Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.

Thevenin's Theorem:

A portion of a network (see Figure 1) may be represented by an

equivalent voltage source Vt and an equivalent impedance Zt.

Vt and Zt, the Thevenin equivalent voltage source and impedance,

respectively, are obtained by opening the circuit at the terminals across
which they are desired. Simply measure (calculate) V t across the two
terminals. Then short-circuit all independent voltage sources, open-
circuit all independent current sources, set all initial conditions to zero,
check that there is no other coupling between the two parts of the
network, and calculate Zt, e.g., magnetic coupling.

Let the network consist of two parts, A and B, which are connected
as shown in Figure 1 (there is no other coupling between A and B than
what is shown). We wish to replace A with its Thevenin equivalent
circuit.
©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.2

Figure 1.

To obtain the Thevenin equivalent voltage we disconnect A from B

and measure (calculate) Vt, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.3

To obtain the Thevenin equivalent impedance, Z t, we connect a test

voltage source, VTest, to A and measure the current into A, I Test, as shown
in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.4

Now we replace A with Vt and Zt as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.5

Norton's Theorem:

A portion of a network (see Figure 5) may be represented by an

equivalent current source In and an equivalent admittance Yn.

In and Yn, the Norton equivalent current source and admittance,

respectively, are obtained by opening the circuit at the terminals across
which they are desired. Simply measure (calculate) I n by shorting the
two terminals. Then short-circuit all independent voltage sources, open-
circuit all independent current sources, set all initial conditions to zero,
check that there is no other coupling between the two parts of the
network, and calculate Yn, e.g., magnetic coupling.

Let the network consist of two parts, A and B, which are connected
as shown in Figure 5 (there is no other coupling between A and B than
what is shown). We wish to replace A with its Norton equivalent circuit.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.6

Figure 5.

To obtain the Norton equivalent current we disconnect A from B and

measure (calculate) In, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.7

To obtain the Norton equivalent admittance, Yn, we connect a test

current source, ITest, to A and measure the voltage across A’s terminals,
VTest, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.8

Now we replace A with In and Yn as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.9

Miller's Theorem:

Given a network with a feedback impedance and in which V 2 = kV1,

like the one shown in Figure 9, we may replace Z with two impedances
Z1 and Z2

Figure 9.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.10

1 k
where Z 1 = Z and Z 2 = Z , see Figure 10.
1−k k −1

Figure 10.

Z1 and Z2 have the same I-V characteristics as Z at nodes 1 and 2,

respectively. By this we mean that Z 1 draws the same current from node
1 as Z did, call this current I1, and Z2 draws the same current from node 2
as Z did, call this current I2.

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.
 Electrical and Computer Engineering — ELEC 301 Thevenin, Norton, and Miller — P 3.11

Proof: I1 is drawn from node 1 of Figure 9 and I2 is drawn from node 2

V 1 −V 2 1−k
where I1 = = V1
Z Z

V 2−V 1 1−1/ k
and I2 = = V2
Z Z

V1 Z
giving Z 1 = =
I1 1−k

V2 k
and Z2 = = Z
I2 k −1

©Nicolas A. F. Jaeger. Not to be copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner.