General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

Lecture 3 - 3 ‫ِحبػشح‬
The Periodic Table of the Elements
‫ ٌٍؼٕبطش‬ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫اٌجذ‬

In 1869 the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907) and the

German chemist J. Lothar Meyer (1830–1895), working independently,
made similar discoveries.
‫) وانكيميبئي األنمبني‬9191–9681( ‫ انكيميبئي انروسي ديميتري منذنييف‬9681 ‫في عبو‬
‫التكتشبفبث ممبثهت‬،‫ عمم بشكم مستقم‬،)9611–9689( ‫" نىثر مبير‬.‫"ج‬.

They found that when they arranged the elements in order of atomic
mass, they could place them in horizontal rows, one row under the other, so that the

elements in each vertical column have similar properties. A tabular arrangement of elements
in rows and columns, highlighting the regular repetition of properties of the elements, is
called a periodic table.
‫دح‬ٛ‫ج‬ٌّٛ‫جذ أْ اٌؼٕبطش ا‬ٚ ،‫خش‬٢‫احذ رحذ ا‬ٚ ‫ طف‬،‫خ‬١‫ف أفم‬ٛ‫ طف‬ٟ‫ ف‬،‫خ‬٠‫ا أٔٗ ػٕذِب سرجذ اٌؼٕبطش حست اٌىزٍخ اٌزس‬ٚ‫جذ‬ٚ
ُ‫ الحظ رىشاس ِٕزظ‬،‫أػّذح‬ٚ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ طف‬ٟ‫دح ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ٌّٛ‫ت اٌؼٕبطش ا‬١‫ ٌزٌه ػٕذ رشر‬.‫ب خظبئض ِّبثٍخ‬ٌٙ ٟ‫د سأس‬ّٛ‫ وً ػ‬ٟ‫ف‬
.ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫ت ثبٌجذ‬١‫ ٘زا اٌزشر‬ّٝ‫س‬٠ ،‫ٌخظبئض اٌؼٕبطش‬
A modern version of the periodic table, with the elements arranged by atomic number. ٟ‫ف‬
ٞ‫ اٌؼٕبطش سرجذ حست اٌؼذد اٌزس‬، ‫ث‬٠‫ اٌحذ‬ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫اٌجذ‬

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

Periods and Groups ‫انذورة وانمجمىعبث‬

The basic structure of the periodic table is its division into rows and columns, or periods
and groups.
‫ػبد‬ّٛ‫ِج‬ٚ ‫سح‬ٚ‫ د‬ٚ‫ أ‬،‫أػّذح‬ٚ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ طف‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫ ٌٍجذ‬ٟ‫ىً األسبس‬١ٌٙ‫ٕمسُ ا‬٠
‫سح‬ٚ‫ اٌذ‬A period consists of the elements in any one horizontal row of the periodic table.
ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫احذ ِٓ اٌجذ‬ٚ ٟ‫ طف أفم‬ٞ‫ْ ِٓ ػٕبطش أ‬ٛ‫رزى‬
‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ْ اٌّج‬ٛ‫رزى‬ٚ A group consists of the elements in any one column of the periodic table.
ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫د ِٓ اٌجذ‬ّٛ‫ ػ‬ٞ‫ أ‬ٟ‫دح ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ٌّٛ‫ِٓ اٌؼٕبطش ا‬
Under an international naming convention, the groups are numbered numerically from 1
to 18 from the leftmost column (the alkali metals) to the rightmost column (the noble gases).
‫سبس اٌفٍضاد‬١ٌ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ ألظ‬ٟ‫د ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ٌّٛ‫د ا‬ّٛ‫ ِٓ اٌؼ‬11 ٌٝ‫ إ‬1 ِٓ ً‫ب‬٠‫ػبد ػذد‬ّٛ‫ُ اٌّج‬١‫زُ رشل‬٠ ، ‫خ‬١ٌٚ‫خ اٌذ‬١ّ‫ ٔظبَ اٌزس‬ٍٝ‫ثٕب َء ػ‬
.)‫ٓ (اٌغبصاد اٌخبٍِخ‬١ّ١ٌ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ ألظ‬ٟ‫د ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ٌّٛ‫د ا‬ّٛ‫ اٌؼ‬ٌٝ‫خ) إ‬٠ٍٛ‫اٌم‬
Previously, they were known by roman numerals.
‫خ‬١ٔ‫ِب‬ٚ‫ وبٔذ رشلُ ثبألسلبَ اٌش‬،‫سبثمب‬
In America, the roman numerals were followed by either an "A" if the group was in the s- or p-
block, or a "B" if the group was in the d-block , e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB, and
the group 14 elements was group IVA.
ٚ‫ أ‬،p ٚ‫ أ‬s- ‫ن‬ٍٛ‫ػبد اٌج‬ّٛ‫" إرا وبْ ِٓ ِج‬A" ‫ػبد أِب ثـ‬ّٛ‫خ ٌٍّج‬١ٔ‫ِب‬ٚ‫ رؼمت األسلبَ اٌش‬، ‫ً اٌّثبي‬١‫ سج‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬،‫ىب‬٠‫ أِش‬ٟ‫ف‬
IVA ‫غخ اٌشاثغ ػشش‬ّٛ‫ اٌّج‬ٚ IVB ُ‫ػخ اٌشاثؼخ رشل‬ّٛ‫ ِثالً اٌّج‬.-d ‫ػبد‬ّٛ‫" إرا وبْ ِٓ ِج‬B"

common names of some groups‫ػبد‬ّٛ‫األسّبء اٌشبئؼخ ٌجؼغ اٌّج‬

Group Name
1 alkali metals ‫معادن القلوية‬
2 alkaline earth metals ‫خ‬١‫خ األسػ‬٠ٍٛ‫اٌّؼبدْ اٌم‬
11 coinage metals ‫معادن العملة‬
12 volatile metals (rarely used)‫شح‬٠‫اٌّؼبدْ اٌّزطب‬
17 halogens‫ٕبد‬١‫ج‬ٌٛ‫ب‬ٌٙ‫ا‬
18 noble gases ‫اٌغبصاد اٌخبٍِخ‬
Blocks
Because of the importance of the outermost electron shell, the different regions of the
periodic table are sometimes referred to as blocks, named according to the subshell in which the
"last" electron resides.

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

‫ ثبسُ اٌّذاس‬ّٝ‫ رس‬،‫وبد‬ٍٛ‫ ث‬ٚ‫ ػذح ِٕبؽك ا‬ٌٟ‫مسُ ا‬٠ ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫ فأْ اٌجذ‬،‫ اٌزسح‬ٟ‫ش ف‬١‫ْ اٌّذاس االخ‬ٚ‫خ إٌىزش‬١ّ٘‫ٔظشا أل‬
.‫ٔبد اٌزىبفؤ‬ٚ‫ب اٌىزش‬ٙ١‫د ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ٌّٛ‫( ا‬s, p, d, f)ٝ‫اٌفشػ‬
The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as
hydrogen and helium.
.َٛ١ٍ١ٌٙ‫ا‬ٚ ٓ١‫ج‬ٚ‫ذس‬١ٌٙ‫خ) فؼال ػٓ ا‬١‫خ األسػ‬٠ٍٛ‫اٌفٍضاد اٌم‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠ٍٛ‫خ (اٌفٍضاد اٌم‬١ٔ‫اٌثب‬ٚ ٌٝٚ‫ػبد األ‬ّٛ‫ؼُ اٌّج‬٠ S ‫ن‬ٍٛ‫ اٌج‬-
The p-block comprises the last six groups which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC (3A to 8A in
American) and contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids.
،ّٓ‫زؼ‬٠ٚ )1 A ٌٝ‫ إ‬1 A( (IUPC ) ‫ حست‬11 ٌٝ‫ إ‬11 ِٓ ‫ػبد‬ّٛ‫ ِج‬ٟ‫شح اٌز‬١‫ػبد اٌسذ األخ‬ّٛ‫ؼُ اٌّج‬٠ p ‫ن‬ٍٛ‫ اٌج‬-
.‫ وً اشجبٖ اٌفٍضاد‬،ٜ‫ٓ ػٕبطش أخش‬١‫ِٓ ث‬
The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 in IUPAC (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering)
and contains all of the transition metals.
.‫خ‬١ٌ‫ وً ِٓ اٌفٍضاد االٔزمب‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫حز‬٠ٚ ،) B11 ٌٝ‫ إ‬B 1 ٚ‫ (أ‬11 ٌٝ‫ إ‬1 ِٓ ‫ػبد‬ّٛ‫ؼُ ِج‬٠ d ‫ن‬ٍٛ‫ اٌج‬-
The f-block, usually offset below the rest of the periodic table, comprises the lanthanides and
actinides.
.‫ذاد‬١ٕ١‫االوز‬ٚ ‫ذاد‬١ٔ‫ اٌالٔثب‬،ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫ اٌجذ‬ٝٔ‫ػغ أد‬ٛ٠ ‫ ػبدح ِب‬، f ‫ن‬ٍٛ‫ؼُ اٌج‬٠ٚ -

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids ‫ وأشباه الفلزات‬،‫ والالفلزات‬،‫الفلزات‬

The elements of the periodic table in Figure 2.15 are divided by a heavy ―staircase‖ line
into metals on the left and nonmetals on the right.
ٍٝ‫اٌالفٍضاد ػ‬ٚ ‫سبس‬١ٌ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ اٌفٍضاد ػ‬ٌٝ‫ً "دسج" )إ‬١‫ ثخؾ ثم‬1.12 ً‫ اٌشى‬ٟ‫ (وّب ف‬ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫رٕمسُ ػٕبطش اٌجذ‬ٚ
.ٓ١ّ١ٌ‫ا‬
A metal is a substance or mixture that has a characteristic luster, or shine, and is
generally a good conductor of heat and electricity. Except for mercury, the metallic elements are

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

solids at room temperature (about 20°C). They are more or less malleable (can be hammered into
sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wire).
‫ وً اٌؼٕبطش‬،‫ ثبسزثٕبء اٌضئجك‬.‫شثبء‬ٙ‫اٌى‬ٚ ‫ذ ٌٍحشاسح‬١‫طً ج‬ِٛ ،ْ‫ ٌّؼب‬ٚ‫ أ‬،‫ض‬١ِّ ‫ك‬٠‫ب ثش‬ٌٙ ‫ؽ‬ٍٛ‫ ِخ‬ٚ‫ ِبدح أ‬ٛ٘ ‫اٌفٍض‬
ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬٠( ‫ساق) اٌسحت‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٌٝ‫ب إ‬ٍٙ٠ٛ‫ّىٓ رح‬٠( ‫ لبثٍخ ٌطشق‬.)‫خ‬٠ٛ‫ دسجخ ِئ‬12 ٌٟ‫ا‬ٛ‫ دسجخ حشاسح اٌغشفخ (ح‬ٟ‫خ طٍجخ ف‬٠‫اٌفٍض‬
.)‫ سٍه‬ٌٝ‫رسحت إ‬
A nonmetal is an element that does not exhibit the characteristics of a metal. Most of the
nonmetals are gases (for example, chlorine and oxygen) or solids (for example, phosphorus and
sulfur). The solid nonmetals are usually hard, brittle substances. Bromine is the only liquid
nonmetal.
ٚ‫ٓ) أ‬١‫األوسج‬ٚ ‫س‬ٍٛ‫ اٌى‬،‫ً اٌّثبي‬١‫ سج‬ٍٝ‫ ِؼظُ اٌالفٍضاد غبصاد (ػ‬.ْ‫ّزٍه طفبد ٌٍّؼبد‬٠ ‫ ػٕظش ال‬ٛ٘ ‫اٌالفٍض‬
.ً‫ اٌالفٍض سبئ‬ٛ٘ َٚ‫ اٌجش‬.ٗ‫٘ش‬ٚ ,‫خ‬١‫اد ػبدح لبط‬ِٛ ‫ اٌالفٍضاد اٌظٍجخ‬.)‫ذ‬٠‫اٌىجش‬ٚ ،‫س‬ٛ‫سف‬ٛ‫اٌف‬ٚ ،‫ً اٌّثبي‬١‫ سج‬ٍٝ‫اد اٌظٍجخ (ػ‬ِٛ
Most of the elements bordering the staircase line in the periodic table (Figure 2.15) are
metalloids, or semimetals. A metalloid, or semimetal, is an element having both metallic and
nonmetallic properties. These elements, such as silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), are usually
good semiconductors—elements that, when pure, are poor conductors of electricity at room
temperature but become moderately good conductors at higher temperatures.
،‫ أشةجبٖ اٌفٍةضاد‬.‫ أشةجبٖ فٍةضاد‬ٚ‫) فٍةضاد ا‬1.12 ً‫ (اٌشةى‬ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌةذ‬ٚ‫ اٌجةذ‬ٟ‫ِؼظُ اٌؼٕبطش اٌّزبخّةخ ٌٍخةؾ اٌّةذسج فة‬
َٛ١ٔ‫اٌجشِةةب‬ٚ )Si( ْٛ‫ى‬١ٍ١‫ ِثةةً اٌسةة‬، ‫ٕةةخ‬١‫ف ِؼ‬ٚ‫اء رحةةذ وةةش‬ٛ‫ حةةذ سةة‬ٝ‫ اٌالفٍةةضاد ػٍةة‬ٚ ‫ةةب ثؼةةغ خظةةبئض اٌفٍةةضاد‬ٌٙ ‫ػٕبطةةش‬
‫طةةالد‬ٌّٛ‫ء ا‬ٛ‫ سةة‬، ‫شثةةبء‬ٙ‫ً ٌٍى‬١‫طةة‬ٛ‫فخ اٌز‬١‫ْ ػةةؼ‬ٛ‫ةةخ رىةة‬١‫ اٌحبٌةةخ إٌم‬ٟ‫ٌىةةٓ ػٕةةذِب فةة‬ٚ ، ‫ةةذح‬١‫طةةالد ج‬ِٛ ٖ‫ ػةةبدح أشةةجب‬ٟ‫ ٘ةة‬،)Ge(
.ٍٝ‫ دسجبد حشاسح أػ‬ٟ‫ذح ف‬١‫ٌىٓ رظجح ج‬ٚ ‫ دسجخ حشاسح اٌغشفخ‬ٟ‫رٌه ف‬ٚ ‫شثبء‬ٙ‫ٌٍى‬

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

Exercise 2.3 By referring to the periodic table (Figure 2.15 or inside front cover), identify the
group and period to which each of the following elements belongs. Then decide whether the
element is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. Se b. Cs c. Fe d. Cu e. Br

Periodic table trends. ‫انخىاص انذوريت نهجذول انذوري‬

The electron configuration of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern
or periodicity.
.‫ارش‬ٛ‫ ر‬ٚ‫ش ّٔؾ ِزىشس أ‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ ‫ي اٌزساد اٌّزؼبدٌخ‬ٛ‫س ح‬ٚ‫ رذ‬ٟ‫ْ اٌز‬ٚ‫غ اإلٌىزش‬٠‫ص‬ٛ‫ر‬
The electrons occupy a series of electron shells (numbered shell 1, shell 2, and so on).
) ..........1 ،1 ،1‫ْ (ِشلّخ‬ٚ‫ٔبد سٍسٍخ ِٓ ِذاساد اإلٌىزش‬ٚ‫رشغً اإلٌىزش‬ٚ
Each shell consists of one or more subshells (named s, p, d, f and g). As atomic number
increases, electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells.
‫ رًّء‬،ٞ‫ وٍّب صاد اٌؼذد اٌزس‬.)S, P,D,F( ‫خ‬١‫ أوثش ِٓ اٌّذاساد اٌفشػ‬ٚ‫احذ أ‬ٚ ِٓ ْٛ‫زى‬٠ ٟ‫س‬١‫ ِذاس سئ‬ٚ‫ ؽبلخ أ‬ٜٛ‫وً ِسز‬
‫ اٌّحبػشح‬ٝ‫ب ف‬ٕٙ‫ف ٔزىٍُ ػ‬ٛ‫اػذ إْ شبء هللا س‬ٛ‫ػخ ِٓ اٌم‬ّٛ‫فمب ٌّج‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫اٌفشػ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫س‬١‫ب اٌّذاساد اٌشئ‬١‫ج‬٠‫ٔبد رذس‬ٚ‫اإلٌىزش‬
.‫اٌمبدِخ‬

Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration, the
properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behavior, some examples
of which are shown in the diagram on the left.
ٜ‫س‬ٚ‫ش خظبئض اٌؼٕبطش ثشىً د‬ٙ‫ ٌزٌه رظ‬، ٌٗ ٝٔٚ‫غ االوزش‬٠‫ص‬ٛ‫ث أْ ِؼظُ خظبئض اٌؼٕظش رزحذد ِٓ خالي اٌز‬١‫ح‬
Such as, Atomic radii, Ionization energy, Electronegativity, acidity and basicity and metallic
character.

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

.‫خ‬٠‫خ اٌفٍض‬١‫اٌخبط‬ٚ ‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫اٌح‬ٚ ،‫خ‬١‫شث‬ٙ‫خ اٌى‬١‫ اٌسبٌج‬،ٓ٠‫اٌطبلخ اٌزأ‬ٚ ٞ‫ إٔظبف ألطبس اٌزس‬،ً‫ِث‬

Atomic radii ‫إنصبف أقطبر رريت‬

Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table. For instance,
the radii generally decrease along each period of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble
gases; and increase down each group.
‫ إٔظبف األلطبس‬،‫ً اٌّثبي‬١‫ سج‬ٍٝ‫ فؼ‬.ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫ش٘ب ػجش اٌجذ‬١‫رفس‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ّىٓ اٌزٕجؤ ث‬٠ ‫مخ‬٠‫ش ثطش‬١‫خ رزغ‬٠‫أظبف أاللطبس اٌزس‬
.‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ أسفً وً ِج‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫رضداد ِٓ أػ‬ٚ ‫خ ٌٍغبصاد اٌخبٍِخ؛‬٠ٍٛ‫ ِٓ اٌفٍضاد اٌم‬،‫ي‬ٚ‫ي وً فزشح ِٓ اٌجذ‬ٛ‫ ؽ‬ٍٝ‫ِب ػ‬ّٛ‫رخفغ ػ‬
The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal
at the beginning of the next period.
.‫خ‬١ٌ‫خ اٌفزشح اٌزب‬٠‫ ثذا‬ٟ‫خ ف‬٠ٍٛ‫اٌفٍضاد اٌم‬ٚ ‫خ وً فزشح‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٟ‫ٍخ ف‬١‫ٓ اٌغبصاد إٌج‬١‫ أٔظبف ألطبساٌزساد ث‬ٟ‫ش ف‬١‫ذ اٌزغ‬٠‫ض‬٠

Ionization energy ‫طبقت انتأين‬

ٓ٠‫ ؽبلخ اٌزأ‬The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom,
،‫احذ ِٓ رسح‬ٚ ْٚ‫ اٌطبلخ االصِخ إلصاٌخ إٌىزش‬ٛ٘ ‫ي‬ٚ‫األ‬
Na(g) + energy Na+(g) + e-
the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom,
and so on. ‫ٍُ٘ جشا‬ٚ ،‫ ِٓ اٌزسح‬ٟٔ‫ْ ثب‬ٚ‫ اٌطبلخ اٌٍضِخ إلصاٌخ إٌىزش‬ٟ٘ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ٓ اٌثب‬٠‫ؽبلخ اٌزأ‬
Na+(g) + energy Na2+(g) + e-

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

Two trends are apparent from these data.‫بٔبد‬١‫شاْ ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌج‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ ْ‫رجب٘ب‬

 In general, the first ionization energy increases as we go from left to right across a row of
the periodic table.

.ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫ اٌجذ‬ٟ‫ٓ ػجش اٌظف ف‬١ّ١ٌ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫سبس إ‬١ٌ‫ ِٓ ا‬ٌٝٚ‫ٓ األ‬٠‫ذ ؽبلخ اٌزأ‬٠‫ رض‬،َ‫ثشىً ػب‬

 The first ionization energy decreases as we go down a column of the periodic table

ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫د ِٓ اٌجذ‬ّٛ‫ أسفً وً ػ‬ٌٝ‫زٕبلض وّب رحشوٕب إ‬٠ ٌٝٚ‫ٓ األ‬٠‫ؽبلخ اٌزأ‬

First, Second, Third, and Fourth Ionization Energies

of Sodium, Magnesium, and Aluminum (kJ/mol)

Electronegativity‫انسبنبيت تكهربيت‬

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons.

.‫ٔبد‬ٚ‫ً اٌزسح ٌجزة اإلٌىزش‬١ِ ٛ٘ ‫خ‬١‫شث‬ٙ‫خ اٌى‬١‫اٌسبٌج‬

An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the
valence electrons and the nucleus.

.‫اح‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ٔبد اٌزىبفؤ‬ٚ‫ٓ إٌىزش‬١‫اٌّسبفخ ث‬ٚ ٞ‫خ ٌٍزسح ثبٌؼذد اٌزس‬١‫شث‬ٙ‫خ اٌى‬١‫زأثش اٌسبٌج‬٠

The higher its electronegativity, the more an element attracts electrons. In general,
electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period, and decreases on
descending a group.

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

ِٓ ‫ذ‬٠‫خ رض‬١‫شث‬ٙ‫خ اٌى‬١‫ اٌسبٌج‬،‫ثظفخ ػبِخ‬ٚ .‫ٔبد‬ٚ‫ اٌزسح ٌإلٌىزش‬ٚ‫خ اٌؼٕبطش ا‬١‫وٍّب صاد جبصث‬،‫خ ٌٍزسح‬١‫شث‬ٙ‫خ اٌى‬١‫وٍّب اسرفبع اٌسبٌج‬
.‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ ٔفس اٌّج‬ٟ‫ب فى‬١ٌ‫ً رٕبص‬١‫م‬٠ٚ ،‫ي فزشح‬ٛ‫ ؽ‬ٍٝ‫ٓ ػ‬١ّ١ٌ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫سبس إ‬١ٌ‫ا‬

Hence, fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements while caesium is the least, at least of
those elements for which substantial data is available.

.ً‫َ األل‬ٛ٠‫ض‬١‫ ػٕظش اٌس‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫شث‬ٙ‫خ و‬١‫س أوثش اٌؼٕبطش سبٌج‬ٍٛ‫ِٓ ثُ فؼٕظشاٌف‬ٚ

Electron affinity ‫األنفت االنكترونيت‬

The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a
neutral atom to form a negative ion.

.‫خ‬١‫ْ سٍج‬ٛ٠‫ً أ‬١‫ذح ٌزشى‬٠‫ْ رسح ِحب‬ٚ‫ ِمذاس اٌطبلخ إٌّطٍمخ ػٕذ إػبفخ إٌىزش‬ٛ٘ ‫خ ٌزسح‬١ٔٚ‫االٌفخ االٌىزش‬

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

Generally, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals.

.‫خ أوثش ِٓ اٌفٍضاد‬١‫جبث‬٠‫خ إ‬١ٔٚ‫ب اٌفخ اٌىزش‬ٌٙ ‫ اٌالفٍضاد‬،َ‫جٗ ػب‬ٛ‫ث‬ٚ

Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron.

.ْٚ‫ اوزسبة اٌىزش‬ٍٝ‫ب اٌمذسح ػ‬ٙ٠‫ ٌذ‬ٟ‫ اٌؼٕبطش اٌز‬ٜٛ‫س أل‬ٍٛ‫ؼزجش ػٕظش اٌى‬٠

Electron affinity generally increases across a period. This is caused by the filling of the valence
shell of the atom; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an
electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable.
.ٓ١ّ١ٌ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫سبس ا‬١ٌ‫ ِٓ ا‬،‫احذح‬ٌٛ‫سح ا‬ٚ‫ِب خالي اٌذ‬ّٛ‫ذ ػ‬٠‫خ رض‬١ٔٚ‫األٌفخ اإلٌىزش‬
A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected.
.ً‫ اسف‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ػخ ِٓ أػ‬ّٛ‫ ٔفس اٌّج‬ٟ‫خ رمً ف‬١ٔٚ‫لغ أْ أالٌفخ االٌىزش‬ٛ‫ِٓ اٌّز‬ٚ

Metallic character
The lower the values of ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity the more
metallic character the element has. Conversely, nonmetallic character increases with higher
values of these properties.
‫ذ‬٠‫ض‬٠ ،‫ اٌؼىس ِٓ رٌه‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬.ٍٝ‫خ أػ‬٠‫اص فٍض‬ٛ‫ اْ اٌؼٕظش ٌٗ خ‬ٕٝ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫خ‬١ٔٚ‫األٌفخ االٌىزش‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫سٍج‬ٚ‫ش‬ٙ‫و‬ٚ ٓ٠‫ُ ؽبلخ اٌزأ‬١‫أخفبع ل‬
.‫ّخ ٘زٖ اٌخظبئض‬١‫بدح ل‬٠‫ ِغ ص‬ٜ‫ِٓ اٌطبثغ االفٍض‬
The metallic character tends to decrease going across a period and tends to increase going down
a group.
‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ ٔفس اٌّج‬ٟ‫ اسفً ف‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ذ ِٓ أػ‬٠‫رض‬ٚ .ٓ١ّ١ٌ‫ ا‬ٌٟ‫سبس ا‬١ٌ‫سح ِٓ ا‬ٚ‫ ٔفس اٌذ‬ٟ‫خ رمً ف‬٠‫اص اٌفٍض‬ٛ‫اٌخ‬
Thus, the most metallic elements (such as caesium and francium) are found at the bottom left of
traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements (oxygen, fluorine, chlorine) at the
top right.
ً‫خ (ِث‬٠‫اٌؼٕبطش االفٍض‬ٚ ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ي اٌذ‬ٚ‫سبس ِٓ اٌجذ‬١ٌ‫ أسفً ا‬ٟ‫َ) رمغ ف‬ٛ١‫فشأس‬ٚ َٛ٠‫ض‬١‫خ (ِثً اٌس‬٠‫ فئْ اٌؼٕبطش اٌفٍض‬،‫ٌزٌه‬ٚ
.ّٓ٠‫ األ‬ٍٞٛ‫ اٌجضء اٌؼ‬ٟ‫س) ف‬ٍٛ‫ اٌى‬،‫س‬ٍٛ‫ اٌف‬،ٓ١‫األوسج‬

Self-Assessment and Review Questions ‫أجب عن االسئهت انتبنيت مع استبر انمقرر‬

1. Identify periods and groups on the periodic table.
2. Find the main-group and transition elements on the periodic table.
3. Locate the alkali metal and halogen groups on the periodic table.

9
General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

4. Recognize the portions of the periodic table that contain the metals, nonmetals, and
metalloids (semimetals).
5. What is the name of the element in Group IVA and Period 5?
6. Cite some properties that are characteristic of a metal.
7. Identify the group and period for each of the following.
8. Refer to the periodic table (Figure 2.15). Label each as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. C b. Po c. Cr d. Mg e. B
9. Refer to the periodic table (Figure 2.15 or inside front cover) and obtain the group and
period for each of the following elements. Also determine whether the element is a metal,
nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. S b. Fe c. Ba d. Cu e. Ne
10. Refer to the periodic table (Figure 2.15) and answer the following questions.
b. What Group VIA element is a metalloid?
c. What is the Group IIIA element in Period 3?

11. Refer to the periodic table (Figure 2.15 or inside front cover) and answer the following
questions.
d. What Group VA element is a metal?
e. What is the Group IIA element in Period 3?
12. Give one example (atomic symbol and name) for each of the following.
f. a main-group (representative) element in the second period
g. an alkali metal
h. a transition element in the fourth period
i. a lanthanide element
13. Give one example (atomic symbol and name) for each of the following.
j. a transition element in the fifth period
k. a halogen
l. a main-group (representative) element in the second period
m. an actinide element

14. …………1st chemist to arrange newly found elements into a table form/usable manner
15. Elements arranged according to………………………….
16. Resulted in……………. or periodic intervals being………………..

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

17. How the modern day periodic table is arranged?

18. As you move across a row or period, you add 1 proton to the nucleus, and 1 electron to
the valence shell (√ or×)
19. The maximum number of valence electrons any element can have is eight (√ or×)
20. Put the blocks, periodic tends. Name of group 1, 2, 17, 18

21. The chemical properties of an element are based on what?

22. Which of the groups are considered families? Give the group numbers and the names of
the families.
23. Which group contains elements that do not typically react with other elements? Give the
group number and the name.
24. Explain why elements in the group named above is not reactive.
25. Which group contains the most active metals? Give the group number and the name.
26. Which group contains the most active nonmetals? Give the group number and the name.
27. Which element is part of Group I, but is not an Alkali Metal?
28. Which groups form colored ions in solution? Give both the group numbers and the name.
29. Which group contains the second most active metals? Give both the group number and
the name.
30. Which groups contain the most unpredictable metals? Give both the group numbers and
the name.
31. Which type of element is located below or to the left of the staircase? What is the
exception?
32. Which type of element is located above or to the right of the staircase?
33. Which type of element is located on the staircase? What are the exceptions?
34. Which of the following is NOT a property of a metal?
a.) Shiny; has luster b.) Malleable c.) Ductile d.) Brittle e.) Good conductor

11
General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

35. A sample of an element is shiny, is a good electrical conductor, and does not shatter when
hit with a hammer. What type of element is it? (Circle one)
METAL/NONMETAL/METALLOID
36. A sample of an element is dull, does not conduct electricity, and shatters upon being hit
with a hammer. What type of element is it? (Circle one)
37. METAL/NONMETAL/METALLOID
38. A sample of an element is shiny, does conduct electricity, and shatters upon being hit
with a hammer. What type of element is it? (Circle one)
METAL/NONMETAL/METALLOID
39. What do metals have that allows them to conduct heat and electricity so well?
40. Shielding increases as the number of ………….increases.
41. Who wins the ―tug of war‖ between protons and electrons and why?
42. What happens to atomic radius as you move across a period (from left to right)?
43. Explain your answer to #2 in terms of nuclear charge and number of principal energy
levels.
44. What happens to atomic radius as you move down a group?
45. Explain your answer to #4 in terms of nuclear charge and number of principal energy
levels.
46. Is the ionic radius of a metal larger or smaller than its atomic radius?
47. Explain your answer to #6 in terms of protons and electrons.
48. Is the ionic radius of a nonmetal larger or smaller than its atomic radius?
49. Explain your answer to #8 in terms of protons and electrons.
50. Which ion has the same electron configuration as an atom of He?
a. Ca2+ b. H- c. O2- d. Na+
51. Which of the following does not have a noble gas configuration?
a. Ar b. Na+ c. Mg2+ d. S

You should now be able to…

Describe the origin of the periodic table
State the modern periodic law
―Key‖ the periodic table according to metals vs. nonmetals
Explain how an element’s electron configuration is related to the element’s placement
within a period and a group on the periodic table’

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General Chemistry I For Preparatory Year

Identify and state the properties of the following groups in the periodic table:
 Alkali metals
 Alkaline earth metals
 Halogens
 Noble Gases
 Transition metals
State the trends of the following properties within periods and groups of elements
including:
 Ionization energy
 Electronegativity
 Atomic Radius
 Chemical Reactivity
 Metallic/Nonmetallic character

13