 Using Dimension
Linear - specify by picking two points on an object
Alligned - specify by picking two points on an angle line
Radius - specify by picking a radius on an object
Diameter - specify by picking a circle
Angular - specify ny picking two lines
Leader - specify by picking object
Center mask - specify by picking on circle or radius
 Save to lower version of autocCAD to be able to ope in
other software
 ‘acad.dwt’ - default format
 Function Keys
F1- Help Window
F2 - Text Window ON/OFF
F3 - Osnap ON/OFF
F4 - 3D Osnap ON/OFF
F5 - Isoplane Top/Right/Left
F6 - Dynamic UCS ON/OFF
F7 - Grid Display ON/OFF
F8 - Ortho ON/OFF
F9 - Grid Snap ON/OFF
F10 - Polar tracking ON/OFF
F11 - Object Snap Tracking ON/OFF
F12 - Dynamic Input ON/OFF
UCS - (User Coordinate System) is a moveable Cartesian
coordinate system that establishes the XY work plane,
horizontal and vertical directions, axes of rotation, and other
useful geometric references
Osnap - are drawing aids which are used in conjunction
with other commands to help you draw accurately
3D Osnap - is used to specify a precise location
on 3D objects
Isoplane - allows you to easily draw at a 30 degree angle as
needed for an isometric drawing.
Ortho - used to restrict cursor movement to specific
directions. It allows the cursor movement only in the vertical
and horizontal direction.
Snap Grid. The grid that aligns (snaps) objects during
drawing and editing, when Snap to Grid is active.
Polar tracking restricts cursor movement to specified
angles. PolarSnap restricts cursor movement to specified
increments along a polar angle
Object Snap Tracking - shows the snapping reference
lines. It displays the snapping lines on the position of the
cursor. Object Snap Tracking is used when we want to
align the lines or the parts of any object.
Dynamic input provides a command interface near the
pointing device in the drawing area

GEC06
REVIEWER
 MODULE 1
“Communication works for those who work at it”
-John Powell
Communication - Latin word “communicare” means
‘to make common’ (Weekley, 1967) or ‘to share’
(DeVito, 1986)
 THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SOURCE - The sender of the message.
2. MESSAGE - This is the information that you
wanted to convey; without it, you have no reason for
communicating.
3. ENCODING - This is the process of converting your
idea or thoughts of the information into verbal or
nonverbal symbols that can be understood by the
receiver.
4. CHANNEL- This is the manner in which the
message or information is conveyed.
5. DECODING - This is the receiver’s mental
processing of your message into the meaning suggested
by the sender.
6. RECEIVER - This is the person who will get your
message.
7. FEEDBACK - This is the receiver’s response to the
message.
8. CONTEXT - This refers to the situation in which
the communication takes place. It includes the
environment, relationship between communicators,
respective cultural backgrounds and past experiences
and the topics/subjects of the communication (Hall,
1997 in Chase & Shamo, 2013)
 COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
1. Physical noise. It refers to the distractions in the
environment that make it difficult to hear or pay
attention. - example, cars screeching, air conditioners
humming and loud music.
2. Psychological noise. It pertains to mechanisms
within individuals that restrict a sender’s or receiver’s
ability to express and/or understand messages clearly. It
also includes biases and prejudices that lead to
distortions in receiving and processing information.
Close mindedness is an example of this noise.
3. Semantic noise. “the interference due to the
receiver failing to grasp the meanings intended by the
sender.” according to DeVito
- examples Jargon, technical, or complex terms
Intrapersonal-, the Latin prefix meaning within and
inside, is the core of this concept. It suggests that there
is only one person in this type of communication.
Interpersonal-, the Latin prefix meaning between,
among, and together, completes the concept of
communication between and among interlocutors.
Upward communication basically allows for
subordinates to send a message to their superior
Horizontal communication is the transmission of
information between people, divisions, departments or
units within the same level of organizational hierarchy.
Crosswise or Diagonal Communication: When
information flows between or among the persons at
different level who have no direct reporting relationship
with each other
Downward communication flows from the upper to
the lower positions
Intercultural Communication respect for linguistic,
religious, ethnic, social, and professional differences is
foregrounded
Formal - research, project, business
Informal - friends, family
ARISTOTLE’s Model of Communication
- focused on speaker and speech. 5 primary
elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion,
Audience and Effect (e.g. public speech)
BERLO’s Model of Communication
- takes into consideration the emotional aspect
of the message (SMCR)
Source: The source is where the message
originates
Message; Content is the body of a message
Channel: It refers to the five senses
Receiver: The receiver needs to think all the
contents and elements of the source, so as to
communicate/responds to sender effectively
SHANNON-WEAVER’s Model of Communication
- Noise
Schramm Model of Communication
- Circular Model / Traditional Model
Helical Model of Communication
- communication is dynamic and non-linear process
KEY PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION (King,
2000) Interpersonal communication is…
1. Inescapable. through tone of voice and through
gesture, posture, facial expression
2. Irreversible. You can't really take back
something once it has been said
3. Complicated. 1) who you think you are;
2) who you think the other person is;
3) who you think the other person thinks you are;
4) who the other person thinks /she is;
5) who the other person thinks you are;
6) who the other person thinks you think s/he is.
4. Contextual. Communication does not happen in
isolation Factors:
1. Psychological (who you are: needs, desires, values,
beliefs, personality)
2. Relational (reactions based on relationship: boss,
colleague, friend)
3. Situational (psycho-social “where” you are
communicating)
4. Environmental (physical setting “where” you are
communicating)
5. Cultural ( learned behaviors and rules)
Morals are our own set of rules (personal)
Ethics are rules accepted and approved by
society (societal)
 ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
(Johnston, 1994)
1. MUTUALITY. Pay attention to the needs of
others, as well as yours.
2. INDIVIDUAL DIGNITY. Do not cause
another person embarrassment or a loss
ofdignity.
3. ACCURACY. Ensure that others have
accurate information.
4. ACCESS TO INFORMATION. Allow
communication to commence with one another.
5. ACCOUNTABILITY. Be responsible for
the consequences of your relationships
andcommunication.
6. AUDIENCE. Both the sender and receiver
have 100% responsibility to ensure that
message isunderstood.
7. RELATIVE TRUTH. Your point of view
may not be shared by others.
8. ENDS vs. MEANS. Be sure that the end
goal of your communication and the means of
getting to that end are both ethical
9. USE OF POWER. In situations where you
have more power than others, you have more
responsibility for the outcome.
10. RIGHTS vs. RESPONSIBILITIES -
Balance your rights against your
responsibilities.
 MODULE 2
“No generation has had the opportunity, as we now
have, to build a global economy that leaves no-one
behind. It is a wonderful opportunity, but also a
profound responsibility.”
- Former U.S. President Bill Clinton
Globalization is the process of bringing people
together and making them and exchange ideas in
traditional borders (Nowaczyk, 2017).
“The world driven largely by advances in technology,
has become inextricably interconnected across
distances and other boundaries (Downing, 2007).
Globalization is the increasing economic, political and
cultural integration and interdependence of diverse
cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2013).
Global village is one world interconnected by an
electronic nervous system (media).
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
COMMUNICATION
1. Virtual Interactions
2. Cultural Awareness in Speech
3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language
4. Time Differences
The positive ef ects of globalization
1 . Reducing the sense of isolation of poor countries.
2. Expanding the Information Society and Enhancing
Access To Information.
3. Increasing the speed of commercial, financial and
technological operations.
4. Globalization can be a factor in integrating people
into the world community.
5. Efficiency of the entire economic activity at the
planetary level.
Negative ef ects of globalization
1. Security deficit, poverty, personal insecurity,
migration turns into a global threat;
2. 2. There are no national solutions to transnational
issues;
3. Demographic Deficit: is narrow national intellectual
potential and increase export of human resources;
4. Ecology deficiency: the natural world of the world
is rapidly deteriorating in line with the growth of the
national and global economy;
5. Reducing the number of jobs.
 MODULE 3
“Culture is the name for what people are
interested in, their thoughts, their models, the
books they read and the speeches they hear”
-Walter Lippmann
DEFINITION OF CULTURE
“It is the learned and shared behavior of a
community of interacting human beings”
(Useem & Useem, 1963)
“a system of beliefs, assumptions and values
shared by a group of people (Fielding, 1996 in
Singh & Rampersad, 2010)
“shared patterns of behaviors and interaction,
cognitive constructs and affective
understanding that are learned through a
process of socialization” (Center for Advanced
Research in LanguageAcquisition, n.d.).
“learned set of shared interpretations about
beliefs, values and norms that affect the
 behaviors of a relatively large group of people
(Lustig & Koestner, 2003)
A. Characteristics of Culture (Chase and Shamo,
2013)\
1. Learned not innate. We think and act as Filipinos
because our parents brought us up this way. We
acquired complete knowledge and understanding of our
cultural norms from our parents, teachers, relatives and
friends. Our cultural norms satisfy us, we accept them
as true and we follow them
2. Shared. We act as members of our own cultural
group not as individual. Fitting into the group means
acceptance and fellowship
3. Multifaceted. We are surrounded by cultural norms
that affect language, religion, basic world view,
education, technology, organization, politics and law all
interacting with one another.
4. Dynamic. Cultures constantly change as cultural
contact increases, new technology emerge, and
economic conditions vary.
5. Overlapping. We belong to multiple, overlapping
cultures as we interact with one another. Some of these
cultures work together while others clash.
 Adaptation to New Cultures
Melting pot. A place where people of various races or
cultures live together and gradually create one
community. Ways of Adaptation
1. Cultural Integration 
 Without sacrificing the characteristics of its own
culture
 A positive kind of adaptation 
 Healthy intermingling of two unique cultures
2. Cultural Assimilation 
 Often losing the aspects of their traditional culture
in the process 
 Happens when immigrants voluntarily adopt their
new country’s language and cultural practices
3. Cultural multiculturalism 
 Cultural diversity is encouraged and valued 
 Cultures should be accorded special
acknowledgement of their differences within a
dominant political culture
 Engagement with and respect toward people from
distinctly different cultures (Gamble & Gamble,
2013)
4. Cultural Accommodation 
 Accommodation in the public sphere while
maintaining the parent culture in the private
sphere
 Maintaining their cultural identity even while they
strive to establish relationships with the members
of the dominant culture.
5. Cultural Separation 
 Refusing to interact or join the dominant culture
 Prefers to interact with the members of their own
culture 
 Often known as outsiders
Nature of Common Cultural Differences
(Four Basic Traits)
1. Leadership – power of influence
2. Work Productivity
a. Masculine culture b. Feminine culture
3. Group Allegiance – individual and group orientation
a. Individualistic culture (I) - use personal
characteristics and achievements to define themselves
and value individual welfare.
b. Collectivist culture (We)- define themselves as
members of groups, which can be clans or
communities. In these cultures, people consider
common goals and the group’s welfare most important
4. Task Commitment
a. High-context culture -the information is already in
the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly
transmitted part of the message - people are deeply
involved with each other. - information is widely
shared through simple messages with deep meaning
(Hall, 1976 in Bai, 2016) - communication style is
more implicit and indirect
b. Low-context culture- information is vested in the
explicit code -highly individualized, and there is
relatively little involvement with others
-communication between people is more explicit, direct
and non-personal
 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
1. Ethnocentrism- usually defined as a kind of ethnic
or cultural group egocentrism, which involves a belief
in the superiority of one’s own group, including its
values and practices, and often contempt, hatred, and
hostility towards those outside the group
2. Stereotypes - “pictures in our heads.”
- giving of certain attributes, labels, or
stigmas to groups or classes.
3. Prejudice - refers to a primary negative perception
or irrational judgement -created by individuals on the
basis of race, ethnicity, religion, cast or language
4. Assumed Similarities - Sometimes people assume
that two cultures are not different, but are similar in
their nature
5. Anxiety - a state of human condition where a person
has a feeling of unease and nervousness
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON
COMMUNICATION
1. Technology provides us with unlimitedinformation.
2. It creates opportunities for meeting new people.
3. It helps us keep in touch with family and friends
anywhere in theworld.
4. It brings new diversity to our culture and our lives.
5. It foster better cooperation among different cultural
groups.
6. It isolates us.
7. It can make us create second lives.
 GEC 11
REVIEWER
CHED Memorandum Order No. 20, series of 2013
- na nag-aatas ng pagpapatupad ng bagong
General Education (GEC)
- K TO 12
Abril 2018 , CMO No. 04 series of 2018
- upang ipatupad ang nasabing resolusyon ng
Korte Suprema

 FILIPINO BILANG WIKANG PAMBANSA

Artikulo XIV Konstitusyong 1987
- ang legal na batayan ng konsepto ng
Filipino bilang wikang Pambansa,wika ng
opisyal na komunikasyon, at bilang wikang
panturo sa Pilipinas.
Seksyon 6 - Ang wikang pambansa ng Pilipinas
ay Filipino.
Seksyon 7. layunin ng komunikasyon at
pagtuturo, ang mga wikang opisyal ng
Pilipinas ay Filipino
Konstitusyong 1987
- pangalawang wikang opisyal lamang na
maaaring alisin
- di maaaring tibagin at alisin bilang
wikang opisyal
- ang paggamit ng wikang Filipino bilang
wika ng opisyal na komunikasyon ng gobyerno
 FILIPINO BILANG WIKA NG BAYAN AT/NG
PANANALIK
Gimenez Maceda - Ang pagggamit ng Filipino
bilang wika ng pananaliksik at akademikong
diskurso ay makapagpapalawak sa kaalaman at
makapag-aalis sa agwat na namamagitan sa mga
intelektwal at sa masa.
Constantino - “ang wikang Filipino ay
wikang mapagpalaya. Ito ang magiging wika ng
tunay na Pilipino,”
Imported na produkto – nananatiling
mahalagang panangga sa daluyong ng kultural
na hemogenisasyon
- promotor ng globalisasyon
Bienvenido Lumbera