ASESK Science Education

GCSE/IGCSE/MYP Physics Resource 4.8: Electromagnetic

Waves
 4.8 Electromagnetic Waves – Used to send mobile phone signals

Types of EM Wave Used to send Bluetooth signals

↓ Used in optical fibres

S Used to cook bread in a toaster

o
l Causes ionisation and can damage living tissue
u
Used in radiotherapy to kill cancer cells
t
i Used to send TV signals
o
n Used to reheat and cook food quickly
Discuss Used in medicine to examine bones and tissues

Detectable by the human eye

Question Level: Core (Grade 4-5)
Used in astronomy to observe distant stars
Q1
4.8 ↓
Fig 4.8a shows an incomplete diagram of the Revision &
electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagn Synthesis
Fig 4.8a ↓ Increasing
etic Waves –
Wavelength
Types of EM Question Level: Core
Wave (Grade 4-5)
ϒ- rays Ultraviolet
Increasing
Frequency Q2

Fig 4.8c shows an X-ray image taken by a dentist.

a) Complete Fig 4.8a by adding the three missing Fig 4.8c ↘
radiation types to the diagram. a
b) What is transferred by all electromagnetic (EM) )
waves? W
r
i
……………………………………………………………………… t
……… e
c) Complete Fig 4.8b, which
lists some effects and d
applications of EM waves. One o
has been completed as an w
example. There may be more n
than one type of EM radiation
for each effect / application. t
h
Fig 4.8b ↓
e
Effect / Application
e
Used in a walkie-talkie q
u
Causes skin to tan a

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t
i
………………………………………………………………………………
o
n b) Rearrange this equation to make wavelength the subject.

t ………………………………………………………………………………
h
a X-rays have a frequency of 3.75 x 1010 Hz.
t EM waves travel with a speed of 3.0 x 108 m/s.
Three possible values for the wavelength of these X-rays are
r
shown below:
e
l 40 nm (80 x 10-10 m) 60 nm (80 x 10-10 m)
a 80 nm (80 x 10-10 m)
t c) Do a calculation to find out which of these is the correct value
e for the wavelength of the X-rays.
s

w ……………………………………………………………………………………………
a ………………………………………………………………………..
v ……………………………………………………………………………………………
e ………………………………………………………………………..

s
p A remote control like the
Fig 4.8d ↓
e one illustrated in Fig 4.8d
e uses electromagnetic
d waves to send signals.
,
d) State the type of EM radiation used by a remote control.
w
a ………………………………………………………………………………
v
The waves used
e
l by this remote
e
control have a
n
g wavelength of
t
h 2.5 x 10-6 m. EM

waves travel
a
n with a speed of
d 3.0 x 108 m/s.

f e) Rearrange the
r equation you used in
e part (a) to make
q frequency the subject
u of the formula.
e
n
………………………………………………………………………………
c
y Three possible values for the frequency of these waves are
. shown below:

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 i
14
1.0 x 10 Hz 14
1.2 x 10 Hz c
1.4 x 1014 Hz
w
f) Do a calculation to find out which of these is the a
v
correct value for the frequency of these waves.
e
s
………………………………………………………………………
(
……………………………………………………………………… E
…………………….. M
……………………………………………………………………… w
……………………………………………………………………… a
…………………….. v
e
4.8 EM Wave s
Electrom ↓ Solution )
Discuss
agnetic a
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Waves – Question Level:
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(Grade 6-7)
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Q3 h
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Fig 4.8e shows a passage from a magazine article
about the Earth’s atmosphere. w
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Fig 4.8e ↓ o
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The Atmosphere of Earth

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 b ……………………..
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4.8 ↓
t Discuss
h Electromagn
e
etic Waves – Question Level:
g
r
Types of EM Intermediate (Grade 6-
o Wave 7)
u
n
d Q3 (Continued)
.
Below is a comment from a GCSE student who has read the
passage in Fig 4.8e.
“It’s a shame that all the gamma rays are absorbed by the
a) Which types of EM waves from the Sun reach atmosphere. They cure cancer, so if there were lots of
the Earth most quickly? gamma rays around, there wouldn’t be any cancer.”
e) What would be your response to this comment?
………………………………………………………………………
………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Explain your answer to part (a). ………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………..
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………..
Table Fig 4.8f shows how much of each type of
radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere as a
percentage.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..
f) What percentage of infrared radiation is transmitted to the
Earth’s surface by the atmosphere?
………………………………………………………………………………
When this infrared radiation reaches the land on the Earth,
much of it is absorbed.
g) What happens to the land when it absorbs infrared radiation?

Fig 4.8f ↓
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..
EM Radiation Type Radio Micro-
Waves waves ……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..
% Absorption by 20 % 95%
Atmosphere F
Fig 4.8g ↘ i
g
c) Which two types of radiation are mostly
transmitted by the atmosphere? 4
.
……………………………………………………………………… 8
……… g
d) Explain your answer to part (c).
s
h
……………………………………………………………………… o
……………………………………………………………………… w
…………………….. s
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… a

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 ↓ Solution
t Revision &
a
k
Synthesis
e
Question Level:
t
Intermediate
h
i (Grade 6-7)
s

p
h
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t
o
g
r
a
p
h
?

………………………………………………………………………
………
i) Explain your answer to part (h).

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………..

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………..
Another GCSE student is considering this
information. Their comment is shown below:
“It’s really lucky that we have eyes that happen to
use the visible light spectrum. If we had eyes that
used ultraviolet
or microwaves it would be really dark!”
j) What would be your response to this comment?

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………..

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………..
4.8 Waves –
Electrom Types of EM
agnetic Wave
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 from mast 2 is better
Q4
than from mast 1.
Fig 4.8h shows a remote scientific
Annotate over the
research station that sits in a valley
between two hills. On either side of the diagram to assist
valley there is a radio broadcast mast. with your answer
Radio mast 1 emits radio waves with a
relatively short wavelength, and radio here.
mast 2 emits radio waves with a relatively
long wavelength. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………..

Fig 4.8h ↓

1 2

……………………………………………………………………………………………
In the house, reception of signals from mast 1 is ………………………………………………………………………..
poor. Reception of signals from mast 2 is slightly
better. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..
a) Expl
ain ……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..
why
The research station is powered by the geothermal power
the station pictured in Fig 4.8i.
recepti
on of
TV
signals

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 d) What is the pressure in
the pipes? Tick the
Fig 4.8i ↓ correct box.

4.8 Greater than 100 000

Pa
Electrom
agnetic
Waves –
Types of
EM Wave
↓ Solution
Revision Question Level: Less Equa
& Intermediate than l to
100 100
Synthesis (Grade 6-7) 000 000
Pa Pa

e) Explain your answer to part (d).

Q4 (Continued)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
In the geothermal power station, water is
………………………………………………………………………..
pumped underground into a network of
pipes, where is it heated by underground ……………………………………………………………………………………………
rocks. ………………………………………………………………………..
0.12 m3 of water passes through these pipes in In order to turn a turbine, the water needs to change
one minute. Water has a density of 1000 kg/m3. state to steam. This process happens at a steady
b) Calculate the mass of water that passes through temperature of 135 0C.
the pipes in one minute. f) Will the water require additional energy to
change state to steam, at a constant
……………………………………………………………………… temperature? Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………
…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….. ………………………………………………………………………..
The underground rocks heat this water from 20 0C Geothermal power stations such as this one are useful
to 135 0C. Water has a specific heat capacity of because they do not emit greenhouse gases directly.
4200 J/kg0C. Geothermal power stations do however cause the
c) Show that heat the rate of heat transfer from indirect emission of greenhouse gases.
the rocks to the water is approximately 1 MW (1 g) What is meant by ‘greenhouse gas’?
000 000 W).
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………
h) What is meant by ‘indirect’ emission of greenhouse gases?
………………………………………………………………………
…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Atmospheric pressure outside of the geothermal ………………………………………………………………………..
plant is 100 000 Pa.
……………………………………………………………………………………………

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 ………………………………………………………………………
Up to 2 hours 16.2
..
4.8 Up to 4 hours 7.8
Communicat
Electrom
e Over 4 hours 2.1
agnetic
Waves – Question Level: The results of the study are published in a newspaper, with the
Types of Extension following headline:
EM Wave (Grade 8-9)
“New evidence that mobile phone usage directly leads to an
increased risk of cancer”
Q5
Write a short essay which critically evaluates this study. You
A number of studies have been carried should include the following in your essay:
out to see if the microwaves used for -An analysis of the methodology of the study, and how it
mobile phone transmissions cause harm might influence the results obtained
to humans.
-Any charts or graphs which might be relevant
Fig 4.8g shows the results of a study
-An evaluation of the results and the conclusions made
carried out by a group of scientists. The
on the basis of them
group were funded jointly for this project,
with 50% of the funds coming from a -An outline of the concepts of cause and correlation, and
media group that publishes a number of whether they apply in this case
newspapers, 30% from a group that
-Suggestions as to the wider implications of a study like
raises money for cancer research, and this one
20% from high-profile university.
You should aim to write 700 - 900 words, making good use of
The study examined over 10 000 English and structuring your essay carefully.
volunteers from one county in England.
Some volunteers were recruited by taking
out an advertisement in a local paper, and
some were recruited by telephone by a call
centre on a Monday morning. Volunteers
were given a £10 gift token if they agreed
to take part.

Each volunteer was asked how long they

used their mobiles phones each day. The
data for mobile phone usage was then
compared with the incidence of cancer
amongst the same volunteers over a five-
year period.

Fig 4.8g ↓

Time Spent on Mobile Percentage

Phones Each Day

Up to 15 minutes

Up to 30 minutes

Up to 1 hour

© ASESK.com 13
 Solutions

Q1

a) In order; X-rays, Infrared, Radio

b) En

ergy c)

Effect / Application EM Wave

Used in a walkie-talkie Radio Waves

Causes skin to tan UV

Used to send mobile phone signals Microwaves/Infrared

Used to send Bluetooth signals Infrared

Used in optical fibres Infrared/Visible

Used to cook bread in a toaster Infrared

Causes ionisation and can damage living tissue Gamma/X-rays/UV

Used in radiotherapy to kill cancer cells Gamma/X-rays

Used to send TV signals Radio

Used to reheat and cook food quickly Microwaves

Used in medicine to examine bones and tissues X-rays

Detectable by the human eye Visible

Used in astronomy to observe distant stars All

Q2

a) v = fλ
𝑣
b) λ =
𝑓

c) 80 nm

d) Infrared
𝑣
e) f=
𝜆
f) 1.2 x 1014 Hz

Q3

a) All of them
 Solutions

b) All EM waves travel at same speed, all reach Earth in same time

c) Radio & Visible

d) These are not absorbed, and pass into and through the atmosphere – transmission/transmitted

e) Gamma rays are ionising radiation and kill cancer cells in some cases but also kill healthy cells, lots of
gamma transmission would have more risks that benefits

f) 35%

g) The temperature of the Earth increases

h) Outside of atmosphere, in orbit

i) UV almost completely absorbed by atmosphere so ground-based telescopes cannot use UV for

astronomy. If telescope is positioned outside of atmosphere UV can be used as has not been absorbed

j) Eyes use visible as it is the range of wavelengths that are transmitted by the atmosphere and eyes have
evolved to detect these wavelengths

Q4

a) Wavelength of mast 2 is longer so the radio waves diffract more into the ‘shadow’ area behind the hill on the right
side of the research station. More diffraction means greater signal strength at this point

Use of diagram to show relative diffraction of radio waves from mast 1 and 2

b) m = ρV = 1000 x 0.12 = 120 kg

c) E = mc∆θ = 120 x 4200 x 115 = 57 960 000 J per minute

57 960 000 / 60 = 966 000 W (approx. 1 000 000 W)

d) Greater than 100 000 Pa

e) Boiling temperature of water at 100 000 Pa = 100 0C. Water reaches 135 0C here so pressure must be
greater to balance increase vapour pressure in water

f) Yes. Energy needed for a liquid to change state at a steady temperature (E = mL)

g) Gas that interacts with infrared radiation and can cause an increase in temperature of the Earth
due to greenhouse effect

h) Greenhouse gases not directly associated with production of power (transport & building of station,
released during construction, transport of workers/materials to site etc.)

Further Information ↑ Information Menu

1. Definitions 2. Frequently Asked Questions 3. Teacher and Student

Competency & Tracking Documents

4. Formula and Data Sheets 5. Publishing Information 6. Copyright and Data Protection
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 ↑ Information MenuX
Further Information
1. Definitions

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4. Formula and Data Sheet

Assessment Package 1: Force and Motion

speed – measured in metres per second(m/s)

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 distance – measured in metres
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
time – measured in seconds

v: velocity – measured in metres per second (m/s)

𝑠
𝑣= s: displacement – measured in metres (m)
𝑡
t: time – measured in seconds (s)

a: acceleration – measured in metres per second squared (m/s2)

∆𝑣 𝑣−𝑢
∆v: change in speed; u: starting speed; v: final speed – all measured in
𝑎= 𝑡 𝑎= 𝑡 metres per second (m/s)

𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 t: time – measured in seconds (s)

s: displacement – measured in metres

F: resultant force – measured in newtons (N)

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
a: acceleration – measured in metres per second squared (m/s2)

W: weight force – measured in newtons (N)

m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
g: gravitational field strength – measured in newtons per kilogram
(N/kg)

F: applied force – measured in newtons (N)

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒 k: spring constant – measured in newtons per metre (N/m)
e: extension – measured in metres (m)

Further Information ↑ Information Menu

4. Formula and Data Sheet

Assessment Package 2: Further Mechanics, Pressure and The Particle Model

M: turning force/moment – measured in newton metres (Nm)

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑 F: applied force – measured in newtons (N)
d: perpendicular distance from pivot – measured in metres (m)
 p: momentum – measured in kilogram metres per second (kgm/s)
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
v: velocity – measured in metres per second (m/s)

F: resultant force – measured in newtons (N)

∆𝑝 ∆p: change in momentum – measured in kilogram metres per second

𝐹= 𝑡 (kgm/s)
t: time – measured in seconds (s)

𝜌: density – measured in kilograms per metre cubed (kg/m3)

𝑚
𝜌= m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
𝑉
V: volume – measured in metres cubed (m3)

P: pressure – measured in pascals (Pa) or newtons per metre squared

𝐹 (N/m2)
𝑃=
𝐴 F: force – measured in newtons (N)
A: area – measured in metres squared (m2)

P: pressure in a liquid – measured in pascals (Pa) or newtons per

metre squared (N/m2)
𝜌: density – measured in kilograms per metre cubed (kg/m3)
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
g: gravitational field strength – measured in newtons per kilogram
(N/kg)
h: depth – measured in metres (m)

P1: gas starting pressure – measured in pascals (Pa) or newtons per

metre squared (N/m2)
V1: gas starting volume – measured in metres cubed (m3)
𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2
P2: gas final pressure – measured in pascals (Pa) or newtons per
metre squared (N/m2)
V2: gas final volume – measured in metres cubed (m3)

Further Information ↑ Information Menu

4. Formula and Data Sheet

Assessment Package 3: Energy

W: work done – measured in joules (J)

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 F: force – measured in newtons (N)
s: distance moved in direction of force – measured in metres (m)
 P: power – measured in watts (W)
𝑊
𝑃= W: work done – measured in joules (J)
𝑡
t: time – measured in seconds (s)

𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒

𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

KE: kinetic energy - measured in joules (J)

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣2 m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
2
v: velocity – measured in metres per second (m/s)

∆GPE: change in gravitational potential energy – measured in joules

(J)
m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
∆𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ
g: gravitational field strength – measured in newtons per kilogram
(N/kg)
∆ℎ: change in height – measured in metres (m)

EPE: elastic potential energy - measured in joules (J)

1 2
𝐸𝑃𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 k: spring constant – measured in newtons per metre (N/m)
2
e: extension – measured in metres (m)

Q: heat energy added - measured in joules (J)

m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿
L: latent heat of vaporisation (evaporation) or latent heat of fusion
(malting) – measured in joules per kilogram (J/kg)

Q: heat energy added - measured in joules (J)

m: mass – measured in kilograms (kg)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃 c: specific heat capacity – measured in joules per kilogram degrees
Celsius (J/kg0C)
∆𝜃: change in temperature – measured in degrees Celsius (0C)

Further Information ↑ Information Menu

4. Formula and Data Sheet

Assessment Package 4: Waves

1 f: frequency – measured in hertz (Hz)

𝑓=
𝑇 T: time period – measured in seconds (s)
 v: wave speed – measured in metres per second (m/s)
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 f: frequency – measured in hertz (Hz)
𝜆: wavelength – measured in metres (m)

n: refractive index – no unit

sin 𝑖 i: angle of incidence – measured in degrees (0)
𝑛 = sin 𝑟
i: angle of refraction – measured in degrees (0)

𝑣2 n: refractive index of boundary – no unit

𝑛= v1: speed of wave before crossing boundary
𝑣1
v2: speed of wave after crossing boundary

1 n: refractive index – no unit

𝑛=
sin 𝐶 C: critical angle – measured in degrees (0

M: magnification – no unit
ℎ𝑖
𝑀= hi: image height – measured in metres
ℎ𝑜
ho: object height – measured in metres

Further Information ↑ Information Menu

4. Formula and Data Sheet

Assessment Package 5: Electricity

I: current – measured in amperes (A)

𝑄
𝐼= Q: charge – measured in coulombs (C)
𝑡
t: time – measured in seconds (s)

V: potential difference – measured in volts (V)

𝐸
𝑉= E: energy transferred/work done – measured in joules (J)
𝑄
Q: charge – measured in coulombs (C)

R: resistance – measured in ohms (Ω)

𝑉
𝑅= V: potential difference – measured in volts (V)
𝐼
I: current – measured in amperes (A)

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 P: power – measured in watts (W)

V: potential difference – measured in volts (V)
I: current – measured in amperes (A)
 𝑃 = 𝐼2𝑅 P: power – measured in watts (W)
I: current – measured in amperes (A)
R: resistance – measured in ohms (Ω)

𝑉2 P: power – measured in watts (W)

𝑃= V: potential difference – measured in volts (V)
𝑅
R: resistance – measured in ohms (Ω)

Further Information ↑ Information Menu

4. Formula and Data Sheet

Assessment Package 6: Magnets & Electromagnetism

F: force – measured in newtons (N)

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 B: magnetic field strength/magnetic flux density – measured in teslas
(T)

N1: number of turns on primary coil

𝑁1 𝑁2 N2: number of turns on secondary coil

𝑉1 = 𝑉2
V1: potential difference on primary coil – measured in volts (V)
V2: potential difference on secondary coil – measured in volts (V)
V1: potential difference on primary coil – measured in volts (V)

V2: potential difference on secondary coil – measured in volts (V)

𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2
I1: current in primary coil – measured in amperes (A)

I2: current in secondary coil – measured in amperes (A)

Further Information ↑ Information Menu

5. Publishing Information

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Principle Author: John Shippen

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