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These drops are caused by noise and attenuation, and can last
Abstract—In this letter, we propose an energy efficient from a few minutes to few tens of minutes. Due to carrier signal
ZigBee-based outdoor light monitoring and control system that attenuation, there may be high latency or communication
can monitor and handle outdoor lights more efficiently as
failure in PLC based design. On the contrary, deploying
compared to the conventional systems. The proposed system uses
the ZigBee-based wireless devices which allow more efficient communication infrastructure based on wireless sensor
lamps management. The designed system uses sensors to control networks (WSNs), such as low power ZigBee, eliminates
and guarantee the optimal system parameters. To realize wiring overheads and save lots of energy.
effectiveness of the proposed system, the prototype has been To implement wireless control system of lights, several
installed inside the University, where the experimental results comparable architectures have been applied for outdoor
proved that the proposed system saves around 70.8% energy for
lighting [5]-[7]. The author in [5] design the intelligent lighting
the outdoor street environment because of using sensors, LED
lamps, and ZigBee based communication network. system by considering the system cost as the main factor beside
the energy saving. In [5], the author tries to reduce the number
Index Terms— embedded system, energy efficiency, lightning of sensors on each lighting nodes, but this reduction will result
control system, LED lamps, ZigBee. in less accuracy of the system due to more packet loss and
hence will result in performance degradation. Furthermore, the
I. INTRODUCTION authors in [6] and [7] designed the energy efficient lighting
control system by utilizing the WIMAX and GPRS as a
E nergy efficiency is one of the key factor while designing
indoor or outdoor lighting systems. The street lights
consumes almost 30-40% of the entire city power consumption.
backbone technologies, respectively, to communicate with the
control center. One of the drawback of utilizing WIMAX and
Thus, control system able to efficiently manage the lighting is GPRS is the utilization of licensed spectrum, which will result
absolutely advisable. For this aim, because of its design based in interference with the existing WIMAX and GPRS users.
on the old lighting standards and inefficient instruments and Hence, the lighting system will also require efficient
devices, the traditional lighting systems are not suitable interference avoiding algorithms to cope with interference, but
resulting in energy losses, frequent replacement of devices. this is not suitable for the lighting systems. These systems also
Moreover these traditional systems suffer from the lack of have no capability to change the light intensity according to the
pervasive and effective communications, monitoring, users’ requirement because they statically control the energy
automation, and fault diagnostics problems. consumption and do not consider the user requirements in the
To address these challenges, many technologies has been sense of light intensity and the user’s presence while dimming
utilized in the literature to save energy such as: the utilization of or turning off the lamps. In [8], the proposed ZigBee based
the light emitting diode (LED) instead of metal halide (MH) lighting control system work was not being tested completely
lamps [1]. But the systems based on these technologies need for different seasons and users moving conditions, and hence it
further improvement to increase the energy efficiency. was not completely verified and tested for different conditions.
To further reduce the energy consumptions and to simplify In order to fill this research hole, we design the energy
the wiring structure, numerous lighting control systems have efficient ZigBee-based outdoor light monitoring and control
been proposed to solve that problem such as: occupancy system (ZB-OLC) that considers the users’ requirement and
sensing approach [2], light level tuning [3], and power line system energy consumption. The proposed ZB-OLC system
communication (PLC). Despite of reducing the wiring structure also implemented the standard mesh routing algorithm which
in PLC based designs presented in [4], occasional drops may results in better network performance as compared to the
occur in PLC networks operating on low voltage power lines. conventional systems. The proposed ZB-OLC system also
fulfills the user satisfaction by using occupancy and
illumination sensors, and gives the gate to design the advance
This work was supported by the Ubiquitous Sensor Networks Research
Center (USNRC) as one of the Gyeonggi Regional Research Centers (GRRC) metering infrastructure (AMI). Hence, the designed ZB-OLC
chartered by Gyeonggi Provincial Government, South Korea. system dynamically controls the energy level of outdoor users
Zeeshan Kaleem is with the Electronics Engineering Department, Inha while guaranteeing their predefined minimum satisfaction
University, Korea (e-mail: zeeshankaleem@gmail.com).
Tae Min Yoon and Chankil Lee, are with the Electronics Department
level.
Hanyang University, Digital Communication Laboratory, Hanyang University,
Korea (e-mails: wide1997@nate.com, cklee@hanyang.ac.kr).
2500
according to the sunlight conditions. In addition, the designed
system can remotely monitor the lights status, power
2000 consumptions, and the cost of the individual lights as well as of
Energy [KWH]
the total system. By using the proposed system, the faults in the
1500
lights can be easily detected remotely and can be recovered
with less time, which will save the labor cost for frequently
1000
monitoring the system. It can adopt to the changing conditions
500
in a more proactively and timely manner. Furthermore, the
proposed system is suitable for outdoor lighting in urban and
0
June July December January
rural areas with slight modifications where the traffic can be
Months low or high during different time intervals. The designed
Fig. 4. Energy consumption comparison using conventional and system is flexible, extendable, and fully adaptable to the user
proposed energy efficient system.
needs.
of the energy is saved per month. This energy reduction is due
to the usage of LED lamps instead of conventional MH lamps, REFERENCES
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proposed system to 7 h/day in low traffic area whereas to 8
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compared with the conventional systems. lighting system based on a novel Power Line Communication
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TABLE II
ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER MONTH (CONVENTIONAL VS. PROPOSED SYSTEM)
Duration Conventional System Proposed Energy Efficient System
Rating of Lamp
Lamps Operating Energy Consumption / month Rating of Lamp Operating Energy Consumption / month
units (W) Lamps Units
Units hours/day (/day*30) (KWH) units (W) hours/day (/day*30) (KWH)
(Metal Halide Installed
Installed [From Eq. (1)] (LED Lamps) (Time Average) [From Eq. (1)]
Lamps)
22 150 9 (a) 29.7 22 70 5 (a) 7.7 Total
Total (a+b):-
June (a+b):-18.9*30
16 250 9 (b) 36 65.7*30=1971 16 140 5 (b) 11.2
=567
22 150 9.5 (a) 31.35 22 70 5.5 (a) 8.47 Total
Total (a+b):-
July (a+b):-20.8*30
16 250 9.5 (b) 38 69.35*30=2081 16 140 5.5 (b) 12.32
=624
22 150 12 (a) 39.6 22 70 7 (a) 9.8 Total
Total (a+b):-
December (a+b):-25.5*30
16 250 12 (b) 48 87.6*30=2628 16 140 7 (b) 15.68
=765
22 150 11 (a) 36.3 22 70 6.5 (a) 10 Total
Total (a+b):-
January (a+b):-24.6*30
16 250 11 (b) 44 80.3*30=2409 16 140 6.5 (b) 14.6
=737