CBSE Physics Class 11 Term 1 Objective Question Bank

CBSE
New Pattern
Physics
Class 11 (Term I)
Authors
Mansi Garg
Naman Jain
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)
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CBSE
New Pattern
Contents
Chapter
Physical World -
Chapter
Units and Measurements -
Chapter
Motion in a Straight Line -
Chapter
Motion in a Plane -
Chapter
Laws of Motion -
Chapter
Work, Energy and Power -
Chapter
System of Particles and Rotational Motion -
Chapter
Gravitation -
Practice Papers - -
CBSE
New Pattern
Syllabus (Rationalised)
(Term I)
Time : One and Half hours Max Marks :
No. of Periods Marks
Unit I Physical World and Measurement
Chapter : Physical World
Chapter : Units and Measurements
Unit II Kinematics
Chapter : Motion in a Straight Line
Chapter : Motion in a Plane
Unit III Laws of Motion
Chapter : Laws of Motion
Unit IV Work, Energy and Power
Chapter : Work, Energy and Power
Unit V Motion of System of Particles
and Rigid Body
Chapter : System of Particles
and Rotational Motion
Unit VI Gravitation
Chapter : Gravitation
Total
UNIT-I Physical World and Measurement Periods

Chapter- Physical World
Physics-scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology
and society. To be discussed as a part of Introduction and integrated with
other topics
CBSE
New Pattern
Chapter- Units and Measurements
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units,
fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements;
accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement;
significant figures.
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT-II Kinematics Periods

Chapter- Motion in a Straight Line
Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing
motion, uniform and non- uniform motion, average speed and
instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity - time and
position-time graphs.
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion graphical treatment .
Chapter- Motion in a Plane
Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general
vectors and their notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a
real number; addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, Unit
vector; resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components, Scalar and
Vector product of vectors.
Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-
projectile motion, uniform circular motion.
UNIT-III Laws of Motion Periods

Chapter- Laws of Motion
Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton s first law of motion; momentum and
Newton s second law of motion; impulse; Newton s third law of motion.
Recapitulation only
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction,
rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular
motion vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road .
CBSE
New Pattern
UNIT-IV Work, Energy and Power Periods
Chapter- Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-
energy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces:
conservation of mechanical energy kinetic and potential energies ;
non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic
collisions in one and two dimensions.
UNIT-V Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body Periods

Chapter- System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and
centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a
uniform rod.
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, law of conservation of
angular momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational
motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple
geometrical objects no derivation .
UNIT-VI Gravitation Periods

Chapter- Gravitation
Universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity recapitulation only
and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential, escape velocity,
orbital velocity of a satellite, Geo-stationary satellites.
CBSE
New Pattern
CBSE Circular
Acad - 51/2021, 05 July 2021
About Latest Exam Scheme Term I & II
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CBSE New Pattern ~ Physics 11th (Term-I) 01
01
Physical World
Quick Revision
1. Science It is exploring, experimenting and ● Optics It deals with the study of
predicting from what we see around us. It is phenomena related to light, working of
a systematic attempt to understand natural human eye, telescope, microscope, etc.
phenomena. ● Thermodynamics It deals with the study of
2. Physics It refers to the study of the physical the system in macroscopic equilibrium
world, i.e. the study of the basic laws of nature considering changes in internal energy,
and their manifestation in different natural temperature, entropy, etc.
phenomena. 5. Microscopic Group of Physics It deals with
3. Scope and Excitement of Physics To define the study of constituents and structure of
the scope and excitement of Physics, it is matter at minute scale of length, i.e. at the
categorised into two groups, on the basis of scale of atoms and nuclei or even smaller than
magnitude of physical quantities involved in it, these. This group of Physics can be studied
i.e. macroscopic and microscopic groups of under the subject Quantum Physics.
Physics. 6. Fundamental Forces in Nature There are
4. Macroscopic Group of Physics It deals with following four fundamental forces in nature
the subjects included in Classical Physics. It ● Gravitational Force The force of mutual
consists of phenomena at the laboratory, attraction between any two objects because
terrestrial and astronomical scales. of their masses is called gravitational force.
Classical physics can be classified as This force was discovered by Isaac Newton.
● Mechanics It deals with the study of motion ● Electromagnetic Force The force
of particles, rigid and deformable bodies and associated with charged particles is called
general system of particles. It is based on the electromagnetic force.
law of gravitation and Newton’s laws of ● Strong Nuclear Force It is the force
motion. which binds the protons and neutrons

● Electrodynamics It deals with the study of together inside a tiny nucleus.
electric and magnetic phenomena associated ● Weak Nuclear Force The force which
with charged and magnetic bodies. It is based appears only between elementary particles
on the laws given by Coulomb, Oersted, involved in nuclear processes of
Ampere and Faraday. radioactivity like b- decay of a nucleus, etc.
02 CBSE New Pattern ~ Physics 11th (Term-I)
7. Comparison between Four Fundamental But Einstein’s theory of relativity

Forces (energy-mass relation, E = mc 2, where m is
Name Relative Range the mass and c is the speed of light in
strength vacuum) has modified it.
Gravitational force 10-39 Infinite In a nuclear process, mass gets converted to
Weak nuclear force 10 -13
Very short, energy (or vice-versa). This is the energy
sub-nuclear which is released in a nuclear power
size (~10-16 m) generation and nuclear explosion.
Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite ● Law of Conservation of Momentum
force Momentum is the quantity of motion of a
Strong nuclear force 1 Short, moving body (generally measured as the
nuclear size product of mass and velocity of the body).
(~10 -15 m) Momentum of an isolated system is also
8. Nature of Physical Laws Physicists observed conserved. It can be classified into two types
that during a physical phenomenon governed (linear momentum and angular momentum)
by different forces, several quantities may and law of conservation is valid for both of
change with time but some special physical them.
quantities remain constant with time. They are (a) Law of Conservation of Linear
called conserved quantities of nature and Momentum This law states that, if no
this is called law of conservation. external force acts on a system, then its
There are four laws of conservation in classical linear momentum remains constant, i.e.
Physics When S Fext = 0, then p = constant.
● Law of Conservation of Energy It states (b) Law of Conservation of Angular
that, energy can neither be created nor be Momentum It states that, if no external
destroyed, but it can be changed from one torque acts on a system, then its angular
form to another, i.e. the total sum of all kinds momentum remains constant, i.e. when
of energy in this universe remains same. S t ext = 0, then L = constant.
● Law of Conservation of Mass Earlier it ● Law of Conservation of Charge This law
was assumed that, mass is indestructible and states that, the net charge of an isolated
law of conservation of mass states that, matter system remains constant.
can neither be created nor be destroyed.
Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 8. Conservation laws are such that
1. Physics is the branch of science which (a) it cannot be proved but can be verified
deals with the study of (b) it can neither be proved nor can be verified
(c) it can be proved and verified
(a) practical purposes
(d) it can be proved but not verified
(b) living things
(c) technologies 9. Radio and television are based on
(d) nature and natural phenomena (a) inverse square law of charges
2. In Physics, quantitative measurement is (b) production, propagation and reception of
electromagnetic waves
central to the growth of science because
(c) digital logic
(a) laws of nature are expressible in precise (d) mechanics
mathematical equations
(b) basic laws universally apply in different 10. The person who had been awarded the
contexts title of the Father of Physics of 20th
(c) strategy of approximation turned out to be century is
very successful
(a) Madam Curie
(d) All of the above
(b) Sir C.V. Raman
3. With which phenomena, classical (c) Neils Bohr
Physics deals mainly? (d) Albert Einstein
(a) Macroscopic (b) Microscopic 11. In Physics, the range of time scales used
(c) Natural (d) None of these is ……… .
4. Microscopic domain includes (a) 1015 s to 10- 15 s (b) 10- 22 s to 1018 s
(a) quantum theory (b) mechanics (c) 10- 20 s to 109 s (d) 10- 17 s to 1020 s
(c) thermodynamics (d) sound 12. According to Einstein’s theory of
5. Observable universe has range of mass relativity, energy-mass relation is
of ……… .
(a) E = mc (b) E = m/c 2
(a) 1020 kg (b) 1030 kg
(c) 1040 kg (d) 1055 kg (c) E = mc 2 (d) E = 2 mc 2
6. Maxwell’s set of equation encapsulated 13. ……… was discovered by Huygens’.

basic laws such as (a) Wave theory of light
(b) Quanta of light
(a) Coulomb and Oersted’s laws
(c) Particle nature of light
(b) Ampere and Faraday’s laws
(d) None of the above
(c) Faraday’s and Optic laws
(d) Both (a) and (b) 14. Which of the following statement is not
7. The phenomena that optics deals with are correct?
(a) light (a) Physics is the study of nature and natural
phenomena.
(b) working of telescopes and microscopes
(b) Physics and technology are not related to
(c) colours exhibited by thin films
each other.
(c) Electrodynamics deals with electric and 18. Match the Column I (physical
magnetic phenomena associated with
quantities) with Column II (scale) and
charged and magnetic bodies.
(d) The physical quantities that remain
select the correct option from the codes
unchanged in a process are called given below.
conserved quantities.
Column I Column II
15. Study the following statements A. Size of electron p. 10 -30 kg
regarding conservation law and choose or proton
the incorrect option.
(a) Conservation law is a hypothesis based on B. Mass of an q. 10 -14 m
observations and experiments. electron
(b) Conservations laws do not have a deep C. Extent of r. 10 26 m
connection with symmetries of nature. universe
(c) A conservation law cannot be proved.
(d) Conservation of energy, linear momentum Codes
and angular momentum are considered to
A B C
be fundamental laws of physics.
(a) q p r
16. Choose the correct statement from the (b) q r p
following options. (c) s p r
(a) An axiom is self-evident truth while a model (d) q p q
is a theory proposed to explain observed
phenomena. 19. Match the Column I (name of
(b) Wireless communication followed the physicists) with Column II
discovery of basic laws of electricity and (contribution/discovery) and select the
magnetism. correct option from the codes given
(c) Bohr had dismissed the possibility of below.
tapping energy from atoms.
(d) Both (a) and (b) Column I Column II
17. Match the Column I (domains) with A. Johannes p. Nuclear model
Column II (relation) and select the Kepler of the atom
correct option from the codes given
B. Tycho Brahe q. Planetary
below. motion
Column I Column II
C. Nicolaus r. Elliptical orbit
A. Mechanics p. electric and Copernicus theory
magnetic fields
D. Ernest s. Circular orbit
B. Electrodynamics q. macroscopic Rutherford theory
equilibrium
C. Thermodynamics r. Newton’s laws Codes
of motion A B C D
(a) q s r p
Codes
(b) p q r s
A B C A B C
(c) q p s r
(a) p q r (b) r p q
(d) r q s p
(c) p r r (d) q r p
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs 22. Assertion Symmetry of laws of nature

For question numbers 20 to 25, two with respect to translation in space give
rise to conservation of linear
statements are given-one labelled
momentum.
Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to Reason Isotropy of space does not
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) underlies the law of conservation of
and (d) are as given below angular momentum.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the 23. Assertion According to the principle
correct explanation of A. of conservation of energy, all heat can
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the be converted into mechanical work.
correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. Reason Due to various losses, it is
(d) A is false and R is also false. impossible to convert all heat into
mechanical work.
20. Assertion The concept of energy is
central to Physics and its expression can 24. Assertion Matter can neither be
be written for every physical system. created nor be destroyed.
Reason Law of conservation of energy Reason This is law of definite
is not valid for all forces and for any proportions.
kind of transformation between
25. Assertion Electric force and magnetic
different forms of energy.
force are jointly called electromagnetic
21. Assertion Physics generates new force.
technology. Reason Electric and magnetic effects
Reason Technology give rise to new are inseparable.
physics.
ANSWERS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a)
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a)
SOLUTIONS
1. Nature and natural phenomena; for example 15. The statement given in option (b) is incorrect
motion of the moon around the earth, etc., and it can be corrected as,
are dealt with in Physics. Conservation laws have a deep connection
2. Quantitative measurement in Physics is with symmetries of nature. Symmetries of
central to the growth of science because all space and time and other types of symmetries
the basic universal laws apply in different play a central role in modern theories of
context. fundamental forces in nature.
Also, laws of nature are expressible in 16. Wireless communication technology followed
mathematical equations and strategy of the discovery of the basic laws of electricity
approximation turned out to be very and magnetism in the nineteenth century.
successful.
Axiom is a self-evident truth that it is
3. Classical Physics deals mainly with accepted without controversy while model is
macroscopic phenomena and includes a theory proposed to explain observed
subjects like mechanics, electrodynamics, phenomena.
optics and thermodynamics. A. Mechanics is based on Newton’s laws of
17.
4. Quantum theory explains microscopic motion.
domain involving molecules, atoms, electrons B. Electrodynamics deals with electric and
and other elementary particles. magnetic phenomena associated with
5. Mass of observable universe has a range of charged and magnetic bodies.
10 55 kg. C. Thermodynamics in contrast to mechanics,
6. The basic laws regarding electromagnetism does not deal with the motion of bodies as
given by Oersted, Coulomb, Ampere and a whole. Rather, it deals with systems in
Faraday. These were encapsulated by macroscopic equilibrium and is concerned
Maxwell in his famous set of equations. with changes in internal energy,
temperature, entropy, etc., of the system
7. Optics deals with the study of phenomena
through external work and transfer of heat.
related to light. So, the working of human eye,
telescope, microscope, colours that exhibits by Hence, A ® r, B ® p and C ® q.
thin films etc., are all studied under this branch. 18. The correct match of this question is
8. Conservation laws are basically hypothesis, A ® q, B ® p and C ® r.
based on observations and experiments. 19. The correct match of this question is
Thus, these laws cannot be proved but can
A ® q, B ® s, C ® r and D ® p.
be verified or disproved by experiments.
9. Radio and television are based on production 20. Law of conservation of energy is always valid
(generation), propagation and reception for all forces and for any kind of
(detection) of electromagnetic waves. transformation between different forms of
energy.
10. Albert Einstein was awarded the title of the
Father of Physics of 20th century. Therefore, A is true but R is false.
11. Range of time scales is 10 -22 s to 10 18 s. 21. Sometimes physics generates new technology
and at others technology gives rise to new
12. Energy-mass relation is E = mc 2.
physics. Both have desired impact on society.
13. Huygens’ discovered the wave theory of light. Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
14. The statement given in option (b) is incorrect not the correct explanation of A.
and it can be corrected as, 22. Symmetry of natural laws with respect to
Physics and technology are interdependent to translation in space give rise to conservation
each other. of linear momentum.
Isotropy of space (no intrinsically preferred destroyed. Law of definite proportions states
direction in space) underlies the law of that, molecules will always have elements in a
conservation of angular momentum. particular ratio which will also be fixed and not
Therefore, A is true but R is false. dependent on the method of preparation of the
molecule.
23. According to the law of conservation of
energy, energy can neither be created nor it Therefore, A is true but R is false.
can be destroyed. Thus, it is physically 25. Charges in motion produces magnetic effects,
possible to convert all of heat into these effects give rise to a force on a moving
mechanical work. But due to various energy charge. So, electric and magnetic effects are
losses, this cannot be achieved partically. inseparable.
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is Therefore, it is named as electromagnetic
not the correct explanation of A. force.
24. Law of conservation of energy states that, Therefore, both A and R are true and R is the
matter can never be created nor be correct explanation of A.
02
Units and
Measurements
Quick Revision
1. Physical Quantities All the quantities which ● Derived Units The units of measurement
can be measured directly or indirectly and of all other physical quantities, which can
in terms of which laws of Physics are described be obtained from fundamental units are
are called physical quantities. called derived units.
These can be divided into two types, namely 3. System of Units It is the complete set of
fundamental and derived quantities. units, both fundamental and derived physical
● Fundamental Quantities The physical units.
quantities which are independent of other The common system of units used in
physical quantities and are not defined in mechanics are as follows
terms of other physical quantities are called ● The FPS System It is the British
fundamental or base quantities. engineering system of units. It uses foot as
e.g. Mass, length, time, temperature, luminous the unit of length, pound as the unit of mass
intensity, electric current, amount of and second as the unit of time.
substance, etc. ● The CGS System It is the French system of
● Derived Quantities Those quantities which
units, which uses centimetre, gram and
can be derived from the fundamental physical second as the units of length, mass and time,
quantities are called derived quantities. respectively.
e.g. Velocity, acceleration, linear momentum, ● The MKS System It uses metre, kilogram
etc. and second as the fundamental units of
2. Physical Unit The standard amount of a length, mass and time, respectively.
physical quantity chosen to measure the ● The International System of Units
physical quantity of same kind is called a (SI Units) The system of units which is
physical unit. The physical units can be accepted internationally for measurement is
classified into following two types the ‘Systeme International d’ Units (French
● Fundamental Units The units of for International System of Units),
fundamental quantities are known as abbreviated as SI.
fundamental units.
4. Fundamental Quantities and their SI Units For Area

-28
Fundamental SI unit Symbol
● Barn, 1 barn = 10 m2
● Acre, 1 acre = 4047 m
2
quantity
4
● Hectare, 1 hectare = 10 m2
Length metre m
7. Accuracy and Precision of Instruments
Mass kilogram kg
The accuracy of a measurement is a measure of
Time second s how close the measured value is to the true
Electric current ampere A value of the quantity. While, precision tells us
to what resolution or limit the quantity is
Temperature kelvin K measured.
Amount of mole mol 8. Errors in Measurement
substance
Difference in the true value and the measured
Luminous intensity candela cd value of a quantity is called error in
measurement.
5. Supplementary Quantities and their SI Units
Error = True value – Measured value
Supplementary SI unit Symbol In general, the errors can be further classified as
quantity ● Systematic Errors Those errors that tend
Plane angle radian rad to be in one direction, either positive or
Solid angle steradian sr negative are called systematic errors. Some
of the sources of systematic errors are
6. Some Important Practical Units (a) Instrumental errors They occur due to
For Length/Distance imperfect design or manufacture or
● Astronomical Unit It is the mean distance calibration of the measuring instrument.
of the earth from the sun. (b) Imperfection in experimental
1 AU = 1.496 ´ 10 11 m technique or procedure These types of
errors occur due to the experimental
● Light year It is the distance travelled by
arrangement limitations.
light in vacuum in one year.
(c) Personal errors These errors arise due
1 ly = 9.46 ´ 10 15 m
-6
to inexperience of the observer such as lack
● Micro or micrometer, 1 mm = 10 m of proper setting of the apparatus and
● Nanometer, 1 nm = 10 -9 m taking observations without observing
proper precautions, etc.
● Angstrom, 1 Å = 10 -10 m
(d) Errors due to external causes Various
● Fermi This unit is used for measuring parameters such as change in
nuclear sizes. 1 Fm = 10 -15 m temperature, pressure, volume, etc. during
For Mass experiment may affect the reading of
● Pound, 1 lb = 0.4536 kg
measurement.
● Random Errors The errors which occur
● Slug, 1 slug = 14.59 kg
irregularly and are random in magnitude
● Quintal, 1 q = 100 kg and direction are called random errors.
● Tonne or metric tonne, 1 t = 1000 kg ● Least Count Error The smallest value that
can be measured by a measuring instrument

● Atomic mass unit (It is defined as the is called the least count of the instrument
(1/12)th of the mass of one 12
6
C-atom) 1 u or and error in its value is called least count
amu = 1.66 ´ 10 –27 kg. error.
● Absolute Error The magnitude of the ● Error in Case of a Measured Quantity

difference between the true value of the Raised to a Power
quantity and the individual measured value Relative error of Z = A n B m is
is called the absolute error of the
measurement. It is denoted by | D a |. DZ é DA DB ù
= ± ên +m
Suppose, the measured values are Z ë A B úû
a 1, a 2, a 3, K , a n , then arithmetic mean of 10. Significant Figures
a + a2 + K + an
these values is a Mean = 1 . The digits that are known reliably plus the first
n uncertain digit are known as significant digits
If we take arithmetic mean a Mean as the true or significant figures.
value, then the absolute errors in the Rules for Determining the Number of
individual measured value will be Significant Figures
Da 1 = a Mean – a 1
Rule 1 All non-zero digits are significant.
● Mean Absolute Error It is the arithmetic
mean of the magnitudes of absolute errors in Rule 2 All the zeros between two non-zero
all the measurements of the quantity. digits are significant, no matter where
n | Da |
the decimal point is, if at all.
Mean absolute error, D a Mean = S i
Rule 3 If the number is less than one, the
i =1 n
zero(s) on the right of decimal point
● Relative Error or Fractional Error It is and to the left of first non-zero digit
defined as the ratio of mean absolute error to are not significant.
the mean value of the quantity measured.
Rule 4 In a number without a decimal point,
D a Mean
Relative error, da = the terminal or trailing zeros is not
a Mean significant.
● Percentage Error When fractional error or Rule 5 The trailing zero(s) in a number with a
relative error is expressed in percentage, decimal points are significant.
then it is called percentage error. 11. Rules for Arithmetical Operations with
D a Mean Significant Figures
Percentage error, da % = ´ 100%
a Mean Some rules of arithmetical operations with
9. Combination of Errors significant figures are as given below
● Addition and Subtraction In both,
● Error in Sum or Difference
addition and subtraction, the final result
Let X = A + B or X = A - B
should retain as many decimal places as
where, A and B are physical quantities have are there in the number with the least
measured value A ± DA, B ± DB , decimal places.
respectively. ● Multiplication and Division In
So, the maximum possible error in sum and multiplication or division, the final result
difference, DZ = DA + DB should retain as many significant figures, as
● Error in Product or Quotient are there in the original number with the
least significant figures.
A
Let X = A ´ B or X = 12. Rounding Off The result of computation with
B
approximate numbers, which contains more
So, the maximum possible error in product than one uncertain digit, should be rounded
DZ DA DB off. While rounding off measurements, we use
or quotient is = +
Z A B the following rules by convention
Rule 1 If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, The equation obtained by equating a physical
then the preceding digit is left quantity with its dimensional formula is called
unchanged. the dimensional equation of the given
Rule 2 If the digit to be dropped is more than physical quantity.
5, then the preceding digit is raised by 15. Dimensional Analysis and its Applications
one. The dimensional analysis helps us in deducing
Rule 3 If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed the relations among different physical quantities
by digits other than zero, then the and checking the accuracy, derivation and
preceding digit is raised by one. dimensional consistency or homogeneity of
Rule 4 If the digit to be dropped is 5 and various numerical expressions. Its applications
followed by zeros, then the preceding are as given below
digit is left unchanged, if it is even. ● Checking the Dimensional Consistency
Rule 5 If the digit to be dropped is 5 and of Equations The principle of homogeneity

followed by zeros, then the preceding of dimension states that, a physical quantity
digit is raised by one, if it is odd. equation will be dimensionally correct, if the
dimensions of all the terms occurring on
13. Dimensions of a Physical Quantity both sides of the equation are same.
The dimensions of a physical quantity are the
● Conversion of One System of Units into
powers (or exponents) to which the units of
base quantities are raised to represent a Another If M 1, L 1 and T1 are the
derived unit of that quantity. There are seven fundamental units of mass, length and time
base quantities represented with square brackets in one system and while for other system,
[ ] such as length [L], mass [M], time [T], electric M 2, L 2 and T2 are the fundamental units of
current [A], thermodynamic temperature [K], mass, length and time, then n 1 = [M a1 L b1 T c1 ]
luminous intensity [cd] and amount of and n 2 = [M a2 Lb2 T2c ].
substances [mol]. From n 1u 1 = n 2u 2, where u 1 and u 2 are two
14. Dimensional Formulae and units of measurement of the quantity and n 1
Dimensional Equations and n 2 are their respective numerical values.
The expression which shows how and which of n [M a L b T c ]
Then, n 2 = 1 a 1 b 1 c 1
the fundamental quantities represent the [M 2 L 2 T 2 ]
dimension of the physical quantity is called the a b c
dimensional formula of the given physical éM ù éL ù é T ù

= n1 ê 1 ú × ê 1 ú × ê 1 ú
quantity. ë M 2 û ë L 2 û ë T2 û
Some of the dimensional formulae are as given ● Deducing Relation among the Physical
below Quantities The method of dimensions is
Acceleration = [M 0 L1 T -2 ] used to deduce the relation among the
Mass density = [ML-3 T 0 ] physical quantities. We should know the
Volume = [M 0 L3 T 0 ] dependence of the physical quantity on other
quantities.
Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions (a) 4.5 ´ 109 m
(b) 3.83 ´ 108 m
1. The quantity having the same unit in all (c) 2.5 ´ 104 m
system of unit is (d) 4 ´ 107 m
(a) mass (b) time
(c) length (d) temperature 8. The ratio of the volume of the atom to
the volume of the nucleus is of the
2. The SI unit of thermal conductivity is order of
(a) J m -1 K -1 (b) W-m K -1 (a) 1015 (b) 1025
(c) W m -1 K -1 (d) Jm K -1 (c) 10 20 (d) 1010
3. The damping force on an oscillator is 9. Which of the following measurement is
directly proportional to the velocity. most precise? (NCERT Exemplar)
The unit of the constant of (a) 5.00 mm (b) 5.00 cm
proportionality is (c) 5.00 m (d) 5.00 km
(a) kg-ms -1 (b) kg-ms -2
(c) kgs -1 (d) kg-s 10. A student measured the length of a rod
and wrote it as 3.50 cm. Which
4. The density of a material in SI units is instrument did he use to measure it?
128 kg m -3 . In certain units in which (a) A meter scale
the unit of length is 25 cm and the unit (b) A vernier calliper where the 10 divisions in
of mass is 50 g, the numerical value of vernier scale matches with 9 divisions in
density of the material is main scale and main scale has 10 divisions
(a) 40 (b) 16 (c) 640 (d) 410 in 1 cm
(c) A screw gauge having 100 divisions in the
5. If the value of work done is circular scale and pitch as 1 mm
10 10 g-cm 2 s -2 , then its value in SI units (d) A screw gauge having 50 divisions in the
will be circular scale and pitch as 1 mm
(a) 10 kg-m 2 s -2 (b) 102 kg-m 2 s -2 11. The length, breadth and height of a
(c) 104 kg-m 2 s -2 (d) 103 kg-m 2 s -2 rectangular block of wood were
6. Amongst the following options, which measured to be l = 1213
. ± 0.02 cm,
is a unit of time? . ± 0.01 cm and
b = 816
(a) Light year (b) Parsec
h = 3.46 ± 0.01 cm.
(c) Year (d) None of these (a) 0.88% (b) 0.58%
(c) 0.78% (d) 0.68%
7. The moon is observed from two
diametrically opposite points A and B 12. A student measures the time period of
on earth. The angle q subtended at the 100 oscillations of a simple pendulum
moon by the two directions of four times. The data set is 90 s, 91s, 92s
and 95s. If the minimum division in the
observation is 1°54¢; given that the
measuring clock is 1s, then the reported
diameter of the earth to be about
mean time should be
1.276×10 7 m. Compute the distance of
(a) (92 ± 2) s (b) (92 ± 5 ) s
the moon from the earth. (c) (92 ± 18
. )s (d) (92 ± 3) s
13. In successive experiments while 19. If the length of a pendulum is increased

measuring the period of oscillation of a by 2%, then in a day, the pendulum
simple pendulum. The readings turn (a) loses 764 s (b) loses 924 s
out to be 2.63 s, 2.56 s, 2.42 s, 2.71s and (c) gains 236 s (d) loses 864 s
2.80 s. Calculate the mean absolute
error. 20. The length and breadth of a rectangular
sheet are 16.2 cm and 10.1 cm,
(a) 0.11 s (b) 0.42 s (c) 0.92 s (d) 0.10 s
respectively. The area of the sheet in
14. The period of oscillation of a simple appropriate significant figures and error is
pendulum is T = 2p L / g . Measured (NCERT Exemplar)
(a) 164 ± 3 cm 2
(b) 163.62 ± 2.6 cm2
value of L is 20 cm known to 1 mm
(c) 163.6 ± 2.6 cm2 (d) 163.62 ± 3 cm2
accuracy and time for 100 oscillations of
the pendulum is found to be 90 s using a 21. In an experiment, four quantities
wrist watch of 1s resolution.What is the a, b , c and d are measured with
percentage error in the determination percentage error 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%,
of g ? respectively. Quantity P is calculated as
(a) 5% (b) 3% a3 b2
(c) 4% (d) 7%
follows P = , percentage error in
cd
15. Calculate the mean percentage error in P is
five observations, (a) 14% (b) 10% (c) 7% (d) 4%
80.0, 80.5, 81.0, 81.5 and 82. 22. A physical quantity z depends on four
(a) 0.74% (b) 1.74% a 2b 2/3
(c) 0.38% (d) 1.38% observables a, b , c and d, as z = .
cd 3
16. Calculate the relative errors in The percentages of error in the
measurement of two masses 1.02 g measurement of a, b , c and d are 2%,
± 0.01g and 9.89g + 0.01g . 1.5%, 4% and 2.5% respectively. The
(a) ± 1% and ± 0.2% (b) ± 1% and ± 0.1% percentage of error in z is
(c) ± 2% and ± 0.3% (d) ± 3% and ± 0.4% (a) 13 . 5% (b) 16 . 5% (c) 14 . 5% (d) 12 .25%
17. The density of a material in the shape 23. The respective number of significant
of a cube is determined by measuring figures for the numbers 23.023, 0.0003
three sides of the cube and its mass. If and 2.1 ´ 10 -3 are
the relative errors in measuring the (a) 5, 1, 2 (b) 5, 1, 5
mass and length are respectively 1.5% (c) 5, 5, 2 (d) 4, 4, 2
and 1%, the maximum error in
determining the density is 24. If 3.8 ´ 10 - 6 is added to 42 ´ 10 -6
giving due regard to significant figures,
(a) 2.5% (b) 3.5% (c) 4.5% (d) 6%
then the result will be
18. Percentage errors in the measurement (a) 4.58 ´ 10- 5 (b) 4.6 ´ 10- 5
of mass and speed are 2% and 3%, (c) 45 ´ 10- 5 (d) None of these
respectively. The error in the estimation 25. The numbers 5.355 and 5.345 on
of kinetic energy obtained by rounding off to 3 significant figures will
measuring mass and speed will be give
(a) 8% (b) 2% (a) 5.35 and 5.34 (b) 5.36 and 5.35
(c) 12% (d) 10% (c) 5.35 and 5.35 (d) 5.36 and 5.34
26. The mass and volume of a body are 32. The potential energy of a particle varies
4.237 g and 2.5 cm 3 , respectively. The with distance x from a fixed origin as
density of the material of the body in A x
U = , where A and B are
correct significant figures is x +B
(NCERT Exemplar)
(a) 1.6048 g cm-3 (b) 1.69 g cm-3
constants. The dimensions of AB are
(c) 1.7 g cm-3 (d) 1.695 g cm-3 (a) [ML5 /2 T- 2] (b) [ML2 T- 2]
(c) [M3/2L3 T- 2] (d) [ML7 /2 T- 2]
27. If mass M , distance L and time T are
fundamental quantities, then find the 33. In the formula, X = 3YZ 2 , X and Z
dimensions of torque. have dimensions of capacitance and
2
(a) [ML T ] -2
(b) [MLT ] -2 magnetic induction. The dimensions of
(c) [MLT] (d) [ML2T] Y in MKSQ system are
(a) [M-3L-2T4Q4] (b) [ML2T8 Q4]
28. Let l , r , c and v represent inductance, (c) [M-2L-3T2 Q4] (d) [M-2L-2TQ2]
resistance, capacitance and voltage,
34. If the velocity v (in cms -1 ) of a particle
respectively. The dimension of l in SI is given in terms of t (in second) by the
rcv b
units will be relation v = at + ,
t +c
(a) [LT2] (b) [LTA]
(c) [A - 1] (d) [LA - 2]
then the dimensions of a, b and c are
a b c
29. Obtain the dimensional formula for (a) [L] [LT] [T2 ]
universal gas constant. (b) [L2 ] [T] [LT-2 ]
(a) [M L2 T- 2 mol- 1 K - 1] (c) [LT2 ] [LT] [L]
(b) [ML3 T- 1 mol- 2 K - 2] (d) [LT-2 ] [L] [T]
(c) [M2 LT- 1 mol- 1 K - 1]
35. A book with many printing errors
(d) [M 3 LT- 2 mol- 1 K - 2]
contains four different formulae for the
30. Which two of the following five displacement y of a particle under going
physical parameters have the same a certain periodic motion,
dimensions? where, a = maximum displacement of
I. Energy density the particle, v = speed of the particle,
II. Refractive index T = time period of motion.
III. Dielectric constant Which are the correct formulae on
IV. Young’s modulus dimensional grounds?
V. Magnetic field (a) y = a sin
2pt
(b) y = a sin vt
(a) I and IV (b) III and V T
(c) I and II (d) I and V æaö
(c) y = ç ÷ sin (t /a) (d) None of these
èT ø
31. If P , Q , R are physical quantities,
having different dimensions, which of 36. If speedV , area A and force F are
the following combinations can never chosen as fundamental units, then the
be a meaningful quantity? dimensional formula of Young’s
(a) (P - Q) / R (b) PQ - R modulus will be
(c) PQ / R (d) (PR - Q 2 ) / R (a) [FA 2 V -3] (b) [FA -1 V 0]
(c) [FA 2 V -2] (d) [FA 2 V -1]
37. If dimensions of critical velocity v c of a (a) 10-10 (b) 10-11

(c) 10-5 (d) 10-8
liquid flowing through a tube are
expressed as [h x r y r z ], where h, r and r 43. Photon is quantum of radiation with
are the coefficient of viscosity of liquid, energy E = hn, where n is frequency
density of liquid and radius of the tube and h is Planck’s constant. The
respectively, then the values of dimensions of h are the same as that
x , y and z are given by of ……… .
(a) 1, - 1, - 1 (b) -1, - 1, 1 (a) linear impulse
(c) -1, - 1 , - 1 (d) 1, 1, 1 (b) angular impulse
(c) linear momentum
38. The density of a material in CGS (d) energy
system is 10 g cm -3 . If unit of length
becomes 10 cm and unit of mass 44. Which amongst the following statement
becomes 100 g, the new value of is incorrect regarding mass?
density will be (a) Its SI unit is kilogram.
(b) It does not depend on the location of the
(a) 10 units (b) 100 units
object in space.
(c) 1000 units (d) 1 unit
(c) It is the basic property of matter.
39. When 1 m, 1 kg and 1 min are taken as (d) While dealing with atoms, kilogram is a
the fundamental units, the magnitude of convenient unit for measuring mass.
the force is 36 units. What will be the 45. Choose the incorrect statement out of
value of this force in CGS system? the following.
(a) 105 dyne (b) 103 dyne (a) Every measurement by any measuring
(c) 108 dyne (d) 104 dyne instrument has some errors.
(b) Every calculated physical quantity that is
40. The solid angle subtended by the based on measured values has some errors.
periphery of an area 1 cm 2 at a point (c) A measurement can have more accuracy
situated symmetrically at a distance of but less precision and vice-versa.
5 cm from the area is ……… steradian. (d) The percentage error is different from
(a) 2 ´ 10-2 (b) 4 ´ 10-2 (c) 6 ´ 10-2 (d) 8 ´ 10-2 relative error.
41. Measure of two quantities along with 46. Given that T stands for time period and
l stands for the length of simple
the precision of respective measuring
pendulum. If g is the acceleration due
instrument is A = 25 . ms -1 ± 0.5 ms -1 ,
to gravity, then which of the following
B = 0.10 s ± 0.01 s. The value of AB will statements about the relation T 2 = l / g
be ……… . (NCERT Exemplar)
is correct?
(a) (0.25 ± 0.08) m (b) (0.25 ± 0.5) m
(a) It is correct both dimensionally as well as
(c) (0.25 ± 0.05) m (d) (0.25 ± 0.135) m numerically.
42. It is claimed that two cesium clocks, if (b) It is neither dimensionally correct nor
allowed to run for 100 yrs without any numerically.
disturbance may differ by only about (c) It is dimensionally correct but not
numerically.
0.02 s. Then the accuracy of the clock
(d) It is numerically correct but not
in measuring a time interval of dimensionally.
1 s is ……… .
47. Match the following columns. Codes

A B C D
Column I Column II
(a) s r p q
A. Capacitance p. volt (ampere)-1 (b) r q s p
B. Magnetic q. volt-sec (c) r p s q
induction (ampere)-1 (d) r s p q
C. Inductance r. newton
(ampere)-1 Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
(metre)-1
For question numbers 50 to 59, two
D. Resistance s. coulomb 2(joule)-1 statements are given-one labelled
Codes Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
A B C D these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
(a) q r s p and (d) are as given below
(b) s r q p (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(c) r s p q
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
(d) s p q r correct explanation of A.
48. Match the Column I (unit) with (c) A is true but R is false.
Column II (value) and select the correct (d) A is false and R is also false.
option from the codes given below. 50. Assertion Unit chosen for measuring
Column I Column II physical quantities should not be easily
A. 1 are p. 200 mg
reproducible.
B. 1 bar q. 1013
. ´ 10 5 Pa Reason Unit should change with the
changing physical conditions like
C. 1 carat r. 10 2 m 2 temperature, pressure, etc.
Codes 51. Assertion The unit used for measuring
A B C A B C nuclear cross-section is ‘barn’.
(a) q p r (b) r r p
Reason 1 barn = 10 - 14 m 2 .
(c) r q p (d) r p q
52. Assertion When we change the unit of
49. Names of units of some physical measurement of a quantity, its
quantities are given in Column I and numerical value changes.
their dimensional formulae are given in
Column II and select the correct option Reason Smaller the unit of measurement
from the codes given below. smaller is its numerical value.
Column I Column II 53. Assertion Parallax method is used for
A. Pa-s p. [L2T -2K -1 ] measuring distances of nearby stars only.
B. Nm-K -1
q. [MLT A K ] -2 -1 -1 Reason With increase in the distance
-1 -1 -1 -1 of star from earth, the parallactic angle
C. J kg K r. [ML T ]
becomes too small to be measured
-1 -1
D. Wb m K s. [ML2T -2K -1 ] accurately.
54. Assertion Out of two measurements Case Based MCQs

l = 0.7 m and l = 0.70 m, the second one Direction Answer the questions from
is more accurate. 60-64 on the following case.
Reason In every measurement, the last Measurement of Physical Quantity
digit is not accurately know. All engineering phenomena deal with definite
55. Assertion Random errors arise due to and measured quantities and so depend on
random and unpredictable fluctuations the making of the measurement. We must be
in experimental conditions. clear and precise in making these
measurements. To make a measurement,
Reason Random errors occurred due magnitude of the physical quantity (unknown)
to irregularly with respect to sign and is compared.
size.
The record of a measurement consists of
56. Assertion When a quantity appears three parts, i.e. the dimension of the quantity,
with a power n greater than one in an the unit which represents a standard quantity
expression, its error contribution to the and a number which is the ratio of the
final result decreases n times. measured quantity to the standard quantity.
Reason In all mathematical 60. A device which is used for
operations, the errors are not additive measurement of length to an accuracy
in nature. of about 10 -5 m, is
57. Assertion Special functions such as (a) screw gauge (b) spherometer
trigonometric, logarithmic and (c) vernier callipers (d) Either (a) or (b)
exponential functions are not
61. Which of the technique is not used for
dimensionless.
measuring time intervals?
Reason A pure number, ratio of (a) Electrical oscillator
similar physical quantities, such as (b) Atomic clock
angle and refractive index, has some (c) Spring oscillator
dimensions. (d) Decay of elementary particles
58. Assertion Specific gravity of a fluid is a 62. The mean length of an object is 5 cm.
dimensionless quantity. Which of the following measurements is
Reason It is the ratio of density of fluid most accurate?
to the density of water. (a) 4.9 cm (b) 4.805 cm
(c) 5.25 cm (d) 5.4 cm
59. Assertion The method of dimensions
analysis cannot validate the exact 63. If the length of rectangle l = 10.5 cm,
relationship between physical quantities breadth b = 21
. cm and minimum
in any equation. possible measurement by scale = 01
. cm,
Reason It does not distinguish then the area is
between the physical quantities having (a) 22.0 cm 2 (b) 21.0 cm 2
same dimensions. (c) 22.5 cm 2 (d) 21.5 cm 2
64. Age of the universe is about 10 10 yr, (c) 4700 m = 4.700 ´ 103 m, here there is change
in numbers of significant numbers.
whereas the mankind has existed for
(d) Change in unit changes the number of
10 6 yr. For how many seconds would significant figure.
the man have existed, if age of universe
were 1 day? 69. Consider the following rules of
(a) 9.2 s (b) 10.2 s significant figures.
(c) 8.6 s (d) 10.5 s
I. All the non-zero digits are significant.
Direction Answer the questions from
II. All the zeroes between two non-zero
65-69 on the following case.
digits are significant.
Significant Digits III. The terminal or trailing zero(s) in a
Normally, the reported result of measurement number without a decimal point are
is a number that includes all digits in the significant.
number that are known reliably plus first digit
Which of the above statement(s) is/are
that is uncertain. The digits that are known
correct?
reliably plus the first uncertain digit are
(a) I and II (b) II and III
known as significant digits or significant
(c) I and III (d) All of these
figures.
e.g. When a measured distance is reported to Direction Answer the questions from
be 374.5 m, it has four significant figures 3, 7, 70-74 on the following case.
4 and 5. The figures 3, 7, 4 are certain and Combination of Errors
reliable, while the digit 5 is uncertain. Clearly, Maximum absolute error in the sum or
the digits beyond the significant digits difference of two quantities is equal to sum of
reported in any result are superfluous. the absolute error in the individual quantities,
65. In 4700 m, significant digits are i.e. Z = A + B , then ± DZ = ± DA ± DB
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 Maximum fractional error in a product or
division of quantities is equal to the sum of
66. To determine the number of significant fractional errors in the individual quantities
figures, scientific notation is A DZ DA DB
(a) a b (b) a ´ 10b i.e. AB or , then =± +
B Z A B
(c) a ´ 102 (d) a ´ 104
Two resistors of resistances R1 = 100 ± 3 W
67. 5.74 g of a substance occupies 1.2 cm 3 . and R 2 = 200 ± 4W are connected (a ) in series
Express its density by keeping the and ( b) in parallel.
significant figures in view.
70. The percentage error in the value of R1
(a) 4.9 g cm-3 (b) 5.2 g cm-3
is
(c) 4.8 g cm-3 (d) 4.4 g cm-3
(a) 3% (b) 4% (c) 6% (d) 0.3%
68. Choose the correct option.
71. The fractional error in the value of R2 is
(a) Change in unit does not change the
significant figure. 1 1
(a) (b)
(b) 4.700 m= 4700 mm, here there is a change 40 50
of significant number from 4 to 2 due to 1 1
(c) (d)
change in unit. 100 200
72. Find the equivalent resistance of the 75. Statement I The method of
series combination. dimensions analysis cannot validate the
(a) (250 ± 7) W exact relationship between physical
(b) (320 ± 6) W quantities in any equation.
(c) (300 ± 7) W
Statement II It does not distinguish
(d) (300 ± 1) W
between the physical quantities having
73. The percentage error in equivalent same dimensions.
resistance in series combination is Which of the following statement(s)
(a) 2% (b) 2.3% is/are correct?
(c) 2.5% (d) 3% (a) Only I (b) I and II
(c) Only II (d) None of these
74. Find the equivalent resistance of the
parallel combination having error of 76. The quantity having same dimension
1.8 W. as that of Planck’s constant is
(a) (66 ± 1) W (b) (66.7 ± 1.8) W (a) work (b) linear momentum
(c) (66.3 ± 2) W (d) (67 ± 3) W (c) angular momentum (d) impulse
Direction Answer the questions from 77. If speed v, acceleration A and force F ,
75-79 on the following case. are considered as fundamental units,
Dimensional analysis and its applications the dimension of Young’s modulus will
be
The expression which shows how and which
(a) [v -4A - 2F] (b) [v -2 A 2 F 2]
of the base quantities represent the (c) [v -2 A 2 F - 2] (d) [v -4A 2 F 1]
dimensions of a physical quantity is called the
dimensional formula of the given physical 78. Given that, the amplitude of the
quantity. The recognition of concepts of scattered light is
dimensions, which guide the description of (i) directly proportional to amplitude of
physical behaviour is of basic importance as incident light
only those physical quantities can be added or (ii) directly proportional to the volume
subtracted which have the same dimensions. of the scattering dust particle
A thorough understanding of dimensional
(iii) inversely proportional to its distance
analysis helps us in deducing certain relations
from the scattering particle and
among different physical quantities and
checking the derivation, accuracy and (iv) dependent upon the wavelength l of
dimensional consistency or homogeneity of the light.
various mathematical expressions. When Then, the relation of intensity of
magnitudes of two or more physical quantities scattered light with the wavelength is
are multiplied, their units should be treated in 1 1 1 1
the same manner as ordinary algebraic (a) (b) (c) (d)
l2 l4 l6 l7
symbols. We can cancel identical units in the
numerator and denominator. The same is true 79. Find the value of power of 60 J/min on
for dimensions of a physical quantity. a system that has 100 g, 100 cm and 1
Similarly, physical quantities represented by min as the base units.
symbols on both sides of a mathematical (a) 2.16 ´ 104 units (b) 2.16 ´ 106 units
equation must have the same dimensions. (c) 3 ´ 104 units (d) 4 ´ 107 units
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (d)
50. (d) 51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (a)
Case Based MCQs

60. (d) 61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (a)
70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (b) 79. (b)
SOLUTIONS
1. Time is the quantity which has same unit in We get,
all systems of unit, i.e. second. Other three kg 50 g
\ 128 × =N2
quantities, i.e. mass, length and temperature m3 (25 cm) 3
have different units in different system of mass ù
é
units. êëQ density = volume úû
2. The coefficient of thermal conductivity is 128 ´ 1000 g N 2 ´ 50 g
given by Þ =
100 ´ 100 ´ 100 cm3 25 ´ 25 ´ 25 cm3
L dQ
K = 128 ´ 1000 ´ 25 ´ 25 ´ 25
ADT dt Þ N2 = = 40
50 ´ 100 ´ 100 ´ 100
where, L = length of conductor, A = area of
5. Given, work done,
conductor, DT = change in temperature
W = 10 10 g-cm 2 s -2
dQ
and = rate of flow of heat. which is in CGS system of units.
dt
g
metre In SI unit,W = 10 10 2 cm2
\ Unit of K = ´ watt s
(metre) 2 ´ (kelvin)
(10 -3 kg)(10 -4 m2 )
= Wm-1K -1 = 10 10
1s 2
3. Given, damping force µ velocity = 10 3 kg-m2 s -2
F
F µ v Þ F = kv Þ k = 6. We know that, 1 light year = 9.46 ´ 10 11 m
v
= distance that light travels in 1 year with
Unit of F kg - ms -2
Unit of k = = = kg s -1 speed 3 ´ 10 8 m/s.
Unit of v ms -1
1 parsec = 3.08 ´ 10 16 m
4. To convert a measured value from one
system to another system, we use = Distance at which average radius of earth’s
orbit subtends an angle of 1 parsecond.
N 1u1 = N 2u2
where, N is numeric value and u is unit. Here, year represent time.
7. We have, q = 1° 54 ¢ = (60 + 54)¢ Mean deviation of a simple pendulum

S | x - xi | 2 + 1 + 3 + 0
= 114 ¢ = (114 ´ 60) ¢ ¢ = = = 1.5
N 4
Since, 1¢¢ = 4.85 ´ 10 - 6 rad
Given, minimum division in the measuring
= (114 ´ 60 ) ¢¢ ´ (4.85 ´ 10 - 6 ) rad clock, i.e. simple pendulum = 1 s. Thus, the
= 3.33 ´ 10 - 2 rad reported mean time of a oscillating simple
Also, diameter of earth, b = 1. 276 ´ 10 7 m pendulum = ( 92 ± 2) s.
Hence, the earth-moon distance is given as 13. The mean period of oscillation of the
1.276 ´ 10 7 pendulum,
D = b /q = = 3.83 ´ 10 8 m 2 . 63 + 2.56 + 2.42 + 2.71 + 2.80
3.33 ´ 10 -2 T mean =
-10 5
8. We know that, radius of atom, ra = 10 m
13.12
Radius of nucleus, rn = 10 -15
m = = 2.624 = 2.62 s
5
ra 10 -10
\ Ratio, = = 10 5 The absolute errors in the measurements are
rn 10 -15
4 3 DT 1 = 2.63 s - 2.62 s = 0.01 s
pra ær ö
3
Ratio of volume = 3 =ç a÷ DT 2 = 2.56 s - 2.62 s = - 0.06 s

4 3 è rn ø
prn DT 3 = 2.42 s - 2.62 s = - 0.20 s
3
= (10 5 ) 3 = 10 15 DT 4 = 2.71 s - 2.62 s = 0.09 s
DT 5 = 2.80 s - 2.62 s = 0.18 s
9. All given measurements are correct upto two
decimal places. As here 5.00 mm has the The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors
smallest unit and the error in 5.00 mm is is
5
least (commonly taken as 0.01 mm if not | DT i |
DT mean = å
specified), hence 5.00 mm is most precise. i =1 5
10. If student measure 3.50 cm, it means that = [(0.01 + 0.06 + 0.20 + 0.09 + 0.18)] / 5
there in an uncertainly of order 0.01 cm. = 0.54 / 5 = 0.108 ~
- 0.11 s
For vernier scale with 1 MSD 14. As we know, time period of oscillation is T
= 1mm and 9 MSD = 10 VSD L
\ LC of VC = 1 MSD - 1 VSD = 2p
g
1 æ 9ö 1
= ç1 - ÷ = cm So, g = 4 p 2L /T 2
10 è 10 ø 100
Therefore, relative error in g is
11. Volume of block, V = lbh ( Dg / g ) = ( DL /L ) + 2 ( DT /T )
The percentage error in the volume is given by Given, DL = 1 mm = 01 . cm, L = 20 cm,
DV æ Dl Db Dh ö DT = 1 s and T = 90 s
´ 100 = ç + + ÷ ´ 100
V è l b h ø Dg 0.1 æ 1 ö
Þ = +2 ç ÷ = 0.027
æ 0.02 0.01 0.01 ö g 20 è 90 ø
=ç + + ÷ ´ 100
è1213
. 816
. 3.46 ø
Thus, the percentage error in g is
æ 200 100 100 ö Dg
=ç + + ÷ = ´ 100%
è1213 816 346 ø
g
= 01649
. + 01225
. + 0.2890 . %~
= 0.027 ´ 100% = 27 - 3%
= 0.58% (rounded off to two significant figures)
15. Mean of the five observations,
12. Arithmetic mean time of a oscillating simple 80.0 + 80.5 + 81.0 + 81.5 + 82
S xi 90 + 91 + 92 + 95 m=
pendulum = = = 92 s 5
N 4
405.0 For a day, the pendulum loses,

= = 81
5
DT = 24 ´ 60 ´ 60 ´ 0.01 = 864 s
\ Mean error
é| 80 - m | + | 80.5 - m | + | 81.0 - m | ù 20. Given, length, l = (16.2 ± 0.1) cm
ê + | 81 .5 - m | + |82 - m | ú
Breadth, b = (10.1 ± 0.1) cm
=ë û
5 Area, A = l ´ b
é| 80 - 81 | + | 80.5 - 81 | + | 81.0 - 81 | ù = (16.2 cm) ´ (10.1 cm) = 163.62 cm2
ê + | 81 .5 - 81 | + |82 - 81| ú
Rounding off to three significant digits,
=ë û
5 area, A = 164 cm2
1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.5 + 1 3 D A Dl Db 0.1 0.1
= = = 0.6 = + = +
5 5 A l b 16.2 10.1
0.6
\ Mean % error = ´ 100% = 0.74% 1.01 + 1.62 2.63
81 = =
16.2 ´ 10.1 163.62
16. The error in the measurement of mass 1.02 g 2.63 2.63
is ± 0.01 g, Þ DA = A ´ = 163.62 ´
163.62 163.62
whereas that of another measurement 9.89 g = 2.63 cm2 » 3 cm2
is also ± 0.01 g.
(By rounding off to one significant figure)
\ The relative error in 1.02 g
\ Area, A = A ± DA = (164 ± 3) cm2
= [ ± 0.01 /1.02) ] ´ 100% = ± 0.98% @ ± 1%
a 3b 2 Da
Similarly, the relative error in 9.89 g 21. Given, P = , ´100% = 1%,
cd a
= [ ± 0.01 / 9.89] ´ 100% = ± 0.1% Db Dc
The relative errors in measurement of two ´ 100% = 2%, ´ 100% = 3%
b c
masses are ± 1% and ± 0.1%. Dd
and ´ 100% = 4%
Mass M M d
17. Q Density, r = = 3 or r = 3
Volume L L æ DP ö
\ % error in P = ç ´ 100 ÷ %
Dr DM 3DL è P ø
Þ Error in density = +
r M L æ 3Da 2Db Dc Dd ö
=ç + + + ÷ ´ 100%
So, maximum % error in measurement of r is è a b c d ø
Dr DM 3DL æ Da Db ö
´ 100 = ´ 100 + ´ 100 ç3 ´ 100% + 2 ´ 100% ÷
r M L a b
=ç ÷
or % error in density = 1.5 + 3 ´ 1 ç Dc Dd ÷
ç + ´ 100% + ´ 100% ÷
% error = 4.5% è c d ø
1 = 3 ´ 1% + 2 ´ 2% + 3% + 4% = 14%
18. Kinetic energy, K = mv 2
2 a 2b 2 / 3
22. Given, z =
DK Dm 2Dv c d3
\ ´ 100 = ´ 100 + ´ 100
K m v According to question,
= 2% + 2 ´ 3% = 8% æ 2ö
% error in z = ( 2)% error in a + ç ÷ % error in
l è 3ø
19. Time period, T = 2p 1
æ ö
g b + ç ÷ % error in c + ( 3)% error in d
è 2ø
DT 1 Dl
or = Dz Da 2 Db 1 Dc Dd
T 2 l =2 + + +3
z a 3 b 2 c d
For 1 s , 2 1
1 æ Dl ö 1 = 2 ´ 2 % + ´ 1.5 % + ´ 4 % + 3 ´ 2.5 %
DT = ç ÷ T = ´ 0.02 ´ T = 0.01 T 3 2
è
2 l ø 2 = 14.5%
23. The reliable digit plus the first uncertain digit ( p ) (V )

\ Universal gas constant, R =
is known as significant figures. (n )(T )
For the number 23.023, all the non-zero [ML-1 T -2 ] [L3 ]
digits are significant, hence 5. Dimensional formula of R =
[mol] [K]
For the number 0.0003, number is less than
= [ML2 T -2 mol -1K-1 ]
1, the zero(s) on the right of decimal point
but to the left of the first non-zero digit are Energy [ML2 T-2 ]
30. I. Energy density = =
not significant, hence 1. Volume [L3 ]
For the number 2.1 ´ 10 -3 , significant figures = [ML-1 T-2 ]
are 2. II. Refractive index has no dimensions.
24. By adding 3.8 ´ 10 -6 and 42 ´ 10 -6 , we get III. Dielectric constant has no dimensions.
= 45.8 ´ 10 -6 = 4.58 ´ 10 -5 IV. Young’s modulus,
As least number of decimal figures in given F l [MLT-2 ][L]
Y = = = [ML-1 T-2 ]
values is 1, so we round off the result to ADl [L]2[L]
4.6 ´ 10 -5 . V. Magnetic field,
25. The number 5.355 rounded off to three F [MLT-2 ]
B= = = [MT-2 A -1 ]
significant figures becomes 5.36, since I l [A][L]
preceding digit of 5 is odd, hence it is raised
by 1. 31. In this question, it is given that P , Q and R
On other hand, the number 5.345 rounded off are having different dimensions, hence they
to three significant figures becomes 5.34. cannot be added or subtracted, so we can say
Since, the preceding digit of 5 is even. that (a) is not meaningful. We cannot say
about the dimension of product of these
26. In this question, density should be reported
quantities, hence (b), (c) and (d) may be
to two significant figures.
meaningful.
4.237g
Density = = 1.6948 A x
2.5 cm3 32. Given, U =
x+B
As rounding off the number, we get density
. g cm -3
= 17 Dimensions of U = Dimensions of potential
energy = [ML2 T -2 ]
27. Dimensions of torque, According to the principle of homogeneity,
t=F ´r Dimensions of B = Dimensions of x = [M 0 LT 0 ]
= [MLT-2 ] [L] \ Dimensions of A
= [ML2 T-2 ] Dimensions of U ´ Dimensions of ( x + B )
=
28. Dimensions of given quantities are Dimensions of x
l = inductance = [M 1 L2 T-2 A -2 ] [ML2 T-2 ] [M 0 LT0 ]
r = resistance = [M 1 L2 T-3 A -2 ] = = [ML5/ 2 T-2 ]
[M 0 L1/ 2 T0 ]
c = capacitance = [M - 1 L- 2 T4 A 2 ]
Hence, dimensions of AB
v = voltage = [M 1 L2 T-3 A -1 ] = [ML5/ 2 T-2 ] [M 0 LT0 ]
l
So, dimensions of are = [ML7/ 2 T-2 ]
rcv
2
é l ù [M L T A ]
-2 -2
-1
33. According to question, [ X ] = Dimensions of
=
êë rcv úû [M L T A -1 ] = [A ]
1 2 - 2 capacitance = [M -1L-2 T2 Q 2 ]
and [Z ] = Dimensions of magnetic induction.
29. According to ideal gas equation, i.e. pV = nRT ,
= [MT -1Q -1 ]
where n is the number of moles of gases.
Given, X = 3YZ 2 , Comparing power of similar quantities, we

[X ] have
\ [Y ] = 2 x = 1, x + 2y + z = - 1 and -2x - z = - 2
[Z ]
Solving these, we get x = 1, y = -1, z = 0
[M -1L-2 T2Q 2 ]
Þ [Y ] = = [M -3 L-2 T4 Q 4 ] So, [Y] = [ FA -1 V 0 ]
[M 2 T -2Q -2 ]
37. Given, critical velocity of liquid flowing
b through tube is expressed as , v c µ h x r y r z
34. Given, v = at +
t +c Coefficient of viscosity of liquid,
h = [ ML-1 T-1 ]
Since, LHS is equal to velocity, so at and
b Density of liquid, r = [ML-3 ]
must have the dimensions of velocity. Radius of a tube, r = [L ]
t +c
Critical velocity of liquid, v c = [ M 0 LT-1 ]
v [LT-1 ]
\ at = v or a = Þ [a ] = = [LT-2 ] Þ [M 0 LT-1 ] = [ML-1 T-1 ] x [ML-3 ]y [L]z
t [T]
[ M 0 LT-1 ] = [ M x + yL- x - 3 y + z T- x ]
Now, c = time (Q quantities are added)
Comparing powers of M, L and T, we get
\ c =t
x + y = 0, - x - 3y + z = 1, - x = - 1
[c ] = [ T]
On solving above equations, we get
b
Now, =v x = 1, y = - 1, z = -1
t +c
Mass
\ b = v ´ time 38. Q Density =
Volume
[b ] = [LT-1 ][T] = [L] [M]
\ Dimensions of density = 3 = [ML-3 ]
35. The dimensions of LHS of each relation is [L]
[L],therefore the dimensions of RHS should
Given, n1 = 10, M 1 = 1 g, L 1 = 1 cm,
be [L] as per the principle of homogeneity
and the argument of the trigonometrical In new system, n2 = ?, M 2 = 100 g, L 2 = 10 cm
function, i. e. angle should be dimensionless. So, conversion of 10g cm -3 (n1 ) into new system
-3
2pt é M ù éL ù
(a) As is dimensionless, therefore n2 = n1 ´ ê 1 ú ê 1 ú
T
ë M2 û ë L 2 û
dimensions of RHS = [L]. Thus, this -3
formula is correct. æ 1 öæ1ö
= 10 ´ ç ÷ç ÷
(b) Dimensions of RHS è100 ø è10 ø
= [L]sin [LT-1 ] [T] = [L] sin [L] 1
= 10 ´ ´ 10 ´ 10 ´ 10
As angle is not dimensionless here, 100
therefore, this formula is incorrect.
= 100 units
(c) Dimensions of RHS
[L] [T] 39. As, dimensional formula of force = [ MLT -2 ]
= sin = [LT-1 ] sin [TL-1 ]
[T] [L] n1 = 36, M 1 = 1 kg, L 1 = 1 m, T 1 = 1 min = 60 s
As angle is not dimensionless here, n2 = ?, M 2 = 1 g, L 2 = 1 cm, T 2 = 1 s
therefore this formula is incorrect. So, conversion of 36 units into CGS system,
a b c
\ Thus, the correct formula on the éM ù é L1 ù é T1 ù
i. e. n2 = n1 ê 1 ú êL ú êT ú
dimensional ground is option (a). ë M2 û ë 2û ë 2û
1
36. Let Young’s modulus is related to speed, area é1 kg ù é 1 m ù é1 min ù
1 -2
and force, as Y = F A V x y z Þ n2 = n1 ê ú ê ú ê ú
ë 1g û ë1 cm û ë 1 s û
Substituting dimensions, we have 1 -2
é1000 g ù é100 cm ù é 60 s ù
[ML-1 T-2 ] = [MLT-2 ]x [L2 ] y [LT-1 ]z 3
= 36 ê úê ú ê ú = 10 dyne
ë 1 g û ë 1 cm û ë 1 s û
dA 1 cm2 45. When the relative error is expressed in

40. Solid angle, d W = =
r 2 ( 5 cm) 2 percentage, we call it as percentage error.
= 0.04 steradian Thus, statement (d) is incorrect while all
= 4 ´ 10 -2 steradian other statements regarding measurement of a
quantity are correct.
41. Given, A = 2.5 ms -1 ± 0.5 ms -1,
46. The correct relation for time period of simple
B = 0.10 s ± 0. 01 s pendulum is T = 2p( l/ g ) 1 / 2 .
. ) = 0.25 m
x = AB = ( 2.5)( 010 So, the given relation is numerically incorrect
Dx DA DB as the factor of 2p is missing.
= +
x A B
But, it is dimensionally correct.
0.5 0.01 0.05 + 0.025 0.075
= + = = 47. Capacitance,
2.5 010 . 0.25 0.25
2
Q Q
Dx = 0.075 = 0.08 m, rounding off to two C = = = (coulomb) 2 joule-1
significant figures. V W
AB = ( 0. 25 ± 0.08 ) m Magnetic induction,
42. 100 years in seconds = 100 ´ 365 ´ 24 F newton
B= =
´ 60 ´ 60 s. Error that may occur in the clock il ampere ´ metre
after these many seconds is 0.02 s = (newton) (ampere) -1(metre) -1
0.02 s
\ Error in 1 s = e volt
100 ´ 365 ´ 24 ´ 60 ´ 60 Inductance, L = =
dl / dt ampere /second
= 10 -11 (approx.) = volt -second (ampere) -1
V volt
43. We know that, energy of radiation, E = hn Resistance, R = =
I ampere
[ E ] [ML2 T-2 ] = volt (ampere) -1
[h ] = = = [ML2 T-1 ]
[n ] [T-1 ] Hence, A ® s, B ® r, C ® q and D ® p.
Dimensions of linear impulse = Dimension of 48. Are is also unit of area, 1 are = 10 2 m 2
momentum = [MLT-1 ]
Atmospheric pressure is measured in SI unit
As we know that, linear impulse J = DP of bar.
Þ Angular impulse = tdt = DL 1 bar = 1.013 ´ 10 5 N/m 2 = 1.013 ´ 10 5 Pa
= change in angular momentum Carat is the unit of mass.
Hence, dimensions of angular impulse i.e. 1 carat = 200 mg
= dimension of angular momentum Hence, A ® r, B ® q and C ® p.
= [ML2 T-1 ]
49. Dimensions of Pa-s is [ML-1 T-2 ] × [T]
This is similar to the dimensions of Planck’s
= [ML-1T -1 ]
constant h.
Dimensions of Nm K -1 is
Dimensions of energy is [ML2 T-2 ] .
[MLT-2 ][L][K -1 ] = [ML2 T-2K -1 ]
44. Statement given in option (d) is incorrect and
it can be corrected as Dimensions of J-kg -1 K -1 is
While dealing with atoms, kilogram is an [ML2 T-2 ][M -1 ][K -1 ] = [L2 T-2K -1 ]
inconvenient unit. In this case, there is an Dimensions of Wbm -1 K -1 is
important standard unit of mass called [ML2 T-2 A -1 ][L-1 ][K -1 ] = [MLT-2 A -1K -1 ]
unified atomic mass unit (u), which has been
established for expressing the mass of atom. Here, W is for weber, unit of magnetic flux
BA with dimensions
Rest statements are correct.
[MLT-2 ] Since, 0.70 m has more significant figure

[L2 ] = ML2 T-2 A -1
[AT] [LT-1 ] (i.e., 2) as compare to 0.7 m (i.e., 1). So, it
will be more accurate.
Hence, A ® r, B ® s, C ® p and D ® q. Also, in general, the last digit is not
50. The unit chosen for measuring any physical accurately known in every measurement.
quantity, should be easily reproducible, i.e. Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
replicas of the unit should be available easily. not the correct explanation of A.
Also, unit should not change with changing 55. Random errors are those errors, which occur
physical conditions like temperature, irregularly and hence are random with
pressure, etc. respect to sign and size.
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. These can arise due to random and
51. Barn is used in nuclear physics for measuring unpredictable fluctuations in experimental
the cross-sectional area of nuclei. conditions, personal (unbiased) errors by the
One barn is equal to 10 -28 m2 . observer taking readings, etc.
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
Therefore, A is true but R false.
not the correct explanation of A.
52. Changing the unit of the measurement, the
56. In all mathematical operations, the errors are
numerical value of the quantity also changes.
of additive nature.
For example, let the length of scale be 1 m.
When a quantity appears with a power n
Its value in CGS unit is 100 cm.
greater than one in an expression, its error
Therefore, the numerical value changes. contribution to the final result increases n
Also, we can say that from the above times.
example smaller the unit of measurement, So, quantities with higher power in the
greater is its numerical value. expression should be measured with
Therefore, A is true but R is false. maximum accuracy.
53. Parallax method is used for measuring Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
distances of nearby stars only. 57. The arguments of special functions, such as
If D is a distance of a far away star from the trigonometric, logarithmic and
b exponential functions must be dimensionless.
Earth, then D=
q A pure number, ratio of similar physical
where, q is called parallactic angle and b is quantities, such as angle as the ratio
the distance between the two different (length/length), refractive index as the ratio
positions on Earth from where the star is of (speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in
being observed. medium), etc. has no dimensions.
\ With increase in the distance of star, Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
parallactic angle becomes too small to be Density of fluid
58. Relative density of a fluid =
measured accurately. Density of water
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is As the density of any substance has same
the correct explanation of A. units, hence relative density is dimensionless.
54. Accuracy of the measurement is the measure Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
of how close the measured value is to the the correct explanation of A.
true value. 59. The method of dimensions can only test the
So, the greater the significant figures in the dimensional validity but not the exact
digit, greater will be its accuracy. relationship between physical quantities in
any equation.
This is because it does not distinguish 68. There is no change in number of significant
between the physical quantities having same figures on changing the units. For it, the
dimensions. convention is that we write,
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is 4700 m = 4.700 ´ 10 3 m
the correct explanation of A. This convention ensures no change in
60. A screw gauge and a spherometer can be number of significant numbers.
used to measure length accurately as less as
69. Following rules of significant figures are
10 - 5 m.
I. All the non-zero digits are significant.
61. Spring oscillator cannot be used to measure II. All the zeroes between two non-zero
time intervals. digits are significant, no matter where the
62. Given, length, l = 5 cm decimal point is, if at all.
Now, checking the errors with each options III. The terminal or trailing zero(s) in a
one-by-one, we get number without a decimal point are not
significant. Thus, 123 m = 12300 cm
D l 1 = 5 - 4.9 = 0.1 cm
= 123000 mm has three significant figures,
D l 2 = 5 - 4.805 = 0.195 cm the trailing zero(s) being not significant.
D l 3 = 5 . 25 - 5 = 0 . 25 cm 70. Given, R1 = (100 ± 3) W
D l 4 = 5 . 4 - 5 = 0 . 4 cm DR1 3
Error D l 1 is least. \ ´ 100 = ´ 100 = 3%
R1 100
Hence, 4.9 cm is most precise or accurate.
71. Given, R2 = ( 200 ± 4 )W
63. Area of rectangle, A = Length ´ Breadth
DR2 4 1
. = 22.05 cm 2
So, A = lb = 10.5 ´ 21 \ = =
R2 200 50
Minimum possible measurement of
scale = 01
. cm. 72. The equivalent resistance of series
So, area measured by scale = 22.0 cm 2 . combination,
Age of mankind i.e. R S = R1 + R2 = (100 ± 3) W + ( 200 ± 4 ) W
64. Magnification in time = = ( 300 ± 7 ) W
Age of universe
10 6 73. As, R S = ( 300 ± 7 ) W
= = 10 - 4
10 10 DR S 7
\ ´ 100 = ´ 100 = 2.3%
Apparent age of mankind = 10 - 4 ´ 1 day RS 300
= 10 - 4 ´ 86400 s 74. The equivalent resistance of parallel
= 8.64 s » 8.6 s combination,
R1 R2
65. As, we know that, the terminal or trailing R¢ =
zero(s) in a number without a decimal point R1 + R2
are not significant. So, 4700 m has two 200
= = 66.7 W
significant figures. 3
66. Every number is expressed as a ´ 10 b , where a Given, DR ¢ = 18. W
is a number between 1 & 10 and b is any \ R ¢ = ( 66.7 ± 18
. )W
positive or negative exponent (or power) of 10.
75. The method of dimensions can only test the
67. There are 3 significant figures in the dimensional validity but not the exact
measured mass whereas there are only 2 relationship between physical quantities in
significant figures in the measured volume. any equation.
Hence, the density should be expressed to
This is because, it does not distinguish
only 2 significant figures.
between the physical quantities having same
5.74
Density = = 4.8 g cm-3 dimensions.
1. 2
E 78. According to the question, the expression for

76. Planck’s constant, h =
n the scattered amplitude of light ( A s ) in terms
é ML2 T-2 ù 2 -1
of amplitude of incident light ( A i ), volume
So, dimensions of h = ê -1 ú = [ML T ] (V ) , distance from scattering particle (x) and
ë T û
wavelength ( l ) can be given as
Angular momentum, L = mvr
\ A s = kA 1i V 1 x -1 ld
Dimensions of L = [M] [LT-1 ] [L] = [ML2 T-1 ]
where, k is the constant of proportionality.
Work, W = Force ´ Displacement
Writing the dimensions on both sides of the
\ Dimensions of W = [MLT-2 ] ´ [L] = [ML2 T-2 ] above equation, we get
Linear momentum, p = Mass ´ Velocity [L] = [L] [L3 ] [L-1 ] [Ld ] = [L3 + d ]
Dimensions of p = [M][LT-1 ] = [MLT-1 ] Comparing the powers of L on both sides, we
Force get
Impulse, I =
Time or 1=3+d
[MLT-2 ] or d = -2
Dimensions of I = = [MLT-3 ]
[T] 1
i. e. As µ 2
Hence, only angular momentum has same l
dimensions as that of Planck’s constant. But, intensity ( I s ) µ [amplitude ( A s )] 2
77. Dimensions of speed [ v ] = [LT-1 ] 1
\ Is µ 4
Dimensions of acceleration [A] = [LT-2 ] l
Work done
Dimensions of force [F] = [MLT-2 ] 79. Given, power, P1 =
Time taken
Dimensions of Young modulus [Y] =
60 J 60 J
[ML-1 T-2 ] = = = 1 W or kg-m 2 s -3
1min 60 s
Let dimensions of Young’s modulus is
expressed in terms of speed, acceleration and which is the SI unit of power.
force as Given, P1 = 1 W, M 1 = 1kg = 1000 g
[ Y ] = [ v ] a [ A ] b [F ] g …(i) L 1 =1 m = 100 cm , T 1 = 1 s
Then substituting dimensions in terms of M, In new system, P2 = ?, M 2 = 100 g, L 2 = 100 cm,
L and T, we get T 2 = 1 min = 60 s
[ML-1 T-2 ] = [LT-1 ]a [LT-2 ]b[MLT-2 ]g \ Conversion of 60 J per min or 1W in a new
= [ M gLa + b+ g T- a - 2b - 2g ] system, i.e.
a b c
Now comparing powers of basic quantities on éM ù éL ù éTù
P2 = P1 ê 1 ú ê 1 ú ê 1 ú
both sides, we get ë M 2 û ë L 2 û ë T2 û
g =1 Now, [power] = [ML2 T -3 ]
a + b + g = -1 So, a = 1, b = 2
and - a - 2b - 2g = -2 and c = -3
Solving these, we get 1 2
é 1000 ù é 100 ù é 1 ù
-3
a = -4, b = 2, g = 1 Þ P2 = 1 ê
ë 100 úû êë 100 úû êë 60 úû
Substituting the values of a, b and g in Eq. (i),
. ´ 10 6 units
= 216
we get -1
\ 60 J min = 2.16 ´ 10 6 new units of power
[Y] = [v -4 A 2F 1 ]
03
Motion in a
Straight Line
Quick Revision
1. Rest If the position of an object does not change ● Two-dimensional Motion (2-D) The
w.r.t. its surrounding with the passage of time, it is motion of an object is considered as 2-D,
said to be at rest. e.g. Book lying on the table, a if two coordinates are needed to specify
person sitting on a chair, etc. the position of the object. In 2-D motion,
2. Motion If the position of an object is continuously the object moves in a plane. e.g. A
changing w.r.t. its surrounding w.r.t time, then it is said satellite revolving around the earth.
to be in the state of motion. e.g. The crawling insects, ● Three-dimensional Motion (3-D) The
water flowing down a dam, etc. motion of an object is considered as 3-D,

3. Types of Motion if all the three coordinates are needed to
On the basis of the nature of path followed, motion specify the position of the object.
is classified as This type of motion takes place in
● Rectilinear Motion The motion in which a three-dimensional space.
particle moves along a straight line is called e.g. Butterfly flying in garden, the
rectilinear motion. e.g. Motion of a sliding body motion of water molecules and motion
on an inclined plane. of kite in the sky.
● Circular Motion The motion in which a particle 4. Point Object An object is considered as
moves in a circular path is called circular motion. point object, if the size of the object is
e.g. A string whirled in a circular loop. much smaller than the distance travelled
● Oscillatory Motion The motion in which a by it in a reasonable duration of time.
particle moves to and fro about a given point is e.g. Earth can be considered as a point
known as oscillatory motion. e.g. Simple object in its orbit.
pendulum. 5. Position It is defined as the point where
On the basis of the number of coordinates required an object is situated.
to define the motion of an object, motion is 6. Path Length or Distance The length of
classified as the path covered by the object in a given
● One-dimensional Motion (1-D) The motion of time-interval is known as its path length or
an object is considered as 1-D, if only one distance travelled. It is a scalar quantity,
coordinate is needed to specify the position of the i.e. it has only magnitude but no direction.
object.
Ds
7. Displacement The change in position of an v i = Dlim
t ®0
object in a particular direction is termed as Dt
displacement, i.e. the difference between the ds
final and initial positions of the object in a or vi =
dt
given time. It is denoted by Dx.
Mathematically, it is represented by where, ds is the distance covered in time dt.
Dx = x2 - x1 11. Velocity The rate of change in position or
where, x 1 and x 2 are the initial and final displacement of an object with time is called
positions of the object, respectively. the velocity of that object.
Cases Displacement
i.e. Velocity =
Time
2 > x 1, then Dx is positive.
● If x
It is a vector quantity.
1 > x 2, then Dx is negative.
● If x
The velocity of an object can be positive, zero

1 = x 2, then Dx is zero.
● If x
and negative according to its displacement.

It is a vector quantity as it possesses both, the
magnitude and direction. Unit of velocity In CGS, the unit of velocity
8. Uniform Motion in a Straight Line A body is cms -1 and in MKS or SI, it is ms -1.
is said to be in a uniform motion, if it travels Dimensional formula [M 0LT -1 ]
equal distances in equal intervals of time along ● Average Velocity Average velocity of a
a straight line. A distance (x)-time (t) graph for
body is defined as the change in position or
uniform motion is a straight line passing
displacement ( D x ) divided by the time
through the origin.
interval ( Dt ) in which that displacement
9. Non-uniform Motion A body is said to be in occurs.
non-uniform motion, if it travels unequal Average velocity,
displacements in equal intervals of time.
Total displacement ( Dx )
10. Speed The path length or the distance v av =
Total time taken ( Dt )
covered by an object divided by the time taken
to cover that distance is called its speed. ● Instantaneous Velocity Velocity at an
Distance travelled instant is defined as the limit of average
Speed = velocity as the time interval ( Dt ) becomes
Time taken
infinitesimally small or approaches to zero.
It is a scalar quantity. The speed of the object
Mathematically, instantaneous velocity (v i ) at
for a given interval of time is always positive.
an instant of time (t) is given by
Unit of speed In SI (MKS) system, the unit of Dx
speed is ms –1 and in CGS, it is cms -1. v i = lim
Dt ® 0 D t
Dimensional formula [M 0 LT -1] dx

● Average Speed Average speed of an
or vi =
dt
object is defined as the total distance
where, dx is displacement for time dt.
travelled divided by the total time taken.
Total distance travelled 12. Acceleration Acceleration of a body can be
Average speed, v av =
Total time taken expressed as the rate of change of velocity with
● Instantaneous Speed Speed at an instant is time.
defined as the limit of the average speed as Change in velocity
Acceleration =
the time interval ( Dt ) becomes infinitesimally Time taken
small or approaches to zero. It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of
Mathematically, instantaneous speed (v i ) at acceleration is ms –2 and in CGS system, its unit
any instant of time (t) is expressed as is cm s –2. Its dimensional formula is [M 0LT –2 ] .
13. Types of Acceleration 15. Non-uniformly Accelerated Motion

● Uniform Acceleration If an object is When acceleration of an object is not constant
moving with uniform acceleration, it means or acceleration is a function of time, then
that the change in velocity is equal in equal following relations hold for one-dimensional
intervals of time. motion
● Non-uniform Acceleration If an object has
● v =
dx
variable or non-uniform acceleration, it dt
means that, the change in velocity is unequal ● dx = v dt
in equal intervals of time.

● a =
dv dv
● Average Acceleration The average =v
dt dx
acceleration over a time interval is defined as
● dv = a dt or vdv = adx
the change in velocity divided by the time
interval. 16. Equations of Motion for the Motion of an
Object under Gravity
Average acceleration,
Dv v 2 - v 1 When an object is thrown upwards or fall
a av = = towards the earth under the effect of gravity
Dt t2 - t1
only, then its motion is called motion under
● Instantaneous Acceleration It is defined gravity.
as the acceleration of a body at a certain In this case, the equations of motion are given
instant or the limiting value of average below
acceleration when time interval becomes
v = u + (+ g ) t
very small or tends to zero. So, instantaneous Upward
acceleration, motion 1 g
h = ut + (+ g ) t2
Dv d v g 2
a inst = lim = Downward
Dt ® 0 D t dt v 2 = u2 + 2(+ g )h motion
dv In case of upward motion, acceleration due to

where, is the differential coefficient of v gravity, g is taken as negative and for
dt
w.r.t. t. downward motion, g is taken as positive.
14. Kinematic Equations for 17. Stopping Distance for a Vehicle When
Uniformly Accelerated Motion If the brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the
change in velocity of an object in each unit of distance it travels before stopping is called
time is constant, then the object is said to be stopping distance.
moving with constant acceleration and such a u2
motion is called uniformly accelerated Stopping distance, ds =
2a
motion. An object moves along a straight line
with a constant acceleration a and u be the where, u = initial velocity of the vehicle
initial velocity at t = 0 and v be the final velocity and a = retardation.
of the object after time (t), then 18. Relative Velocity in 1-D It is defined as the
● Velocity-Time Relation v = u + at time rate of change of relative position of one
1 2 object w.r.t. to another.
● Position-Time Relation x = ut + at
2 If an object A is moving with velocity v A and an
where, x is the position of the object at time t. object B is moving with velocity v B , then the
● Position-Velocity Relation v
2
= u 2 + 2ax velocity of object A relative to object B is
● Displacement of the Object in
given as v AB = v A - v B
a The relative velocity of object B relative to
nth Second s (nth ) = u + ( 2n - 1) object A is v BA = v B - v A
2
19. Different Graphs related to Motion are as Condition Graph

follows Velocity
Body moving with a
Displacement-Time Graph constant retardation and
A
its initial velocity is
Condition Graph non-zero
Displacement
For a stationary body B
O
Time
Body moving with a O

constant retardation with
O zero initial velocity
Time
Body moving with a Displacement
constant velocity
Body moving with Velocity
increasing acceleration
O
Time
Displacement
Body moving with a
O
constant acceleration Time
Body moving with Velocity

decreasing acceleration
O Time
Body moving with a Displacement

constant retardation
O
Time
O Time
Note Slope of velocity-time graph gives average
Body moving with Displacement acceleration.
infinite velocity, but such B
Acceleration-Time Graph
motion of a body is never
possible. Condition Graph
Acceleration
O A Time Body moving with a
constant acceleration
Note Slope of displacement-time graph gives average
velocity.
Velocity-Time Graph
O Time
Condition Graph
Body moving with Acceleration
Velocity
Body moving with a constant increasing
constant velocity acceleration
O Time
O
Time
Body moving with Acceleration
Body moving with a Velocity
constant decreasing
constant acceleration acceleration
having zero initial
velocity
O Time
O
Time
Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 5. The displacement of a car is given as
1. Which of the following is an example of - 240 m, here negative sign indicates
one-dimensional motion? (a) direction of displacement
(a) Landing of an aircraft (b) negative path length
(b) Earth revolving around the sun (c) position of car at that point
(c) Motion of wheels of moving train (d) no significance of negative sign
(d) Train running on a straight track
6. Snehit starts from his home and walks
2. The coordinates of object with respect 50 m towards north, then he turns
to a frame of reference at t = 0 s are towards east and walks 40 m and then
( - 1, 0 , 3). If t = 5 s, its coordinates are reaches his school after moving 20 m
( - 1, 0 , 4 ), then the object is in towards south. Then, his displacement
(a) motion along Z-axis from his home to school is
(b) motion along X-axis (a) 50 m (b) 110 m
(c) motion along Y-axis (c) 80 m (d) 40 m
(d) rest position between t = 0 s and t = 5 s
7. A vehicle travels half the distance l with
3. A person moves towards east for 3 m, speed v 1 and the other half with speed
then towards north for 4 m and then v 2 , then its average speed is
moves vertically up by 5 m. What is his (NCERT Exemplar)
distance now from the starting point? v1 + v2 2v 1 + v 2 2v 1v 2 l (v 1 + v 2 )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 5 2 m (b) 5 m (c) 10 m (d) 20 m 2 v1 + v2 v1 + v2 v 1v 2
4. For a stationary object at x = 40 m, the 8. A runner starts from O and comes back
position-time graph is to O following path OQRO in 1h. What
x (m) is his net displacement and average
40 speed?
R
(a) 20
0 t (s)
10 20 30 40
O Q
x (m) 1km
40
(b)
(a) 0,3.57 km/h (b) 0,0 km/h
t (s)
0 20 (c) 0,2.57 km/h (d) 0,1 km/h
x (m)
9. The sign ( + ve or - ve) of the average
40 velocity depends only upon
(c)
(a) the sign of displacement
t (s) (b) the initial position of the object
30
(c) the final position of the object
(d) None of the above (d) None of the above
10. Find the average velocity, when a (a) v1 >v2

particle completes the circle of radius (b) v2 >v1
(c) v1 =v2
1m in 10 s.
(d) Data insufficient
(a) 2 m/s (b) 3.14 m/s (c) 6.28 m/s (d) zero
14. For the x-t graph given below, the v - t
11. The displacement-time graph of two graph is shown correctly in
moving particles make angles of 30°
and 45° with the X -axis. The ratio of
their velocities is x(m)
Displacement (x)
t(s)
v (ms–1)
(a)
45°
30°
0 0 t(s)
Time (t)
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 :2 (c) 1 :1 (d) 3 :2

v (ms–1)
(b)
12. In figure, displacement-time (x - t ) graph
0 t(s)
given below, the average velocity
between time t = 5 s and t = 7 s is
v (ms–1)
(c)
35
30
x (m) 27.4 P2 0 t(s)
25
20
v (ms–1)
15 (d)
10 P1
5 0 t(s)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (s) 15. The speed-time graph of a particle
moving along a fixed direction is as
(a) 8 ms-1 (b) 8.7 ms-1 shown in the figure. The distance
(c) 7.8 ms-1 (d) 13.7 ms-1 traversed by the particle between t = 0 s
to t = 10 s is
13. Figure shows the x-t plot of a particle in
one-dimensional motion. Two different
equal intervals of time show speed in
time intervals 1 and 2 respectively, then v (ms–1) 12
A
x
C B
O t (s)
2 5 10
t
1 (a) 20 m (b) 40 m (c) 60 m (d) 80 m
16. If an object is moving in a straight line,

then x (m)
(a) the directional aspect of vector can be
specified by + ve and - ve signs
(b) instantaneous speed at an instant is equal t1
to the magnitude of the instantaneous t (s)
velocity at that instant (a) zero
(c) Both (a) and (b) (b) positive
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) (c) Data insufficient
(d) Cannot be determined
17. In one dimensional motion,
instantaneous speed v satisfies 22. A particle moves in a straight line. It
0 £ v < v 0 . Then (NCERT Exemplar) can be accelerated
(a) displacement in timeT must always take (a) only, if its speed changes by keeping its
non-negative values direction same
(b) displacement x in timeT satisfies (b) only, if its direction changes by keeping its
- v 0 T < x < v 0T speed same
(c) acceleration is always a non-negative (c) Either by changing its speed or direction
number (d) None of the above
(d) motion has no turning points
23. An object is moving along the path
18. The x-t equation is given as x = 2t + 1. OABO with constant speed, then
The corresponding v-t graph is B
(a) a straight line passing through origin
(b) a straight line not passing through origin
(c) a parabola
O A
(a) the acceleration of the object while moving
19. The displacement x of an object is given along to path OABO is zero
as a function of time, x = 2t + 3t 2 . The (b) the acceleration of the object along the
instantaneous velocity of the object at path OA and BO is zero
t = 2 s is (c) there must be some acceleration along the
(a) 16 ms -1 (b) 14 ms -1 path AB
(c) 10 ms -1 (d) 12 ms -1 (d) Both (b) and (c)
20. The displacement of a particle starting 24. The average velocity of a body moving
from rest (at t = 0) is given by with uniform acceleration travelling a
s = 6t 2 - t 3 . The time in seconds at distance of 3.06 m is 0.34 ms -1 . If the
which the particle will attain zero change in velocity of the body is
velocity again is 0.18 ms -1 during this time, its uniform
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 acceleration is
(a) 0.01 ms-2
21. A car moves along a straight line
(b) 0.02 ms-2
according to the x-t graph given below.
(c) 0.03 ms-2
The instantaneous velocity of the car at
(d) 0.04 ms-2
t = t 1 is
25. The slope of the straight line 30. The resulting a-t graph for the given v-t
connecting the points corresponding to graph is correctly represented in
(v 2 , t 2 ) and (v 1 , t 1 ) on a plot of velocity
versus time gives 30
25
(a) average velocity 24
v(m/s)
(b) average acceleration 20
15
(c) instantaneous velocity 10
(d) None of the above 5
0
26. The displacement x of a particle at time 2 4 6 8 10 12 1416 18 20 t(s)
t along a straight line is given by
x = a - bt + gt 2 . The acceleration of the 4.8
2.4
particle is
a (ms–2)
0
(a) – 2.4 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
(a) -b (b) - b + 2 g (c) 2 g (d) -2 g – 4.8 t (s)
– 7.2
– 9.6
27. The displacement (in metre) of a –12.0
particle moving along X -axis is given

by x = 18 t + 5t 2 . The average 4.8
a (ms–2)
2.4
acceleration during the interval t 1 = 2 s (b) 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
and t 2 = 4 s is – 2.4
– 4.8
(a) 13 ms-2 (b) 10 ms-2 t (s)
(c) 27 ms-2 (d) 37 ms-2

9.6
28. The relation between time and distance
a (ms–2)
is t = ax + bx , where a and b are

2
(c) 4.8
constants. The retardation is 2.4

(a) 2 av 3 (b) 2bv 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(c) 2 abv 3 (d) 2b 2v 3 t (s)
29. The v -t graph of a moving object is
shown in the figure. The maximum
a(ms–2)
acceleration is (d)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Velocity (cms−1)
80
t (s)
60
31. The kinematic equations of rectilinear
40
motion for constant acceleration for a
20 general situation, where the position
coordinate at t = 0 is non-zero, say x 0 is
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (s) (a) v = v 0 + at
1 2
(b) x = x0 + v 0 t + at
(a) 1 cms -2
(b) 2 cms -2 2
-2 (c) v = v 0 + 2a (x - x0 )
2 2
(c) 3 cms (d) 6 cms-2
32. The given acceleration-time graph 36. A particle is situated at x = 3 units at

represents which of the following t = 0. It starts moving from rest with a
physical situations? constant acceleration of 4 ms -2 . The
a position of the particle at t = 3 s is
(a) x = + 21 units (b) x = + 18 units
(c) x = -21 units (d) None of these
37. Consider the relation for relative

t velocities between two objects A and B,
(a) A cricket ball moving with a uniform speed v BA = - v AB
is hit with a bat for a very short time
interval. The above equation is valid, if
(b) A ball is falling freely from the top of a
(a) v A and v B are average velocities
tower.
(b) v A and v B are instantaneous velocities
(c) A car moving with constant velocity on a
(c) v A and v B are average speed
straight road.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(d) A football is kicked into the air vertically
upwards. 38. A person is moving with a velocity of
33. An object is moving with velocity 10 m s -1 towards north. A car moving
10 ms -1 . A constant force acts for 4 s on with a velocity of 20 ms -1 towards south
the object and gives it a speed of 2 ms -1 crosses the person.
in opposite direction. The acceleration The velocity of car relative to the
produced is person is
(a) 3 ms-2 (b) - 3 ms-2 (a) - 30 ms-1 (b) + 20ms-1
(c) 6 ms-2 (d) - 6 ms-2 (c) 10 ms-1 (d) - 10 ms-1
34. All the graphs below are intended to 39. A motion of a body is said to be ……, if
represent the same motion. One of it moves along a straight line in any
them does it incorrectly. Pick it up. direction.
Velocity Distance (a) one-dimensional
(b) two dimensional
(a) Position (b) Time (c) three-dimensional
Position Velocity 40. The numerical ratio of displacement to

the distance covered by an object is
(c) Time (d) Time always equal to or less than …… .
(a) 1 (b) zero
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) infinity
35. Velocity of a body moving along a 41. The time taken by a 150 m long train to
straight line with uniform acceleration a cross a bridge of length 850 m is 80 s. It
reduces by (3/4)th of its initial velocity is moving with a uniform velocity of
in time t 0 . The total time of motion of …… km/h.
the body till its velocity becomes zero is (a) 45 (b) 90
4 3 5 8 (c) 60 (d) 70
(a) t0 (b) t0 (c) t0 (d) t0
3 2 3 3
42. The distance-time graph of …… is a With reference to the graph, which of

straight line. the given statement(s) is/are incorrect?
(a) uniform motion (a) The instantaneous speed during the
(b) non-uniform motion interval t = 5 s to t = 10 s is negative at all
(c) uniform acceleration time instants during the interval.
(d) None of the above (b) The velocity and the average velocity for
the interval t = 0 s to t = 5 s are equal and
43. Which of the following statement is positive.
correct? (c) The car changes its direction of motion at
t = 5 s.
(a) The magnitude of average velocity is the
(d) The instantaneous speed and the
average speed.
instantaneous velocity are positive at all
(b) Average velocity is the displacement
time instants during the interval t = 0 s to
divided by time interval.
t = 5 s.
(c) When acceleration of particle is constant,
then motion is called as non-uniformly 46. A graph of x versus t is shown in figure.
accelerated motion. Choose correct statement given below.
(d) When a particle returns to its starting point,
x
its displacement is non-zero.
44. For motion of the car between t = 18 s A

B E
and t = 20 s, which of the given C
statement is correct?
296
D t
x (m) 250
(a) The particle having some initial velocity at
t = 0.
100 (b) At point B, the acceleration a > 0.
(c) At point C, the velocity and the acceleration
O 10 18 20 t(s) vanish.
(d) The speed at E exceeds that at D.
(a) The car is moving in a positive direction
with a positive acceleration. 47. Match the Column I with Column II
(b) The car is moving in a negative direction and select the correct option from the
with a positive acceleration. codes given below
(c) The car is moving in positive direction with
a negative acceleration. Column I Column II
(d) The car is moving in negative direction with
a negative acceleration. A. d v / dt p. Acceleration
45. The x-t graph for motion of a car is B. d | v |/dt q. Rate of

change of
given below speed
10 dr
x (m) C. r. Velocity
dt
d | r| Magnitude
D. s.
O 5 10 dt of velocity
t(s)
Codes Column I Column II

A B C D
Position-time
(a) p q r s graph of two
A. p.
(b) p r s q objects with x (m)
(c) q p r s equal
velocities. O t(s)
(d) s r p q
48. Given x-t graph represents the motion Position-time

of an object. Match the Column I B. graph of two q.
(parts of graph) with Column II objects with x (m)
(representation) and select the correct unequal
option from the codes given below. velocities but O t(s)
in same
A direction.
x
Position-time
C C. graph of two r.
B objects with x (m)
velocities in
O opposite O t(s)
t direction.
Column I Column II
Codes
A. Part OA of p. Positive A B C A B C
graph velocity
(a) p q r (b) q p r
B. Part AB of q. Object at rest (c) p r q (d) q r p
graph
C. Part BC of r. Negative Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
graph velocity For question numbers 50 to 63, two
D. Point A in the s. Change in statements are given-one labelled
graph direction of Assertion (A) and the other labelled
motion Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
Codes these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
A B C D
and (d) are as given below
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
(a) p q r s
(b) p r q s
(c) q p r s correct explanation of A.
(d) s r q p (c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false and R is also false.
49. Match the Column I (position-time
graph) with Column II (representation) 50. Assertion In real-life, in a number of
and select the correct option from the situations, the object is treated as a
codes given below. point object.
Reason An object is treated as point Reason Infinite acceleration cannot be

object, as far as its size is much smaller realised in practice.
than the distance, it moves in a
reasonable duration of time. 58. Assertion In realistic situation, the x-t,
v-t and a-t graphs will be smooth.
51. Assertion If the displacement of the
body is zero, the distance covered by it Reason Physically acceleration and
may not be zero. velocity cannot change values abruptly
at an instant.
Reason Displacement is a vector
quantity and distance is a scalar quantity. 59. Assertion A body cannot be
accelerated, when it is moving
52. Assertion An object can have constant uniformly.
speed but variable velocity. Reason When direction of motion of
Reason SI unit of speed is m/s. the body changes, then body does not
have acceleration.
53. Assertion The speed of a body can be
negative. 60. Assertion For uniform motion, velocity
Reason If the body is moving in the is the same as the average velocity at all
opposite direction of positive motion, instants.
then its speed is negative. Reason In uniform motion along a
straight line, the object covers equal
54. Assertion For motion along a straight distances in equal intervals of time.
line and in the same direction, the
magnitude of average velocity is equal 61. Assertion A body is momentarily at
to the average speed. rest at the instant, if it reverse the
Reason For motion along a straight line direction.
and in the same direction, the Reason A body cannot have
magnitude of displacement is not equal acceleration, if its velocity is zero at a
to the path length. given instant of time.
55. Assertion An object may have varying 62. Assertion In the s-t diagram as shown
speed without having varying velocity. in figure, the body starts moving in
positive direction but not from s = 0.
Reason If the velocity is zero at an
instant, the acceleration is zero at that s
instant.
56. Assertion Acceleration of a moving
t
particle can change its direction without t0
any change in direction of velocity.
Reason If the direction of change in
velocity vector changes, direction of
acceleration vector does not changes.
Reason At t = t 0 , velocity of body
57. Assertion The v-t graph perpendicular changes its direction of motion.
to time axis is not possible in practice.
63. Assertion If acceleration of a particle 67. If the car goes from O to P and returns
moving in a straight line varies back to O, the displacement of the
as a µ t n , then s µ t n + 2 . journey is
Reason If a-t graph is a straight (a) zero (b) 720 m
(c) 420 m (d) 340 m
line,then s-t graph may be a parabola.
68. The path length of journey from O to P
Case Based MCQs and back to O is
Direction Answer the questions from (a) 0 m (b) 720 m
64-68 on the following case. (c) 360 m (d) 480 m
Motion in a Straight Line Direction Answer the questions from

If the position of an object is continuously
changing w.r.t. its surrounding, then it is said Average Speed and Average Velocity
to be in the state of motion. Thus, motion can When an object is in motion, its position
be defined as a change in position of an object changes with time. So, the quantity that
with time. It is common to everything in the describes how fast is the position changing
universe. w.r.t. time and in what direction is given by
In the given figure, let P, Q and R represent average velocity.
the position of a car at different instants of It is defined as the change in position or
time. displacement (Dx ) divided by the time interval
R O Q P
(Dt ) in which that displacement occur.
80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 (m)
–160 –120 –80 –40 0 40
X-axis
However, the quantity used to describe the
rate of motion over the actual path, is average
64. With reference to the given figure, the speed. It defined as the total distance travelled
position coordinates of points P and R by the object divided by the total time taken.
are
(a) P º (+ 360, 0, 0); R º (- 120, 0, 0) 69. A 250 m long train is moving with a
(b) P º (- 360, 0, 0); R º (+ 120, 0 , 0)
uniform velocity of 45 kmh - 1 . The time
taken by the train to cross a bridge of
(c) P º (0, + 360, 0); R º (- 120, 0, 0)
length 750 m is
(d) P º (0, 0, + 360); R º (0, 0, - 120)
(a) 56 s (b) 68 s
65. Displacement of an object can be (c) 80 s (d) 92 s
(a) positive
(b) negative
70. A truck requires 3 hr to complete a
journey of 150 km. What is average
(c) zero
speed?
(a) 50 km/h (b) 25 km/h
66. The displacement of a car in moving (c) 15 km/h (d) 10 km/h
from O to P and its displacement in
moving from P to Q are 71. Average speed of a car between points
A and B is 20 m/s, between B and C is
(a) + 360 m and - 120 m
(b) - 120 m and + 360 m
15 m/s and between C and D is 10 m/s.
(c) + 360 m and + 120 m What is the average speed between A
(d) + 360 m and - 600 m and D, if the time taken in the
mentioned sections is 20s, 10s and 5s, The motion in which the acceleration remains
respectively? constant is known as to be uniformly
(a) 17.14 m/s (b) 15 m/s accelerated motion. There are certain
(c) 10 m/s (d) 45 m/s equations which are used to relate the
displacement (x), time taken (t ), initial velocity
72. A cyclist is moving on a circular track
of radius 40 m completes half a (u ), final velocity (v ) and acceleration (a ) for
revolution in 40 s. Its average velocity such a motion and are known as kinematics
is equations for uniformly accelerated motion.
(a) zero (b) 2 ms -1 74. The displacement of a body in 8 s
(c) 4 p ms-1 (d) 8 p ms-1 starting from rest with an acceleration
73. In the following graph, average velocity of 20 cms -2 is
is geometrically represented by (a) 64 m (b) 640 m
(c) 64 cm (d) 0.064 m
35
30 75. A particle starts with a velocity of
x (m) 27.4 P2 2 ms -1 and moves in a straight line with
25 . ms -2 . The first time
a retardation of 01
20
15
at which the particle is 15 m from the
10 P1
starting point is
5 (a) 10 s (b) 20 s
0 (c) 30 s (d) 40 s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (s)
76. If a body starts from rest and travels
(a) length of the line P1 P2 120 cm in 6th second, then what is its
(b) slope of the straight line P1 P2
(c) slope of the tangent to the curve at P1
acceleration?
(d) slope of the tangent to the curve at P2 (a) 0.20 ms- 2 (b) 0027
. ms- 2
. ms- 2
(c) 0218 . ms- 2
(d) 003
74-78 on the following case. 77. An object starts from rest and moves
with uniform acceleration a. The final
Uniformly Accelerated Motion velocity of the particle in terms of the
The velocity of an object, in general, changes distance x covered by it is given as
during its course of motion. Initially, at the (a) 2ax (b) 2ax
time of Galileo, it was thought that, this ax
(c) (d) ax
change could be described by the rate of 2
change of velocity with distance. But, through
his studies of motion of freely falling objects 78. A body travelling with uniform
and motion of objects on an inclined plane, acceleration crosses two points A and B
Galileo concluded that, the rate of change of with velocities 20 ms -1 and 30 ms -1 ,
velocity with time is a constant of motion for respectively. The speed of the body at
mid-point of A and B is
all objects in free fall.
(a) 25 ms-1 (b) 25.5 ms-1
This led to the concept of acceleration as the (c) 24 ms-1 (d) 10 6 ms-1
rate of change of velocity with time.
ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (b)
50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (d)
60. (b) 61. (c) 62. (c) 63. (b)
Case Based MCQs

64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (a) 71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (b)
74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (b)
SOLUTIONS
1. In one-dimensional motion, only one B (40 m) towards east and from B to C (20 m)
towards south as shown in the figure below.
coordinate is required to specify the position
of the object. So, a train running on a straight 40 m N
A B
track is an example of one-dimensional
motion. 40 m 20 m W E
D
2. Given, at t = 0 s, position of an object is 50 m C
S
( -1 , 0 , 3) and at t = 5 s, its coordinate is
( -1 , 0 , 4 ). So, there is no change in x and 30 m
y-coordinates, while z -coordinate changes θ P
from 3 to 4. So,the object is in motion along O
Z-axis.
Displacement of Snehit is OC, which can be
3. Distance from starting point
calculated by Pythagoras theorem, i.e.
= ( 3) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 + ( 5) 2 = 5 2 m In DODC, OC 2 = OD 2 + CD 2 = ( 30 ) 2 + ( 40 ) 2
4. For a stationary object, the position-time = 900 + 1600 = 2500
graph is a straight line parallel to the time
Þ OC = 50 m
axis, so for the given object at x = 40 m,
x-t graph is correctly shown in option (a). 7. Time taken to travel first half distance,
l/ 2 l
5. In I-D motion, positive and negative signs are t1 = =
used to specify the direction of motion. v1 2v 1
Since, displacement is a vector quantity, so Time taken to travel second half distance,
negative sign in -240 m indicates the l
t2 =
direction of displacement. 2v 2
6. Let O be the starting point, i.e. home. So, l l lé1 1ù
Total time = t 1 + t 2 = + = ê + ú
according to the question, Snehit moves from 2v 1 2v 2 2 ë v 1 v 2 û
O to A (50 m) towards north, then from A to
We know that, v av = average speed 12. Given, x 2 = 27.4 m, x 1 = 10 m, t 2 = 7 s and

total distance
= t 1 = 5 s.
total time
Average velocity between 5 s and 7s,
l 2v 1v 2
= = x - x 1 27.4 -10
lé1 1 ù v1 + v2 v = 2 =
ê + ú t2 - t1 7-5
2 ëv1 v2 û
17.4
= = 8.7 ms -1
8. As runner starts from O and comes back 2
to O, so net displacement is zero.
13. Slope of x-t graph in a small interval
Average speed
= Average speed in that interval
Total distance OQ + QR + RO As, slope for interval 2 > slope for interval 1.
= =
Total time Total time \ v2 > v1
æ 90° ö
1 km + ( 2pr ) ç ÷ km + 1 km 14. The x - t graph shown, is parallel to time axis.
è 360° ø
= This means that, the object is at rest. So, the
1h velocity of the object is zero for all time
(Q angle of sector OQR is 90°) instants. Hence, v -t graph coincides with the
æ1ö time axis as shown in graph (a).
1 + 2p ´ 1 ç ÷ + 1
è 4ø 15. Distance travelled by the particle between time
=
1 interval t = 0 s to t = 10 s
p = Area of triangle OAB
= 2 + = 3.57 km/h
2 1
= ´ Base ´ Height
9. Since, average velocity, 2
D x Displacement 1
v = = = ´ OB ´ AC
D t Time interval 2
1
So, average velocity depends on the = ´ 10 ´ 12 = 60 m
2
displacement and hence it depends on the
sign of the displacement. 16. In one-dimensional motion, i.e. motion along
a straight line, there are only two directions
10. When a particle completes one revolution in
in which an object can move and these two
circular motion, then average displacement
directions can be easily specified by + ve and
travelled by particle is zero.
- ve signs.
Hence, average velocity
Also, in this motion instantaneous speed or
average displacement 0
= = =0 simply speed at an instant is equal to the
Dt Dt magnitude of instantaneous velocity at the
11. In case x - t graph is a straight line, the slope given instant.
of this line gives velocity of the particle. 17. For maximum and minimum displacements,
As slope = tan q, where q is the angle which we have to keep in mind the magnitude and
the tangent to the curve makes with the direction of maximum velocity.
horizontal in anti-clockwise direction. As, maximum velocity in positive direction is
The velocities of two particles A and B are v 0 and maximum velocity in opposite
1 direction is also - v 0 .
v A = tan 30° =
3 Maximum displacement in one direction = v 0T
v B = tan 45° = 1 Maximum displacement in opposite
The ratio of velocities, directions = - v 0T
1 Hence, the range of displacement will be
vA :vB = :1 = 1 : 3
3 -v 0T < x < v 0T .
dx Since, the direction of velocity is changing,

18. v = = 2 ms -1 = constant
dt i.e. there must be some acceleration along the
v ms–1 path AB.
Distance 3.06
24. Time = = =9 s
2 Average velocity 0.34
Acceleration
t (s) Change in velocity
=
Time
Hence, option (b) is correct. 0.18
= = 0.02 ms -2
19. Given, x = 2t + 3t 2 9
dx 25. Average acceleration is defined as the
v = = 2+ 6t
dt average change of velocity per unit time. On
For t = 2 s, v = 2 + 6 ( 2) = 14 ms -1 a plot of v -t, the average acceleration is the
20. Displacement of the particle, slope of the straight line connecting the
points corresponding to ( v 2, t 2 ) and ( v 1, t 1 ).
s = 6t 2 - t 3
Velocity of the particle, 26. Given, x = a - bt + g t 2
ds d dx d
v = = ( 6t 2 - t 3 ) v = = ( a - bt + g t 2 ) = - b + 2 g t
dt dt dt dt
v = 12t - 3t 2 dv d
a = = ( - b + 2g t ) = 2g
For v = 0 Þ 12t = 3 t 2 Þ t = 4 s dt dt
21. The instantaneous velocity is the slope of the 27. Given, x = 18t + 5t 2
tangent to the x -t graph at that instant of dx d
v = = (18t + 5t 2 ) = 18 + 10t
time. dt dt
Tangent at point P \ v = 10t + 18
P corresponding to At t 1 = 2 s, v 1 = 10 ( 2) + 18 = 38 m/s
x (m) t = t1 At t 2 = 4 s, v 2 = 10 ( 4 ) + 18 = 58 m/s
v -v 58 - 38 20
\ a = 2 1 = = = 10 ms -2
t = t1 t(s) t 2 2
28. Given, t = ax 2 + bx
At t = t 1, the tangent is parallel to time axis as
dt
shown above and hence its slope is zero. = 2a x + b
dx
Thus, instantaneous velocity at t = t 1 is zero.
dx 1
22. Since velocity is a vector quantity, having Þ =v =
dt 2ax + b
both magnitude and direction. So, a change
in velocity may involve change in either or dv dv dx
As, acceleration, a ==
both of these factors. Therefore, acceleration dt dx dt
may result from a change in speed dv 1 æ - v 2a ö
(magnitude), a change in direction or changes Þa =v × = ç ÷
dx 2ax + b è 2ax + b ø
in both.
= - 2a v × v 2 = - 2av 3
23. For paths OA and BO, the magnitude of \ Retardation = 2av 3
velocity (speed) and direction is constant,
hence acceleration is zero. For path AB, since 29. Maximum acceleration means maximum
this path is a curve, so the direction of the change in velocity in minimum time interval.
velocity changes at every moment but the In time interval t = 30 s to t = 40 s,
magnitude of velocity (speed) remains Dv 80 - 20 60
a = = = = 6 cms -2
constant. Dt 40 - 30 10
30. Average acceleration for different time 37. Given, v BA = - v AB

intervals is the slope of v-t graph, which are
as follows The above relation is true for both average
( 24 - 0 ) ms -1 velocities of particles and instantaneous
For 0 s -10 s, a = = 2.4 ms -2
(10 - 0 ) s velocities of particles.
( 24 - 24 ) ms -1 As speed is scalar quantity, ignorant of
For 10 s -18 s, a = = 0 ms -2
(18 - 10 ) s direction, so average speed may not be equal.
( 0 - 24 ) ms -1 38. Let south to north direction be positive.
For 18 s - 20 s, a = = - 12 ms -2
( 20 - 18 ) s Velocity of car, vC = - 20 ms -1
So, the corresponding a -t graph for the given Velocity of person, v P = + 10 ms -1
v -t graph is shown correctly in graph (a). vCP = vC - v P = ( - 20 ) - (10 ) = - 30 ms -1
31. All the equations given in options (a), (b) and 39. One-dimensional motion is a motion along
(c) are the kinematic equations of rectilinear a straight line in any direction. e.g. A train is
motion for constant acceleration. moving on a platform.
Hence, option (a) is correct.
32. The acceleration-time graph represents the
motion of a uniformly moving cricket ball 40. Since, displacement d is always less than or
turned back by hitting it with a bat for a very equal to the distance D but never greater
short time interval. than it, i.e. d £ D. So, numerical ratio of
33. Given, v = - 2 ms -1 (opposite direction), displacement to the distance covered by an
t = 4 s and u = 10 ms -1 object is always equal to or less than one.
\ v = u + at or - 2 = 10 + 4a or a = - 3 ms -2 41. Total distance = Length of train + Length of
bridge
34. If velocity versus time graph is a straight line
= (150 + 850 ) m = 1000 m
with negative slope, then acceleration is
constant and negative. Distance 1000
Time = Þ 80 =
Velocity v
With a negative slope, distance-time graph
æ 1 ö 1000 1000 18
will be parabolic çs = ut - at 2 ÷ . v = m/s Þ v = ´ = 45 km/h
è 2 ø 80 80 5
Hence, options (a), (c) and (d) are correct, so 42. In uniform motion, the velocity of an object
option (b) will be incorrect. does not change or it remains constant with
time.
35. According to kinematic equation of motion,
So, the graph of distance-time is a straight
v = u - at line.
3u u
where, v = u - = u /4 Þ = u - at 0 43. Statement given in option (b) is correct but
4 4 the rest are incorrect and these can be
Negatve sign signifies that the body will corrected as,
decelerate, since the final velocity is In general, average speed is not equal to
decreasing. magnitude of average velocity. It can be so, if
u 4 the motion is along a straight line without
or = t0
a 3 change in direction.
u 4
Now, 0 = u - at or t = = t0 When acceleration of particle is not constant,
a 3
then motion is called as non-uniformly
36. Given, x 0 = 3 units, a = 4 ms -2, t = 3 s accelerated motion.
1 2 Displacement is zero, when a particle returns
Using relation, x = x 0 + v 0 t + at
2 to its starting point.
1
=3+ ´ 4 ´ ( 3) 2 = + 21 units
2
44. For negative acceleration, the x - t graph dr

is the magnitude of rate of change of
moves downward. But the car is moving in dt
positive direction as the position coordinate is position of particle. This means it represents
increasing in the positive direction. magnitude of velocity.
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is Hence, A ® p, B ® q, C ® r and D ® s.
correct, rest are incorrect. 48. In x -t graph, OA ® Positive slope ® Positive
45. The instantaneous speed is always positive as velocity
it is the magnitude of the velocity at an AB ® Negative slope ® Negative velocity
instant, so it is positive during t = 5 s BC ® Zero slope ® Object is at rest
to t = 10 s. At point A, there is a change in sign of
For t = 0 s to t = 5 s, the motion is uniform velocity, hence the direction of motion must
and x-t graph has positive slope. So, the have changed at A.
velocity and average velocity, instantaneous
Hence, A ® p, B ® r, C ® q and D ® s.
velocity and instantaneous speed are equal
and positive. 49. A. For equal velocities, the slope of the
straight lines must be same as shown below
During t = 0 s to t = 5 s, the slope of the
graph is positive, hence the average velocity
and the velocity both are positive. x θ
During t = 5 s to t = 10 s, the slope of the θ (Equal) same slope
graph is negative, hence the velocity is O t(s)
negative. Since, there is a change in sign of
velocity at t = 5 s, so the car changes its B. For unequal velocity, slope is different, but
direction at this instant. since, the objects are moving in the same
direction, the slope for both the graphs
Hence, option (a) is incorrect, while all others must be of same sign (positive or negative)
are correct. and they meet at a point as shown below
46. As, point A is the starting point, therefore
particle is starting from rest. x
At point B, the graph is parallel to time axis, θ2
so the velocity is constant here. Thus, θ1
acceleration is zero.
Also point C, the graph changes slope, hence
C. For velocities in opposite direction, slopes
velocity also changes.
must be of opposite sign. Slope = tan q,
After graph at C is almost parallel to time where q is the angle of the straight line with
axis, hence we can say that velocity and horizontal in anti-clockwise direction. As,
acceleration vanishes. we know, tan q1 > 0, tan q2 < 0.
From the graph, it is clear that Hence, slopes are of opposite sign.
slope at D > slope at E This condition is shown below
Hence, speed at D will be more than at E .
dv
47. is the rate of change of velocity, so it x
dt θ1 θ2
represents acceleration.
d | v| O t(s)
is rate of change of speed of the particle.
dt
Hence A ® q, B ® p and C ® r.
dr
is the rate by which distance of particle 50. The approximation of an object as point
dt
object is valid only, when the size of the
from the origin is changing.
object is much smaller than the distance it dv

57. Acceleration, a = = Slope of v-t graph
moves in a reasonable duration of time. dt
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is It v-t graph is perpendicular to t-axis, slope
the correct explanation of A. =¥
51. Distance is the total path length travelled by \ a =¥
the object. But displacement the shortest
distance between the initial and final Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
positions of the object. So, distance can never the correct explanation of A.
be negative or zero. But displacement can be 58. In realistic situation, the x - t , v - t and a - t
zero, positive and negative. graphs will be smooth, as the values of
Also, distance is a scalar quantity. It means acceleration and velocity cannot change
that, it is always positive but however abruptly since changes are always continuous.
displacement is a vector quantity. So, it may Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
be positive, zero or negative depending on the correct explanation of A.
given situation. 59. The uniform motion of a body means that,
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is the body is moving with constant velocity.
not the correct explanation of A. But if the direction of motion is changing
52. Velocity is a vector quantity, so it has both (such as in uniform circular motion), its
direction and magnitude. Hence, an object velocity changes and thus uniform
can have variable velocity by keeping its acceleration is produced in the body.
magnitude constant, i.e. speed and by Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
changing direction only.
60. In uniform motion along a straight line, the
The SI unit of speed is m/s. object covers equal distances in equal
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is intervals of time.
not the correct explanation of A. For uniform motion, x - t graph is represented
53. Speed can never be negative because it is a as a straight line inclined to time axis. The
scalar quantity. So, if a body is moving in average velocity during any time interval
negative direction, then also the speed will be t = t 1 to t = t 2 is the slope of the line PQ
positive. which coincides with the graph.
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. Q
54. For motion in a straight line and in the same
direction, P
x
Displacement = Total path length
Þ Average velocity = Average speed
Therefore, A is true but R is false. t1 t2 t
55. If speed varies, then velocity will definitely Also, velocity at any instant say t = t 1 is the
vary. slope of the tangent at point P which again
When a particle is thrown upwards, at coincides with PQ or with the graph. Hence,
highest point a ¹ 0 but v = 0. velocity is same as the average velocity at all
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. instants.
v - v i dv Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
56. Accleration, a = f = , i.e. direction of
Dt dt not the correct explanation of A.
acceleration is same as that of change in 61. When a particle is released from rest position
velocity vector or in the direction of Dv. under gravity, then v = 0 but a ¹ 0.
Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
Also, a body is momentarily at rest at the 71. Total distance ( d = vt )

instant, if it reverse the direction.
= 20 ´ 20 + 15 ´ 10 + 10 ´ 5 = 600 m
Therefore, A is true but R is false.
Total time = 20 + 10 + 5 = 35 s
62. Slope of s-t graph = velocity = positive Therefore, average speed
At t = 0, s ¹ 0, further at t = t 0 : s = 0, v ¹ 0.
= 600 / 35 = 1714
. m/s
72. Given, R = 40 m and t = 40 s
63. By differentiating a-t equation two times, we Displacement
will get s-t equation. Average velocity =
Time taken
Further
s 2R 2 ´ 40
a = = = 2 ms -1
t 40
73. From the position-time graph, average
t t velocity is geometrically represented by the
Straight line Parabola slope of curve, i.e. slope of straight line P1 P2 .
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is 1
74. Displacement, s = ´ (0.2) (64) = 64 cm
not the correct explanation of A. 2
1
64. The position coordinates of point 75. From equation of motion, s = ut - at 2
P = ( +360, 0, 0 ) and point R = ( -120, 0, 0 ). 2
1
65. Displacement is a vector quantity, it can be 15 = 2t - ´ ( 0.1)t Þ t = 10 s
2
2
positive, negative and zero.
76. From equation of motion,
66. Displacement, Dx = x 2 - x 1 a
sn = u + ( 2n - 1)
For journey of car in moving from O to P , 2
x 2 = + 360 m a
Þ 1.2 = 0 + ( 2 ´ 6 - 1)
x1 = 0 2
Þ Dx = x 2 - x 1 = 360 - 0 = + 360 m 1.2 ´ 2
Þ a = = 0.218 ms - 2
For journey, of car in moving from P to Q , 11
x 2 = + 240 m 77. Given, v0 = 0
x 1 = + 360 m Using relation, v 2 = v 02 + 2ax
Þ Dx = x 2 - x 1 = 240 - 360 = - 120 m v 2 = 2ax
Here, -ve sign implies that the displacement
is in –ve direction, i.e. towards left. \ v = 2ax
67. Displacement, D x = x 2 - x 1 = 0 - 0 = 0 78. Let the acceleration of the car = a

and distance between A and B = d
68. Path length of the journey Given, v = 30 ms -1 and u = 20 ms -1
= OP + PO = + 360 m + ( + 360 ) m = 720 m 2ad = ( 30 ) 2 - ( 20 ) 2
Total distance 900 - 400
69. Total time taken = ad = = 250
Speed 2
250 + 750 When the car is at the mid-point of AB, then
t= = 80 s
5 speed of car is v 1 .
45 ´
18 v 12 - ( 20 ) 2 = 2a ( d / 2)
Total distance v 12 = ad + 400
70. Average speed =
Total time = 250 + 400 = 650
150
= = 50 km/h Therefore, v 1 = 25.5 ms -1
3
04
Motion in a Plane
Quick Revision
1. Scalar Quantity is the physical quantity which 5. Modulus of a Vector The magnitude of a
has only magnitude but no direction. It is vector is called modulus of vector. For a
specified completely by a single number, vector A, it is represented by | A | or A.
alongwith the proper unit. 6. Unit Vector It is a vector having unit
e.g. Temperature, mass, length, time, work, etc. $
magnitude. A unit vector of A is written as A.
2. Vector Quantity is the physical quantity It is expressed as
which has both magnitude and direction and $ = A =A
obeys the triangle/ parallelogram laws of vector A
| A| A
addition and subtraction.
or A = AA $
e.g. Displacement, acceleration, velocity,
momentum, force, etc. In cartesian coordinates, $i, $j and k$ are the unit
3. Representation of Vector A vector is vectors along X -axis, Y -axis and Z -axis.
represented by a bold face type or by
an arrow placed over a letter, It has no unit or dimensions.
® ® ® 7. Equal Vectors Two vectors are said to be
i.e. F , a, b or F , a , b .
equal, if they have equal magnitude and same
The length of the line gives the magnitude and direction.
the arrowhead gives the direction. 8. Resultant Vector It is the combination of
4. Types of Vectors Vectors are classified into two or more vectors and it produces the same
two types polar and axial vectors. effect as two or more vectors collectively
● Polar Vectors Vectors which have a starting produce.
point or a point of application are called polar Two cases for resultant vectors are as follows
vectors. e.g. Force, displacement, etc. Case I When two vectors are acting in
● Axial Vectors Vectors which represent the same direction
the rotational effect and act along the axis of A
rotation are called axial vectors.
e.g. Angular velocity, angular momentum, B
torque, etc.
Resultant vector, R = A + B
Case II When two vectors are acting in The resultant vector formed in this method is
mutually opposite directions also same as that formed in triangle law of
A addition. i.e. Resultant vector, R = A + B
● Polygon Law of Addition of Vectors This
law states that, when the number of vectors
B
are represented in both magnitude and
Resultant vector, R = A – B direction by the sides of an open polygon
(i) If B > A, then direction of R is along B. taken in an order, then their resultant is
represented in both magnitude and direction
(ii) If A > B, then direction of R is along A. by the closing side of the polygon taken in
9. Addition of Two Vectors (Graphical Method) opposite order.
Two vectors can be added, if both of them are Consider a number of vectors A, B, C and D
of same nature. Graphical method of addition be acting in different directions as shown
of vectors helps us in visualising the vectors D
S
and the resultant vector. T C
This method contains following laws C
+
● Triangle Law of Vector Addition This B Q
R +
law states that, if two vectors can be A B
A+
represented both in magnitude and direction B
by two sides of a triangle taken in the same
O P
order, then their resultant is represented A
completely, both in magnitude and direction, According to this law,
by the third side of the triangle taken in the
opposite order. OT = OP + PQ + QS + ST
Addition N \ Resultant vector, R = A + B + C + D
10. Properties of Addition of Vectors
B
A+ ● It follows commutative law,
B R= B
i.e. A + B = B + A
A θ ● It follows associative law,
O M
A ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C )
According to triangle law of vector addition, ● It follows distributive law,
ON = OM + MN l( A + B ) = l A + l B
Resultant vector, R = A + B ● A+0=A
● Parallelogram Law of Addition of Two 11. Subtraction of Two Vectors
Vectors This law states that, if two vectors (Graphical Method) If a vector B is to be
are acting on a particle at the same time be subtracted from vector A, then we have to
represented in magnitude and direction by invert the vector B and then add it with vector
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn A, according to laws of addition of two vectors.
from a point, their resultant vector is
Hence, the subtraction of vector B from a vector
represented in magnitude and direction by
A is expressed as R = A + ( - B ) = A - B
the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn
from the same point. B B
C
B B Subtraction A
B R=
B A+ A
Addition R= –B
O α A
A θ –B
O A
A
12. Properties of Subtraction of Vectors Y

● Subtraction of vectors does not follow
commutative law
A-B¹B-A Ay
Ay A
● It does not follow associative law
β
γ α Ax
A - ( B - C ) ¹ ( A - B) - C X
● It follows distributive law Az
Az
l( A - B ) = l A - l B Ax
13. Resolution of Vectors in Plane Z l2 +m2+n2=1
Ax
(In Two-Dimensions) The process of splitting Remember that, cos a = =l
a single vector into two or more vectors in A + A 2y + Az2
2
x
different directions which collectively produce Ay

the same effect as produced by the single cos b = =m
vector alone is known as resolution of a vector. A + A 2y + Az2
2
x
The various vectors into which the single Az

cos g = =n
vector is splitted are known as component Ax2 + A 2y + Az2
vectors.
Any vector r can be expressed as a linear Here, l, m and n are known as direction
combination of two unit vectors $i and $j at right cosines of A.
angle, i.e. r = x i$ + y $j. 15. Addition of Vectors (Analytical Method)
According to triangle law of vector addition,
the resultant ( R ) is given by OQ but in opposite
P (x,y)
j order.
Q
r
θ
O
i R B
\Magnitude of resultant vector = | r | = x 2 + y 2 β θ

O P
N
If q is the inclination of r with X-axis, then A
æy ö Resultant, R = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos q
angle, q = tan -1 ç ÷.
èx ø and direction of resultant R,
14. Resolution of a Space Vector B sin q
tan b =
(In Three-Dimensions) We can resolve a A + B cos q
general vector A into three components along
X, Y and Z-axes in three dimensions (i.e. Regarding the Magnitude of R
space). While resolving we have, ● When q = 0 °, then R = A + B (maximum)
Ax = A cos a , ● When q = 90 ° , then R = A 2 + B 2

A y = A cos b, Az = A cos g ● When q = 180 °, then R = A - B (minimum)
\ Resultant vector, 16. Subtraction of Vectors (Analytical Method)
A = A $i + A $j + A k$ There are two vectors A and B at an angle q. If
x y z
we have to subtract B from A, then first invert
Magnitude of vector A is A = Ax2 + A y2 + Az2 the vector B and then add with A as shown in
figure.
Addition B
19. Vector Product or Cross Product
of inverted
B B θ A
It is defined as the product of the magnitudes
R of vectors A and B and the sine angle between
π –θ =
A –B
A
– them.
B
It is represented as, A ´ B = AB sin q n$
where, n$ is a unit vector in the direction of
The resultant vector is R = A + ( - B ) = A - B A ´ B.
The magnitude of resultant in this case is Cross Product of Two Vectors in Terms of
Their Components
R = | R | = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( p - q )
If a = a i$ + a $j + a k$ and b = b $i + b $j + b k$ ,
1 2 3 1 2 3
or R = A 2 + B 2 - 2 AB cos q
$i $j k$
Regarding the magnitude of R
● When q = 0 °, then R = A - B (minimum)
then a ´ b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
● When q = 90 °, then R = A 2 + B 2
● When q = 180 °, then R = A + B (maximum) = (a 2b 3 - a 3b 2 )$i - (a 1b 3 - a 3b 1 ) $j + (a 1b 2 - a 2b 1 ) k$
17. Dot Product or Scalar Product It is defined where, $i ´ i$ = $j ´ $j = k$ ´ k$ = 0
as the product of the magnitudes of vectors A
and $i ´ $j = k$ , $j ´ k$ = i$, k$ ´ $i = $j,
and B and the cosine angle between them. It is
represented by $j ´ i$ = - k$ , k$ ´ $j = - i$, i$ ´ k$ = - $j
A × B = AB cos q
Case I When the two vectors are parallel, 20. Properties of Cross Product
● a ´ b = - b ´ a
then q = 0°. We have
● a ´ ( b + c) = a ´ b + a ´ c
A × B = AB cos 0 ° = AB
● (a ´ b ) + (c ´ d ) = (a ´ c ) + (a ´ d ) + ( b ´ c )
Case II When the two vectors are mutually + ( b ´ d)
perpendicular, then, q = 90 °. We have ● ma ´ b = a ´ mb
A × B = AB cos 90 ° = 0 ● ( b + c) a = b ´ a + c ´ a
● a ´ a = 0
Case III When the two vectors are anti-parallel,
● a ´ ( b - c) = a ´ b - a ´ c
then q = 180° . We have
● | a ´ b| = | a | |b| - | a × b|
2 2 2 2
A × B = AB cos 180 ° = - AB
● a ´ ( b ´ c) = ( c × a) b - ( b × a) c
18. Properties of Dot Product
● a × a = (a)
2 21. Position Vector A vector that extends from a
● a × b = b× a
reference point to the point at which particle is
located is called position vector.
● a × ( b + c) = a × b + a × c
y
● a × b = | a | | b | cos q
= a 1b 1 + a 2b 2 + a 3b 3
B
where, a = a i$ + a $j + a k$ ,
1 2 3
P
y^
j r
and b = b 1$i + b 2$j + b 3k$
x
Here, $i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ = 1 O x^
i A
For a particle at point P , its position vector,

i$ × $j = $j × k$ = k$ × i$ = 0
r = x i$ + y $j
In three-dimensions, the position vector is ● Instantaneous Velocity The velocity at an

represented as r = x i$ + y $j + z k$ instant of time (t ) is known as instantaneous
velocity.
22. Displacement Vector This vector represent
the straight line joining the initial and final The average velocity will become
positions of a particle. instantaneous, if Dt approaches to zero. The
It does not depends on the actual path instantaneous velocity is expressed as
undertaken by the particle between the two Dr d r d
v i = lim = = ( x i$ + y $j )
positions. Dt ® 0 D t dt dt
y
24. Acceleration The rate of change of velocity
y2 of a body w.r.t. time is called acceleration. It is
A ∆r B of two types as given below
y1 ● Average Acceleration It is defined as the
r1 r2
ratio of change in velocity ( Dv ) and the
x
corresponding time interval ( Dt ). It can be
O x1 x2 expressed as
Displacement vector, AB
change in velocity Dv v 2 - v 1
Dr = ( x 2 - x 1 ) i$ + ( y 2 - y 1 ) $j a av = = =
time taken Dt t2 - t1
Similarly, in three-dimensions, the ● Instantaneous Acceleration It is defined
displacement vector can be represented as as the limiting value of the average
Dr = ( x - x ) i$ + ( y - y )$j + (z - z ) k$
2 1 2 1 2 1
acceleration as the time interval approaches
to zero.
23. Velocity Rate of change of displacement of a
body w.r.t. time is called velocity. It is of two Dv d v
It can be expressed as, a i = lim =
Dt ® 0 D t dt
types as given below
● Average Velocity It is defined as the ratio Instantaneous acceleration, a = a i$ + a $j
i x y
of the net displacement and the
corresponding time interval. In terms of x and y, a x and a y can be
expressed as
net displacement
Thus, average velocity = dv
time taken ax = x
dt
Average velocity, dv y
Dr r2 - r1 Dx $ Dy $ and ay =
v av = = = i+ j dt
Dt t2 - t1 Dt Dt
The magnitude of instantaneous acceleration is
Velocity can be expressed in the component given by
form as a i = a x2 + a 2y
v = v i$ + v $j x y
æa y ö
where, v x and v y are the components of Direction of acceleration, q = tan –1 ç ÷
èax ø
velocity along x-direction and y-direction,
respectively. 25. Motion in a Plane with Uniform
Velocity Consider an object moving with
The magnitude of v is given by
uniform velocity v in xy-plane. Let r (0 ) and
| v | = v x2 + v 2y r (t ) be its position vectors at t = 0 and t = t,
respectively.
and the direction of v is given by angle q
r (t ) - r (0 )
æv y ö Then , v=
= tan -1 ç ÷ t -0
èvx ø
Þ r ( t ) = r ( 0 ) + vt ● Position of the object at time t along

26. Motion in a Plane with Constant horizontal direction is given by
Acceleration For a body moving with 1
x = x 0 + ux t + ax t2
uniform acceleration, we have 2
v - v0 Position of the object at any time t along the
a= Þ v = v0 + a t
●
t -0 vertical direction i.e. OY is

In terms of rectangular components, we can æ1 g ö 2
y = x tan q - ç ÷x
è 2 u cos q ø
2 2
express it as
v x = v 0x + a x t
This equation represents a parabola and is
and v y = v0y + a yt known as equation of trajectory of a
1 projectile.
Also, r (t ) = r (0 ) + v 0 + at
2 30. Time of Flight It is defined as the total time
27. Relative Velocity in Two-Dimensions The for which projectile is in flight, i.e. time during
relative velocity of an object A w.r.t. object B, the motion of projectile from O to B. It is
when both are in motion, is the rate of change denoted by T .
of position of object A w.r.t. object B. 2 u sin q
Time of flight, T =
Suppose two objects A and B are moving with g
velocities v A and v B w.r.t. ground or the earth.
Then, relative velocity of object A w.r.t. object Time of flight consist of two parts such as
B, ● Time taken by an object to go from point O
v AB = v A - v B to H . It is also known as time of ascent (t).
● Time taken by an object to go from point H
Relative velocity of object B w.r.t. object A,
to B. It is also known as time of descent (t).
v BA = v B - v A
31. Maximum Height of a Projectile It is
Clearly, v AB = - v BA defined as the maximum vertical height
and | v AB | = | v BA | attained by an object above the point of
projection during its flight. It is denoted by H.
28. Projectile Motion It is a form of motion in
Maximum height,
which an object or a particle is thrown with
some initial velocity near the earth’s surface u 2 sin 2 q
H =
and it moves along a curved path under the 2g
action of gravity alone. The path followed by a 32. Horizontal Range of a Projectile The
projectile is called its trajectory. e.g., horizontal range of the projectile is defined as
● A tennis ball or a baseball in a flight.
the horizontal distance covered by the
● A bullet fired from a rifle. projectile during its time of flight. It is denoted
29. Equation of Path of a Projectile Suppose at by R and is given as
any time t 1, the object reaches at point P ( x , y ). R = u cos q ´ T
Y u 2 sin 2q
or R=
g
u u cos θ
The horizontal range will be maximum, if
u sin θ x P(x, y)
q = 45°.
H
y \ Maximum horizontal range,
θ u2
O
u cos θ B
X Rm =
g
Angle of projection
R
33. Uniform Circular Motion When an object ● Time Period It is defined as the time taken
follows a circular path at a constant speed, by a particle to complete one revolution along
the motion of the object is called uniform its circular path. It is denoted by T and is
circular motion. measured in second.
e.g., ● Frequency It is defined as the number of
● Motion of the tip of the second hand of revolutions completed per unit time. It is
a clock. denoted by f and is measured in Hz.
● Motion of a point on the rim of a wheel ● Relation between Time Period and
rotating uniformly. Frequency
34. Terms Related to Circular Motion 1
Time period, T =
● Angular Displacement It is defined as f
the angle traced out by the radius vector at
the centre of the circular path in the given
● Relation between Angular Velocity,
time. It is denoted by Dq and expressed in Frequency and Time Period
radians. It is a dimensionless quantity. q 2p
Angular velocity, w = = = 2 pf
● Angular Velocity It is defined as the t T
time rate of change of its angular ● Relation between Linear Velocity (v ) and
displacement. It is denoted by w and is
measured in radians per second. Its Angular velocity ( w)
dimensional formula is [M 0 L0 T -1 ]. It is a Dq
vector quantity. Linear velocity, v = r =r w
Dt
Dq
It is expressed as w = . 35. Centripetal Acceleration The acceleration
Dt
associated with a uniform circular motion and
● Angular Acceleration It is defined as
whose direction is towards the centre of the path
the time rate of change of angular velocity is called centripetal acceleration.
of a particle. It is measured in radian per
second square and has dimensions v2
Centripetal acceleration, a =
[M 0 L0 T -2 ]. r
Objective Questions
1. In order to describe motion in two or 7. A and B are two inclined vectors. R is
three dimensions, we use their sum.
(a) positive sign (b) vectors Choose the correct figure for the given
(c) negative sign (d) Both (b) and (c) description.
P P
2. If length and breadth of a rectangle are A A
1 m and 0.5 m respectively, then its (a) O B (b) O B
perimeter will be a R= R=
A+ A+
(a) free vector (b) scalar quantity B B
(c) localised vector (d) Neither (a) nor (b) Q Q
3. Consider the quantities, pressure, A P P

A
power, energy, impulse, gravitational
potential, electrical charge, (c) O B (d) O B
temperature, area. Out of these, the R= R=
A+ A+
only vector quantities are B B
(NCERT Exemplar) Q Q
(a) impulse, pressure and area 8. Find the correct option about vector
(b) impulse and area subtraction.
(c) area and gravitational potential
(a) A - B = A + B (b) A + B = B - A
(d) impulse and pressure
(c) A - B = A + (- B) (d) None of these
4. Suppose an object is at point P at time t
moves to P ¢ and then comes back to P . 9. A is a vector with magnitude A, then
Then, displacement is a the unit vector a$ in the direction of
(a) unit vector (b) null vector vector A is
(c) scalar (d) None of these A
(a) AA (b) A× A (c) A ´ A (d)
A
5. The relation between the vectors A and
- lA is that,
10. Unit vector in the direction of the
resultant of vectors A = - 3$i - 2$j - 3k$
(a) both have same magnitude
(b) both have same direction and B = 2$i + 4 $j + 6 k$ is
(c) they have opposite directions - 3$i + 2 $j - 3k$
(d) None of the above (a) (b) - $i + 2$j + 3 k$
14
6. Choose the correct option regarding the - i + 2 $j + 3 k$
$
(c) (d) - 2 $i - 4 $j + 8 k$
given figure. 14
A 11. If A = B + C have scalar magnitudes of

5, 4, 3 units respectively, then the angle
B
=
between A and C is
A
–2
(a) cos- 1 (3/5) (b) cos- 1 (4 /5)

(a) B = A (b) B = - A (c) p /2 (d) sin- 1 (4 /5)
(c) | B | = | A | (d) | B | ¹ | A |
12. For two vectors A and B, 16. Magnitude of a vector Q is 5 and

| A + B | = | A - B | is always true, when magnitude of its y-component is 4. So,
(a) | A | = | B | ¹ 0 the magnitude of the x-component of
(b) | A | = | B | ¹ 0 and A and B are parallel or this vector is
anti-parallel (a) 8 (b) 3
(c) either | A | or | B | is zero (c) 6 (d) 9
17. Three vectors are given as
13. Two equal vectors have a resultant P = 3$i - 4 $j, Q = 6 $i - 8 $j and
equal to either of the two. The angle
R = ( 3/ 4 ) $i - $j, then which of the
between them is
(a) 90° (b) 60° following is correct?
(c) 120° (d) 0° (a) P, Q and R are equal vectors
(b) P and Q are parallel but R is not parallel
14. Consider a vector A that lies in (c) P, Q and R are parallel
xy-plane. If A x and A y are the (d) None of the above
magnitudes of its x and y -components
respectively, then the correct 18. A vector is inclined at an angle 60° to
representation of A can be given by the horizontal. If its rectangular
y component in the horizontal direction
is 50 N, then its magnitude in the
A vertical direction is
(a) A sin θ j (a) 25 N (b) 75 N
θ (c) 87 N (d) 100 N
O x
A cos θ î
y 19. The angle q between the vector
p = $i + $j + k$ and unit vector along
A X -axis is
(b) A sin θ j
θ æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
O x (a) cos- 1 ç ÷ (b) cos- 1 ç ÷
è 3ø è 2ø
A cos θ î
y æ 3ö æ1ö
(c) cos- 1 ç ÷ (d) cos- 1 ç ÷
è 2 ø è2ø
A
(c) A cos θ j 20. Two vectors P and Q are inclined at an
θ angle q and R is their resultant as
O x
A sin θ î shown in the figure.
Q
15. The component of a vector r along R
X-axis will have maximum value if q
(NCERT Exemplar) a
(a) r is along positive Y-axis O P
(b) r is along positive X-axis
Keeping the magnitude and the angle of
(c) r makes an angle of 45° with the X-axis
the vectors same, if the direction of P
(d) r is along negative Y-axis
and Q is interchanged, then their is a
change in which of the following with y
regard to R?
(a) Magnitude P′
∆y P
(b) Direction ∆r
(c) Both magnitude and direction r′
(d) None of the above r
21. It is found that A + B = A . This

x
necessarily implies O ∆x
(a) | B| =0 where, coordinates of P is (4, 3) and P ¢
(b) A, B are parallel is (7, 6). Net displacement of the
(c) A, B are perpendicular particle will be
(d) A; B £ 0
(a) zero (b) 7$i + 9 $j
22. The sides of a parallelogram are (c) 10$i + 18 $j (d) 3$i + 3$j
represented by vectors p = 5$i - 4 $j + 3k$
and q = 3$i + 2$j - k.
$ Then, the area of 26. A particle moves in xy-plane from
the parallelogram is positions ( 2 m, 4 m) to (6 m, 8 m) is 2 s.
Magnitude and direction of average
(a) 684 sq. units (b) 72 sq. units
velocity is
(c) 171 sq. units (d) 72 sq. units
(a) 2 ms-1 and 45° (b) 2 2 ms-1 and 45°
23. If a × b = | a ´ b | , then the angle q (c) 4 2 ms-1 and 30° (d) 3 2 ms-1 and 60°
between a and b will be 27. The direction of instantaneous velocity
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 75° (d) 90° is shown by
v fv
24. Position vector r of a particle P located n of Y tion o
Y ctio Direc
Dire P2
in a plane with reference to the origin ∆r3
P P3
of an xy-plane as shown in the figure (a) ∆r2 (b) P
below is given by
r r2 r r1
y
O X O X
Y of v
P c tion
Dire
(c) P (d) None of these
4 units r
r
O X
x
O 2 units
(a) 2 $i + 4 $j (b) 4 $i + 2 $j
28. The position of a particle is given by
r = 3t $i + 2t 2 $j + 5k$ , then the direction of
(c) 6 k$ (d) $i + $j + 4 k$
v (t) at t = 1s in
25. Suppose a particle moves along a curve (a) 45° with X-axis
shown by the thick line and the (b) 63° with Y-axis
positions of particle are represented by (c) 30° with Y-axis
P at t and P ¢ at t ¢. (d) 53° with X-axis
29. In three dimensional system, the 34. A girl can swim with speed 5 kmh -1 in
position coordinates of a particle (in still water. She crosses a river 2 km
motion) are given below wide, where the river flows steadily at
x = a cos wt 2 kmh -1 and she makes strokes normal
y = a sin wt to the river current. Find how far down
z = awt the river she go when she reaches the
other bank.
The velocity of particle will be
(a) 1 km (b) 2 km
(a) 2 aw (b) 2 aw (c) 800 m (d) 750 m
(c) aw (d) 3 aw
35. When a ball is thrown obliquely from
30. The coordinates of a moving particle at the ground level, then the x-component
any time t are given by, x = 2t 3 and of the velocity
y = 3t 3 . Acceleration of the particle is (a) decreases with time
given by (b) increases with time
(a) 468 t (b) t 468 (c) 234 t 2 (d) t 234 (c) remains constant
31. A particle starts from origin at t = 0 (d) zero
with a velocity 5.0 $i ms -1 and moves in 36. The motion of an object that is in flight
xy-plane under action of force which after being projected is a result of two
produces a constant acceleration of simultaneously occurring components
( 3.0 $i + 2.0 $j) ms -2 . What is the of motion, which are the components in
y-coordinate of the particle at the (a) horizontal direction with constant
instant, if x-coordinate is 84 m? acceleration
(a) 36 m (b) 24 m (b) vertical direction with constant
(c) 39 m (d) 18 m acceleration
(c) horizontal direction without acceleration
32. A car driver is moving towards a fired (d) Both (b) and (c)
rocket with a velocity of 8$i ms -1 . He
observed the rocket to be moving with 37. At the top of the trajectory of a
a speed of 10 ms -1 . A stationary projectile, the directions of its velocity
observer will see the rocket to be and acceleration are
moving with a speed of (a) parallel to each other
(a) 5 ms -1 (b) 6 ms -1 (b) antiparallel to each other
(c) 7 ms -1 (d) 8 ms -1 (c) inclined to each other at an angle of 45°
(d) perpendicular to each other
33. A man standing on a road has to hold
his umbrella at 30° with the vertical to 38. A projectile is given an initial velocity
keep the rain away. He throws the of ( $i + 2$j) ms -1 , where $i is along the
umbrella and starts running at ground and $j is along vertical. If g is
10 kmh - 1 . 10 ms -2 , then the equation of its
He finds that raindrops are hitting his trajectory is
head vertically. The actual speed of (a) y = x - 5 x2
raindrops is (b) y = 2x - 5 x2
(a) 20 kmh-1 (b) 10 3 kmh-1 (c) 4y = 2x - 5 x2
(c) 20 3 kmh-1 (d) 10 kmh-1 (d) 4 y = 2 x - 25 x 2
39. The equations of motion of a projectile 45. Given below figure show three paths of
are given by x = 18t and 2y = 54t - 9.8t 2 . a rock with different initial velocities.
The angle q of projection is The correct increasing order for the
(a) tan-1 (3) (b) tan-1 (15
.) respective initial horizontal velocity
æ2ö -1 æ 2 ö component (ignoring the effect of air
(c) sin-1 ç ÷ (d) cos ç ÷
è 3ø è 3ø resistance) is
Y
40. A football player throws a ball with a
-1
velocity of 50 ms at an angle 30°
from the horizontal. The ball remains in
the air for (Take,g = 10 ms -2 )
(a) 2.5 s (b) 1.25 s
(c) 5 s (d) 0.625 s 1 2 3
X
O
41. The ceiling of a hall is 30 m high. A
(a) 1 < 2 < 3 (b) 3 < 2 < 1
ball is thrown with 60 ms -1 at an angle
(c) 2 < 1 < 3 (d) 3 < 1 < 2
q, so that it could reach the ceiling of
the hall and come back to the ground. 46. What is the centripetal acceleration of a
The angle of projection q that the ball point mass which is moving on a
was projected is given by circular path of radius 5m with speed
1 1 25 ms -1 ?
(a) sinq = (b) sinq =
8 6 (a) 125 ms -2 (b) 90 ms -2
1 (c) 60 ms -2 (d) None of these
(c) sinq = (d) None of these
3
47. The displacement of a particle moving
42. Two projectiles A and B are projected on a circular path, when it makes 60° at
with same speed at angles 30° and 60° to the centre is
be horizontal then, which amongst the (a) 2 r (b) r
following relation between their range, (c) 2r (d) None of these
maximum height and time of flight is
48. If a car is executing a uniform circular
wrong?
motion, then its centripetal acceleration
(a) RA = RB (b) H B = 3H A represents
(c) TB = 3TA (d) None of these
(a) a scalar quantity (b) constant vector
43. A man can throw a stone to a (c) not a constant vector (d) None of these
maximum distance of 80 m. The
49. A car revolves uniformly in a circle
maximum height to which it will rise, is
of diameter 0.80 m and completes
(a) 30 m (b) 20 m 100 rev min -1 . Its angular velocity is
(c) 10 m (d) 40 m
(a) 10.467 rads -1 (b) 0.6 rads -1
44. Two stones were projected (c) 46.26 rads -1 (d) 8 rads -1
simultaneously in the same vertical
50. If 2 balls are projected at angles 45° and
plane from same point obliquely, with
60° and the maximum heights reached
different speeds and angles with the
are same, then the ratio of their initial
horizontal. The trajectory of path
velocities is ……… .
followed by one, as seen by the other, is
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2
(a) parabola (b) straight line
(c) 3 :2 (d) 2 : 3
(c) circle (d) hyperbola
51. Two projectiles having different masses (d) None of the above
m 1 and m 2 are projected at an angle a 56. Figure shows the orientation of two
and (90° - a ) with the same speed from vectors u and v in the xy-plane.
some point. The ratio of their
If u = a $i + b $j and v = p $i + q $j
maximum heights is ……… .
y
(a) cot a :sin a (b) 1 : 1
(c) tan2 a :1 (d) 1:tana
v
52. A projectile fired with initial velocity u u
at some angle q has a range R. If the
initial velocity be doubled at the same
x
angle of projection, then the range will O
be ……… . Which of the following statement is
(a) 2R (b) R /2 correct? (NCERT Exemplar)
(c) R (d) 4R (a) a and p are positive, while b and q are
negative.
53. Two cars of masses m 1 and m 2 are
(b) a, p and b are positive, while q is negative.
moving in circles of radii r1 and r2 , (c) a, q and b are positive, while p is negative.
respectively. Their speeds are such that (d) a, b, p and q are all positive.
they make complete circles in the same
time t . The ratio of their centripetal 57. Match the Column I (example of
accelerations is …… . motion) with Column II (type of
(a) m1 r1 : m2 r2 (b) m1 : m2 motion) and select the correct answer
(c) r1 : r2 (d) 1 :1 from the codes given below.
Column I Column II
54. Which one of the following statement is
correct? (NCERT Exemplar) A. Free fall p. One-dimensional
motion
(a) A scalar quantity is the one that is
conserved in a process. B. Projectile q. Two-dimensional
motion motion
(b) A scalar quantity is the one that can never
take negative values. C. Circular motion r. Three-dimensional
(c) A scalar quantity is the one that does not motion
vary from one point to another in space. D. Motion along a
(d) A scalar quantity has the same value for straight road
observers with different orientation of the
axes. Codes
A B C D
55. For two vectors A and B which lie in a (a) q p r p
plane. Which of the following statement (b) p q r q
is correct? (c) p q q p
(a) If magnitude of A and B vector is 3 and 4 and (d) p r q p
they add upto give vector having magnitude
of 5, then they must be perpendicular 58. Match the Column I (magnitude of
vector. vectors A and B) with Column II
(b) If they add up to give more than 5, then they (relationship between A and B) and
must be inclined at obtuse angle. select the correct answer from the codes
(c) If they add upto give less than 5, then they given below.
must be inclined at acute angle.
Column I Column II 60. Assertion Magnitude of resultant of two

A. ¾ ¾¾¾
|A| = l
¾® p. A= -B vectors may be less than the magnitude of
¾|¾¾¾B | = 2l
¾® either vector.
|A| = l
¾ ¾¾¾ ¾® Reason Vector addition is commutative.
B. | B | = l q. A= B
¬¾¾¾
|A | = 2 l
61. Assertion Vector addition of two vectors
C. ¾ ¾¾¾ ¾® r. 2A = B
is always greater than their vector
B =l
¬¾¾ subtraction.
D. |A|= l
¾ ¾¾¾® s. A=-2B Reason At q = 90º, addition and
| B| = l
¾ ¾¾¾ ® subtraction of vectors are unequal.
Codes 62. Assertion In case of projectile motion,
A B C D A B C D the magnitude of rate of change of
(a) q s p q (b) r p s q velocity is variable.
(c) r p q s (d) q r s p Reason In projectile motion, magnitude
59. A vector is given by A = 4 $i + 3$j + 5k$ , of velocity first increases and then
where a, b and g are the angles made decreases during the motion.
by A with coordinate axes. Then, 63. Assertion At highest point of a
match the Column I with Column II projectile, dot product of velocity and
(respective values) and select the acceleration is zero.
below. Reason At highest point, velocity and
acceleration are mutually perpendicular.
Column I Column II
A. a p. cos -1 (1 / 2 ) 64. Assertion A particle is projected with
B. b q. cos -1
( 4 / 5 2) speed u at an angle q with the horizontal.
C. g r. cos -1 ( 3 / 5 2 )
At any time during motion, speed of
particle is v at angle a with the vertical,
Codes then v sin a is always constant throughout
A B C A B C the motion.
(a) p q r (b) q r p Reason In case of projectile motion,
(c) r q p (d) p p q magnitude of radial acceleration at
topmost point is minimum.
65. Assertion For projection angle tan -1 ( 4 ),
the horizontal and maximum height of a
statements are given-one labelled projectile are equal.
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to Reason The maximum range of projectile
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) is directly proportional to square of
and (d) are as given below velocity and inversely proportional to
acceleration due to gravity.
correct explanation of A. 66. Assertion The range of a projectile is
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the maximum at 45°.
Reason At q = 45°, the value of sin q is
(c) A is true but R is false.
maximum.
67. Assertion Sum of maximum height 70. Amongst the following quantities,
for angles a and 90°-a is independent which is not a vector quantity?
of the angle of projection. (a) Force (b) Acceleration
Reason For angles a and 90°-a, the (c) Temperature (d) Velocity
horizontal range R is different. 71. Set of vectors A and B, P and Q are as

68. Assertion The maximum height of shown below
projectile is always 25% of the X X¢
A
maximum range. Y
P
O B Y¢
Reason For maximum range, projectile Q
O
should be projected at 90°. O
O
69. Assertion Uniform circular motion is Length of A and B is equal, similarly
uniformly accelerated motion. length of P and Q is equal. Then, the
Reason Kinematic equations for vectors which are equal, are
uniform acceleration motion can be (a) A and P (b) P and Q
applied in the case of uniform circular (c) A and B (d) B and Q
motion.
72. | l A| = l |A| , if
Case Based MCQs (a) l > 0 (b) l < 0
(c) l = 0 (d) l ¹ 0
70-74 on the following case. 73. Among the following properties
regarding null vector which is
Vectors
incorrect?
Vectors are the physical quantities which have (a) A + 0 = A (b) l 0 = l
both magnitudes and directions and obey the (c) 0A = 0 (d) A - A = 0
triangle/parallelogram laws of addition and
subtraction. It is specified by giving its 74. The x and y components of a position
magnitude by a number and its direction. vector P have numerical values 5 and 6,
e.g. Displacement, acceleration, velocity, respectively. Direction and magnitude
momentum, force, etc. A vector is of vector P are
represented by a bold face type and also by æ6ö æ5ö
(a) tan-1 ç ÷ and 61 (b) tan-1 ç ÷ and 61
è5ø è6ø
an arrow placed over a letter, i.e.
® ® ® (c) 60° and 8 (d) 30° and 9
F, a, b or F , a , b.
The length of the line gives the magnitude 75-79 on the following case.
and the arrowhead gives the direction.
Relative Velocity
The point P is called head or terminal point
and point O is called tail or initial point of the Every motion is relative as it has to be
vector OP. observed with respect to an observer. Relative
N velocity is a measurement of velocity of an
Tail Head
object with respect to other observer. It is
W E defined as the time rate of change of relative
O P
position of one object with respect to another.
S
For example, if rain is falling vertically with a Direction Answer the questions from
velocity v r and a man is moving horizontally 80-84 on the following case.
with v m , the man can protect himself from the
Projectile Motion
rain if he holds his umbrella in the direction
of relative velocity of rain w.r.t. man. Projectile motion is a form of motion in which
an object or particle is thrown with some
75. Two bodies are held separated by 9.8 m initial velocity near the earth’s surface and it
vertically one above the other. They are moves along a curved path under the action
released simultaneously to fall freely of gravity alone. The path followed by a
under gravity. After 2 s, the relative projectile is called its trajectory, which is
distance between them is shown below. When a projectile is projected
(a) 4.9 m (b) 19.6 m (c) 9.8 m (d) 39.2 m obliquely, then its trajectory is as shown in
the figure below
76. If two objects P and Q move along Y
parallel straight lines in opposite
direction with velocities v P and v Q
H u cos θ
respectively, then relative velocity of P x
u sin θ P (x, y)
w.r.t. Q , g
u y
(a) v PQ = v P = v Q (b) v P - v Q
(c) v P + v Q (d) v Q - v P θ
O X
u cos θ A B
77. A train is moving towards East and a Here velocity u is resolved into two
car is along North, both with same components, we get (a) u cos q along OX and
speed. The observed direction of car to
(b) u sin q along OY .
the passenger in the train is
(a) East-North direction 80. The example of such type of motion is
(b) West-North direction (a) motion of car on a banked road
(c) South-East direction (b) motion of boat in sea
(d) None of the above (c) a javelin thrown by an athlete
(d) motion of ball thrown vertically upward
78. Buses A and B are moving in the same
direction with velocities 20 $i ms - 1 and 81. The acceleration of the object in
15$i ms - 1 , respectively. Then, relative horizontal direction is
(a) constant
velocity of A w.r.t. B is
(b) decreasing
(a) 35 $i ms- 1 (b) 5 $i ms- 1 (c) increasing
(c) 5 $jms- 1 (d) 35 $jms- 1 (d) zero
79. A girl riding a bicycle with a speed of 82. The vertical component of velocity at
-1
5 ms towards east direction sees point H is
raindrops falling vertically downwards. (a) maximum
On increasing the speed to 15 ms -1 , (b) zero
rain appears to fall making an angle of (c) double to that at O
45° of the vertical. Find the magnitude (d) equal to horizontal component
of velocity of rain.
83. A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of
(a) 5 ms- 1 (b) 5 5 ms- 1 28 m/s in a direction 30° with the
(c) 25 ms- 1 (d) 10 ms- 1
horizontal.
The time taken by the ball to return to 86. For a particle performing uniform
the same level will be circular motion, choose the incorrect
(a) 2.0 s (b) 3.0 s statement from the following.
(c) 4.0 s (d) 2.9 s (a) Magnitude of particle velocity (speed)
remains constant.
84. In above case, the distance from the (b) Particle velocity remains directed
thrower to the point where the ball perpendicular to radius vector.
returns to the same level will be (c) Direction of acceleration keeps changing as
(a) 39 m (b) 69 m particle moves.
(c) 68 m (d) 72 m (d) Angular momentum is constant in
magnitude but direction keeps changing.
85-89 on the following case. 87. Two cars A and B move along a
concentric circular path of radius rA and
Uniform Circular Motion rB with velocities v A and v B maintaining
When an object follows a circular path at a v
constant distance, then A is equal to
constant speed, the motion of the object is vB
called uniform circular motion. The word rB rA
uniform refers to the speed which is uniform (a) (b)
rA rB
(constant) throughout the motion. Although 2
r A r 2B
the speed does not vary, the particle is (c) 2
(d)
r r A2
accelerating because the velocity changes its B
direction at every point on the circular track. 88. A car runs at a constant speed on a
The figure shows a particle P which moves circular track of radius 100 m, taking
along a circular track of radius r with a 62.8 s for every circular lap. The
uniform speed u. average velocity and average speed for
O
a
each circular lap, respectively is
u (a) 0, 0
(b) 0, 10 ms -1
r P
(c) 10 ms-1 , 10 ms-1
(d) 10 ms-1 , 0
85. A circular motion
(a) is one-dimensional motion
89. A particle is revolving at 1200 rpm in a
circle of radius 30 cm. Then, its
(b) is two-dimensional motion
(c) it is represented by combination of two acceleration is
variable vectors (a) 1600 ms-2 (b) 4740 ms-2
(d) Both (b) and (c) (c) 2370 ms-2 (d) 5055 ms-2
ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (b)
60. (b) 61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (c) 69. (d)
Case Based MCQs

70. (c) 71. (c) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (b)
80. (c) 81. (d) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (d) 86. (c) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (b)
SOLUTIONS
1. In order to describe two dimensional or three 7. Vectors obey the triangle law of addition,
dimensional motions, we use vectors. according to which, if vector B is placed with
However, direction of the motion of an its tail at the head of vector A. Then, when
object along a straight line is shown by we join the tail of A to the head of B. The
positive and negative signs. line OQ represents a vector R, i.e. the sum of
2. The perimeter of the rectangle would be the the vectors A and B. Thus, figure given in
sum of the lengths of the four sides, i.e. 1.0 m option (d) is correct.
+ 0.5 m + 1.0 m + 0.5 m = 3.0 m. 8. To subtract B from A, we can add – B and A.
Since, length of each side is a scalar, thus the So, A + ( - B) = A - B = R2 . This is as shown
perimeter is also a scalar. below
3. We know that, impulse J = F × Dt = Dp, where
F is force, Dt is time duration and Dp is A –B
=A –B
change in momentum. As Dp is a vector B R2
A
quantity, hence impulse is also a vector –B
quantity. Sometimes area can also be treated
R1
B
=
as vector.
A+
B
4. In the given case, the initial and final (a) (b)

positions coincides, so the displacement will Hence, option (c) is correct about vector
be zero. Thus, it is a null vector. subtraction.
5. Multiplying a vector A by a negative number A A
9. Unit vector of A is a$ = =
l gives a vector lA, whose direction is | A| A
opposite to the direction of A and its
10. Resultant vector of A and B is
magnitude is - l times | A |.
R = A + B = ( - 3$i - 2$j - 3k$ )
6. | B | = - 2 | A |. So, when A is multiplied by
+ ( 2$i + 4 $j + 6 k$ )
- 2 , then its direction gets reversed and
magnitude would be 2 times | A|. = - $i + 2$j + 3k$
Thus, | B | ¹ | A|. | R | = ( - 1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 3) 2
= 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 Þ cos q = - 1/ 2
Unit vector in the direction of R is Þ - cos q = 1/ 2
R - $i + 2$j + 3k$ Þ cos (180° - q) = cos 60°
R$ = =
| R| 14 Þ q = 120°
11. Here, triangle OMN with its adjacent sides as 14. Vector along X-axis (x-component)
vectors A, B and C are shown below = A x i$ = | A| cos q$i
N
= A cos qi$
5 θ
= Vector along Y-axis (y-component)
|A|
|C|=3 = A $j = | A| sin q$j
y
= A sin qj$
O M
|B|=4 15. Let r makes an angle q with positive x-axis,
MN so the component of r along X-axis
As, cos q =
ON rx = r cos q
| C| æ 3ö ( rx ) maximum = r (cos q) maximum
Þ q = cos - 1 = cos -1 ç ÷
| A| è 5ø = r cos 0° = r
12. Given, A + B = A - B (Q cos q is maximum of q = 0°)
At q = 0°, r will be along positive X-axis.
2 2
Þ A + B +2 A B cos q 16. Given, | Q | = 5
= A
2
+ B
2
-2 A B cos q Q y =4
2 2 Q x =?
Þ A + B +2 A B cos q
2 2
As, |Q| = Q 2
x + Q 2
y
= A + B -2 A B cos q
Þ | Q |2 = Q x2 + Q y2
Þ 4 A B cos q = 0
Substituting the given values, we get
Þ A B cos q = 0
( 5) 2 = Q x2 + 4 2
Þ A =0
Þ Q = 9 = 3
or B =0 x
or cos q = 0 17. Given, P = 3$i - 4 $j

Þ q = 90° and Q = 6 i$ - 8 $j = 2( 3i$ - 4 $j) = 2P
Thus, | A + B | = | A - B | is always true, when 3 1 P
Also, R = $i - $j = ( 3$i - 4 $j) =
either | A| or | B | is zero or A and B are 4 4 4
perpendicular to each other. So, P, Q and R are parallel with unequal
13. Let two vectors are A and B, inclined at an magnitude.
angle q. Thus, they are not equals vectors.
Resultant of the two vectors A and B,
18. Given, vector can be shown below as
| R | = | A |2 + | B |2 + 2 | A | | B | cos q …(i)
Y
Let, | A | = | B | = a
According to the question, | R | = a
From Eq. (i), Ay A
a = a + a + 2aa cos q
2 2
θ
Þ a 2 = a 2 + a 2 + 2a 2 cos q 0 Ax
X
Þ 2a 2 cos q = - a 2
where, q = 60°
Þ a ´ b = $i ( 4 - 6 ) - $j ( - 5 - 9 ) + k$ (10 + 12)
Ay
Then, tan q = Þ a ´ b = - 2i$ + 14 $j + 22k$
Ax
or A y = A x tan q Thus, | a ´ b| = ( 2) 2 + (14 ) 2 + ( 22) 2
Þ A y = 50 tan 60° = 50 ´ 3
= 684 sq. units
(Q 3 = 1732
. )
= 86.6 ~- 87 N 23. Given, a × b = | a ´ b|
19. Given, p = i$ + $j + k$ Þ ab cos q = ab sin q
and unit vector along X-axis, x = i$. (Q a × b = ab cos q and a ´ b = ab sin q)
So, the angle q between them can be sin q ab
Þ = =1
determine by cos q ab
Þ tan q = 1
p× x ( i$ + $j + k$ ) × ( i$ ) 1
cos q = = = Þ tan q = tan 45°
| p | | x| 1 +1 +1 × 1
2 2 2 2
3
\ q = 45°
æ 1 ö
\ q = cos - 1 ç ÷ 24. Position vector r of an object in xy-plane at
è 3ø
point P with its components along X and
20. Since, the magnitude and angle between the Y-axes as x and y, respectively is given as
vectors is unchanged, so the magnitude of the r = xi$ + y$j.
resultant R will be same. However, the
direction of R will get changed. Given, x = 2 units and y = 4 units.
21. Given that, | A + B| = | A| or A + B = A
2 2 So, position vector at P will be r = 2$i + 4 $j.
Þ A
2
+ B
2
+2 A B cos q = A
2 25. Position vector of the particle at P ,
r = 4 i$ + 3$j
where, q is angle between A and B.
Þ B ( B + 2 A cos q) = 0 Position vector of the particle at P ¢,
Þ B = 0 or B + 2 A cos q = 0 r ¢ = 7 $i + 6 $j
B \ Displacement of the particle is Dr = r ¢- r
Þ cos q = - ...(i)
2 A Þ Dr = ( 7 $i + 6 $j) - ( 4 i$ + 3$j)
If A and B are anti-parallel, then q = 180°. = ( 7 - 4 ) $i + ( 6 - 3) $j = 3$i + 3$j
Hence, from Eq. (i),
26. Displacement,
B
cos 180° = - 1 = - Þ B =2A Dr = r2 - r1 = 4 i$ + 4 $j
2A
Dr 4 i$ + 4 $j
Hence, the given condition can only be \ vav = = = 2( i$ + $j) ms -1
implied of either B = 0 or A and B are Dt 2
Þ Magnitude of velocity,
anti-parallel provided B = 2 A .
| vav | = 2 12 + 12 = 2 2 ms -1
22. Area of a parallelogram = | a ´ b|
Direction,
where, a and b are sides of parallelogram.
æ Dv y ö -1 æ 2 ö
Given, a = p = 5$i - 4 $j + 3k$ q = tan -1 ç -1
÷ = tan ç ÷ = tan 1 = 45°
è Dv x ø è 2ø
and b = q = 3$i + 2$j - k$
27. The direction of instantaneous velocity at any
$i $j k$ point on the path of an object is tangential to
\ a ´ b= 5 - 4 3 the path at that point and is in the direction
of motion. Also, direction of average velocity
3 2 -1
is same as that of Dr.
So, amongst the given figures we can say \ Acceleration, a = a x2 + a 2y = t 468

that, options (a) and (b) are depicting the
direction of averge velocity but option (c) is 31. Given, initial velocity of the particle at
correctly depicting the direction of t = 0 s,
instantaneous velocity. v0 = 5.0 i$ ms-1 , acceleration,
28. Given, r = 3t i$ + 2t 2$j + 5k$ a = ( 3.0 i$ + 2.0 $j) ms-2
dr d The position of the particle is given by
\ v( t ) = = ( 3t $i + 2t 2 $j + 5k$ ) = 3$i + 4t $j
dt dt 1
r( t ) = v0 t + at 2
At t = 1 s, v = 3$i + 4 $j 2
æv y ö æ 4ö = 5.0 $i t + (1/ 2)( 3.0 $i + 2.0 $j)t 2
Thus, its direction is q = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷
èvx ø è 3ø = ( 5.0t + 1.5t 2 ) $i + 1.0t 2 $j …(i)
@ 53° withX -axis As, r( t ) = x ( t ) $i + y( t ) $j …(ii)
29. Given that the position coordinates of a Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
particle x ( t ) = 5.0t + 1.5t 2 and y ( t ) = + 1.0t 2
x = a cos wt ü Given, x ( t ) = 84m
ï
y = a sin wt ý …(i) Þ 5.0t + 1.50 t 2 = 84
z = awt ï
þ or 1.50 t 2 + 5.0t - 84 = 0
So, the position vector of the particle is Solving the above quadratic equation, the
$r = x $i + y $j + z k$ value of t is given as
-b ± b 2 - 4ac
Þ r$ = a cos wt $i + a sin wt $j + a wt k$ t=
2a
r$ = a [cos wt $i + sin wt $j + wt k$ ]
-5 ± 52 - 4(1.50 ) ( -84 )
Therefore, the velocity of the particle is =
2(1.50 )
d r d [a ] [cos wt $i + sin wt $j + wt k$ ]
Q v$ = = -5 ±25 + 504 -5 ± 529 -5 ± 23
dt dt = = =
3 3 3
Þ v$ = - aw sin wt $i + aw co swt $j + aw k$ )
=6 or - 9.33
The magnitude of velocity is (Neglecting the negative values as t can never
| v | = v x2 + v 2y + v z2 be negative)
Þ t =6 s
or | v | = ( -aw sin wt ) 2 + ( aw cos wt ) 2 + ( aw) 2
At t = 6 s, y = 1.0( 6 ) 2 = 36 m
= wa ( - sin wt ) + (cos wt ) + (1)
2 2 2
32. The velocity of car driver = 8 $i ms -1

= 2 wa
Velocity of rocket = v y $j ms -1
30. Given, x = 2t 3
Relative velocity of rocket w.r.t. car = 8 $i - v y $j
dx
\ vx = = 6t 2 Since, the speed of the rocket observed by
dt
the car driver is 10 ms -1 .
dv \ ( v y ) 2 + ( 8 ) 2 = (10 ) 2
Þ a x = x = 12t
dt v 2y = 100 - 64 = 36
Also, y = 3t 3 Þ v y = 6 ms -1
dy Velocity of rocket, v y $j = (6$j) ms -1
Þ vy = = 9t 2
dt
dv y \ Relative speed of rocket w.r.t. a stationary
Þ ay = = 18t observer = 6 – 0 = 6 ms –1
dt
33. When the man is at rest with respect to the y-component changes, like an object in
ground, the rain comes to him at an angle free-fall in vertical direction.
30° with the vertical. This is the direction of 36. An object that is in flight after being thrown
the velocity of raindrops with respect to the or projected is called a projectile. The motion
ground. of projectile may be thought of as the result
vm, g of two separate, simultaneously occurring
components of motions. One component
30° along a horizontal direction without any
acceleration and the other along the vertical
direction with constant acceleration due to
the force of gravity.
vr, m vr, g
37. Velocity is in horizontal direction and
Here, vr, g = velocity of the rain with acceleration is vertical downwards. Therefore,
respect to the ground, the direction of velocity and acceleration of
vm, g = velocity of the man with the projectile are perpendicular to each other.
respect to the ground = 10 kmh -1 38. Given, initial velocity,
and vr, m = velocity of the rain with respect u = ( $i + 2$j ) ms -1
to the man.
10 Magnitude of velocity,
\ vr, g = = 20 kmh -1
sin30° u = (1) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 5 ms -1
34. Given, speed of girl, v g = 5 km h -1 Equation of trajectory of projectile,
Speed of river, v r = 2 km h -1 gx 2
y = x tan q - 2
Width of river, d = 2 km 2u cos 2 q
The given condition is as shown in the figure gx 2 sec 2 q
= x tan q -
below 2u 2
B vr C gx 2
= x tan q - 2 (1 + tan 2 q)
2u
d vg [Q sec 2 q = 1 + tan 2 q]
α
Substituting the given values, we get
A 10( x ) 2
\ y =x ´2- [1 + ( 2) 2 ]
Since, the girl dive the river normal to the 2( 5 ) 2
flow of the river, time taken by the girl to
é uy 2 ù
cross the river, so êQ tan q = u = 1 = 2ú
d 2 km 2 ë x û
t= = = h
v g 5 kmh -1 5 10( x 2 )
= 2x - (1 + 4 ) = 2x - 5x 2
2´5
In this time, the girl will go down the river
by the distance AC due to river current. 39. Given, equations of motion are
\ Distance travelled along the river x = 18t , 2y = 54t - 9.8t 2
2 General equations of projectile are
= vr ´ t = 2 ´
5 1 2
x = u cos q × t and y = u sin q × t - gt
4 4000 2
= km = m = 800 m
5 5 where, q is the angle of projection.
35. After the object has been projected, the Comparing it with given equation, we have
x-component of the velocity remains constant 54
u cos q = 18 and u sin q =
throughout the motion and only the 2
u sin q 54 / 2 Relative velocity,

Þ =
u cos q 18 v1 - v2 = ( u1 cos q1 - u2 cos q2 ) $i
54 + ( u1 sin q1 - u2 cos q2 ) $j
\ tan q = = 1.5 Þ q = tan -1(1.5)
2 ´ 18
= constant
40. Time of flight, Since, their relative velocity is constant.
2u sin q 2 ´ 50 ´ sin 30°
T = = =5s So, the trajectory of path followed by one as
g 10 seen by other will be straight line, making a
41. Given, u = 60 ms -1 constant angle with horizontal.
Maximum height H that the ball will achieve 45. Range of a projectile,
= height of ceiling of the hall u 2 sin 2q 2u 2 sin q cos q
R= =
= 30 m g g
u 2 sin 2 q 2( u sin q) ( u cos q) 2ux u y
As, maximum height, H = = =
2g g g
( 60 ) 2 sin 2 q
Þ 30 = Þ R µ horizontal initial velocity component
2g ( ux )
30 ´ 2g 10 \ From the given plot, we can see that for
Þ sin 2 q = = [Q g = 10 ms -2 ]
60 ´ 60 60 path 3, range is maximum. This implies that
1 the rock has the maximum horizontal
Þ sin q =
6 velocity component in this path. Thus, the
T A sin 30° 1 correct order will be 1 < 2 < 3.
42. T µ sin q, = = or T B = 3 T A
TB sin 60° 3 46. Given, speed, v = 25 ms -1
H A sin 2 30° 1 and radius, r = 5 m
H µ sin 2 q , = =
HB sin 2 60° 3 v 2 25 ´ 25
Centripetal acceleration, a c = =
or HB = 3 HA r 5
As, Rq = R90 ° - q = 125 ms -2
\ RA = RB 47. In the figure, AB is the required displacement
of the particle.
43. Given, maximum horizontal range,
Rmax = 80 m In triangle OAB, OA = OB and Ð AOB = 60°
u sin 2q
2 A
As, range of a projectile, R =
g r Displacement
and it is maximum q = 45° 60°
B
u2 O r
\ = 80 m
g
u 2 sin 2 q
Maximum height, h =
2g
80 Therefore, DAOB is an equilateral triangle, so
= (sin 2 45° )
2 OA = OB = r = AB
1 48. For a uniform circular motion,
= 40 ´ = 20 m
2 v2
centripetal acceleration, a c =
44. Velocities of the stones at some instant t can R
be given as Since, v and R are constants, the magnitude
v1 = u1 cos q1 i$ + ( u1 sin q1 - gt ) $j
of the centripetal acceleration of the car is
and v = u cos q i$ + ( u sin q - gt ) $j
2 2 2 2 2
also constant.
However, the direction changes pointing v 1 r1

Þ = …(i)
towards the centre. Therefore, a centripetal v 2 r2
acceleration is not a constant vector. v2 r r2 r r
i.e. a c1 : a c 2 = 1 ´ 22 = 12 ´ 2 = 1 = r1 : r2
diameter 0.80 m r1 v 2 r2 r1 r2
49. Radius, r = = = 0.40 m
2 2 [from Eq. (i)]
100 54. A scalar quantity is independent of direction
Frequency, n = 100 rev min -1 = rev s -1
60 hence has the same value for observers with
1 60 different orientations of the axes.
Time period, T = = = 0.60
n 100 Hence, the statement given in option (d) is
2p 2 ´ 314. correct, rest are incorrect.
\ Angular velocity, w = =
T 0.60 55. Since, ( 5) 2 = ( 3) 2 + ( 4 ) 2, which is in
-1
= 10.467 rad s accordance to Pythagoras theorem. So, the
50. Given, H 1 = H 2 vectors can be shown in the figure
u12 sin 2 45° u22 sin 60°
Þ =
2g 2g
A+B (5)
u sin 60° 3 /2 (4) B
\ 1 = = = 3: 2
u2 sin 45° (1/ 2 )
u 2 sin 2 a A (3)
51. Maximum height, H =
2g
\ A and B are perpendicular.
For same speed of projection, However, if the length of A + B vector is
H µ sin 2 a more than or less than 5, then they should be
H1 sin 2 a sin 2 a inclined at acute and obtuse angle,
\ = = = tan 2 a
H 2 sin ( 90° - a )
2
cos 2 a respectively.
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is
So, H 1 : H 2 = tan 2 a : 1
correct, rest are incorrect.
u 2 sin 2q
52. R = 56. Clearly from the given figure,
g
u is in the first quadrant, hence both
\ R µ u2 components a and b will be positive.
If initial velocity be doubled at same angle of For v = p i$ + q $j, as it is in positive x-direction
projection, then range will become four
and located downward hence x-component p
times. will be positive and y-component q will be
53. As, centripetal acceleration is given as negative.
v2 57. The correct sequence is
ac =
r Hence, A ® p, B ® q, C ® q and D ® p.
v2
For the first body of mass m 1 , a c1 = 1 58. A. As, | B | = 2 | A | and they both are in the
r1 same direction, so 2A = B.
v2 B. As, | A | = | B | but both are in opposite
For the second body of mass m 2, a c 2 = 2
r2 directions, so A = - B.
Also, time taken by both the cars to complete C. As, | A | = 2 | B | but both are in opposite
one revolution is same. directions, so A = - 2B.
Hence, T 1 = T 2 D. As, | A| = | B | and both are in same
2pr1 2pr2 direction, so A = B.
Þ =
v1 v2 Hence, A ® r, B ® p, C ® s and D ® q.
59. Magnitude of A = | A| = A x2 + A 2y + A z2 61. | A + B | = A 2 + B 2 + 2AB cos q

= ( 4 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( 5) 2 | A - B | = A 2 + B 2 - 2AB cos q
= 16 + 9 + 25 = 5 2 So, for example, when 90° < q < 270°,
Angles made by A with coordinate axes, | A + B| < | A - B|
A 4 Thus, vector addition of two vectors is not
cos a = x = always greater than their vector subtraction.
| A| 5 2
Also, at q = 90°, | A + B | = | A - B |
æ 4 ö
or a = cos -1 ç ÷ = A2 + B2
è 5 2ø
Ay 3 Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
cos b = =
| A| 5 2 62. In projectile motion, rate of change of
dv
æ 3 ö velocity, = | a | = 9.8 ms -2 = constant
or b = cos -1 ç ÷ dt
è 5 2ø
Az 5 1 Also, in case of projectile motion, the
cos g = = = magnitude of velocity first decreases and then
| A| 5 2 2
increases during the motion.
æ 1 ö Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
or g = cos -1 ç ÷
è 2ø
63. Velocity is horizontal and acceleration is
Hence, A ® q, B ® r and C ® p. vertical. i.e. both are perpendicular to each
other, hence their dot product is zero.
60. Resultant of two vectors A and B is given as
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
R = A 2 + B 2 + 2AB cos q
the correct explanation of A.
\ We can say that 64. Horizontal component of velocity = v sin a =
(i) If q is an obtuse angle, then magnitude of constant
R will be less than magnitude of the either a r = g 2 - a t2
vectors A or B.
e.g. if | A| = 4, | B | = 3 and q = 120°, then At highest point a t = 0. Therefore, a r is
maximum.
| R| = 4 + 3 + 2 ´ 4 ´ 3 cos (120° )
2 2

= 25 - 12 = 13 u 2 sin 2 q 2u 2 sin q cos q
æ 1ö 65. H = R or =
çQ cos 120° = - ÷ 2g g
è 2ø
\ | R| < | A| Þ tan q = 4
(ii) If the vectors are in opposite direction and Maximum horizontal range (at q = 45°) is
are equal in magnitude, then also the u2
given by Rmax =
magnitude of R will be less than the g
magnitude of either vectors A or B.
e.g. If | A | = | B | = a (say) and q = 180°
not the correct explanation of A.
then, | R| = a 2 + a 2 - 2a 2 cos(180° )
u 2 sin 2q
66. Horizontal range, R =
= 2a 2 - 2a 2 [Q cos 180° = - 1] g
\ | R | < | A| or | B| At q = 45°, sin 2 q = 1
Also, vector addition is commutative in u2
nature. \ Rmax = = maximum range
g
A+ B=B+ A
Q sin q = 1 (maximum), at q = 90°
not the correct explanation of A. Therefore, A is true but R is false.
u 2 sin 2 a Among the given vectors A and B are equal

67. Maximum height, H 1 =
2g vectors as they have same magnitude (length)
u 2 sin 2( 90° - a ) u 2 cos 2 a and direction.
and H2 = =
2g 2g However, P and Q are not equal even though
they are of same magnitude because their
u2 u2
Þ H1 + H2 = (sin 2 a + cos 2 a ) = directions are different.
2g 2g
72. | l A | = l | A | , if l > 0, as multiplication of
Thus, the sum of height for angles a and
vector A with a positive number l gives a
90° - a is independent of the angle of
vector whose magnitude is changed by the
projection.
u 2 sin 2q factor l but the direction is same as that of A.
As, horizontal range, R =
g 73. Null vector 0 is a vector, whose magnitude is
zero and its direction cannot be specified. So,
So, for same value of initial velocity,
it means, |0| = 0.
horizontal range of projectile is same for
complementary angles. Thus, l0 = 0.
Therefore, A is true but R false. Hence, property given in option (b) is
68. To obtain maximum range, angle of incorrect.
projection must be 45°, i.e. q = 45°. 74. Let P be as shown in the y
u 2 sin 2 ´ 45° u 2 sin 90° u 2 figure, then according to
So, Rmax = = = …(i) the given information
g g g Py P
Px = 5, P y = 6
2
u 2 sin 2 45° u 2 æ 1 ö u 2 Rmax θ x
\ H max = = ç ÷ = = \ | P | = Px2 + P y2 Px
2g 2g è 2 ø 4 g 4
[from Eq. (i)] = 25 + 36
So, H max is 25% of Rmax .
Þ | P | = 61
Py 6 æ6ö
69. In uniform circular motion the velocity of the and tan q = = Þ q = tan -1 ç ÷
Px 5 è 5ø
object is changing continuously in direction,
the object undergoes uniform acceleration 75. Since, they are following freely, so both the
which is not a constant vector. However, for bodies will fall same distance in same time
a uniformly accelerated motion, the interval.
acceleration of the object should be constant. So, the relative separation between them will
Hence, it is not an example of uniformly remain unchanged.
accelerated motion.
Kinematic equations for constant acceleration
76. Relative velocity of P w.r.t. Q is given by
is not applicable for uniform circular motion. v PQ = v P - ( - vQ ) = v P + vQ
Since, in this case the magnitude of
acceleration is constant but its direction is 77. Velocity of car w.r.t. train, v ct = v c - v t
changing. Þ v ct = v c + ( - v t )
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. N
vct vc
70. Temperature is not a vector quantity because
it has magnitude only.
However, force, acceleration and velocity 45°
have both a magnitude and a direction. So,
these are vectors in nature. W E
−vt vt
71. Two vectors are said to be equal, if and only
Velocity of car w.r.t. train ( v ct ) is towards
if they have the same magnitude and
direction. West-North.
78. Given, vA = 20 i$ ms -1 r = a cos wt $i + a sin wt $j

vB = 15i$ ms -1 Both the components a cos wt i$ and a sin wt $j
Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B, are perpendicular to each other.
vAB = vA - vB = 20 i$ - 15i$ = 5$i ms -1 86. If a particle is performing uniform circular
motion, then its
79. Given, velocity of girl, v g = 5$i ms -1 (a) speed will be constant throughout the
Let velocity of rain, v r = v x $i + v y $j ms -1 motion.
(b) velocity will be tangential in the direction
Relative velocity of rain
of motion at a particular point.
= v r - v g = ( v x - 5) $i + v y $j
C
v -5
Now, it is vertical, so tan q = x =0
vy
B
Þ vx - 5 = 0 Þ vx = 5 …(i) O
D
On increasing the speed of the girl, relative r
velocity becomes ( v x - 15) $i + v y $j
v x - 15 A v
tan q = tan 45° = =1
vy v2
(c) acceleration, a = will always be towards
Þ v x - 15 = v y Þ v y = -10 [using Eq. (i)] r
$ $ -1
centre of the circular path.
\ Velocity of rain = ( 5i - 10 j) ms
(d) angular momentum (mvr) is constant in
Þ Magnitude of velocity of rain magnitude but direction keeps on
= ( 5) 2 + (10 ) 2 changing.
87. Angular velocity w is constant.
= 125 = 5 5 ms-1
v =rw
80. A javelin thrown by an athlete is an example vA r
of projectile motion. \ v µ r or = A
vB rB
81. The horizontal component of velocity
(u cos q) is constant throughout the motion, so
88. On a circular path in completing one turn,the
distance travelled is 2pr, while displacement
there will be no acceleration in horizontal
is zero.
direction.
Hence, average velocity
82. As the vertical components of velocity displacement 0
(u sin q) decreases continuously with height, = = =0
time interval t
from O to H, due to downward force of
Distance
gravity and becomes zero at H . Average speed =
Time interval
83. The time taken by the ball to return to the 2pr 2 ´ 3.14 ´ 100
same level, = = = 10 ms -1
t 62.8
2v sin q 2 ´ 28 ´ sin 30°
T = 0 = » 2.9 s 1200
g 9.8 89. Given, n = 1200 rpm = rps
60
84. The distance from the thrower to the point 30
r = 30 cm = m
where the ball returns to the same level is 100
v 2 sin 2q 28 ´ 28 ´ sin 60° Acceleration of the particle = Centripetal
R= 0 = » 69 m
g 9.8 acceleration = w2r = ( 2pn ) 2r
2
85. Circular motion is an example of æ 22 1200 ö 30
= ç2 ´ ´ ÷ ´ » 4740 ms -2
two-dimensional motion with radius vector as è 7 60 ø 100
05
Laws of Motion
Quick Revision
1. Momentum Momentum of a body is the 5. Tension When a body of mass m is fastened with
quantity of motion possessed by the body. It the string, then the weight of the body acts
is defined as the product of its mass m and downwards while a force acting just opposite to
velocity v and is denoted by p. the downward force for balancing it is called
Momentum, p = m v tension.
2. Conservation of Momentum According
to this principle, “In the absence of an T
external force, the total momentum of a
system remains constant or conserved and
does not change with time”. mg
If S Fext = 0, then momentum p = constant. T = mg
3. Equilibrium of a Particle The forces where, g = acceleration due to gravity
acting at the same point or on a particle are and T = tension in the string.
called concurrent forces. 6. Friction Whenever a body moves or tends to
These forces are said to be in equilibrium, move over the surface of another body, a force
n comes into play which acts parallel to the surface
when their resultant is zero, i.e. åF
i = 1
i = 0. of contact and opposes the relative motion.
This opposing force is called friction.
4. Lami’s Theorem According to this 7. Types of Friction
theorem, when three concurrent forces F1,
● Static Friction Force of friction which comes
F2 and F3 acting on a body are in
equilibrium, then into play between two bodies, before one body
actually starts moving over the other is called
F1 F F static friction and it is denoted by f s .
= 2 = 3
sin a sin b sin g
● Limiting Friction Maximum value of static
friction which comes into play when a body just
F1 F2 starts moving over the surface of another body is
γ
called limiting friction.
β α
Thus, f s £ f s (max)
F3
The value of limiting static friction f s (max)
between two given surfaces is directly
proportional to the normal reaction (R ) that the body placed on the plane just starts to
between the two surfaces. slide down is known as angle of repose.
i.e. f s (max) µ R
ax
R
m
s)
(f
f s (max)
Þ f s (max) = m s R Þ m s =
R
The proportionality constant m s is called θ
coefficient of static friction. Mg cosθ
θ
s in
● Kinetic Friction Kinetic friction or Mg
g
M
dynamic friction is the opposing force that θ
comes into play when one body is actually Angle of repose
moving over the surface of another body.
Thus, kinetic friction opposes the relative 10. Centripetal Force When an object moves on
motion. The value of kinetic friction f k is a circular path, a force acts on it, whose
given as direction is towards the centre of the path, this
f force is called centripetal force.
or f k = mk R Þ mk = k Centripetal force acting on a particle of mass m
R
on a circular path of radius r is given by
The proportionality constant mk is called
mv 2
coefficient of kinetic friction. F =
When the relative motion has begun, the r
acceleration of the body on the rough 11. Motion of a Car on Level Road When a car
surface is given by of mass m is turning on the level road without
F - fk skidding, centripetal force on the car must be
a= equal or less than static friction.
m 2
mv max
where, F = applied force and f k = kinetic i.e. F ³
friction. r
2
● Rolling Friction Friction which comes into mv max
or mg ³
play when a body like a ring or a sphere rolls r
without slipping over a horizontal surface, is (m = coefficient of friction)
known as rolling friction.
or v max £ m × rg
8. Angle of Friction The angle between the
resultant of limiting friction f s and normal \ Maximum velocity on a curved road to
reaction N with the direction of N is called avoid skidding is v max = mrg .
angle of friction q.
N 12. Motion of a Car on Banked
Road Maximum velocity of a car on banked
θ
road is given by
fs Applied æ m + tan q ö
v max = rg ç ÷
force è1 - m tan q ø
F
where, q = inclination of road
Mg
and r = radius of turn.
9. Angle of Repose The minimum angle of If m = 0, then v = rg tan q .
inclination of a plane with the horizontal, such
Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions (a) bigger ball transfers greater momentum
than smaller
1. According to Galileo’s experiment for (b) bigger ball transfers lesser momentum than
a double inclined plane that are smaller
smooth, when a ball is released from (c) bigger ball transfer equal momentum as
rest on one of the planes rolls down and smaller
climb up the other of decreased slope, (d) None of the above
the final height of the ball is
7. A rocket is going upwards with
(a) less than the initial height
accelerated motion. A man sitting in it
(b) more than the initial height
feels his weight increased 5 times his
(c) equal to the initial height
own weight. If the mass of the rocket
(d) more or less than the initial height
including that of the man is 1. 0 ´ 10 4 kg,
2. Which of the Newton’s laws of motion how much force is being applied by
explain the concept of inertia? rocket engine? (Take, g = 10 ms -2 ).
(a) First law (b) Second law (a) 5 ´ 104N (b) 5 ´ 105 N
(c) Third law (d) All of these (c) 5 ´ 108 N (d) 2 ´ 104N
3. If a running bus stops suddenly, our 8. The motion of a particle of mass m is

feet stop due to friction, but the rest of described by y = ut + gt 2 , find the force
the body continues to move forward acting on the particle.
due to (a) Zero (b) mg
(a) momentum (b) force (c) 2 mg (d) 3 mg
(c) inertia (d) impulse 9. A bullet of mass 0.04 kg moving with a
4. Suppose the earth suddenly stops speed of 90 ms -1 enters a heavy
attracting objects placed near surface. A wooden block and stopped after 3s.
person standing on the surface of the What is the average resistive force
earth will exerted by the block on the bullet?
(a) remain standing (b) fly up (a) 1 N (b) 1.2 N
(c) sink into earth (d) either (b) or (c) (c) 2 N (d) 3 N
5. When a car is stationary, there is no net 10. A body of mass 6 kg is acted on by a

force so that its velocity changes from
force acting on it. During pick-up, it
3 ms -1 to 5 ms -1 , then change in
accelerates. This happens due to
momentum is
(a) net external force
(a) 48 N-s (b) 24 N-s
(b) net internal force
(c) 30 N-s (d) 12 N-s
(c) may be external or internal force
(d) None of the above 11. A meter scale is moving with uniform
velocity. This implies (NCERT Exemplar)
6. A smaller and a bigger iron balls are
dropped from a small height on a glass (a) the force acting on the scale is zero, but a
torque about the centre of mass can act on
pane placed on a table. Only bigger the scale
ball breakes the glass pane, because
(b) the force acting on the scale is zero and the 6

torque acting about centre of mass of the
scale is also zero 3
(c) the total force acting on it need not be zero F(N)
but the torque on it is zero 0
2 4 6 8
(d) Neither the force nor the torque need to be
zero –3
t(s)
12. While launching a satellite of mass (a) 24 N-s (b) 20 N-s
10 kg, a force of 5 ´ 10 5 N is applied for
4
(c) 12 N-s (d) 6 N-s
20s. The velocity attained by the
satellite at the end of 20s, is
17. A particle of mass m is moving in a
straight line with momentum p. Starting
(a) 4 km/s (b) 3 km/s
at time t = 0, a force F = kt acts in the
(c) 1 km/s (d) 2 km/s
same direction on the moving particle
13. The momentum p (in kg-ms -1 ) of a during time interval T , so that its
particle is varying with time t (in momentum changes from p to 3p.
second) as p = 2 + 3t 2 . The force acting Here, k is a constant. The value of T is
on the particle at t = 3 s will be 2p p 2k k
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 2
(a) 18 N (b) 54 N k k p p
(c) 9 N (d) 15 N
18. A constant retarding force of 50 N is
14. A machine gun fires a bullet of mass applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving
40 g with a velocity of 1200 ms -1 . The initially with a speed of 15 ms -1 . How
man holding it can exert a maximum long time does the body take to stop?
force of 144 N on the gun.
(a) 6 s (b) 8 s (c) 9 s (d) 10 s
How many bullets can be fired per
second at the most? 19. A batsman hits back at ball straight in
(a) Only one the direction of the bowler without
(b) Three changing its initial speed of 12 ms -1 . If
(c) Can fire any number of bullets the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg, find the
(d) 144 ´ 48 impulse imparted to the ball. (Assume
linear motion of the ball)
15. A cricket ball of mass 150 g has an (a) 1.8 N-s (b) 3.6 N-s (c) 3.6 N-m (d) 1.8 N-m
initial velocity u = ( 3i$ + 4$j ) ms -1 and a
20. The force-time ( F -t ) graph for linear
final velocity v = - ( 3i$ + 4$j ) ms -1 , after
motion of a body initially at rest is
being hit. The change in momentum shown in figure. The segments shown
(final momentum – initial momentum) are circular, the linear momentum
is (in kgms –1 ) (NCERT Exemplar) gained in 4 s is
(a) zero . $i + 0.6 $j)
(b) - (045 F (N)
. $i + 12
(c) - (09 . $j) (d) - 5($i + $j) $i 2
4
16. The force F acting on a particle of mass 0
2 6 8
m is indicated by the force-time graph
shown below. The change in –2
momentum of the particle over the time t (s)
interval from 0 to 8s is (a) 8 N-s (b) 4p N-s (c) 2p N-s (d) 8p N-s
21. Every action has an equal and opposite 27. A hockey player is moving northward
reaction, which suggests that and suddenly turns westward with the
(a) action and reaction always act on different same speed to avoid an opponent. The
bodies force that acts on the player is
(b) the forces of action and reaction cancel to (NCERT Exemplar)
each other (a) frictional force along westward
(c) the forces of action and reaction cannot (b) muscle force along southward
cancel to each other (c) frictional force along south-west
(d) Both (a) and (c) (d) muscle force along south-west
22. An initially stationary device lying on a 28. Three concurrent coplanar forces 1 N,
frictionless floor explodes into two 2 N and 3 N are acting along different
pieces and slides across the floor. One directions on a body can keep the body
piece is moving in positive x-direction in equilibrium, if
then other piece is moving in (a) 2 N and 3 N act at right angle
(a) positive y-direction (b) 1 N and 2 N act at acute angle
(b) negative y- direction (c) 1 N and 2 N act at right angle
(c) negative x-direction (d) Cannot be possible
(d) at angle from x-direction
29. Three blocks with masses m , 2m and 3m
23. A shell of mass 200 g is fired by a gun are connected by strings, as shown in
of mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the figure. After an upward force F is
the shell is 80 m/s, calculate the recoil applied on block m, the masses move
speed of the gun. upward at constant speed v. What is the
(a) 16 cm/s (b) 18 m/s (c) 4 m/s (d) 16 m/s net force on the block of mass 2m?
(Take, g is the acceleration due to
24. In equilibrium of particle when net gravity)
external force of the particle is zero. v
F
Then, the particle is
(a) at rest m
(b) moving with uniform velocity
(c) moving with uniform acceleration 2m
25. Two forces F1 = 3 $i - 4 $j and 3m
F2 = 2 $i - 3 $j are acting upon a body of (a) Zero (b) 2 mg (c) 3 mg (d) 6 mg
mass 2 kg. Find the force F3 , which 30. A ball of mass 1 kg hangs in equilibrium
when acts on the body will make it from a two strings OA and OB as shown
stable. in figure. What are the tensions in
(a) 5 $i + 7$j (b) -5 $i - 7$j strings OA and OB? (Take, g = 10 ms -2 )
A B
(c) -5 $i + 7 $j (d) 5 $i - 7$j 30º 60º
26. Two equals forces are acting at a point
with an angle of 60° between them. If T1 90º T
2
the resultant force is equal to 40 3 N, 120º O 150º
the magnitude of each force is
(a) 40 N (b) 20 N (c) 80 N (d) 30 N w = 10 N
(a) 5 N, 5 N (b) 5 3 N, 5 3 N 34. A system consists of three masses

(c) 5 N, 5 3 N (d) 5 3 N, 5 N m 1 , m 2 and m 3 connected by a string
31. Given figure is the part of a passing over a pulley P . The mass
horizontally stretched structure. Section m 1 hangs freely and m 2 and m 3 are on a
AB is stretched with a force of 10 N. rough horizontal table (the coefficient
The tension in the sections BC and BF , of friction = m).
are The pulley is frictionless and of
E negligible mass. The downward
acceleration of mass m 1 is (Assume,
D m1 = m 2 = m 3 = m)
P m2 m3
120°
90° F
G C B
120° 120°
m1
A
(a) 10 N, 11 N g (1 - gm) 2 gm
(a) (b)
(b) 10 N, 6 N 9 3
(c) 10 N, 10 N g(1 - 2 m) g(1 - 2 m)
(c) (d)
(d) Cannot be calculated due to insufficient 3 2
data
35. Two masses m 1 = 1 kg and m 2 = 2 kg
32. Find the force exerted by 5 kg block on are connected by a light inextensible
floor of lift, as shown in figure. string and suspended by means of a
(Take, g = 10 ms -2 ) weightless pulley as shown in figure.
5 ms–2
2 kg
1 kg m1
5 kg
m2 2 kg
(a) 100 N (b) 115 N Assuming that both the masses start
(c) 105 N (d) 135 N from rest, the distance travelled by 2 kg
33. Three blocks A, B and C of masses 4 kg, mass in 2 s is
2 kg and 1 kg respectively, are in 20 40
(a) m (b) m
contact on a frictionless surface, as 9 9
shown in the figure. If a force of 14 N is (c)
20
m
1
(d) m
applied on the 4 kg block, then the 3 3
contact force between A and B is
36. If a box is lying in the compartment of
A B an accelerating train and box is
C
stationary relative to the train. What
(a) 2 N (b) 6 N (c) 8 N (d) 18 N
force cause the acceleration of the box?
(a) Frictional force in the direction of train of lighter stone is n times that of the
(b) Frictional force in the opposite direction of value of heavier stone, when they
train experience same centripetal forces. The
(c) Force applied by air value of n is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
37. A box of mass 2 kg is placed on the 41. If a car is moving in uniform circular
roof of a car. The box would remain
motion, then what should be the value
stationary until the car attains a
of velocity of a car, so that car will not
maximum acceleration. Coefficient of
moving away from the circle?
static friction between the box and the
(a) v < m s Rg (b) v £ m s Rg
roof of the car is 0.2 and g = 10 ms -2 .
(c) v < m k Rg (d) None of these
The maximum acceleration of the car,
for the box to remain stationary, is 42. A person is driving a vehicle at a
(a) 8 ms-2 (b) 6 ms-2 uniform speed of 5 ms -1 on a level
(c) 4 ms-2 (d) 2 ms-2 curved track of radius 5 m. The
38. A car of mass m starts from rest and coefficient of static friction between
acquires a velocity along east, tyres and road is 0.1. Will the person
v = v $i (v > 0 ) in two seconds. Assuming slip while taking the turn with the same
speed? (Take, g = 10 ms -2 )
the car moves with uniform
(a) A person will slip, if v 2 = 5 m2s-2
acceleration, the force exerted on the
(b) A person will slip, if v 2 > 5 m2s-2
car is (NCERT Exemplar)
(c) A person will slip, if v 2 < 5 m2s-2
mv
(a) eastward and is exerted by the car (d) A person will not slip, if v 2 > 5 m2s-2
2
engine 43. A circular racetrack of radius 300 m is
mv banked at an angle of 15°. If the
(b) eastward and is due to the friction on
2 coefficient of friction between the
the tyres exerted by the road
mv
wheels of the race car and the road is
(c) more than eastward exerted due to the 0.2. Find optimum speed of the race car
2
engine and overcomes the friction of the to avoid wear and tear on its tyres and
road maximum permissible speed to avoid
mv slipping. (Take, g = 9.8 ms -2 and
(d) exerted by the engine
2 tan 15° = 0.27)
(a) v o = 48 ms-1 , v max = 60 ms-1
39. A particle of mass 2 kg is moving on a (b) v o = 28.1 ms-1 , v max = 38.1 ms-1
circular path of radius 10 m with a (c) v o = 62.2 ms-1 , v max = 734 . ms-1
speed of 5 ms –1 and its speed is (d) None of the above
increasing at a rate of 3 ms –1 . Find the
force acting on the particle. 44. A car is moving in a circular horizontal
(a) 5 N (b) 10 N (c) 12 N (d) 14 N track of radius 10.0 m with a constant
speed of 10.0 ms - 1 . A plumb bob is
40. Two stones of masses m and 2m are suspended from the roof of the car by a
whirled in horizontal circles, the light rigid rod of length 10.0 m. The
r angle made by the rod with the track is
heavier one in a radius and the lighter
2 (Take, g = 10 ms - 2 )
one in a radius r. The tangential speed (a) zero (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60°
45. Inertia of an object is directly 51. If no external force acts on particle,

dependent on ……… . then which of the following statement is
(a) impulse (b) momentum incorrect about particle?
(c) mass (d) density (a) Particle may be at rest.
(b) Particle moves with uniform velocity on
46. A body with mass 5 kg is acted upon by linear path.
a force F = ( -3$i + 4 $j ) N. If its initial (c) Particle moves with uniform speed on circle.
velocity at t = 0 is u = ( 6$i - 12$j )ms -1 , the (d) None of the above
time at which it will just have a velocity 52. Match the Column I (type of friction)
along the Y-axis is ……… . with Column II (value of m) and select
(NCERT Exemplar)
the correct option from the codes given
(a) never (b) 10 s
(c) 2 s (d) 15 s
below.
Column I Column II
47. If impulse I varies with time t as A. Static friction p. m is highest
F (kg ms - 1 ) = 20t 2 - 20t . The change
in momentum is minimum at ……… . B. Rolling friction q. m is moderate
(a) t = 2s (b) t = 1s C. Kinetic friction r. m is lowest
1 3
(c) t = s (d) t = s Codes
2 2
A B C A B C
48. The force which is dissipative in nature (a) r q p (b) p q r
is ……… . (c) p r q (d) q r p
(a) electrostatic force (b) magnetic force
(c) gravitational force (d) frictional force 53. In the diagram shown in figure, match
the Column I with Column II and
49. Suppose a light-weight vehicle (say, a select the correct option from the codes
small car) and a heavy weight vehicle given below. (Take, g = 10 ms -2 )
(say, a loaded truck) are parked on a F2 = 18 N
horizontal road. Then, which of the 1 kg
following statement is correct? 2 kg
(a) Much greater force is needed to push the 3 kg Smooth
truck.
(b) Equal force is needed to push the truck and
car. F1 = 60 N θ = 30º
(c) No force is required to move the vehicles.
(d) None of the above Column II
Column I
50. Which one of the following statement is A. Acceleration of p. 8 (SI unit )
incorrect? 2 kg block
(a) Frictional force opposes the relative B. Net force on q. 25 (SI unit )
motion. 3 kg block
(b) Limiting value of static friction is directly
proportional to normal reaction. C. Normal reaction r. 2 (SI unit )
(c) Rolling friction is smaller than sliding between 2 kg
friction. and 1 kg
(d) Coefficient of sliding friction has dimensions D. Normal reaction s. None
of length. between 3 kg
and 2 kg
Codes angle with it, it changes the component

A B C D of velocity along the direction of force.
(a) r s q s Reason The component of velocity
(b) r q s p parallel to the force remains
(c) p q r s unchanged.
(d) p q q s 58. Assertion If we consider system of two
bodies A and B as a whole, F AB and F BA
are internal forces of the system
For question numbers 54 to 64, two ( A + B ). They add to give a null force.
Reason Internal forces in a body or a
Assertion (A) and the other labelled system of particles cancel away in pairs.
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) 59. Assertion It is not always necessary
and (d) are as given below that external agency of force is in
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the contact with the object while applying
correct explanation of A. force on object.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the Reason A stone released from top of a
correct explanation of A. building accelerates downward due to
(c) A is true but R is false. gravitational pull of the earth.
60. Assertion A seasoned cricketer allows
54. Assertion Aristotle stated that an a longer time for his hands to stop the
external force is required to keep a ball, while catching the ball. His hand is
body in motion. not hurt.
Reason Opposing forces are always Reason The novice (new player) keeps
present in the natural world. his hand fixed and tries to catch the ball
almost instantly. He needs to provide a
55. Assertion A body is momentarily at much greater force to stop the ball
rest but no force is acting on it at that instantly and this hurts.
time.
Reason When a force acts on a body,
it may not have some acceleration.
56. Assertion At the microscopic level, all
bodies are made up of charged
constituents (like nuclei and electrons)
and various contact forces exist
between them. 61. Assertion Product of distance and
Reason These forces are due to velocity (i.e. momentum) is basic to the
elasticity of bodies, molecular collisions effect of force on motion.
and impacts, etc. Reason Same force for same time
causes the same change in momentum
57. Assertion If force is not parallel to the
velocity of the body, but makes some for different bodies.
62. Assertion Newton’s third law of 65. A satellite in force-free space sweeps
motion is applicable only when bodies stationary interplanetary dust at a rate
are in motion. dM
= av , where M is the mass, v is the
Reason Newton’s third law does not dt
applies to all types of forces, e.g. velocity of satellite and a is a constant.
gravitational, electric or magnetic What is the deceleration of the satellite?
forces, etc. - 2 av 2 - av 2
(a) (b)
M M
63. Assertion Angle of repose is equal to av 2
(c) - av 2 (d)
angle of limiting friction. M
Reason When a body is just at the 66. A body of mass 5 kg is moving with
point of motion, the force of friction of velocity of v = ( 2$i + 6 $j ) ms - 1 at t = 0 s.
this stage is called as limiting friction.
After time t = 2 s, velocity of body is
64. Assertion A body of mass 1 kg is (10 $i + 6 $j ) ms -1 , then change in
making 1 rps in a circle of radius 1 m. momentum of body is
Centrifugal force acting on it is 4 p 2 N.
(a) 40 $i kg-ms -1
Reason Centrifugal force is given by (b) 20$i kg-ms -1
mv (c) 30$i kg-ms -1
F = .
r (d) (50$i + 30$j) kg-ms -1
Case Based MCQs 67. A cricket ball of mass 0.25 kg with

speed 10 m/s collides with a bat and
returns with same speed with in 0.01s.
65-69 on the following case. The force acted on bat is
Momentum and Newton’s Second Law of (a) 25 N (b) 50N
Motion (c) 250N (d) 500N
Momentum of a body is the quantity of 68. A stationary bomb explodes into three
motion possessed by the body. It depends on pieces. One piece of 2 kg mass moves
the mass of the body and the velocity with with a velocity of 8 ms -1 at right angles
which it moves. to the other piece of mass 1 kg moving
When a bullet is fired by a gun, it can easily with a velocity of 12 ms -1 . If the mass of
pierce human tissue before coming to rest the third piece is 0.5 kg, then its
resulting in casualty. The same bullet fired velocity is
with moderate speed will not cause much (a) 10 m s-1 (b) 20 ms-1
damage. The greater the change in (c) 30 m s-1 (d) 40 ms-1
momentum in a given time, the greater is the 69. A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass
force that needs to be applied. 0.5 kg for 0.25s starting from rest. What
The second law of motion refers to the is its momentum now?
general situation, where there is a net external (a) 0.25 N/s (b) 2.5 N/s
force rating on the body. (c) 0.5 N/s (d) 0.75 N/s
Direction Answer the questions from 2T . Then, the velocity acquired by the
70-74 on the following case. body is
Conservation of Momentum
This principle is a consequence of Newton’s
second and third laws of motion. F0
In an isolated system (i.e. a system having no
external force), mutual forces (called internal 0 A B
T 2T
forces) between pairs of particles in the
system causes momentum change in – F0
individual particles.
Let a bomb be at rest, then its momentum will
be zero. If the bomb explodes into two equal p F0 T p F0 T
parts, then the parts fly off in exactly opposite (a) (b)
4m 2m
directions with same speed, so that the total F0 T
momentum is still zero. Here, no external (c) (d) zero
4m
force is applied on the system of particles
(bomb). 74. Two masses of M and 4M are moving
with equal kinetic energy. The ratio of
70. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a gun their linear momenta is
of mass 1 kg with recoil velocity of gun
(a) 1 :8 (b) 1 :4
5 m/s. The muzzle velocity will be
(c) 1 :2 (d) 4 :1
(a) 30 km/min
(b) 60 km/min Direction Answer the questions from
(c) 30 m/s 75-79 on the following case.
(d) 500 m/s
Force of Friction on Connected Bodies
71. A shell of mass 10 kg is moving with a When bodies are in contact, there are mutual
velocity of 10 ms - 1 when it blasts and contact forces satisfying the third law of
forms two parts of mass 9 kg and 1 kg motion. The component of contact force
respectively. If the first mass is normal to the surfaces in contact is called
stationary, the velocity of the second is normal reaction. The component parallel to
(a) 1 m s -1 the surfaces in contact is called friction.
(b) 10 m s-1
(c) 100 m s-1
(d) 1000 m s-1
72. A bullet of mass 0.1 kg is fired with a

speed of 100 ms -1 . The mass of gun
being 50 kg, then the velocity of recoil 6 kg
8 kg
becomes
(a) 0.05 m s-1 (b) 0.5 m s-1
(c) 0.1 m s-1 (d) 0.2 m s-1 In the above figure, 8 kg and 6 kg are hanging
stationary from a rough pulley and are about
73. A unidirectional force F varying with to move. They are stationary due to
time T as shown in the figure acts on a roughness of the pulley.
body initially at rest for a short duration
75. Which force is acting between pulley (a) 8 kg

and rope? (b) 6 kg
(c) Same on both
(a) Gravitational force
(d) Nothing can be said
(b) Tension force
(c) Frictional force 78. The force of friction acting on the rope
(d) Buoyant force is
76. The normal reaction acting on the (a) 20 N (b) 30 N
system is (c) 40 N (d) 50 N
(a) 8 g (b) 6 g 79. Coefficient of friction of the pulley is
(c) 2 g (d) 14 g 1 1
(a) (b)
6 7
77. The tension is more on side having 1 1
mass of (c) (d)
5 4
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (d)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (a)
54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (b) 61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (a)
64. (c)
Case Based MCQs

65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (d) 68. (d) 69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (c)
75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (b)
SOLUTIONS
1. Galileo conducted an experiment using a momentum to the glass pane and so it
double inclined plane. In this experiment, breaks.
two inclined planes are arranged facing each
7. Given, m = 1.0 ´ 10 4 kg
other.
As the weight of the man is increased
When an object rolls down one of the
5 times, so acceleration of the rocket, also
inclined planes, it climbs up the other. It
increase to 5 times.
almost reaches the same height but not
i.e. a = 5g = 5 ´ 10 = 50 ms -2
completely because of friction. In ideal case,
when there is no friction the final height of Force applied by rocket engine,
the object is same as the initial height as F = ma = 1.0 ´ 10 4 ´ 50 = 5 ´ 10 5 N
shown in figure. 1
8. From equation of motion, y = ut + at 2 …(i)
2
Initial Final where, a is the acceleration.
position position 1
Given equation, y = ut + gt 2 = ut +× 2gt 2 …(ii)
2
Both planes are inclined at same angle
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2. According to Newton’s first law of motion, Acceleration, a = 2 g
everybody continues in its state of rest or Force = m ´ a = m × 2g = 2mg
uniform motion. Unless an external force acts
upon it. This depicts that a body by itself 9. Given, mass of bullet, m = 0.04 kg
cannot change its state of rest or of uniform Initial speed of bullet, u = 90 ms -1
motion along a straight line. Time, t = 3 s
This law is known as law of inertia. Final velocity of bullet, v = 0
3. This is because the feet of the passenger If a be the retardation in the bullet in the
comes to rest along with the bus, but the wooden block, then
upper part of his body, due to inertia of From equation of motion, v = u - at
motion, tends to remain in motion. 0 = 90 - a ´ 3
4. If downward force on the earth stops, so Þ 3a = 90 Þ a = 30 m/s 2
upward self-adjusting force also stop. In \ Average resistive force,
vertical direction, there is no force. Due to F = m × a = 0.04 ´ 30 = 1.2 N
inertia, person resists any change to its state 10. Given, mass, m = 6 kg
of rest. So, person will remain standing. Velocity, v = v 2 - v 1 = 5 - 3 = 2
5. During pick-up, the car accelerates. This must \ Momentum, p = mv = 6 ´ 2 = 12 N-s
happens due to a net external force. This is
because, the acceleration of the car cannot be 11. To solve this question we have to apply
accounted for by any internal force. The only Newton’s second law of motion, in terms of
conceivable external force along the road is force and change in momentum.
the force of friction. It is the frictional force dp
We know that, F =
that accelerates the car as a whole. dt
Given that, meter scale is moving with
6. Since, momentum is directly proportional to uniform velocity, hence dp = 0.
mass of the body. Hence, when both iron
balls are dropped from same height, then Force, F = 0.
bigger ball gain greater momentum than As all parts of the scale is moving with
smaller ball at the time of striking the glass uniform velocity and total force is zero,
pane. Hence, it can transfer greater hence torque will also be zero.
12. Given, mass of satellite, m = 10 4 kg 16. The area under F-t graph gives change in
momentum.
F = 5 ´ 10 N, t = 20 s, u = 0, v = ?
5
So, for the F-t graph as shown below

Impulse applied on the satellite is equal to
the change in momentum. B
6
i.e. F × t = m (v - u )
G H
5 ´ 10 5 ´ 20 = 10 4 ( v - 0 ) 3
5 ´ 10 5 ´ 20 C F I
Þ v = = 1000 m/s = 1 km/s F(N) 0
A 2
10 4 4 6 8
–3 t(s)
13. Given, p = 2 + 3t 2 D E
Differentiate w.r.t. t, we get For 0 to 2s, Dp 1 = Area under the triangle ABC
dp 1
= 0 + 3 ´ 2t = 6t =´ 2 ´ 6 = 6 kg-ms -1
dt 2
dp For 2 to 4s, Dp 2 = Area under the rectangle
If t = 3 s, then = 6 ´ 3 = 18 N
dt
CFEDC
= 2 ´ -3 = - 6 kg-ms -1
\ Force acting on the particle = 18 N
For 4 to 8s, Dp 3 = Area under the rectangle
Dp ö
14. From Newton’s second law, F = n × æç ÷ FIHGF
è Dt ø
= 4 ´ 3 = 12 kg-ms -1
where, F = force, n = number of bullets fired So, total change in momentum for 0 to 8s,
Dp
per second and = rate of change of Dp net = Dp 1 + Dp 2 + Dp 3
Dt
= ( + 6 - 6 + 12) = 12 kgms -1 = 12 N-s
momentum of one bullet.
æmv - 0 ö 17. Here, F = kt
Þ F =n ç ÷
è Dt ø When t = 0, then linear momentum = p
Given, F = 144 N, m = 40 g = 40 ´ 10-3 kg, When t = T , then linear momentum = 3p
v = 1200 ms-1 and Dt = 1 s According to Newton’s second law of motion,
40 ´ 10 - 3 ´ 1200 dp
\ 144 = n ´ Applied force, F =
1 dt
144 or dp = F × dt
Þ n=
4 ´ 12 or dp = kt × dt
Þ n=3 Now, integrate both side with proper limit
3p T T
ét2 ù
15. Given, u = ( 3$i + 4 $j ) m/s òp ò0
3p
dp = k t dt or [ p ]p = k ê 2ú
ë û0
and v = - ( 3i$ + 4 $j ) m/s
1
Mass of the ball, m = 150 g = 0.15 kg or ( 3 p - p ) = k (T 2 - 0 )
2
Dp = Change in momentum 4 p p
or T2= or T = 2
= Final momentum – Initial momentum k k
= mv - mu
18. Given, F = 50 N, m = 20 kg, v = 15 ms -1
. ) [-( 3i$ + 4 $j ) - ( 3$i + 4 $j )]
= m ( v - u ) = ( 015
mv
Impulse, F =
. ) [ -6 i$ - 8 $j ]
= ( 015 Dt
. ´ 6 i$ + 015
= - [ 015 . ´ 8 $j ] mv
Time, Dt =
$ $ F
= - [ 0. 9 i + 1. 20 j ]
20 ´ 15
Hence, Dp = - [ 0. 9 i$ + 1 . 2$j ] Dt = =6 s
50
19. The situation is as depicted below 24. In equilibrium, net force is zero, therefore
acceleration is zero, hence particle is either at
rest or in motion with uniform velocity.
25. For stable condition,
m= 0.15 kg F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
( 3$i - 4 $j) + ( 2$i - 3$j) + F3 = 0 (given)
Initial momentum = mv = 0 .15 ´ 12
Þ F = -5 $i + 7 $j
= 18. N-s to right 3
Final momentum = mv = 0.15 ´ 12 26. Let equal forces F 1 = F 2 = F newton

= 1.8 N-s to left Angle between the forces, q = 60°
Impulse = Change in momentum Resultant force, R = 40 3 N
= Final momentum - Initial momentum
Now, R = F 12 + F 22 + 2F 1 F 2 cos q
= (1.8 N-s ) - ( - 1.8 N-s )
= (1.8 N-s ) + (1.8 N-s ) = 3.6 N-s \ 40 3 = F 2 + F 2 + 2FF cos 60°
= 3.6 N-s towards left
or F = 40 N
20. According to figure, radius of semi-circle,
r =2 27. Consider the adjacent diagram
Linear momentum gained N
= Impulse from 0 to 4 s B A
= Area enclosed by graph from 0 to 4 s
pr 2 p ( 2) 2 W
O
E
= = = 2p N-s
2 2
21. Action and reaction forces always act on
different bodies, because if they work on S
same body, then net force on the body is Let, OA = p 1
zero and there could never be accelerated = initial momentum of player northward
motion. and AB = p 2 = final momentum of player
So, they cannot balance or cancel each other. towards west.
Hence, options (a) and (c) are correct. B A
22. From law of conservation of momentum,

pi = p f
and initial momentum, p i = mu = m ( 0 ) = 0 R O
\ p f should also be zero. Clearly, OB = OA + AB
Hence, other piece will move in negative Change in momentum = p 2 - p 1
x-direction. = AB - OA = AB + ( - OA )
23. From conservation of linear momentum, = Clearly resultant AR will be along
m 2v 2 = m 1v 1 south-west.
200 28. From the given forces, we can say that first
100 v 2 = ´ 80
1000 two forces 1 N and 2 N, if are in the same
200 ´ 80 direction, then it would be equal to third
v2 = force 3 N. But it is given that, all the three
1000 ´ 100
forces are in different directions.
Þ v 2 = 0.16 m/s
So, there is no possibility that these three
or v 2 = 16 cm/s forces, are in equilibrium.
29. Since, all the blocks are moving with constant 32. N
velocity and we know that, if velocity is
2 kg
constant, acceleration of the body becomes
–2
zero. 5 kg 5 ms
Hence, the net force on all the blocks will be
zero.
70 N
30. Apply Lami’s theorem at O,
T1 T2 N - 70 = 7 ´ 5
=
sin 150° sin 120° \ N = 105 N
10 10
= = = 10 33. Given, m A = 4 kg,
sin 90° 1
\ T 1 = 10 sin 150° m B = 2 kg, m C = 1 kg and F = 14 N
1 a
= 10 ´ = 5 N
2 F
T 2 = 10 sin 120° A B C
3
= 10 ´ =5 3N So, total mass, M = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 kg
2
Now, F = Ma Þ 14 = 7a Þ a = 2 ms -2
31. T 1 and T 2 are the tensions in the sections BC
FBD of block A,
and BF , then resolution of all forces at B in
two perpendicular directions are shown a
below F F′
4 kg
T1 sin 30°
T2 sin 30° Þ F ¢ = F - 4a = 14 - 4 ´ 2 Þ F ¢ = 6 N
C F
T1 Hence, the contact force between A and
B T2 B is 6 N.
30° 30°
T1 cos 30° 90° 90° T2 cos 30° 34. First of all consider the forces on the blocks
as shown below
10 N a
2 3
T1 T2 T3
A m m
For equilibrium along horizontal direction, µmg µmg

a T1
T 1 cos 30° = T 2 cos 30°
m 1
Let, T1 =T2 =T
Again, for equilibrium along vertical mg
direction.
For the Ist block, mg - T 1 = m ´ a …(i)
T 1 sin 30° + T 2 sin 30° = 10
Let us consider 2nd and 3rd blocks as a system,
Þ 2T sin 30° = 10
1 so T 1 - 2 mmg = 2m ´ a …(ii)
2T ´ = 10 Þ T = 10 N Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
g
So, the tension in both sections BC and mg (1 - 2 m ) = 3m ´ a Þ a = (1 - 2 m )
BF is 10 N. 3
35. Given, m 1 = 1 kg , m 2 = 2 kg and g = 10 ms -2 one in a radius r / 2 and lighter one in

radius r.
æm - m 1 ö
Acceleration, a = ç 2 ÷g As, lighter stone is n times that of the value of
èm 1 + m 2 ø heavier stone when they experience same
æ 2 -1ö 10 centripetal forces, we get
=ç ÷ 10 =
è1 + 2 ø 3 ( F c ) heavier = ( F c ) lighter
2m ( v ) 2 m (nv ) 2
é 1 2 -1 ù Þ =
êëQ s = ut + 2 at and u = 0 ms úû ( r / 2) r
1 Þ n2 = 4
Distance, s = ´ a ´ t 2 Þ n=2
2
1 10 20 41. For car moving in circle of radius R, with
= ´ ´4= m
2 3 3 velocity v and mass = m ,
36. Frictional force in the direction of train Centripetal force required
causes the acceleration of the box lying in = Frictional force £ m s N
the compartment of an accelerating train. mv 2
£ m smg (Q N = mg )
37. Given, m = 2 kg, m = 0 . 2 R
v £ m s Rg
and g = 10 m/s2
2
Here, ma = mmg mv max
42. We know that, F = …(i)
Þ a = mg = 0.2 ´ 10 = 2 ms-2 r
and F = m smg …(ii)
38. Given, mass of the car = m
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) for maximum speed of
As car starts from rest, u = 0
vehicle
Velocity acquired along east = v $i mv 2
m smg ³ max
Duration, t = 2s. r
We know that, v = u + at where, v max = maximum velocity of vehicle.
Þ v $i = 0 + a ´ 2 . , r = 5 m and g = 10 ms -2
Given, m s = 01
v$ \ v max = m s rg
Þ a= i
2 2
v max . ´ 5 ´ 10 = 5 m 2 s -2
= 01
mv $
Force, F = ma = i So, person or vehicle will slip, if v 2 > 5 m 2 s -2 .
2
mv 43. Given, m s = 0.2, R = 300 m and q = 15°
Hence, force acting on the car is towards
2 Optimum speed, v o = gR tan q
east. As external force on the system is only
mv = 9.8 ´ 300 ´ tan 15°
friction, hence the force is by friction.
2 = 2940 ´ 0.27 = 28.1 ms -1
Hence, force by engine is internal force.
gR ( m s + tan 15° )
39. Given, m = 2 kg, r = 10 m and v = 5 ms -1 and v max =
1 - m s tan 15°
Radial acceleration (centripetal acceleration)
v2 5 ´ 5 9.8 ´ 300 (0.2 + 0.27)
= = = 2.5 ms -2 =
r 10 1 - 0.2 (0.27)
= 38.1 ms -1
Force = Mass ´ Acceleration = 2 ´ 2.5 = 5 N
Thus, the optimum speed and maximum
40. Given that, two stones of masses m and 2m permissible speed are 28.1 ms -1 and
are whirled in horizontal circles, the heavier 38.1 ms -1 , respectively.
44. If angle of banking is q, then 50. The opposing force that comes into play
2
mv /r v 2 when one body is actually sliding over the
tan q = Þ tan q = surface of the other body is called sliding
mg rg
friction.
Given, v = 10 ms -1, r = 10 m
The coefficient of sliding is given as
and g = 10 ms- 2 m S = N / F sliding
(10 ) 2
So, tan q = =1 where, N is the normal reaction and F sliding is
10 ´ 10 the sliding force.
\ q = 45° As, the dimensions of N and F sliding are same.
45. The term inertia means resistance of any Thus, m S is a dimensionless quantity. When
physical object. It is defined as the tendency body is rolling, then it reduces the area of
contact of surfaces, hence rolling friction is
of a body to remain in its position of rest or
smaller than sliding friction.
uniform motion. So, it is dependent on mass
of the body. Hence, statement (d) is incorrect.
46. Given, mass, m = 5 kg 51. When particle moves in a circle even with
uniform or constant speed, it faces an
Acting force, F = ( -3$i + 4 $j ) N external force towards its centre called
Initial velocity at t = 0, u = ( 6 $i - 12$j ) m/s centripetal force. Hence, the statement given
in option (c) is incorrect.
F æ 3i$ 4 $j ö
Retardation, a$ = = ç- + ÷ m/s 2 52. A. Static friction is the frictional force
m è 5 5ø
between the surfaces of two objects when
As final velocity is along Y-axis only, its they are not in motion with respect to each
x-component must be zero. other.
From v = u + at, for x-component only, Due to this reason, static friction has the
highest value of frictional force and hence
3$i
0 = 6 $i - t m is highest.
5
B. Rolling friction takes place when one body
5´6 rolls over the surface of another body due
t= = 10 s
3 to which the value of friction is less in case
47. Impulse is defined as rate of change of of rolling friction and hence m is lowest.
momentum. For change in momentum to be C. Kinetic friction takes place when one body
minimum. slides over the surface of the another body.
d Value of friction is moderate and lie in
( 20t 2 - 20t ) = 0 between the friction value of rolling and
dt static friction and hence m is moderate.
40t - 20 = 0
1 Hence, A ® p, B ® r and C ® q.
t= s
2 53. Acceleration of system,
60 - 18 - (m 1 + m 2 + m 3 ) g sin 30°
48. Frictional force is a non-conservative force a = = 2 ms -2
because work done by it is dissipated (m 1 + m 2 + m 3 )
(wasted) as heat energy. This is not the case Net force on 3 kg block = m 3a = 6 N
with other forces. From free body diagram of 3 kg block, we
49. Due to inertia, greater force is needed to have
push the truck than the car, to bring them to N 12 - m 1 g sin 30° - 18 = m 1 a
the same speed in same time. Þ N 12 = 25 N
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is From free body diagram of 3 kg block, we
correct, rest are incorrect. have
60 - m 3 g sin 30° - N 32 = m 3a 58. If force on A by B = FAB and force on B by

\ N 32 = 39 N A = FBA .
Hence, A ® r, B ® s, C ® q and D ® s. These forces add to give a null force when
FAB = – FBA .
54. Aristotle stated that an external force is
Here FAB and FBA are internal forces of ( A + B )
required to keep a body in motion as it can
system.
be observed in our surrounding, i.e. to move
a body, we need to push or pull an object. Internal forces in a body do not cancel away,
But Aristotle didn’t give any reason behind as they do not act on the same particle.
this fact. Therefore, A is true but R is false.
The reason behind this fact is that, there are 59. It is not always necessary that external
number of opposing forces like friction, agency of force is in contact with the object,
viscosity, etc., are always present in the while applying force on object.
natural world. To counter these opposing Force can be applied on a body/particle
forces, some external force is required to without contact or with contact, it depends
keep a body in motion. on the agency, applying force. e.g.
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is earth pulls (exerts force) from distance.
A stone without any physical contact falls
55. A stationary body ( v = 0 ) may still have some due to gravitational pull of the earth.
acceleration, e.g. when a body is thrown in Therefore, A is true but R is false.
upward direction, it comes to rest at highest Change in momentum Dp
position, but at that time, it still have
60. Force = =
Time interval Dt
acceleration equal to acceleration due to
If time interval is increased, then force will
gravity g .
get decreased (for constant Dp). Therefore,
Hence, gravitational force is acting at highest reaction force on the hand is small, i.e. he
position and when a force acts on a body, experience less hurt.
then its accelerates.
This is what seasoned cricketer does.
New player make Dt small, so force is more,
56. At the microscopic level, all bodies are made which hurt new player’s hand.
up of charged constituents and various Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
contact forces exist between them. not the correct explanation of A.
These forces are due to elasticity of bodies,
61. As we know, momentum, p = mv
molecular collisions and impacts etc.
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is Change in p can be brought by changing
the correct explanation of A. force F i.e.
dp
57. Force is a vector quantity. Thus, if force is F= = rate of change of momentum with
dt
not parallel to the velocity of the body, but
time.
makes some angle with it, it changes the
component of velocity along the direction of Þ md v = Fdt
force. So, in order to keep, Fdt constant, mdv should
The component of velocity normal to the be constant, here m and dv can change from
force remains unchanged, e.g. in projectile one body to another body.
motion, horizontal component of velocity Thus, same force for same time can cause
does not change under the effect of vertical different change in momentum for different
gravitational force. bodies.
Therefore, A is true but R is false. Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
p 20
62. According to Newton’s third law of motion, it v = = = 40 m/s
is impossible to have a single force out of m 0.5
mutual interaction between two bodies,
px = 2×8 = 16
whether they are moving or at rest.
It means, third law of motion is applicable to
all the bodies either at rest or in motion and
this law is also applicable to all types of
forces. py = 1×12 = 12
69. Given, F = 10 N, v i = 0,
63. Angle of repose is equal to angle of limiting
friction and maximum value of static friction m = 0.5 kg, Dt = 0 .25 s
is called the limiting friction. Q Change in momentum, Dp = p f - p i …(i)
Maximum force of static friction which Also, Dp = F × Dt …(ii)
comes into play when a body just starts From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
moving. Over the surface of another body is F × Dt = p f - p i
called limiting friction.
or 10 ´ 0.25 = p f - mv i
2.5 = p f - 0.5 ´ 0
Þ p f = 2.5 N/s
64. From relation, the centrifugal force,
70. Conservation of linear momentum gives
mv 2 m ( r w ) 2
F = = = mrw2 m 1v 1 + m 2v 2 = 0
r r
m 1v 1 = - m 2v 2
= mr ( 2pn ) 2 = 4 p 2 mr n 2
- m 2v 2
= 4 p 2 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ 12 = 4 p 2 N Þ v1 =
m1
mv 2
Centripetal force, F = æ 10 ö
r Given, m 1 = 10 g = ç ÷ kg
è1000 ø
m 2 = 1 kg and v 2 = -5 m/s
dp é dM ù
65. Force, F = =v ê = av 2 \ Velocity of muzzle,
dt ë dt úû
+1´ 5
F av 2 v1 = = 500 m/s
Þ a = = 10 /1000
M M
71. Given that, v 1 = 10 m s -1,
66. Given, mass, m = 5 kg
m 1 = 10 kg, v 2 = 0 ,
Change in velocity, Dv =
m 2 = 9 kg, v 3 = v ,
v f - v i = [(10 - 2) i$ + ( 6 - 6 ) $j ]
m 3 = 1 kg
Change in momentum According to conservation of momentum,
= mDv = 5 [8 $i ] = 40 $i kg -ms - 1 m 1v 1 = m 2v 2 + m 3v 3
67. Momentum, 10 ´ 10 = 9 ´ 0 + 1 ´ v Þ v = 100 ms -1
Dp = 2mv = 2 ´ 0.25 ´ 10 = 5 kg-m/s 72. From the law of conservation of momentum,
Dp 5 Initial momentum = Final momentum
Force, F = = = 500 N
Dt 0.01 Þ m 1u1 + m 2u2 = m 1v 1 + m 2v 2
\ 0.1 ´ 0 + 50 ´ 0 = 0.1 ´ 100 + 50 (- v 2 )
68. Momentum of third piece,
Þ 0 = 10 - 50v 2
p= p x2 + p 2y = (16 ) 2 + (12) 2 10
\ v2 = = 0.2 ms -1
= 20 kg-m/s 50
73. From 0 to T , area is positive and from T to 77. As, tension, T = mg Þ T µ m

2T , area is negative, so net area is zero. So, the side having 8 kg mass will have more
Hence, there is no change in momentum. tension.
74. Two masses are moving with equal kinetic 78.
energy. f (force of friction)
1 1
M v 12 = 4 M v 22
2 2
v1
or =2
v2 T2
T1
The ratio of linear momentum is 6 kg
p1 M v1
= 8 kg
p2 4 M v 2
p1 1 æ v 1 ö Due to friction, tension at all points of the
or = ç ÷ thread is not alike.
p2 4 è v 2 ø
T 1 -T 2 = f
p1 2 1
or = = Þ f = 8 g -6 g = 2g
p2 4 2
= 20 N (Q g = 10 ms -2 )
Þ p1 : p2 = 1 : 2
79. As, mR = f = 20 N
75. Frictional force acts between pulley and rope.
20 20 1
76. The reaction force is m= = = (Q R = mg )
R 14 ´ 10 7
R = T 1 + T 2 = ( 8 + 6 ) g = 14 g
06
Work, Energy
and Power
Quick Revision
1. Work Work is said to be done by a force, when i.e. maximum work done by the
the body is displaced actually through some force.
distance in the direction of the applied force. Case II When F and s are perpendicular to
Thus, work is done on a body only if the each other, i.e. then
following two conditions are satisfied W = F × s = Fs cos 90° = Fs (0 ) = 0,
● A force acts on the body.
i.e. no work done by the force, when a
● The point of application of the force moves body moves in a direction
in the direction of the force. perpendicular to the force acting.
2. Work Done by a Constant Force Work done 4. Work Done by a Variable Force Work
by the force (constant force) is the product of done by variable force is given as,
component of force in the direction of the x x
= ò F ×d x = ò (F cos q ) dx
f f
Wxi ®x
displacement and the magnitude of the f xi xi
displacement. Then, the work done on the body by
= Area under force-displacement curve
the force is given by
When the magnitude and direction of a force
Work done,W = F × s
vary in three dimensions, then it can be
SI unit of work is joule( J ). expressed in terms of rectangular
Its dimensions are [M 1L2T -2]. components.
3. Work Done when Force and Displacement So, work done from x i to x f ,
are Inclined to Each Other x x x
W = ò F x dx + ò F y dy + ò
f f f
Fy Fy F z dz
xi xi xi
F F
where, F x , F y and F z are the rectangular
θ θ components of force in x, y and z-directions,
Fx Fx
respectively.
s
5. Conservative Force If the work done by the
Work done, W = F × s = ( F cos q ) × s = Fs cos q force in displacing an object depends only on
Two cases can be considered as given below for the initial and final positions of the object and
the maximum and minimum work not on the nature of the path followed
Case I When F and s are in the same between the initial and final positions, such a
direction, i.e. q = 0° , then work done is force is known as conservative force. e.g.
W = Fs cos 0° = Fs (1) = Fs Gravitational force is a conservative force.
6. Non-Conservative Force If the work done 12. Potential Energy of a Spring For a small
by a force in displacing an object from one stretch or compression, spring obeys Hooke’s
position to another depends upon the path law, i.e. restoring force µ stretch or compression
between the two positions. Such a force is - Fs µ x Þ Fs = - k x
known as non-conservative force. e.g. Friction where, k is called spring constant. Its SI unit
is a non-conservative force. is Nm –1.The negative sign shows F s acts in the
7. Energy The energy of a body is defined as its opposite direction of displacement x.
capacity or ability for doing work. If the block is moved from an initial
● The dimensions of energy are the same as displacement x i to final displacement x f , then
the dimensions of work, i.e. [M 1 L2 T -2 ]. work done by spring force is
● It is measured in the same unit as work, i.e.
1 1
W s = kx i2 - kx f 2
joule in SI system and erg in CGS system. 2 2
8. Kinetic Energy The energy possessed by a \ Change in potential energy of a spring
body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic 1
DU = – W s = k ( x 2f – x i2 )
energy. In other words, the amount of work 2
done, by a moving object before coming to rest 1
If x i = 0, then DU = kx 2f
is equal to its kinetic energy. 2
1 13. Conservation of Mechanical Energy This
\ Kinetic energy, KE = mv 2
2 principle states that, if only the conservative
where, m is a mass and v is the velocity of a forces are doing work on a body, then its
body. mechanical energy (KE + PE) remains constant.
● Relation between Kinetic Energy and i.e. K + U = constant = E
Linear Momentum \ K i +Ui = K f +U f
p = 2m K The quantity K + U , is called the total
mechanical energy of the system.
9. Work Energy Theorem or Work Energy
Principle It states that, work done by the net 14. Motion in a Vertical Circle A particle of
force acting on a body is equal to the change mass m is attached to an inextensible string of
produced in the kinetic energies of the body. length L and is moving in a vertical circle
f about fixed point O (as shown)
K f – K i = ò Fnet × dx
i
\ K f - K i =W O
T v
where, K f and K i are the final and initial θ
kinetic energies of the body. L B
h mg cos θ
10. Potential Energy The potential energy of a mg sin θ
A u
body is defined as the energy possessed by the
body by virtue of its position or configuration.
● Minimum velocity at highest point, so that
So, if configuration of the system changes, then particle complete the circle, v min = gL ,
its potential energy changes. at this velocity, tension in the string is zero.
Dimensions = [ML2T –2 ] ● Minimum velocity at lowest point, so that
SI unit = Joule particle complete the circle, v min = 5 gL ,
11. Gravitational Potential Energy at this velocity, tension in the string is 6 mg.
Gravitational potential energy of a body is the ● When string is horizontal, then minimum
energy possessed by the body by virtue of its velocity is 3Rg and tension in this
position above the surface of the earth.
Gravitational potential energy, U = mgh condition is 3 mg.
15. Power Power of a person or machine is 19. Conservation of Linear Momentum in

defined as the rate at which work is done or Collision Total linear momentum is
energy is transferred. conserved at each instant during collision.
Average power (Pav ) = rate of doing work \ p 1 + p 2 = constant
work done (W ) 20. Elastic Collision in One Dimension
=
time taken (t ) In one-dimensional elastic collision, relative
Thus, the average power of a force is defined velocity of separation after collision is equal to
relative velocity of approach before collision.
as the ratio of the work (W) to the total time (t).
u1 - u2 = v2 - v1
16. The instantaneous power of an agent at any
Velocities of the Bodies After the Collision
instant is equal to the dot product of its force
Velocity of Ist body after collision,
and velocity vectors at that instant.
P = F×v æm - m2 ö æ 2m 2 ö
v1 = ç 1 ÷ u1 + ç ÷ u2 …(i)
17. Power is a scalar quantity and its dimensional èm1 + m2 ø èm1 + m2 ø
formula is [ML2T –3 ].
Velocity of IInd body after collision,
The SI unit of power is watt (W).
æm - m1 ö æ 2m 1 ö
1 joule v2 = ç 2 ÷ u2 + ç ÷u 1 …(ii)
1 watt = = 1 Js - 1 è 1
m + m 2ø èm1 + m2 ø
1 second
Another popular units of power are kilowatt and Eqs. (i) and (ii) give the final velocities of the
horse power. colliding bodies in terms of their initial
1 kilowatt = 1000 watt or 1 kW = 10 3 W velocities.
1 horse power = 746 watt or 1 HP = 746 W The two cases under the action of same and
different masses can be considered as given
This unit is used to describe the output of below
automobiles, motorbikes, engines, etc.
Case I When two bodies of equal masses
18. Collision A collision is an isolated event in collide.
which two or more colliding bodies exert
strong forces on each other for a relatively i.e. m 1 = m 2 = m (say)
short time. For a collision to take place, the From Eq. (i), we get
actual physical contact is not necessary. 2mu 2
v1 = = u 2 = velocity of body of
Collision between particles have been divided 2m
into two types which can be differentiated as mass m 2 before collision
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision From Eq. (ii), we get
A collision in which A collision in which there 2mu 1
there is absolutely no occurs some loss of v2 = = u 1 = velocity of body of
loss of kinetic energy. kinetic energy.
2m
mass m 1 before collision.
Forces involved during Some or all forces
elastic collision must be involved during collision
Case II When a light body collides against a
conserved in nature. may be non- conservative massive stationary body.
in nature. Here, m 1 << m 2 and u 2 = 0
The mechanical energy A part of the mechanical Neglecting m 1 in Eq. (i), we get
is not converted into energy is converted into m 2u 1
heat, light, sound, etc. heat, light, sound, etc. v1 = - = - u1
m2
e.g. Collision between e.g. Collision between
subatomic particles, two vehicles, collision From Eq. (ii), we get
collision between glass between a ball and floor, v2 0
balls, etc. etc.
21. Perfectly Inelastic Collision in One Case II Head-on Collision In this type of
Dimension collision, the target particle moves in the
When the two colliding bodies together move direction of the incident particle, i.e. f = 0°.
as a single body with a common velocity after m 1u 1 = m 1v 1 cos q + m 2v 2 and 0 = m 1v 1 sin q
the collision, then the collision is perfectly So, the kinetic energy remains unchanged.
inelastic.
Case III Elastic Collision of Two Identical
In perfectly inelastic collision between two Particles When two particles of same mass
bodies of masses m 1 and m 2, the body of mass undergo perfectly elastic collision in two
m 2 happens to be initially at rest (u 2 = 0 ). After dimensions, i.e. m 1 = m 2.
the collision, the two bodies move together
\ q + f = 90°
with common velocity v. The change in their
m 1 m 2u 12 Thus, after collision the two particles will move
kinetic energies is KE = at right angle to each other.
2 (m 1 + m 2 )
23. Inelastic Collision in Two Dimensions
\ DKE is a positive quantity. When two bodies travelling initially along the
Therefore, kinetic energy is lost mainly in the same straight line collide involving some loss of
form of light, sound and heat. kinetic energy and move after collision along
22. Elastic Collision in Two Dimensions When different directions in a plane, then it is called
the collision between two bodies is not inelastic collision in two dimensions.
head-on (the force during the collision is not 24. Coefficient of Restitution or
along the initial velocity). The bodies move Coefficient of Resilience
along different lines, then the collision is called It is defined as the ratio of relative velocity of
elastic collision in two dimensions. separation after collision to the relative velocity
The three cases can be considered as given of approach before collision. It is denoted by e .
below Relative velocity of separation (after collision)
e =
Case I Glancing Collision In a glancing Relative velocity of approach (before collision)
collision, the incident particle does not lose
|v2 - v1 |
any kinetic energy and is scattered almost e =
undeflected. Thus, for such collision, when |u 2 - u 1 |
q = 0°, f = 90°, u 1 = v 1 and v 2 = 0. where, u 1 & u 2 are velocities of two bodies
1 before collision and v 1 & v 2 are their respective
KE of the target particle = m 2v 22 = 0
2 velocities after collision.
25. Comparison between Different Types of Collisions

Collision Kinetic Energy Coefficient of Restitution Main Domain
Elastic Conserved e =1 Between atomic particles
Inelastic Non-conserved 0 < e <1 Between ordinary objects
Perfectly inelastic Maximum loss of KE e =0 During shooting
Super elastic KE increases e >1 In explosions
Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 5. A body moves from point A to B under
1. A bicyclist comes to a skidding stop in the action of a force varying in
10 m. During this process, the force on magnitude as shown in figure, then the
the bicycle due to the road is 200N and work done is (force is expressed in
is directly opposed to the motion. The newton and displacement in metre)
work done by the cycle on the road is
20
(NCERT Exemplar) Q
15
(a) + 2000 J (b) - 200 J A P
(c) zero (d) - 20, 000 J 10
5
2. Force of 50 N acting on a body at an F 0 R
1 2 3 4 5 s
angle q with horizontal. If 150 J work is –5
done by displacing it 3 m, then q is –10
(a) 60° (b) 30° –15 B
(c) 0° (d) 45°
(a) 30 J (b) 22.5 J
3. A particle is pushed by forces (c) 25 J (d) 27 J
2$i + 3$j - 2k$ and 5$i - $j - 3k$
6. A string of length L and force constant
simultaneously and it is displaced from k is stretched to obtain extension l. It is
point $i + $j + k$ to point 2$i - $j + 3k$ . The further stretched to obtain extension l 1 .
work done is The work done in second stretching is
(a) 7 units (b) - 7 units 1 1 2
(a) kl 1 (2l + l 1 ) (b) kl 1
(c) 10 units (d) -10 units 2 2
1 1
4. Consider a force F = - x$i + y$j. The (c) k (l 2 + l 12 ) (d) k (l 12 - l 2 )
2 2
work done by this force in moving a
particle from point A(1, 0 ) to B(0, 1) 7. A uniform chain of length l and mass m
along the line segment is (all quantities is lying on a smooth table and one-third
are in SI units) of its length is hanging vertically down
Y over the edge of the table. If g is
B (0, 1) acceleration due to gravity, work
required to pull the hanging part on to
the table is
mgl
(a) mgl (b)
3
mgl mgl
(c) (d)
X 9 18
(0, 0) A (1, 0)
8. IfW 1 , W 2 andW 3 are the work done in
3
(a) (b) 2 moving a particle from A and B along
2
1 three different paths 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 (d) respectively (as shown) in the
2
gravitational field of a point mass m, the (a) Heavy body

relation betweenW 1 , W 2 andW 3 is (b) Light body
(c) Both have same linear momenta
B
1
m 14. A mass of 5 kg is moving along a
2
circular path of radius 1 m. If the mass
3
moves with 300 rev/min, its kinetic
A energy (in J) would be
(a) W1 > W2 > W3 (b) W1 = W2 = W3 (a) 250p 2 (b) 100p 2 (c) 5 p 2 (d) zero
(c) W1 < W2 < W3 (d) W2 > W1 > W3 15. Two moving objects (m 1 > m 2 ) having
9. Amongst the given graphs which one same kinetic energy are stopped by
correctly represents the variation of the application of equal retarding force.
kinetic energy (K ) of a body with Which object will come to rest at
velocity (v )? shorter distance?
(a) Bigger
K K (b) Smaller
(a) (b) (c) Both at same distance
(d) Cannot say
v v
16. A particle which is experiencing a
K K force, is given by F = 3$i - 12$j,
(c) (d) undergoes a displacement of d = 4 $i.
If the particle had a kinetic energy of
v v 3 J at the beginning of the
displacement, what is its kinetic energy
10. The kinetic energy of a body of mass at the end of the displacement ?
4 kg and momentum 6 N-s will be (a) 9 J (b) 15 J (c) 12 J (d) 10 J
(a) 3.5 J (b) 5.5 J
(c) 2.5 J (d) 4.5 J 17. A particle moves in one dimension
from rest under the influence of a force
11. For a moving particle (mass m, velocity v) that varies with the distance travelled by
having a momentum p, which one of the particle as shown in the figure.
the following correctly describes the The kinetic energy of the particle after
kinetic energy of the particle? it has travelled 3 m is
p2 p v2 v
(a) (b) (c) (d) C
2m 2m 2m 2m 3
A B
12. Two bodies of masses 4 kg and 5 kg are 2 D
Force
moving with equal momentum. Then,
(in N)
the ratio of their respective kinetic 1
energies is F E
(a) 4 : 5 (b) 2 : 1 O 1 2 3
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 5 : 4 Distance
(in m)
13. A heavy body and a light body have
(a) 4 J (b) 2.5 J
same kinetic energy. Which will have
(c) 6.5 J (d) 5 J
larger linear momentum?
18. When a person lifts a brick above the The kinetic friction force is 15 N and
surface of the earth, then its potential spring constant is 10000 N/m. The
energy spring compresses by
(a) increases (b) decreases (a) 5.5 cm (b) 2.5 cm
(c) remains same (d) None of these (c) 11.0 cm (d) 8.5 cm
19. A massless spring of spring constant k, 25. 300 J of work is done in sliding a 2 kg
has extension y and potential energy E. block up an inclined plane of height
It is now stretched from y to 2y. The 10 m (taking, g = 10 ms -2 ). Work done
increase in its potential energy is against friction is
(a) 200 J (b) 100 J
(a) 3E (b) 2E
(c) zero (d) 1000 J
(c) E (d) 4E
20. A bread gives 5 kcal of energy to a boy. 26. The graph below represents the
How much height he can climbs by potential energy U as a function of
using this energy, if his efficiency is position r for a particle of mass m . If
28% and mass is 60 kg? the particle is released from rest at
position r0 , what will its speed be at
(a) 15m (b) 5m
position 3r0 ?
(c) 2.5 m (d) 10 m
U(r)
21. A body is falling freely under the action 3 U0
of gravity alone in vaccum. Which of
the following quantities remain constant 2 U0
during the fall? (NCERT Exemplar)
(a) Kinetic energy U0
(b) Potential energy
(c) Total mechanical energy O
r
1r0 2r0 3r0 4r0
(d) Total linear momentum
22. A stone is projected vertically up to 3U0 4 U0

(a) (b)
reach maximum height h. The ratio of m m
its kinetic energy to its potential energy 2 U0 6 U0
(c) (d)
4 m m
at a height h, will be
5 27. A pebble is attached to one end of a
(a) 5 : 4 (b) 4 : 5 string and rotated in a vertical circle. If
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1 string breaks at the position of
23. A spring of force constant 800 N/m has maximum tension, so from the figure
an extension of 5 cm. The work done in shown below, it will break at
extending it from 5 cm to 15 cm is A
(a) 16 J (b) 8 J
(c) 32 J (d) 24 J
C D
24. A 2 kg block slides on a horizontal floor
with a speed of 4 m/s. It strikes a
B
uncompressed spring and compresses it
till the block is motionless. (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
28. What is the ratio of kinetic energy of a 34. For a system to follow the law of
particle at the bottom to the kinetic conservation of linear momentum
energy at the top, when it just loops a during a collision, the condition is
vertical loop of radius r? I. total external force acting on the
(a) 5 :1 (b) 2 : 3 system is zero
(c) 5 :2 (d) 7 :2 II. total external force acting on the
29. A man can do work of 600 J in 2 min, system is finite and time of collision
then man’s power is is negligible
III. total internal force acting on the
(a) 7.5 W (b) 10 W
(c) 5 W (d) 15 W system is zero
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) I or II
30. A particle is acted by a constant power.
Then, which of the following physical 35. Two identical balls A and B having
quantity remains constant? velocities of 0.5 ms -1 and -0.3 ms -1
respectively, collide elastically in one
(a) Speed
dimension. The velocities of B and A
(b) Rate of change of acceleration
(c) Kinetic energy
after the collision respectively will be
(d) Rate of change of kinetic energy (a) . ms -1 and 0.3 ms -1
-05
(b) 0.5 m/s -1 and -0.3 ms -1
31. An object of mass m moves (c) -0.3 ms -1 and 0.5 ms -1
horizontally, increasing in speed from (d) 0.3 ms -1 and 0.5 ms -1
0 to v in a time t . The power necessary
to accelerate the object during this time 36. A particle of mass 1g moving with a
period is velocity v 1 = ( 3$i - 2$j) ms -1 experiences
mv 2 t mv 2 a perfectly elastic collision with another
(a) (b)
2 2 particle of mass 2 g and velocity
(c) 2 mv 2 (d)
mv 2 v 2 = ( 4 $j - 6 k$ ) ms -1 . The velocity of the
2t particle is
32. A 60 HP electric motor lifts an elevator (a) 2.3 ms-1 (b) 4.6 ms-1
(c) 9.2 ms-1 (d) 6 ms-1
having a maximum total load capacity
of 2000 kg. If the frictional force on the 37. A particle of mass m 1 moves with
elevator is 4000 N, the speed of the velocity v 1 collides with another particle
elevator at full load is close to (take, at rest of equal mass. The velocity of
1 HP = 746 W and g = 10 ms -2 ) second particle after the elastic collision
(a) 2.0 ms -1 (b) 1.5 ms -1 is
(c) 1.9 ms -1 (d) 1.7 ms -1
(a) 2v 1 (b) v 1 (c) - v 1 (d) zero
33. A car of mass m starts from rest and 38. During inelastic collision between two
accelerates, so that the instantaneous bodies, which of the following
power delivered to the car has a quantities always remain conserved?
constant magnitude P 0 . The (NCERT Exemplar)
instantaneous velocity of this car is (a) Total kinetic energy
proportional to (b) Total mechanical energy
(a) t 2 P0 (b) t 1 / 2 (c) Total linear momentum
(c) t -1 / 2 (d) t / m (d) Speed of each body
39. Two objects of mass m each moving proportional to t n , where the value of
-1
with speed u ms collide at 90°, then n is ……… .
final momentum is (assume collision is (a) 1 (b) - 1/2
inelastic) (c) 2 (d) 1/2
(a) mu (b) 2 mu 46. A man of mass m, standing at the
(c) 2 mu (d) 2 2 mu
bottom of the staircase, of height L
40. A body of mass 5 ´ 10 3 kg moving with climbs it and stands at its top. Which
speed 2 ms -1 collides with a body of amongst the following statement is
mass 15 ´ 10 3 kg inelastically and sticks correct? (NCERT Exemplar)
to it. Then, loss in kinetic energy of the (a) Work done by all forces on man is equal to
system will be the rise in potential energy mgL.
(b) Work done by all forces on man is zero.
(a) 7.5 kJ (b) 15 kJ (c) 10 kJ (d) 5 kJ
(c) Work done by the gravitational force on
41. If the linear momentum of a body is man is mgL.
increased by 50%, then the kinetic (d) The reaction force from a step does some
work because the point of application of
energy of that body increases by
the force does not move while the force
……… . exists.
(a) 100% (b) 125% (c) 225% (d) 25%
47. Which of the following statement is
42. A ball of mass m moves with speed v correct about non-conservative force?
and strikes a wall having infinite mass (a) It depends on velocity of the object.
and it returns with same speed, then (b) It depends on the particular path taken by
the work done by the ball on the wall the object.
is ……… . (c) It depend on the initial and final positions of
(a) zero (b) mv J the object.
(c) m / v J (d) v/mJ (d) Both (a) and (b)
43. A body of mass 5 kg is thrown 48. Which of the following statement is

vertically up with a kinetic energy of correct?
490 J. The height at which the kinetic (a) Conservation of mechanical energy does
energy of the body becomes half of the not consider only conservative force.
original value is ……… . (b) Conservation of energy consider both
(a) 12.5 m (b) 10 m conservative and non-conservative forces.
(c) 2.5 m (d) 5 m (c) Conservation of energy consider only
conservative force.
44. If two persons A and B take 2 s and 4 s, (d) Mass converted into energy in nuclear
respectively to lift an object to the same reaction is called mass-defect.
height h, then the ratio of their powers
49. Which of the following statement does
is ……… .
not specify an example of perfectly
(a) 1 :2 (b) 1 :1 inelastic collision?
(c) 2 :1 (d) 1 : 3
(a) A bullet fired into a block if bullet gets
45. At time t = 0, particle starts moving embedded into block.
(b) Capture of electrons by an atom.
along the x-axis. If its kinetic energy
(c) A man jumping on to moving boat.
increases uniformly with time t , the
(d) A ball bearing striking another ball bearing.
net force acting on it must be
50. Match the Column I (angle) with Assertion-Reasoning MCQs

Column II (work done) and select the For question numbers 52 to 60, two
below.
Column I Column II Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
A. q < 90° p. Friction
B. q = 90° q. Satellite rotating (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
around the earth correct explanation of A.
C. q > 90° r. Coolie is lifting a (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
luggage correct explanation of A.
Codes (d) A is false and R is also false.
A B C 52. Assertion Stopping distance
(a) p q r
Kinetic energy
(b) r q p =
Stopping force
(c) p r q
(d) r p q Reason Work done in stopping a body
is equal to change in kinetic energy of
51. A body is moved along a straight line the body.
by a machine delivering a power
proportional to time (P µ t ). Then, 53. Assertion A spring of force constant k
match the Column I with Column II is cut into two pieces having lengths in
and select the correct option from the the ratio 1 : 2. The force constant of
codes given below. series combination of the two parts is
2k / 3.
Column I Column II Reason The spring connected in series
A. Velocity is p. t are represented by k = k1 + k 2 .
proportional to
54. Assertion According to the law of
B. Displacement is q. t2 conservation of mechanical energy,
proportional to change in potential energy is equal and
C. Work done is r. t3 opposite to the change in kinetic
proportional to energy.
Reason Mechanical energy is not
Codes
conserved.
A B C
(a) p q r 55. Assertion Decrease in mechanical
(b) r q p energy is more in case of an object
sliding up a relatively less inclined
(c) p q q
plane due to friction.
(d) r p p
Reason The coefficient of friction the force and the displacement over which it
between the block and the surface acts. Consider a constant force F acting on
decreases with the increase in the angle an object of mass m. The object undergoes a
of inclination. displacement d in the positive x-direction as
56. Assertion For looping a vertical loop of shown in figure.
radius r, the minimum velocity at lowest F
point should be 5gr . θ
Reason In this event, the velocity at the x

d
highest point will be zero.
57. Assertion Kilowatt-hour is the unit of The work done by the force is defined to be
energy. the product of component of the force in the
direction of the displacement and the
Reason One kilowatt hour is equal to
magnitude of this displacement, thus
. ´ 10 6 J.
36
W = ( F cos q ) d = F × d.
58. Assertion There is no loss in energy in
elastic collision.
61. The earth is moving around the sun in
a circular orbit, is acted upon by a
Reason Linear momentum is conserved force and hence work done on the
in elastic collision. earth by the force is
59. Assertion Quick collision between two (a) zero
bodies is more violent than a slow (b) positive
collision; even when the initial and final (c) negative
velocities are identical. (d) None of the above
Reason The momentum is greater in 62. In which case, work done will be
first case. zero?
(a) A weight-lifter while holding a weight of
60. Assertion Two particles are moving in 100 kg on his shoulders for 1 min
the same direction do not lose all their (b) A locomotive against gravity is running on
energy in completely inelastic collision. a level plane with a speed of 60 kmh - 1
Reason Principle of conservation of (c) A person holding a suitcase on his head
momentum does not holds true for all and standing at a bus terminal
kinds of collisions.
63. Find the angle between force
Case Based MCQs F = ( 3$i + 4 $j - 5k$ ) unit and
Direction Answer the questions from displacement d = (5$i + 4 $j + 3k$ ) unit.
(a) cos-1 (0.49) (b) cos-1 (0.32)
Work (c) cos-1 (0.60) (d) cos-1 (0.90)
A farmer ploughing the field, a construction 64. Which of the following statement(s)
worker carrying bricks, a student studying for a is/are correct for work done to be
competitive examination, an artist painting a
zero?
beautiful landscape, all are said to be working.
In physics, however, the word ‘Work’ covers a I. If the displacement is zero.
definite and precise meaning. Work refers to II. If force applied is zero.
KE KE
III. If force and displacement are
mutually perpendicular to each other. (a) (b)
(a) Only I (b) I and II
t
(c) Only II (d) I, II and III
65. A proton is kept at rest. A positively KE KE

charged particle is released from rest at (c) (d)
a distance d in its field. Consider two
experiments; one in which the charged
particle is also a proton and in another, 67. A force which is inversely proportional
a positron. In same time t , the work to the speed is acting on a body. The
done on the two moving charged kinetic energy of the body starting from
particles is rest is
(a) same as the same force law is involved in (a) a constant
the two experiments (b) inversely proportional to time
(b) less for the case of a positron, as the (c) directly proportional to time
positron moves away more rapidly and the
(d) directly proportional to square of time
force on it weakens
(c) more for the case of a positron, as the 68. The kinetic energy of an air molecule
positron moves away a larger distance
(10 -21 J) in eV is
(d) same as the work is done by charged
particle on the stationary proton (a) 6.2 meV (b) 4.2 meV
(c) 10.4 meV (d) 9.7 meV
66-70 on the following case. 69. Two masses of 1 g and 4 g are moving
with equal kinetic energy. The ratio of
Kinetic Energy
the magnitudes of their momentum is
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of (a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 :1
its motion is called kinetic energy. In other (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 16
words, the amount of work done, a moving
object can do before coming to rest is equal to 70. An object of mass 10 kg is moving with
its kinetic energy. velocity of 10 ms -1 . Due to a force, its
1 velocity become 20 ms -1 . Percentage
\ Kinetic energy, KE = mv 2 increase in its KE is
2
(a) 25% (b) 50%
where, m is a mass and v is the velocity of a (c) 75% (d) 300%
body.
The units and dimensions of KE are Joule (in 71-75 on the following case.
SI) and [ML 2 T -2 ], respectively.
PE of Spring
Kinetic energy of a body is always positive. It
There are many types of spring. Important
can never be negative.
among these are helical and spiral springs as
66. Which of the diagrams shown in figure shown in figure.
most closely shows the variation in
kinetic energy of the earth as it moves (a) (b)
once around the sun in its elliptical
orbit?
Usually, we assume that the springs are Direction Answer the questions from
massless. Therefore, work done is stored in 76-80 on the following case.
the spring in the form of elastic potential
Principle of Conservation of Energy
energy of the spring. Thus, potential energy
of a spring is the energy associated with the Total energy of an isolated system always
state of compression or expansion of an remains constant. Since, the universe as a
elastic spring. whole may be viewed as an isolated system,
total energy of the universe is constant. If one
71. The potential energy of a body is part of the universe loses energy, then other
increases in which of the following part must gain an equal amount of energy.
cases? The principle of conservation of energy
(a) If work is done by conservative force cannot be proved as such. However, no
(b) If work is done against conservative force
violation of this principle has been observed.
(c) If work is done by non-conservative force
(d) If work is done against non- conservative 76. When we rub two flint stones together,
force got them to heat up and to ignite a heap
72. The potential energy, i.e. U (x ) can be of dry leaves in the form of
assumed zero when (a) chemical energy (b) sound energy
(c) heat energy (d) electrical energy
(a) x = 0
(b) gravitational force is constant 77. Which graph represents conservation of
(c) infinite distance from the gravitational total mechanical energy?
source
Energy
E=K+U
73. The ratio of spring constants of two K
springs is 2 : 3. What is the ratio of their (a)
potential energy, if they are stretched U
–xm xm X
by the same force?
(a) 2 : 3 Energy
(b) 3 : 2
(c) 4 : 9 K=E
U
(d) 9 : 4 (b)
K
74. The potential energy of a spring –xm xm X
increases by 15 J when stretched by Energy
3 cm. If it is stretched by 4 cm, the
increase in potential energy is E=K+U
U
(a) 27 J (b) 30 J (c)
(c) 33 J (d) 36 J K
–xm xm X
75. The potential energy of a spring when
stretched through a distance x is 10 J. Energy
What is the amount of work done on E=K+U
the same spring to stretch it through an U
(d)
additional distance x?
K
(a) 10 J (b) 20 J X
–xm xm
(c) 30 J (d) 40 J
78. In the given curved road, if particle is 79. U is the potential energy, K is the
released from A, then kinetic energy and E is the mechanical
energy. Which of the following is not
m A possible for a stable system?
(a) U > E (b) U < E (c) E > K (d) K > E
h
80. A body of mass 5 kg is thrown
B vertically up with a kinetic energy of
(a) kinetic energy at B must be mgh
490 J. The height at which the kinetic
(b) kinetic energy at B must be zero
energy of the body becomes half of the
(c) kinetic energy at B must be less than mgh original value is
(d) kinetic energy at B must not be equal to (a) 12.5 m (b) 10
potential energy (c) 2.5 m (d) 5 m
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c)
52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (c)
Case Based MCQs

61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (c) 66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (d)
71. (b) 72. (d) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (d)
SOLUTIONS
1. Here, work is done by the frictional force on 3. Net force, F = 2$i + 3$j - 2k$ + 5$i - $j - 3k$
the cycle = - 200 ´ 10 = - 2000 J.
= 7 $i + 2$j - 5k$
As the road is not moving, hence work done
by the cycle on the road is zero. Displacement, d = 2i$ - $j + 3k$ - $i - $j - k$
2. Given, F = 50 N, W = 150 J = i$ - 2$j + 2k$
and s = 3 m Work done = F × d = ( 7 i$ + 2$j - 5k$ ) × ( $i - 2$j + 2k$ )
Work done, W = Fs cos q = 7 - 4 - 10 = - 7 units
150 = 50 ´ 3 ´ cos q 4. Work done by a variable force on the
150 particle,
cos q = =1
150
W = ò F × dr = ò F × ( dxi$ + dy$j)
Þ q = 0°
\ In two dimension, dr = dx$i + dy$j W = force ´ displacement

mg l mgl
and it is given F = - xi$ + y$j \ W = ´ =
3 6 18
\ W = ò ( - x$i + y$j) × ( dxi$ + dy$j)
8. Gravitational force is a conservative force
= ò - x dx + y dy and work done by or against the force in
moving a body depends only on the initial
= ò - x dx + ò y dy and final positions of the body and not on
the nature of path followed by it.
As particle is displaced from A(1, 0 ) to B( 0, 1),
So, W1 = W2 = W3
so x varies from 1 to 0 and y varies from 0 to
1. 1
9. As we know that, KE = mv 2
So, with limits, work will be 2
0 1 So, kinetic energy is directly proportional to
W = ò - x dx + ò y dy the square of velocity.
1 0
é - x2 ù
0
é y2 ù
1
K µv 2
=ê ú +ê ú As this equation resembles equation of
ë 2 û1 ë 2 û0
parabola as m is constant, hence option (c)
1 represents a parabola.
= [ 0 - ( - 1) 2 + (1) 2 - 0 ] = 1 J
2
10. The kinetic energy K and momentum p of a
5. Work done = Area under F -s curve body are related as
WAB = W12 + W23 + W34 + W45 p2
= Area under AP + Area under PQ K = , where m is the mass of the body
2m
+ Area under QR - Area above RB Here, p = 6 N-s and m = 4 kg
1
= 10 ´ 1 + (10 + 15) (6 )2
2 K = = 4.5 J
2´4
1 1
´ 1 + ´ 1 ´ 15 - ´ 1 ´ 15
2 2 11. The kinetic energy of the particle is
= 10 + 12.5 = 22.5 J 1
K = mv 2
2
6. Work done in stretching a string to obtain an
extension l, As, momentum, p = mv
1 2 or p 2 = m 2v 2
W1 = kl
2 p2
or v2 = 2
Similarly, work done in stretching a string to m
obtain an extension l 1 is 1 æ p2 ö p2
\ K = mç 2÷ =
1 2 èm ø 2m
W2 = kl 12
2
p2
\ Work done in second case, 12. Kinetic energy of a body, K =
1 2m
W = W2 - W1 = k ( l 12 - l 2 ) where, p is the momentum and m is the mass
2
of the body.
7. The weight of hanging part æç ö÷ of chain is
l
è 3ø As, p1 = p2 (given)
K1 m2 5
æ1 ö \ = =
ç mg ÷ . This weight acts at the centre of K2 m1 4
è3 ø
gravity of the hanging part, which is at a p2
13. Kinetic energy of a body, K =
æl ö 2m
distance of ç ÷ from the table.
è6ø or p = 2mK
Hence, work required to pull hanging part,
Since, KH =KL (given) Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

where, subscripts H and L represents for K 2 - K 1 = 12 J or K 2 = K 1 + 12 J
heavy and light bodies. Given, initial kinetic energy, K 1 = 3 J
\ pH mH \ Final kinetic energy, K 2 = 3 J + 12 J = 15 J
=
pL mL 17. \ Work done on the particle
So, mH >mL = Area under the curve ABC
and pH > pL W = Area of square ABFO + Area of DBCD
14. Given, mass, m = 5 kg + Area of rectangle BDEF
1
Radius, R = 1 m = 2 ´ 2 + ´ 1 ´ 1 + 2 ´ 1 = 6.5 J
2
Revolution per minute, w = 300 rev/min
Now, from work-energy theorem,
= ( 300 ´ 2p ) rad/min
DW = K f - K i
300 ´ 2 ´ p
= rad/s = 10 p rad/s Þ K f = DW = 6.5 J (Q K i = 0)
60
18. Potential energy of brick above the earth’s
Linear speed, v = w R = 10 p ´ 1
surface is given by
= 10p m/s
U = mgh
1
\ KE = mv 2
i.e. U µh
2
1 Hence, when a brick is lifted above the
= ´ 5 ´ (10 p ) 2 surface of the earth, then its potential energy
2
increases.
1
= 100 p 2 ´ 5 ´ 19. The potential energy of the spring is
2
1 2
= 250 p 2 J E = ky …(i)
2
15. Applying work-energy theorem on both
Now, it is stretched from y to 2y, so its
moving objects,
potential energy becomes
1
m 1v 12 = Fx 1 1
2 E ¢ = k ( 2y ) 2
2
1
and m 2v 22 = Fx 2 = 2ky 2 = 4 E [using Eq. (i)]
2
\ The increase in its potential energy is
Since, both moving objects have same kinetic
energy, DE = E ¢ - E = 4 E - E = 3E
1 1 20. Energy received by the boys from bread
i.e. m 1v 12 = m 2v 22 Þ Fx 1 = Fx 2
2 2 = 5000 cal = 5000 ´ 4.2
Þ x1 = x2 = 21 ´ 10 3 J
Therefore, both the objects will come to rest According to law of conservation of
at the same distance. mechanical energy,
16. Work done in F is given by DW = F × d 28
mgh = ´ 21 ´ 10 3
100
By substituting given values, we get
28 ´ 21 ´ 10 3
Þ DW = ( 3i$ - 12$j ) × ( 4 $i ) \ h = = 10 m
100 ´ 9.8 ´ 60
Þ DW = 12 J … (i)
21. As the body is falling freely under gravity,
Now, using work-energy theorem, we get the potential energy decreases and kinetic
work done, DW = change in kinetic energy increases but total mechanical energy
energy, DK (PE + KE) of the body and earth system will
or DW = K 2 - K 1 … (ii) be constant as external force on the system is
zero.
4 26. According to the law of conservation of

22. At a height h,
5 energy, U i + K i = U f + K f ...(i)
4 4 So, by putting the values in Eq. (i),
Potential energy = mg ´ h = mgh
5 5 1
3U 0 + 0 = 2U 0 + mv 2
Total energy = mgh 2
\ Kinetic energy at that height 2U 0
Þ v =
4 1 m
=mgh - mgh = mgh
5 5
27. FBD of pebble,
4 A
\ At a height h, the ratio of
5
1
mgh
KE 5 1 C D Pebble
= =
PE 4
mgh 4
5 mg cosθ
B
23. The work done on the spring is stored as the mg sinθ
PE of the body and is given by mg
x2
U =ò F ext dx mv 2 mv 2
x1 \ T - mg cos q = Þ T = mg cos q +
x2 l l
or U =ò kx dx Tension is maximum, when cos q = 1 and
x1
1 velocity is maximum. Both conditions are

= k ( x 22 - x 12 ) satisfied at q = 0°, i.e. at lowest point B.
2
800 28. At top point, the tension (T H ) in string
= . ) 2 - ( 0.05) 2 ]
[( 015
2 becomes zero, so velocity of the particle is
= 400 (0.2 ´ 0.1) = 8 J v H = gr
24. According to work-energy theorem, At the bottom, the velocity of the particle is
loss in kinetic energy = work done against v L = 5gr
friction + potential energy of spring
Therefore, the ratio of kinetic energies at
1 1
mv 2 = f × x + kx 2 bottom and top is
2 2 1
1 1 mv L2 æ ö 2
Þ ´ 2 ( 4 ) = 15 x + ´ 10000 x 2
4 KL v
= 2 =ç L÷
2 2 K H 1 mv 2 è v H ø
Þ 5000 x 2 + 15x - 16 = 0 2
H
\ x = 0.055 m = 5.5 cm 5 gr 5
= = = 5 :1
25. Net work done in sliding a body up to a gr 1
height h on an inclined plane
Hence, the ratio of kinetic energies is 5 : 1.
= Work done against the gravitational
force + Work done against the frictional force
29. Given, W = 600 J
Þ W = Wg + W f …(i) and t = 2 min = 2 ´ 60 = 120 s
But W = 300 J W 600
\ Power, P = = =5W
Given, m = 2 kg and h = 10 m t 120
dW
Wg = mgh = 2 ´ 10 ´ 10 = 200 J 30. By definition, P =
dt
Putting these values in Eq. (i), we get
Q Work done = Kinetic energy
300 = 200 + W f
dW d (KE)
Þ W f = 300 - 200 = 100 J Þ P= = = constant
dt dt
W 36. From conservation of momentum,

31. Power, P =
t m 1 v1 + m 2 v2 = (m 1 + m 2 ) v
Since, K i = initial KE = 0 1 ´ ( 3i$ - 2$j) + 2 ´ ( 4 $j - 6 k$ ) = (1 + 2) v
1
and K f = final KE = mv 2 Þ 3$i + 6 $j - 12k$ = 3 v
2
From work-energy theorem, Þ v = $i + 2$j - 4 k$
work done = change in KE \ Velocity, v = | v| = 1 + 4 + 16 = 4.6 ms -1
1 2
K f -K i mv - 0 37. Given, mass, m 1= m 2 = m and velocity, v = v 1
\ P = = 2
t t For elastic collision,
mv 2 æm - m 1 ö 2m 1v 1
Þ P = v2 = ç 2 ÷ v2 +
2t èm 1 + m 2 ø m1 + m2
32. At maximum load, force provided by motor After putting given values, we will get
to pull the lift, 2m 1v 1
v2 = Þ v2 =v1
F = weight carried + friction = mg + f 2m 1
= ( 2000 ´ 10 ) + 4000 = 24000 N
38. When we are considering the two bodies as
Power delivered by motor at speed v of load, system, the total external force on the system
P = F ´v will be zero.
P 60 ´ 746
Þ v = = = 1865
. = 1.9 ms -1 Hence, total linear momentum of the system
F 24000 remain conserved.
33. As, P0 = Fv = æçm ö÷ v = mv
dv dv
39. Speed of objects = u ms -1
è dt ø dt
Since, both objects collide with 90°.
Þ P0 × dt = mvdv
According to the law of conservation of
Integrating both sides, we get
momentum,
ò0
P0 dt = ò mv dv Total moment before collision
mv 2 = Total momentum after collision
Þ P0 t =
2 |mui$ + mu$j| = p f
2P0 t
Þ v =
2
m u + m u = p f Þ p f = 2 mu
2 2 2 2
m
Þ v µ t 1/ 2 40. Given, mass of body, m 1 = 5 ´ 10 3 kg
dp and mass of another body
34. From Newton’s second law, F =
dt m 2 = 15 ´ 10 3 kg
dp
If F = 0, then =0 Velocity, v 1 = 2 ms -1
dt
For perfectly inelastic collision ( e = 0 ),
Þ p = constant
Loss in kinetic energy of system,
Thus, if total external force acting on the
1 m 1m 2
system is zero during collision, then the DE K = ´ v 12
linear momentum of the system remains 2m1 + m2
conserved. 1 5 ´ 10 3 ´ 15 ´ 10 3
= ´ ´ 22
35. As, we know in a elastical collision of two 2 5 ´ 10 3 + 15 ´ 10 3
identical bodies, i.e. m A = m B , the particles = 7.5 ´ 10 3 J = 7.5 kJ
mutually exchange their velocities. 41. Kinetic energy of the body,
So, ( v i ) A = 0.5 ms -1 and ( v i ) B = -0.3 ms -1 . p2
K =
After collision, 2m
( v f ) A = - 0.3 ms -1 and ( v f ) B = 0.5 ms -1 . Since, the mass remains constant, so K µ p 2 .
2
K 2 p 22 é150 ù 9 Hence, total work done = - mgL + mgL = 0.
\ = = =
K 1 p 12 êë100 úû 4 As the point of application of the contact
forces does not move, hence work done by
æK ö æ9 ö reaction forces will be zero.
Thus, ç 2 - 1÷ ´ 100 = ç - 1÷ ´ 100
èK 1 ø è4 ø
47. If the work done or the kinetic energy
= 125% depend on other factors such as the velocity
42. As, work done = force ´ displacement or the particular path taken by the object, the
As, there is no displacement produced in the force would be called non-conservative.
wall, so work done by the ball on the wall is Thus, the statements given in options (a) and
zero. (b) are correct, rest is incorrect.
Alternative Method As, there is no change 48. In elastic collision, the conservation of
in kinetic energy of the ball, so according to mechanical energy consider only
work-energy theorem, work done should be conservative force while conservation of
zero. energy consider both conservative and
43. According to the law of conservation of non-conservative force.
energy, Mass converted into energy in nuclear
1 1 æ1 ö reaction is called nuclear energy.
mv 2 = ç mv 2 ÷ + mgh
2 2è2 ø Thus, the statement given in option (b) is
correct, rest are incorrect.
Þ 490 = 245 + 5 ´ 9.8 ´ h ,
49. Whenever there is a collision between two
245 bodies, the total momentum of the bodies
h = = 5m
49 remains conserved. If after the collision of
44. Given, t 1 = 2 s, t 2 = 4 s two bodies, the total kinetic energy of the
bodies remains the same as it was before
and h 1 = h 2 = h
collision, then it a perfectly elastic collision.
mgh 1 mgh 2
As, PA = and PB = …(i) A ball bearing striking another ball bearing is
t1 t2
an example of elastic collision. If two bodies
mgh 1 /t 1 æ h 1 ö æ t 2 ö t 2 4 2 strick together after the collision, then the
ÞPA : PB = =ç ÷ç ÷= = =
mgh 2 /t 2 è h 1 ø è t 1 ø t 1 2 1 collision is said to be perfectly inelastic
collision.
Þ PA : PB = 2 : 1
dk Options (a), (b) and (c) are examples of
45. Given, k µ t Þ = constant perfectly inelastic collisions.
dt
Þ K µt 50. Work done by an agent is given by
1 2 W = F × s = Fs cos q
mv µ t Þ v µ t
2 where, F is the applied force, s is the
dK displacement and q is the smaller angle
Also, P = Fv = = constant between F and s .
dt
1 1 A. If q < 90° , i.e. acute angle, then work done
Þ F µ Þ F µ is positive, as in case of coolie lifting
v t
luggage.
Þ F µ t -1 / 2 B. If q = 90° , i.e. right angle, then work done
46. When a man of mass m climbs up the is zero, as in case of satellite rotation
staircase of height L, work done by the around the earth.
gravitational force on the man is mgl, work C. If q > 90° , i.e. obtuse angle, work done is
done by internal muscular forces will be mgL negative, as in case of friction.
as the change in kinetic energy is almost Hence, A ® r, B ® q and C ® p.
zero.
51. As, power, P µ t 55. Mechanical energy consists of both PE and

So, W = ò Pdt = ò at dt KE. In the given cases, some of the
mechanical energy is converted into heat
or W µt2 energy and it is more in the case when
Since, work done is equal to change is KE. inclination is less due to increased (as q
decreases, value of cos q will increases)
Hence, v 2 µ t 2 or v µ t friction force on an inclined plane.
ds
Further, v = f r = mmg cos q
dt
The coefficient of friction does not depend
ds
\ µ t or ds µ t dt on the angle of inclination of the plane. It
dt depends only on the nature of surfaces in
or s µt2 (by integration) contact.
Hence, A ® p, B ® q and C ® q. Therefore, A is true but R is false.
52. According to work-energy theorem, work 56. At the lowest point of a vertical circle, the
done by a body is equal to change in kinetic minimum velocity at bottom,
energy of the body. v min = 5gr
1
Þ W = DKE = mv 2 …(i) Velocity at highest point, v = gr
2
But, W = stopping force ´ stopping distance Therefore, A is true but R is false.
W = F ×d …(ii) Work done (or energy)
57. Power =
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have Time
Stopping distance (d) Þ Work done = Power ´ Time
æ1 ö W = P ´t
Kinetic energy ç mv 2 ÷
è2 ø If P = 1 kilowatt, t = 1 hour, then
=
Stopping force ( F ) W = 1 kilowatt ´ 1 hour
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is = 1 kilowatt-hour
the correct explanation of A. = 10 3 watt ´ 60 ´ 60 s
F 1 = 36. ´ 10 6 J
53. As we know, k = Þ k µ
l l Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
k 2 l1 1
Þ = = not the correct explanation of A.
k 1 l2 2
58. In elastic collision, total energy, kinetic energy
k 1 = 2k , k 2 = k and momentum remain conserved, therefore
1 1 1 1 1 3 no loss in energy occurs in elastic collision.
In series, = + = + =
k ¢ k 1 k 2 2k k 2k Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
2k not the correct explanation of A.
Q k¢=
3 59. As momentum, p = mv or p µ v , i. e.
Therefore, A is true but R is false. momentum is directly proportional to its
54. According to the law of conservation of velocity, so the momentum is greater in a
mechanical energy, for conservative forces, quicker collision between two bodies than in
the sum of kinetic energy and potential slower one.
energy remains constant and throughout the Hence, due to greater momentum quicker
motion it is independent of time. collision between two bodies will be more
This is the law of conservation of mechanical violent even initial and final velocities are
energy, i.e. KE + PE = total energy = identical.
constant. Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. the correct explanation of A.
60. If two particles are initially moving in the 16 æ F × dö

= = 0.32 çQ cos q = ÷
same direction, then their resultant 50 è Fd ø
momentum will not be zero. Therefore, their Þ q = cos -1 ( 0.32)
resultant momentum cannot be zero after a
completely inelastic collision. 64. The work done in displacing an object by
applying force F is given by
As, kinetic energy is directly proportional to
the square of the momentum, hence kinetic W = F × s = Fs cos q
energy cannot be zero. This implies, not all So, work done will be zero, when
the energy in inelastic collision is lost. (i) either applied force F or displacement s is
Therefore, A is true but R is false. zero.
61. When earth is moving around the sun in a (ii) the force and displacement are mutually
perpendicular to each other. i.e. q = 90°.
circular orbit, then gravitational attraction on
earth due to the sun provides required So, all statements are correct.
centripetal force, which is in radially inward 65. Force between two protons is same as that of
direction, i. e. in a direction perpendicular to between proton and a positron.
the direction of motion of the earth in its As positron is much lighter than proton, it
circular orbit around the sun. moves away through much larger distance
As a result, the work done on the earth by compared to proton.
the force will be zero. i.e. W = Fd cos 90° = 0. We know that, work done = force ´ distance.
62. Work done by weight-lifter is zero, because As, forces are same in case of proton and
there is no displacement. positron but distance moved by positron is
In a locomotive, work done is zero because larger, hence work done will be more in case
force due to gravity and displacement are of positron.
mutually perpendicular to each other. 66. When the earth is closest to the sun, speed
In case of a person holding a suitcase on his of the earth is maximum, hence KE is
head and standing at a bus terminal, work maximum. When the earth is farthest from
done is zero because there is no the sun, speed is minimum, hence KE is
displacement. minimum but never zero and negative.
Hence, options (a), (b) and (c) are correct. This variation is correctly represented by
option (d).
63. Given, F = ( 3$i + 4 $j - 5k$ ) unit
K
and d = ( 5i$ + 4 $j + 3k$ ) unit 67. F = (given)
v
\ F × d = F x d x + F yd y + F z d z dv K
m =
= 3 ( 5) + 4 ( 4 ) + ( -5) ( 3) dt v
= 16 units Þ ò mv dv = ò K dt
Now, F × F = F 2 = F x2 + F y2 + F z2
v2
= 9 + 16 + 25 Þ m = Kt
2
= 50 units Þ KE µ t
Þ F = 50 units 68. The kinetic energy of an air molecule is
and d × d = d 2 = d x2 + d 2y + d z2 10 -21 J
= ~
- 0.0062 eV
= 25 + 16 + 9 . ´ 10 -19 J/eV
16
= 50 units This is the same as 6.2 meV.
Þ d = 50 units 69. As we know that, linear momentum, p
16
\ cos q = æ p2 ö
50 50 = 2mK çQ K = ÷
è 2m ø
For same kinetic energy, p µ m When x becomes 2x, the potential energy will
be
p1 m1 1 1
= = = =1: 2 1 1
p2 m2 4 2 U ¢ = k ( 2x ) 2 = 4 ´ kx 2
2 2
70. Initial velocity = 10 ms -1
= 4 ´ 10 = 40 J
Final velocity = 20 ms -1 \ Work done = U ¢ - U = 40 - 10 = 30 J
1
Initial KE = ´ 10 ´ 10 ´ 10 = 5 ´ 10 2 J 76. One of the greatest technical achievements of
2
human kind occurred when we discovered
1
Final KE = ´ 10 ´ 20 ´ 20 = 20 ´ 10 2 J how to ignite and control fire . We learnt to
2 rub two flint stones together (mechanical
( 20 - 5) ´ 10 2 energy), got them to heat up and to ignite a
% increase = ´ 100 = 300%
5 ´ 10 2 heap of dry leaves (chemical energy), which
then provided sustained warmth.
71. Potential energy of a body increases when
work is done against a conservative force, e.g. 77. Parabolic plots of the potential energy U and
if we raise the height of an object, its kinetic energy K of a block attached to a
potential energy increases because work is spring obey in a Hooke’s law. The two plots
done against gravitational force which is a are complementary, one decreasing as the
conservative force. other increases. The total mechanical energy
E = K + U remains constant.
72. The zero of the potential energy is arbitrary.
It is set according to convenience. For the Energy
spring force, we took U ( x ) = 0, at x = 0, i.e.
E=K+U
the unstretched spring had zero potential U
energy.
For the constant gravitational force mg , we K
took U = 0 on the earth’s surface. –xm 0 xm
X
Also, for the force due to the universal law of
78. In a conservative field loss of PE or gain of
gravitation, the zero is best defined at an
KE depends only on initial and final point
infinite distance from the gravitational source.
and not on path covered, i.e. at B, KE = mgh .
73. F = k 1x 1, F = k 2x 2
79. We know that, PE + KE = Mechanical energy
k 1 x2
k 1x 1 = k 2x 2 Þ = U +K =E
k 2 x1
Þ U = E -K
PE (1) k 1 x 12 Now, K can never be negative, so
=
PE (2) k 2 x 22 U <E
2
k1 æk2 ö k 3 K = E -U
= ´ç ÷ = 2 =
k2 èk1 ø k1 2 Now, U can be negative, so K > E is possible.
1 80. According to the law of conservation of
74. PE of spring = kx 2 Þ PE µ x 2
2 energy,
2
( 4) 16 ~ 1 1 æ1 ö
\ PE = 15 ´ = 15 ´ - 27 J mu 2 = ç mu 2 ÷ + mgh
( 3) 2 9 2 2è2 ø
75. Potential energy of the spring when stretched Þ 490 = 245 + 5 ´ 9.8 ´ h
through a distance x, 245
h = = 5m
1 49
U = kx 2 = 10 J
2
07
System of Particles
and Rotational Motion
Quick Revision
1. Rigid Body A body is said to be a rigid body, x CM is x-coordinates of centre of mass of
when it has a perfectly definite shape and size. system is expressed as,
e.g. A wheel can be considered as rigid body by m x + m 2x 2 + m 3x 3 + × × × + m n x n
ignoring a little change in its shape. x CM = 1 1
m1 + m2 + m3 + × × × + mn
2. Rotational Motion (Fixed Axis of n
Rotation) In pure rotational motion, every S mi x i

i = 1
particle of the rigid body moves in circles of Centre of mass, x CM =
Sm i
different radii about a fixed line, which is
known as axis of rotation. ● If particles are distributed in three-
dimensional space, then the centre of mass
e.g. A potter’s wheel, a merry-go-round, etc.
has 3-coordinates, which are
3. Centre of Mass A point at which the entire 1 n 1 n
mass of the body or system of bodies is x CM = S m i x i , y CM = S mi yi
M i = 1 M i=1
supposed to be concentrated is known as the 1 n
centre of mass. z CM = S m iz i
M i=1
● For a System of two Particles The centre
n
of mass of the system at a point which is at where, M = m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + ... = S m i is the
i = 1
distance x CM from origin is given by
total mass of the system. The index i runs
Y from 1 to n , m i is the mass of the i th
m2 particle and the position of the ith particle is
C
X
m1 given by ( x i , y i , z i ).
x1 d
xCM
● Relation between position vectors of
x2 particles and centre of mass,
n
S m i ri
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2 R=
i = 1
x CM = m
m1 + m2
where, ri = ( x i i$ + y i $j + z i k$ ) is the position
● For a System of n-Particles Suppose a
system having masses m 1, m 2, m 3 , ..., m n vector of the ith particle and
occupying x-coordinates x 1, x 2, x 3 , ..., x n , R = ( x $i + y $j + z k$ ) is the position vector of
then the centre of mass.
4. Centre of Mass of Rigid Continuous = Fr sin q

Bodies For a real body which is a continuous \ t = Fr^
distribution of matter, point masses are
Here, r^ is the perpendicular distance of the
differential mass elements dm and centre of
line of action of F from the origin.
mass is given as
1 1 8. Angular Momentum of a Particle The
M ò M ò
x CM = x dm , y CM = y dm angular momentum of a particle of mass m
moving with velocity v (having a linear
1 momentum, p = m v ) about a point O is
M ò
and z CM = z dm
defined by the following vector product,
where, M is total mass of that real body. L=r ´ p
If we choose the origin of coordinates axes at or Angular momentum, L = m ( r ´ v )
centre of mass, then Angular momentum will be zero ( L = 0 ) , if
p = 0 or r = 0 or q = 0° , 180 °
ò x dm = ò ydm = ò zdm = 0
It is a vector quantity and its direction could be
5. Motion of Centre of Mass found out with the help of cross-product.
● Velocity about centre of mass,
The SI unit of angular momentum is kg-m 2s –1.
n
S mi v i 9. Relation between Torque ( t ) and Angular
i = 1
v CM = Momentum (L)
M
dL
dr =t
where, v = , i.e. rate of change of position dt
dt
vector is velocity. Above equation gives Newton’s second law of
motion in angular form, i.e. the rate of change
● Acceleration about centre of mass, of angular momentum is equal to the torque
n
S mi ai applied.
i = 1
a CM = , 10. Couple A pair of equal and opposite forces
M with parallel lines of action are known as a
But m i a i is the resultant force on the ith couple. It produces rotation without
particle, so translation.
Ma CM = F1 + F2 + F3 + K + Fn 11. Principle of Moments When an object is in
Ma CM = Fnet rotational equilibrium, then algebraic sum of
6. Linear Momentum of a System of a all torques acting on it is zero. Clockwise
Particle The total momentum of a system of torques are taken as negative and
particles is equal to the product of the total anti-clockwise torques are taken as positive.
mass and velocity of its centre of mass. 12. Centre of Gravity If a body is supported on
\ Total linear momentum, p = M v CM a point such that total gravitational torque
about this point is zero, then this point is called
7. Moment of Force ( Torque) Torque is also centre of gravity of the body.
known as moment of force. We can define the
torque for a particle about a point as the vector 13. Moment of Inertia For a rotating body, its
n
product of position vector of the point, where moment of inertia is I = S m i ri2
i = 1
the force acts and with the force itself. Let us
consider a particle P and force F acting on it. or Moment of inertia, I = mR 2
Torque, t=r´F The SI unit of moment of inertia is kg-m 2 and
The magnitude of torque | t | is its dimensional formula is [ML2 ] .
14. Relation between Angular Momentum moment of inertia is equal to the moment of
and Moment of Inertia inertia of the body about the axis. It is given
For a rigid body (about an fixed axis), I
as, K =
L = sum of angular momenta of all particles M
= (m 1r12 + m 2r22 + m 3r32 + ¼ ¼ ) w where, K is radius of gyration of the body.
L =Iw r12 + r22 + × × × + rn2
where, I = moment of inertia and w = angular For rotating body, K =
n
velocity of rigid body.
Hence, radius of gyration of a rotating body
15. Radius of Gyration The radius of gyration of a
about a given axis is equal to root mean
body about an axis may be defined as the
square distance of constituent particles from
distance from the axis of a mass point whose
the given axis.
mass is equal to the mass of whole body and
16. Moment of Inertia in Some Standard Cases

Body Axis of Rotation Figure Moment of Inertia K K 2 /R 2
Thin circular About an axis passing MR 2 R 1

ring, radius through CG and
perpendicular to its
R plane
Thin circular About its diameter 1 R 1

MR 2
ring, radius R 2 2 2
Thin rod, Perpendicular to rod 1 L

ML2
length L at mid-point 12 12
Circular disc, Perpendicular to 1 R 1

MR 2
radius R plane of disc at centre 2 2 2
Circular disc, About its diameter 1 R 1

MR 2
radius R 4 2 4
Hollow About its own axis MR 2 R 1

cylinder, R
radius R
L
Body Axis of Rotation Figure Moment of Inertia K K 2/

R2
Solid About its own axis MR 2 R 1
cylinder, 2 2 2
radius R
Solid sphere, About its diametric 2 2 2

MR 2 R
radius R axis 5 5 5
17. From the given table below, we can compare 18. Rolling Motion The rolling motion
translational motion and rotational motion about a can be regarded as the combination of
fixed axis, i.e. Z-axis. pure rotation and pure translation. It is
Pure Translational Pure Rotational also one of the most common motions
observed in daily life.
Linear position, x Angular position, q
dx dq 19. Kinetic Energy of a Rolling
Linear velocity, v = Angular velocity, w =
dt dt Body The kinetic energy of a body
dv rolling without slipping is the sum of
Linear acceleration, a = Angular acceleration,
dt dw kinetic energies of translational and
a=
dt rotational motions.
Mass, m Rotational inertia, I \ (KE )rolling = (KE)rotation + (KE )translation
Newton’s second law, Newton’s second law, 1 1 2
= Iw2 + mv CM
F = ma t = Ia 2 2
Work done,W = ò F dx Work done,W = ò t dq 1 2 é
= mv CM ê1 + 2 ú
K 2ù
Kinetic energy, K =
1
mv 2 Kinetic energy, K =
1 2
Iw
2 ë R û
2 2
(Qv CM = Rw and I = mK 2)
Power, P = Fv Power, P = tw
Linear momentum, p = mv Angular momentum, L = Iw
Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions Hollow sphere
Air
1. A system of particles is called a rigid
body, when R/2
A
(a) any two particles of system may have B
displacements in opposite directions under C
action of a force R/2
(b) any two particles of system may have D
velocities on opposite directions under Sand
action of a force
(c) any two particles of system may have a zero (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
relative velocity
(d) any two particles of system may have 6. Two bodies of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are
displacements in same direction under lying on x-y plane at (1, 2) and (- 1, 3)
action of a force respectively. What are the coordinates
of centre of mass?
2. The centre of mass of a system of æ8 1 ö
particles does not depend on (a) (2, - 1) (b) ç , - ÷
è 3 3ø
(a) masses of the particles æ 1 8ö
(b) internal forces of the particles (c) ç - , ÷ (d) None of these
è 3 3ø
(c) position of the particles
(d) relative distance between two particles 7. Three identical spheres of mass M each
3. In pure rotation, all particles of the are placed at the corners of an
body equilateral triangle of side 2m. Taking
one of the corner as the origin, the
(a) move in a straight line
position vector of the centre of mass is
(b) move in concentric circles
$i
(c) move in non-concentric circles (a) 3 ($i - $j ) (b) + $j
(d) have same speed 3
$i + $j $j
4. For n particles in a space, the suitable (c) (d) $i +
3 3
expression for the x-coordinate of the
centre of mass of a system is 8. Centre of mass of the given system of
Smi xi Smi xi particles will be at
(a) (b)
mi M
m 2m
Smi y i Smi zi A B
(c) (d)
M M
O
5. Which of the following points is the
likely position of the centre of mass of
D C
the system shown in figure? m m
(NCERT Exemplar)
(a) OD (b) OC (c) OB (d) AO
9. Two particles of equal masses have 13. A force F = 5$i + 2$j - 5k$ acts on a
velocities v 1 = 4 $i ms -1 and particle whose position vector is
v 2 = 4 $j ms -1 . First particle has an r = $i - 2$j + k$ . What is the torque about
acceleration a 1 = ( 2$i + 2$j) ms -2 , while the origin ?
the acceleration of the other particle is (a) 8$i + 10$j + 12 k$ (b) 8$i + 10$j - 12 k$
zero. The centre of mass of the two (c) 8$i - 10$j - 8k$ (d) 10$i - 10$j - k$
particles moves in a path of
(a) straight line 14. ABC is an equilateral triangle with O as
(b) parabola its centre. F1 , F2 and F3 represent three
(c) circle forces acting along the sides AB , BC
(d) ellipse and AC, respectively. If the total torque
about O is zero, then the magnitude of
10. The centre of mass of three particles of
F3 is
masses 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg is at (3, 3, 3)
with reference to a fixed coordinate A
system. Where should a fourth particle
of mass 4 kg be placed, so that the F3
centre of mass of the system of all O
particles shifts to a point (1, 1, 1)? B F2
C
(a) (- 1, - 1, - 1) (b) (- 2, - 2, - 2) F1
(c) (2, 2, 2) (d) (1, 1, 1)
(a) F1 + F2 (b) F1 - F2
11. A ball kept in a closed box moves in F + F2
(c) 1 (d) 2 (F1 + F2 )
the box making collisions with the 2
walls. The box is kept on a smooth
surface. The velocity of the centre of 15. The angular momentum L of a single
mass particle can be represented as
(a) of the box remains constant (a) r ´ p (b) rp sin q n$
(b) of the box and the ball system remains (c) rp^ n$ (d) Both (a) and (b)
constant ( n$ = unit vector perpendicular to plane
(c) of the ball remains constant of r, so that r, p and n$ make right
(d) of the ball relative to the box remains handed system)
constant
16. Newton’s second law for rotational
12. A force F is applied on a single particle motion of a system of particle can be
P as shown in the figure. Here, r is the represented as (L for a system of
position vector of the particle. particles)
The value of torque t is dp dL
(a) = t ext (b) = t int
dt dt
Z dL dL
(c) = t ext (d) = t int + t ext
dt dt
τ F
θ 17. A particle of mass m moves in the
P
r xy-plane with a velocity v along the
O Y straight line AB. If the angular
momentum of the particle with respect
X to origin O is L A , when it is at A and L B
(a) F ´ r (b) r ´ F (c) r × F (d) F× r
when it is at B, then
Y (a) angular momentum

(b) linear momentum
B (c) angular acceleration
A (d) centripetal acceleration
O X 21. A particle of mass m is moving in
(a) LA > LB yz-plane with a uniform velocity v with
(b) LA = LB its trajectory running parallel to +ve
(c) the relationship between LA and LB depends y-axis and intersecting z-axis at z = a in
upon the slope of the line AB figure. The change in its angular
(d) LA < LB momentum about the origin as it
18. A point mass m is attached to a massless bounces elastically from a wall at
string whose other end is fixed at P as y = constant is (NCERT Exemplar)
shown in figure. The mass is z
undergoing circular motion in xy -plane
with centre O and constant angular a
v
speed w. If the angular momentum of
the system, calculated about O and P be
LO and LP respectively, then
z y
P
(a) mva e$ x (b) 2 mva e$ x
(c) ymv e$ x (d) 2 ymv e$ x
O m 22. The variation of angular position q of a
ω
point on a rotating rigid body with time
t is shown in figure.
(a) L O and L P do not vary with time
(b) L O varies with time while L P remains
constant
θ
(c) L O remains constant while L P varies with
time t1 t2 t3
(d) L O and L P both vary with time O t
19. A child stands at the centre of a

turntable with his two arms
outstretched. The turntable is set In which direction, the body is rotating?
rotating with an angular speed of (NCERT Exemplar)
40 rev min -1 . How much is the angular (a) Clockwise
speed of the child, if he folds his hands (b) Anti-clockwise
back and thereby reduces his moment (c) May be clockwise or anti-clockwise
of inertia to (2/5) times the initial value? (d) None of the above
Assume that the turntable rotates
without friction. (NCERT Exemplar)
23. A rigid body is said to be in partial
(a) 40 rpm (b) 45 rpm (c) 55 rpm (d) 100 rpm equilibrium only, if
(a) it is in rotational equilibrium
20. If the torque of the rotational motion (b) it is in translational equilibrium
will be zero, then the constant quantity (c) Either (a) or (b)
will be (d) None of the above
24. In the game of see-saw, what should be The radius of gyration for the rod is
the displacement of boy B from right
edge to keep the see-saw in equilibrium?
(Given, M 1 = 40 kg and M 2 = 60 kg) L
O M
A B
M1 M2 (a) L/12 (b) L/ 12 (c) L/ 6 (d) L/ 6
29. A wheel is rotating at 900 rpm about its

axis. When the power is cut-off, it
2m 2m comes to rest in 1 min. The angular
(a)
4
m (b) 1m retardation (in rad s -2 ) is
3 p p p p
2 (a) - (b) (c) (d)
(c) m (d) Zero 2 4 6 2
3
30. If object starts from rest and covers
25. The centre of gravity of a homogeneous angle of 60 rad in 10 s in circular
body is the point at which the whole motion, then magnitude of angular
(a) volume of the body is assumed to be acceleration will be
concentrated
(a) 1.2 rad s -2 (b) 1.5 rad s -2
(b) area of the surface of the body is assumed
(c) 2 rad s -2 (d) 2.5 rad s -2
to be concentrated
(c) weight of the body is assumed to be 31. When a ceiling fan is switched OFF, its
concentrated angular velocity fall to half while it
makes 36 rotations. How many more
26. One solid sphere A and another hollow rotations will it make before coming to
sphere B are of same mass and same rest? (Assume uniform angular
outer radius. Their moments of inertia retardation)
about their diameters are I A and I B (a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 18 (d) 12
respectively, such that
32. A disc is rotating with angular velocity
(a) I A = I B (b) I A > I B w. A force F acts at a point whose
(c) I A < I B (d) None of these position vector with respect to the axis
27. A disc of mass M and radius R is of rotation is r. The power associated
rotating about one of its diameter. The with torque due to the force is given by
value of radius of gyration for the disc (a) (r ´ F) ×w (b) (r ´ F) ´ w
is (c) r ´ (F× w) (d) r × (F ´ w)
33. A flywheel of moment of inertia

0.4 kg-m 2 and radius 0.2 m is free to
(a) R /4 (b) R /2
rotate about a central axis. If a string is
(c) R / 6 (d) None of these wrapped around it and it is pulled with
a force of 10N, then its angular velocity
28. A rod is rotating about an axis passing after 4 s will be
through its centre and perpendicular to (a) 10 rads -1 (b) 5 rads -1
its length. (c) 20 rads -1 (d) None of these
34. Two discs having mass ratio (1/2) and 40. If frictional force is neglected and girl
diameter ratio (2/1), then find ratio of bends her hand, then (initially girl is
moment of inertia. rotating on chair)
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 3
35. A solid sphere is rotating freely about

its symmetry axis in free space. The
radius of the sphere is increased
keeping its mass same. Which of the
following physical quantities would
remain constant for the sphere?
(a) Rotational kinetic energy
(b) Moment of inertia
(c) Angular velocity
(d) Angular momentum
(a) I girl will reduce
36. A body having a moment of inertia (b) I girl will increase
about its axis of rotation equal to (c) wgirl will reduce
3 kg-m 2 is rotating with angular (d) None of the above
velocity of 3 rad s –1 . Kinetic energy of
41. A merry-go-round, made of a ring-like
this rotating body is same as that of a
platform of radius R and mass M, is
body of mass 27 kg moving with a
revolving with angular speed w. A
velocity v. The value of v is
person of mass M is standing on it. At
(a) 1 ms–1 (b) 0.5 ms–1 (c) 2 ms–1 (d) 1 .5 ms–1 one instant, the person jumps off the
37. A disc of radius R is rotating with an round, radially away from the centre of
angular speed w 0 about a horizontal the round (as seen from the round). The
axis. It is placed on a horizontal table. speed of the round of afterwards is
(NCERT Exemplar)
The coefficient of kinetic friction is m k .
(a) 2 w (b) w
What was the velocity of its centre of w
mass before being brought in contact (c) (d) zero
2
with the table? (NCERT Exemplar)
w0 R 42. A wheel of radius R rolls on the ground
(a) w0 R (b) Zero (c) (d) 2 w0 R
2 with a uniform velocity v. The velocity
of topmost point relative to the
38. Two bodies have their moments of bottommost point is
inertia I and 2I respectively about their
(a) v (b) 2v
axis of rotation. If their kinetic energies (c) v /2 (d) zero
of rotation are equal, their angular
momenta will be in the ratio 43. A hoop of radius 2 m weighs
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 :1 (c) 2 :1 (d) 1 : 2 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor,
so that its centre of mass has a speed of
39. By keeping moment of inertia of a body 20 cms -1 . How much work has to be
constant, if we double the time period, done to stop it? (NCERT Exemplar)
then angular momentum of body (a) 10 J (b) 12 J
(a) remains constant (b) becomes half (c) 4 J (d) 3 J
(c) doubles (d) quadruples
44. A drum of radius R and mass M rolls (a) The sense of rotation remains same.
down without slipping along an (b) The orientation of the axis of rotation
remains same.
inclined plane of angle q. The frictional
(c) The speed of rotation is non-zero and
force remains same.
(a) converts translational energy into rotational (d) The angular acceleration is non-zero and
energy remains same.
(b) dissipates energy as heat
(c) decreases the rotational motion 50. A bicycle wheel rolls without slipping
(d) decreases the rotational and translational on a horizontal floor. Which one of the
motion following statements is true about the
motion of points on the rim of the
45. The centre of mass lie outside the body wheel, relative to the axis at the wheel’s
of a ……… . (NCERT Exemplar)
centre?
(a) pencil (b) shotput
(c) dice (d) bangle
46. Figure shows a composite system of two

uniform rods of lengths as indicated.
Then the coordinates of the centre of
(a) Points near the top move faster than points
mass of the system of rods are……… . near the bottom.
y
(b) Points near the bottom move faster than
points near the top.
2L (c) All points on the rim move with the same
speed.
x
O L (d) All points have the velocity vectors that are
pointing in the radial direction towards the
æ L 2L ö æ L 2L ö centre of the wheel.
(a) ç , ÷ (b) ç , ÷
è2 3 ø è4 3 ø
æ L 2L ö æ L Lö
51. If radius of earth is reduced to half
(c) ç , ÷ (d) ç , ÷ without changing its mass, then match
è6 3 ø è 6 3ø
the following columns and choose the
47. Analogue of mass in rotational motion correct option from the codes given
is ……… . below.
(a) moment of inertia Column I Column II
(b) angular momentum A. Angular p. Will
(c) gyration momentum of become one
(d) None of the above earth fourth
48. The angular acceleration of a flywheel B. Time period of q. Will
rotation of become
of mass 5 kg and radius of gyration earth four times
0.5 m is ………, if a torque of 10N-m is
C. Rotational r. No change
applied on it. kinetic energy
(a) 2 rad s- 2 (b) 4 rad s- 2 of earth
(c) 8 rad s- 2 (d) zero
Codes
49. When a disc rotates with uniform A B C A B C
angular velocity, which of the following (a) p q r (b) p q p
statemnts is incorrect. (NCERT Exemplar) (c) r p q (d) p r p
52. A rigid body is rolling without slipping 53. Assertion The motion of the centre of
on the horizontal surface, then match mass describes the translational part of
the Column I with Column II and the motion.
choose the correct option from the Reason Translational motion always
codes given below. means straight line motion.
C
54. Assertion The centre of mass of a
body must lie on the body.
B v
60° Reason The centre of mass of a body
ω does not lie at the geometric centre of
D body.
A
55. Assertion Two identical spherical
Column I Column II spheres are half filled with two liquids
A. Velocity at p. v 2 of densities r1 and r 2 ( > r1 ). The centre
point A, i.e. v A of mass of both the spheres lie at same
level.
B. Velocity at q. zero
point B, i.e. v B
C. Velocity at r. v
point C , i.e. vC
(a) (b)
D. Velocity at s. 2v
point D, i.e. vD Reason The centre of mass does not lie
at centre of the sphere.
Codes
A B C D 56. Assertion If a particle moves with a
(a) q p s r
constant velocity, then angular
momentum of this particle about any
(b) p r s q
point remains constant.
(c) s r q p
(d) q r s p Reason Angular momentum does not
have the units of Planck’s constant.
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs 57. Assertion When a particle is moving
For question numbers 53 to 64, two in a straight line with a uniform
statements are given-one labelled velocity, its angular momentum is
Assertion (A) and the other labelled constant.
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to Reason The angular momentum is
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) non-zero, when particle moves with a
and (d) are as given below uniform velocity.
correct explanation of A. 58. Assertion For a system of particles
under central force field, the total
correct explanation of A. angular momentum is conserved.
(c) A is true but R is false. Reason The torque acting on such a
(d) A is false and R is also false. system is zero.
59. Assertion Inertia and moment of Case Based MCQs

inertia are not same quantities. Direction Answer the questions from
Reason Inertia represents the capacity 65-69 on the following case.
of a body that does not oppose its state
of motion or rest. Centre of Mass
The centre of mass of a body or a system of
60. Assertion Moment of inertia of a bodies is the point which moves as though all
particle is different whatever be the axis of the mass were concentrated there and all
of rotation. external forces were applied to it. Hence, a
Reason Moment of inertia does not
point at which the entire mass of the body or
depends on mass and distance of the
system of bodies is supposed to be
particle from the axis of rotation.
concentrated is known as the centre of mass.
61. Assertion The angular velocity of a If a system consists of more than one particles
rigid body in motion is defined for the (or bodies) and net external force on the
whole body. system in a particular direction is zero with
Reason All points on a rigid body centre of mass at rest. Then, the centre of
performing pure rotational motion are mass will not move along that direction. Even
having same angular velocity. though some particles of the system may
move along that direction.
62. Assertion If bodies slide down an
inclined plane without rolling, then all 65. The centre of mass of a system of two
bodies reach the bottom simultaneously particles divides, the distance between
is not necessary. them
(a) in inverse ratio of square of masses of
Reason Acceleration of all bodies are
particles
equal and independent of the shape.
(b) in direct ratio of square of masses of
63. Assertion A solid sphere cannot roll particles
without slipping on smooth horizontal (c) in inverse ratio of masses of particles
surface. (d) in direct ratio of masses of particles
Reason If the sphere is left free on 66. Two bodies of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are
smooth inclined surface, it can roll lying in xy-plane at ( -1, 2) and ( 2, 4 ),
without slipping. respectively. What are the coordinates
of the centre of mass?
64. Assertion The work done against force æ 10 ö
(a) ç1, ÷ (b) (1,0)
of friction in the case of a disc rolling è 3ø
without slipping down an inclined (c) (0, 1) (d) None of these
plane is zero.
67. Two balls of same masses start moving
Reason When the disc rolls without towards each other due to gravitational
slipping, friction is required because for attraction, if the initial distance between
rolling condition velocity of point of them is l. Then, they meet at
contact is zero.
M M 70. If the F net, ext is zero on the cardboard, it

F F
means
l
(a) R = Mg (b) m1 g = Mg
l l l (c) m2 g = Mg (d) R = m1 / g
(a) (b) l (c) (d)
2 3 4
71. Choose the correct option.
68. All the particles of a body are situated (a) t Mg about CG = 0
at a distance R from the origin. The (b) t R about CG = 0
distance of centre of mass of the body (c) Net t due to m1 g, m2 g ,...., mn g about CG = 0
from the origin is (d) All of the above
(a) = R (b) £ R (c) > R (d) ³ R
72. The centre of gravity and the centre of
69. Two particles A and B initially at rest mass of a body coincide, when
move towards each other under a (a) g is negligible
mutual force of attraction. At the (b) g is variable
instant, when the speed of A is v and the (c) g is constant
speed of B is 2v, the speed of centre of (d) g is zero
mass of the system is
(a) zero (b) v
73. If value of g varies, the centre of gravity
(c) 15
.v (d) 3v and the centre of mass will
(a) coincide
Direction Answer the questions from (b) not coincide
70-74 on the following case. (c) become same physical quantities
Torque and Centre of Gravity (d) None of the above
Torque is also known as moment of force or 74. A body lying in a gravitational field is
couple. When a force acts on a particle, the in stable equilibrium, if
particle does not merely move in the (a) vertical line through CG passes from top
direction of the force but it also turns about (b) horizontal line through CG passes from top
some point. So, we can define the torque for a (c) vertical line through CG passes from base
particle about a point as the vector product of (d) horizontal line through CG passes from
position vector of the point where the force base
acts and with the force itself. In the given Direction Answer the questions from
figure, balancing of a cardboard on the tip of 75-79 on the following case.
a pencil is done. The point of support, G is
the centre of gravity. Moment of Inertia
A heavy wheel called flywheel is attached to
R the shaft of steam engine, automobile engine
etc., because of its large moment of inertia,
G
m1g
the flywheel opposes the sudden increase or
decrease of the speed of the vehicle. It allows
m2g
a gradual change in the speed and prevents
jerky motion and hence ensure smooth ride of
Mg
passengers.
75. Moment of inertia of a body depends Direction Answer the questions from
upon 80-84 on the following case.
(a) axis of rotation (b) torque Rolling Motion
(c) angular momentum (d) angular velocity The rolling motion can be regarded as the
76. A particle of mass 1 kg is kept at (1m, combination of pure rotation and pure
1m, 1m). The moment of inertia of this translation. It is also one of the most common
particle about Z -axis would be motions observed in daily life.
(a) 1 kg-m2 P1
v1
(b) 2 kg-m2 v2
(c) 3 kg-m2 vr
(d) None of the above P2 vCM
vCM
77. Moment of inertia of a rod of mass m C
and length l about its one end is I. If
R
one-fourth of its length is cut away, then ω
moment of inertia of the remaining rod
about its one end will be P0
3 9
(a) I (b) I Suppose the rolling motion (without slipping)
4 16
27 I of a circular disc on a level surface. At any
(c) I (d)
64 16 instant, the point of contact P 0 of the disc with
the surface is at rest (as there is no slipping). If
78. A circular disc is to be made by using v CM is the velocity of centre of mass which is
iron and aluminium, so that it acquires the geometric centre C of the disc, then the
maximum moment of inertia about its
translational velocity of disc is v CM , which is
geometrical axis. It is possible with
parallel to the level surface.
(a) iron and aluminium layers in alternate order
(b) aluminium at interior and iron surrounding Velocity of centre of mass, v CM = Rw
it
80. A solid cylinder is sliding on a smooth
(c) iron at interior and aluminium surrounding
it
horizontal surface with velocity v 0
(d) Either (a) or (c)
without rotation. It enters on the rough
surface. After that it has travelled some
79. Three thin rods each of length L and distance, the friction force increases its
mass M are placed along X , Y and (a) translational kinetic energy
Z -axes such that one end of each rod is (b) rotational kinetic energy
at origin. The moment of inertia of this (c) total mechanical energy
system about Z -axis is (d) angular momentum about an axis passing
2 2 through point of contact of the cylinder and
(a) ML the surface
3
4ML2
(b) 81. A cylinder rolls down an inclined plane
3 of inclination 30°, the acceleration of
5ML2
(c) cylinder is
3 g g 2g
ML2 (a) (b) g (c) (d)
(d) 3 2 3
3
82. Sphere is in pure accelerated rolling 83. Kinetic energy of a rolling body will be
motion in the figure shown, (a)
1 2
mv CM (1 + k 2 / R 2 )
2
1
ω (b) I w2
2
v 1 2
θ (c) mv CM
s in 2
mg (d) None of the above
θ
84. A body is rolling down an inclined

Choose the correct option. plane. Its translational and rotational
(a) The direction of fs is upwards kinetic energies are equal. The body
(b) The direction of fs is downwards is a
(c) The direction of gravitational force is (a) solid sphere
upwards (b) hollow sphere
(d) The direction of normal reaction is (c) solid cylinder
downwards (d) hollow cylinder
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (a)
53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (c) 61. (b) 62. (c)
63. (d) 64. (a)
Case Based MCQs

65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (a) 71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (c)
75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (b) 81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (d)
SOLUTIONS
1. A rigid body does not deform under action of 7. The given system of spheres is as shown
applied force and there is no relative motion below
of any two particles constituting that rigid
body. So, it means that a system of particles M (1m, 3m)
is called a rigid body, when any two particles
of system has a zero relative velocity.
2. A point at which the entire mass of the body
or system of bodies. This is supposed to be M M
concentrated is known as centre of mass. (0, 0) (2m, 0)
It does not depend on the internal forces
acting on the particle. The x and y -coordinates of centre of mass is
3. In pure rotational motion, all the particles of Sm i xi M ´ 0 + M ´ 1 + M ´ 2
x= = =1
body moves in concentric circles without Sm i M+M +M
doing any translational motion. S m i yi M ´ 0 + M ( 3) + M ´ 0
4. For system of n-particles in space, the centre y= =
Sm i M +M +M
of mass of such a system is at ( x , y, z ), where
3M 1
Sm i x i Sm i y i Þ y= =
X = ,Y = 3M 3
M M
Sm i z i So, position vector of the centre of mass is
and Z = æ$ $j ö
M çi + ÷.
Here, M = Sm i is the total mass of the è 3ø
system. The index i runs from 1 to n. m i is 8. If all the masses were same, the centre of
the mass of ith particle and position of ith mass was at O. But as the mass at B is 2m, so
particle is ( x i , y i , z i ). the centre of mass of the system will shift
5. Centre of mass of a system lies towards the towards B. So, centre of mass will be on the
part of the system, having bigger mass. In the line OB.
above diagram, lower part is heavier, hence 9. Given, v1 = 4 $i ms -1, v2 = 4 $j ms -1
CM of the system lies below the horizontal
diameter. a = ( 2i$ + 2$j) ms -2, a = 0 ms -2
1 2
Hence, option (c) is correct. \Velocity of centre of mass,

m v + m 2 v2 ( v1 + v2 )m
6. Let the coordinates of the centre of mass be vCM = 1 1 =
m1 + m2 2m
( x , y ) which are calculated as,
m x + m 2 x 2 1 ´ 1 + 2 ´ ( - 1) [Qm 1 = m 2 = m ]
x= 1 1 = $ $
m1 + m2 3 4i + 4 j
= = 2( i$ + $j) ms -1
1-2 1 2
= =-
3 3 Similarly, acceleration of centre of mass,
m 1y 1 + m 2y 2 1 ´ 2 + 2 ´ 3 a + a2
y= = a CM = 1
m1 + m2 3 2
2+6 8 2i + 2$j + 0
$
= = = = ( i$ + $j) ms -2
3 3 2
Therefore, the coordinates of centre of mass Since, from above values, it can be seen that
æ 1 8ö v CM is parallel to a CM , so the path will be a
be ç - , ÷ .
è 3 3ø straight line.
10. Centre of mass of a system of particles is 15. Angular momentum (L) can be defined as
given by moment of linear momentum about a point.
1 ´ x1 + 2 ´ x2 + 3 ´ x3 It is given by,
x CM = =3
1+ 2+ 3 L=r´p
[Q x CM = y CM = z CM = 3] L can also be represented as, L = rp sin qn.
$
Þ x 1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 = (1 + 2 + 3) 3 = 18 …(i)
16. According to Newton’s second law of
When fourth particle is placed, then
rotational motion, the rate of the total
x CM = y CM = z CM = 1 (given) angular momentum of a system of particles
1 ´ x1 + 2 ´ x2 + 3 ´ x3 + 4 ´ x4 about a point is equal to the sum of the
Þ x CM =
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) external torques acting on the system taken
Þ about the same point.
x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 + 4 x 4 = 1 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) = 10 dL
i.e. t ext =
…(ii) dt
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 17. From the definition of angular momentum,
4 x 4 = 10 - 18 Þ x 4 = - 2 L = r ´ p = rmv sin f ( - k$ )
Similarly, y 4 = - 2, z 4 = - 2
Y
\ The fourth particle must be placed at the
point ( -2 , - 2 , - 2) .
φ B
11. Net external force on the system is zero.
A
Hence, velocity of centre of mass of the box
and ball system will remain constant. P
r
12. If a force acts on a single particle at a point P d
X
O
whose position with respect to origin O is
given by the position vector r as shown in Therefore, the magnitude of L is
given figure, the moment of the force acting L = mvr , sin f = mvd , where d = r sin f is the
on the particle with respect to the origin O is distance of closest approach of the particle to
defined as the vector product. the origin. As d is same for both the particles,
t=r´F hence L A = L B .
Þ | t | = r F sin q
18. Angular momentum of a particle about a
13. Given, F = 5i$ + 2$j - 5k$ and r = $i - 2$j + k$ point is given by
We know that, t = r ´ F L = r ´ p = m ( r ´ v)
So, torque about the origin will be given by For LO ,
i$ $j k$ LO
= 1 -2 1
5 +2 -5 v
= $i (10 - 2) - $j ( - 5 - 5) + k$ ( 2 + 10 ) O
90°
r
R
= 8 $i + 10 $j + 12k$ ω
14. If we take clockwise torque, then magnitude | L | = (mvr sin q) = m ( Rw)( R ) sin 90° = mR 2 w
of total torque is = constant
t net = t F 1 + t F 2 + t F 3 Direction of LO is always upwards, therefore
0 = - F 1r - F 2r + F 3r LO is constant, both in magnitude as well as
direction.
Þ F3 = F1 + F2
For LP , | LP | = (mvr sin q) So, 60 kg boy has to be displaced to

= (m ) ( Rw) ( l ) sin 90° = mRlw 4 2
=2- = m
LP 3 3
P
25. The centre of gravity of a homogeneous body
I is the point at which the whole weight of the
body is assumed to be concentrated.
v 26. Let mass and outer radii of solid sphere and
R
r hollow sphere be M and R, respectively. The
moment of inertia of solid sphere A about its
Magnitude of LP will remains constant but
diameter,
direction of LP keeps on changing, i.e. it
varies with time. 2
I A = MR 2 …(i)
5
19. From law of conservation of angular
The moment of inertia of hollow sphere
momentum,
(spherical shell) B about its diameter,
L1 = L2 2
I 1 w1 I B = MR 2 …(ii)
Þ I 1 w1 = I 2 w2 Þ w2 = 3
I2
It is clear from Eqs. (i) and (ii), that
I 1 ´ 40 200
Þ w2 = = = 100 rpm IA < IB
2 2
I1
5 27. I disc about the axis along its diameter
dL MR 2
20. As, torque, t = = …(i)
dt 4
If t = 0, then L = constant. Using radius of gyration, I = Mk 2 …(ii)
Hence, option (a) is correct. R
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get k = .
21. The initial velocity is v i = v e$ y and after 2
reflection from the wall, the final velocity is 28. As, moment of inertia of rod,
v f = - v e$ y . The trajectory is described as ML2
position vector r = ye$ y + ae$ z . I rod = …(i)
12
Hence, the change in angular momentum is
Using radius of gyration, I = Mk 2 …(ii)
r ´ m ( v f - v j ) = 2mvae$ x .
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
22. As the slope of q-t graph is positive and
positive slope indicates anti-clockwise Radius of gyration, k = L / 12
rotation.
29. Angular retardation,
23. A body may remain in partial equilibrium 2p
means that body may remain only in w f - wi 0 - 900 ´
a= = 60 rad s- 2
translational equilibrium or only in rotational
Dt 60
equilibrium.
900 ´ 2 ´ p p
24. Let x be the distance from centre, then =- = - rad s-2
3600 2
for rotational equilibrium,
30. Given, initial angular velocity of object,
M 1 g ´ rA = M 2 g ´ x w0 = 0
x Angular displacement, q = 60 rad
M1g 2m M2g and Dt = 10 s
( 40 ´ 10 ) ´ 2 = ( 60 ´ 10 ) x From equation of rotational motion,
8 4 1
Þ x= = m q = w0 t + at 2
6 3 2
1 dL
60 = 0 ´ t + ´ a ´ 10 2 35. As, we know that external torque, t ext =
2 dt
60 where, L is the angular momentum.
Þ a=
50 Since, in the given condition,
Þ a = 1.2 rads -2 dL
t ext = 0 Þ =0
dt
31. Total angular displacement in 36 rotation,
or L = constant
q = 36 ´ 2p
Hence, when the radius of the sphere is
Using w22 - w21 = 2aq, we get increased keeping its mass same, only the
( w/ 2) 2 - w2 = 2a(36 ´ 2p) …(i) angular momentum remains constant. But
Similarly, 0 2 - ( w/ 2) 2 = 2a (n ´ 2p) …(ii) other quantities like moment of inertia,
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get rotational kinetic energy and angular velocity
3 changes.
- w2
4 36 36. We know that, kinetic energy,
= Þn = 12
- w2 / 4 n 1 1
K = mv 2 = Iw2
Hence, ceiling fan will make 12 more 2 2
rotations before coming to rest. Given,m = 27 kg (mass of the body),
32. Power, P = tw w = 3 rads -1 (angular velocity)
P = (r ´ F )× w and I = 3 kg-m 2 (moment of inertia)
Iw2
33. Given, moment of inertia of flywheel, Þ mv 2 = Iw2 Þ v2 =
m
I = 0.4 kg-m 2 3 ´ 32 27
v =
2
Þ v =
2
=1
Radius, r = 0.2 m 27 27
Force, F = 10 N
Þ v = 1 = 1 ms -1
( w2 - w1 )
Q F ´ r = Ia = I 37. Before being brought in contact with the
t
F ´r ´t table, the disc was in pure rotational motion,
Þ w2 - w1 = hence v CM = 0.
I
(from t = F ´ r and t = Ia) 38. Rotational kinetic energy remains same.
10 ´ 0.2 ´ 4 1 1
= i.e. I 1 w12 = I 2 w22
0.4 2 2
1 1
= 20 rads -1 or ( I 1 w1 ) =
2
( I 2 w2 ) 2
2I 1 2I 2
34. Given, mass ratio of two discs,
m1 1 L21 L22 L1 I1
m 1 : m 2 = 1 : 2 , i.e. = Þ = or =
m2 2 I1 I2 L2 I2
d1 2 But I 1 = I , I 2 = 2I
and diameter ratio, =
d2 1 L1 I 1
Þ = = Þ L1 : L2 = 1 : 2
r1 d 1 / 2 d 1 2 L2 2I 2
Þ = = =
r2 d 2 / 2 d 2 1
39. We know that, angular momentum of the
\ Ratio of their moment of inertia, body is given by
m 1r12 2p 1 L T
2 2 L = Iw or L = I ´ or L µ Þ 1 = 2
I1 m ær ö 1 æ 2ö 2
= 2 2 = 1 ×ç 1÷ = ç ÷ = T T L2 T 1
I 2 m 2r2 m 2 è r2 ø 2 è1ø 1 L 2T
2 Þ = (as, T 2 = 2T and L 1 = L )
L2 T
\ I 1 : I 2 = 2 :1
L 45. A bangle is in the form of a ring as shown in

So, L2 = . Thus, on doubling the time
2 the adjacent diagram. The centre of mass lies
period, angular momentum of body becomes at the centre, which is outside the body
half. (boundary).
40. As there is no external torque, so if the girl
bends her hands, her moment of inertia
about the rotational axis will decrease. By C
conservation of angular momentum, Centre
L = Iw = constant. So, in order to keep L
constant, if I is decreasing, then w will
increase. 46. As rods are uniform, therefore centre of mass
41. As no external torque acts on the system, of both rods will be at their geometrical
angular momentum should be conserved. centres. The coordinates of CM of first rod C 1
æL ö
Hence, I w = constant. ...(i) are ç , 0 ÷ and second rod C 2 are (0, L).
è2 ø
where, I is moment of inertia of the system y
and w is angular velocity of the system.
C2 2M
From Eq. (i) I1w1 = I 2 w2 (0, L)
where, w1 and w2 are angular velocities
CM
before and after jumping)
I
Þ Iw = ´ w2 M x
2 O
(as mass reduced to half, hence moment of C1 L , 0
2
inertia also reduced to half)
æL ö
Þ w2 = 2w M ç ÷ + 2M ( 0 )
è 2ø L
42. Velocity of the particle, \ x CM = =
M + 2M 6
v P = r w = ( 2R ), w = 2 v M ( 0 ) + 2M ( L ) 2L
P 2v
y CM = =
M + 2M 3
⇒ r æ L 2L ö
v Hence, coordinates of CM are ç , ÷.
è6 3 ø
ω
47. The role of moment of inertia in the study of
v0 = Rω ω rotational motion is analogous to that of mass
43. Work done = DK = Change in rotational in study of linear motion.
kinetic energy + Change in linear kinetic 48. As, t = Ia = Mk 2a
energy t
1 1 Þ a=
= mv CM 2
+ Iw2 Mk 2
2 2 10
(Q I = mr 2 and v CM = rw) Þ a= = 8 rad s - 2
5 ´ 0.5 ´ 0.5
= mv CM
2
= 100 ´ ( 20 ´ 10 -2 ) 2 = 4 J
49. We know that, angular acceleration,
44. When a body rolls down without slipping along
dw
an inclined plane of inclination q, it rotates a= , given w = constant
about a horizontal axis through its centre of dt
mass and its centre of mass also moves. where, w is angular velocity of the disc.
As it rolls down, it suffers loss in gravitational dw 0
Þa= = =0
potential energy which provides translational dt dt
energy and due to frictional force, it gets Hence, angular acceleration is zero.
converted into rotational energy.
50. Velocity of the particle at Q , But it is not necessary that, translational

motion of body is always in straight line. A
v Q = r w = Rw parabolic motion of an object without
Velocity of the particle at P, rotation is also translational motion.
v P = r w = ( 2R ) w = 2 vQ Therefore, A is true but R is false.
P 2v 54. The centre of mass of a body may lie on or
outside the body.
v ⇒ r
ω
Q
vQ = Rω Q ω CM CM
Hence, points near the top move faster than
points near the bottom. (a) (b)
2
51. L 1 = Iw = MR 2w Hence, in Fig. (a), centre of mass is on the
5
2 body and in Fig. (b), centre of mass does not
2 æRö
L2 = M ç ÷ w¢ lie on the body.
5 è 2ø
The centre of mass of an object is the
AsL 1 = L 2 Þ w¢ = 4 w average position of all the parts of the
2p æ 2p ö system, weighted according to their masses.
\ =4ç ÷
T¢ èT ø Therefore, centre of mass of a body lie at the
T geometric centre of body.
Þ T¢= Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
4
æ1ö 55. We know that, centre of mass of half disc
Time period will become ç ÷ th.
è 4ø depends only on radius and not only the
L 2 density of the material of disc similarly in this
Further, K = case centre of mass of half filled sphere will
2I
depends only on radius and not on density of
Since, angular momentum is constant and I liquid inside. Since, both sphere are of same
has become (1/4)th. radius so both have CM at the same level.
Therefore, kinetic energy will become 4
Therefore, A is true and R is false.
times.
Hence, A ® r, B ® p and C ® q. 56. L = mvr sin q or mvr^
52. If v is the velocity of centre of mass of the In case of constant velocity m , v and r^ all are
body of radius r, then constant.
velocity at point A, v A = 0 Therefore, angular momentum is constant.
h
velocity at point B, v B = v 2 Further, L = n (in Bohr’s theory)
2p
velocity at point C, vC = v + rw = 2v
Hence, L and h have same units.
velocity of point D , vD = rw = v
Hence, A ® q, B ® p, C ® s and D ® r.
57. Angular momentum remains constant as
53. The motion of centre of mass describes the particle is moving in a straight line. The
translational part of the motion. angular momentum is constant, when particle
In translational motion, all points of a moves with a uniform velocity.
moving body move along a straight line, i.e. Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
the relative velocities between any two not the correct explanation of A.
particles, must be zero.
58. When t ext = 0, then L = constant. ω

So, for a system of particles under central
force field, the total angular momentum on v
the system is conserved because torque acting
on such a system is zero.
the correct explanation of A. Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
59. There is a difference between inertia and 64. The work done on a body is given by
moment of inertia of a body. The inertia of a W = ò F × vdt , where F is force of friction.
body depends only upon the mass of the
body but the moment of inertia of a body For the rolling disc without slipping down an
about an axis not only depend upon the mass inclined plane, the velocity of the particle on
of the body but also upon the distribution of which the friction force is acting, is zero.
mass about the axis of rotation. Hence, work done is zero, i.e. when the disc
Inertia represents the capacity (ability) of a rolls without slipping, the friction force is
body to oppose its state of motion or rest. required because for rolling condition,
velocity of point of contact is zero.
60. Moment of inertia changes with axis chosen. the correct explanation of A.
It is because moment of inertia of a particle
65. Centre of mass of a system of two particles
depends on its mass and its distance from
is
axis of rotation.
m 1r1 + m 2r2
Therefore, A is true but R is false. Then, rCM =
m1 + m2
61. Angular velocity for a rigid body can be If m 1 + m 2 = M = total mass of the particles,
described as the rate of change at which the
m r + m 2r2
object rotates about an axis. It is defined for then rCM = 1 1
the whole body. M
Angular velocity of particle of rigid body is \ rCM µ1/ M
same in rotational motion. So, the above relation clearly shows that the
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is centre of mass of a system of two particles
not the correct explanation of A. divide the distance between them in inverse
ratio of masses of particles.
62. Friction force between sliding body and
inclined plane depends upon the nature of 66. Let the coordinates of the centre of mass be
surfaces of both the body and inclined plane, ( x , y ).
hence if bodies slide down an inclined plane m 1x 1 + m 2x 2
\ x=
without rolling, then it is not necessary that m1 + m2
all bodies reach the bottom simultaneously. 1 ´ (-1) + 2 ´ 2 -1 + 4
Acceleration of all bodies are also not equal = = =1
3 3
due to different values of friction between the m y + m 2y 2
surfaces of body and inclined plane. y= 1 1
m1 + m2
1 ´ 2 + 2 ´ 4 2 + 8 10
63. Sphere can roll without slipping on surface, if = = =
3 3 3
v = r w on an inclined plane, it is friction
Therefore, the coordinates of centre of mass
which creates rotation on sphere. So, smooth
æ 10 ö
surface cannot create rotation. be ç1, ÷ .
è 3ø
67. As the balls were initially at rest and the It is the condition where the centre of mass
forces of attraction are internal, then their (CM) of the body lies at origin and here origin
centre of mass (CM) will always remain at is considered at centre of gravity (CG), when g
rest. is constant.
So, v CM = 0 73. If the value of g varies, then CM and CG
As CM is at rest, they will meet at CM. will not coincide. Keep in mind that, CG and
Hence, they will meet at l/2 from any initial CM both are two different concepts. CM has
positions. nothing to do with CG.
68. For a single particle, distance of centre of 74. A body in a gravitational field will be in
mass from origin is R. For more than one stable equilibrium, if the vertical line through
particles, distance £ R. CG passes from the base of the body.
69. As per the question, two particles A and B 75. Moment of inertia of a body depends on
are initially at rest, move towards each other position and orientation of the axis of
under a mutual force of attraction. It means rotation with respect to the body.
that, no external force is applied on the 76. Perpendicular distance from Z -axis would be
system. Therefore, F ext = 0.
(1) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 m
So, there is no acceleration of CM. This
means velocity of the CM remain constant. \ I = Mr 2 = (1) ( 2 ) 2 = 2 kg -m2
As, initial velocity of CM, v i = 0 and final ml 2
velocity of CM, v f = 0. 77. Initial moment of inertia, I =
3
So, the speed of centre of mass of the system New moment of inertia,
will be zero.
( 3m / 4 ) ( 3l / 4 ) 2 27 æml 2 ö 27
70. The tip of the pencil provides a vertically I¢= = ç ÷= I
upward force due to which the cardboard is 3 64 è 3 ø 64
in equilibrium. As shown in given figure, the 78. A circular disc is made up of larger number
reaction of the tip is equal and opposite to of circular rings.
Mg, the total weight of the cardboard, i.e. Moment of inertia of a circular ring in given
R = Mg . by
71. Net t due to all the forces of gravity I = MR 2
m 1 g , m 2 g , ×××, m n g about CG is zero. Þ I µM
t of reaction R about CG is also zero as it is Since, mass is proportional to the density of
at CG. material. The density of iron is more than
Point G is the centre of gravity of the that of aluminium. Hence to get maximum
cardboard and it is so located that the total value of I , the less dense material should be
torque on it due to forces m 1 g, m 2 g, .., m n g is used at interior and denser at the
zero. surrounding.
It means, t g = S t i Therefore, using aluminium at the interior
= S ri ´ m i g = 0. and iron at its surrounding will maximise the
72. As, t g = Sri ´ m i g moment of inertia.
79. Moment of inertia of the rod lying along
(t g = total gravitational torque)
Z -axis will be zero. Moment of inertia of the
S ri ´ m i g = 0 ML 2
If g is constant, rods along X and Y -axes will be each.
3
( Sm i ri ) ´ g = g S m i ri 2
Hence, total moment of inertia is ML 2 .
As g ¹ 0, so S m i ri = 0 3
80. The frictional force will reduce v 0 , hence where, k is the corresponding radius of
translational KE will also decrease. gyration of the body.
It will increases w, which increases its 1 2 æ k2 ö
= mv CM ç1 + 2 ÷
rotational kinetic energy. 2 è R ø
There is no torque about the line of contact,
It applies for any rolling body.
angular momentum will remain constant. The
frictional force will decrease the mechanical 84. When a body rolls down on inclined plane, it
energy. is accompanied by rotational and
g sin q g sin 30° g /2 translational kinetic energies.
81. a = = Þ a = = g /3 1
k2 1 3/ 2 Rotational kinetic energy = Iw2 = K R
1+ 2 1+ 2
R 2
where, I is the moment of inertia and w is
82. As we know that,
the angular velocity.
Translational kinetic energy for pure rolling,
ω
fs v CM = rw
v
θ 1 2 1
in = mv CM = K T = m ( rw) 2
gs 2 2
m
where, m is mass of the body, v CM is the
velocity and w is the angular velocity.
The direction of f s will be upwards to Given,
provide torque for rolling of sphere. Translational KE = Rotational KE
83. KE of a rolling body = Rotational 1 1
\ m ( r 2 w2 ) = Iw2
KE + Translational KE 2 2
1 2 1 2 æQ I = mk 2 ö Þ I = mr 2
= Iw + mv CM ç ÷ We know that, mr 2 is the moment of inertia of
2 2 è and v CM = Rwø
hollow cylinder about its axis, where m is the
1 m k 2v CM
2
1 mass of hollow cylindrical body and r is the
= 2
+ mv CM
2
2 R 2 radius of the cylinder.

08
Gravitation
Quick Revision
1. Universal Law of Gravitation It states that, As, F12 and F21 are directed towards the
every body in this universe attracts every other centres of the two particles, so gravitational
body with a force whose magnitude is directly force is a central force.
proportional to the product of their masses and 3. Principle of Superposition According to
inversely proportional to the square of the this principle, the resultant gravitational force
distance between their centres. F can be expressed in vector addition of all
mm forces, at a point (as shown below).
Gravitational force, F = G 1 2 2
r i.e. F = F12 + F13 + F14 + ... + F1n
where, G is a constant of proportionality and is
known as universal gravitational constant. m4
^
r41 ^ m3
In CGS system, the value of G is r31
6.67 ´ 10 -8 dyne cm 2g -2 and its SI value is F14 F13
^
r21
6.67 ´ 10 -11 N-m 2kg -2 . m1 m2
Dimensional formula for G is [M -1L3T - 2 ]. ^
F1n
F12
2. Vector Form of Newton’s Law of

Gravitation In vector notation, Newton’s law ^
rn 1
of gravitation is written as follows
mm mn
F12 = - G 12 2 r$21 …(i)
r21
Resultant force,
where, F12 = gravitational force exerted on A by æm m m ö
B and r$21 is a unit vector pointing towards A. F = - Gm 1 ç 22 r$21 + 23 r$31 +... + 2n r$n 1 ÷
è r21 r31 rn 1 ø
Negative sign shows that the gravitational force
is attractive in nature. 4. Acceleration due to gravity The
mm acceleration produced in the motion of a body
Similarly, F21 = - G 12 2 r$12 …(ii)
r12 under the effect of gravity is called
acceleration due to gravity ( g ).
where, r$12 is a unit vector pointing towards B. GM
Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have At the surface of the earth, g = 2
R
F12 = - F21
5. Weight of a body It is the gravitational force 7. Intensity of Gravitational Field at a

with which a body is attracted towards the Point The gravitational force acting per unit
centre of the earth w = mg mass at any point in gravitational field is called
It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is intensity of gravitational field at that point.
newton (N). Intensity of gravitational field at a distance r ,
6. Factors Affecting Acceleration Due to from a body of mass M is given as
Gravity F GM
E = = 2
● Shape of Earth Acceleration due to gravity, m r
1 It is a vector quantity and its direction is
g µ 2
R towards the centre of gravity.
Therefore, g is minimum at equator and 8. Gravitational Potential Gravitational
maximum at poles. potential at a point in the gravitational field is
defined as the amount of work done per unit
● Rotation of Earth about Its Own Axis If
mass in bringing a body of unit mass from
w is the angular velocity of rotation of earth infinity to that point without acceleration.
about its own axis, then acceleration due to W
gravity at a place having latitude l is given i.e. V =-
m
by
F ×d r -GM
g ¢ = g - Rw2 cos 2 l =-ò = - ò E ×d r =
m r
At poles, l = 90° and g ¢ = g . It is a scalar quantity. The unit of gravitational
Therefore, there is no effect of rotation of potential in SI system is Jkg –1 and in CGS
earth about its own axis at poles. system is erg-g –1 .
At equator, l = 0° and g ¢ = g - Rw2 Dimensional formula for gravitational potential
The value of g is minimum at equator. is [M 0L2T -2 ].
If earth stops its rotation about its own axis, Special Cases
then g will remain unchanged at poles but ● When r = ¥, then V = 0, hence gravitational
increases by Rw2 at equator. potential is maximum (zero) at infinity.

● At surface of the earth r = R , then
● Effect of Altitude The value of g at height
h from earth’s surface, -GM
V =
g R
g¢= 2
æ hö 9. Gravitational Potential Energy
ç1 + ÷
è Rø Gravitational potential energy of a body at a
point is defined as the amount of work done in
Therefore, g decreases with altitude.
bringing the given body from infinity to that
● Effect of Depth The value of g at depth h point against the gravitational force.
from earth’s surface, Gravitational potential energy,
æ hö æ GM ö
g ¢ = g ç1 - ÷ U = ç- ÷ ´m
è Rø è r ø
Therefore, g decreases with depth from 10. Escape Speed Escape speed on the earth
earth’s surface. (or any other planet) is defined as the
The value of g becomes zero at earth’s minimum speed with which a body should be
centre. projected vertically upwards from the surface
of the earth, so that it just escapes out from GMm

PE of the satellite, U = - mv 2 = -
gravitational field of the earth and never R +h
returns on its own. Total mechanical energy of satellite,
\ Escape velocity, v e = 2 gR E = K +U
where, R is the radius of the earth. GMm
E =-
8 2(R + h )
Also, escape velocity, v e = R p Gr
3 Satellites are always at finite distance from the
where, r is the mean density of the earth. earth and hence their energies cannot be
11. Earth’s Satellites A satellite is a body which positive or zero.
is constantly revolving in an orbit around a 14. Geo-stationary Satellite These satellites
comparatively much larger body. e.g. The revolves in a circular orbits around the earth in
moon is a natural satellite while INSAT-1B is the equatorial plane with period of revolution
an artificial satellite of the earth. Condition for same as that of earth, i.e. T = 24 h and also
establishment of satellite is that the centre of known as geo-synchronous satellites.
orbit of satellite must coincide with centre of ● It should revolve in an orbit concentric and
the earth or satellite must move around in coplanar with the equatorial plane of earth.
greater circle of the earth. ● These satellites appears stationary due to its
12. Orbital Velocity of a Satellite Orbital law relative velocity w.r.t. that place on
velocity is the velocity required to put the earth.
satellite into its orbit around the earth or a ● It should be at a height around 36000 km.
planet.
● These satellites are used for communication
Satellite purpose like radio broadcast, TV broadcast,

m
vo etc.
R+h 15. Polar Satellite They are low-altitude satellites
(h » 500 to 800 km) which circle in a
R h North-South orbit passing over the North and
O South poles. It is also known as sun
Earth synchronous satellite.
● The time period is about 100 min.
● These satellites are used for military purpose.
GM 16. Weightlessness A body is said to be in a state

Mathematically, it is given by v o =
R +h of weightlessness when the relation of the
supporting surface is zero or its apparent
13. Energy of an Orbiting Satellite When a
weight is zero. At one particular position, the
satellite revolves around a planet in its orbit, it
two gravitational pulls may be equal &
possesses both potential energy (due to its
opposite and the net pull on the body becomes
position against gravitational pull of the earth)
zero. This is zero gravity region or the null
and kinetic energy (due to orbital motion). If m
point where the body is said to be weightless.
is the mass of the satellite and v is its orbital
velocity, then KE of the satellite, The state of weightlessness can be observed in
1 1 GM the following situations
K = mv 2 = m (Qv = GM /r ) ● When objects fall freely under gravity.
2 2 r
● When a satellite revolves in its orbit around
GMm
K = (Qr = R + h ) the earth.
2 (R + h )
● When bodies are at null points in outer space.
Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 6. If the distance between the sun and the
1. The force of gravitation is earth is increased by three times, then
attraction between two will
(a) repulsive (b) electrostatic
(a) remain constant (b) decrease by 63%
(c) conservative (d) non-conservative
(c) increase by 63% (d) decrease by 89%
2. Newton’s law of gravitation is universal
because 7. If the gravitation force on body 1 due
to 2 is given by F12 and on body 2 due
(a) it acts on all bodies in the universe
to 1 is given as F 21 , then
(b) it acts on all the masses at all distances and
not affected by the medium (a) F12 = F21
(c) it is a attractive force (b) F12 = - F21
F21
(d) it acts only when bodies are in contact (c) F12 =
4
3. Both the earth and the moon are (d) None of the above
subject to the gravitational force of the
sun. As observed from the sun, the 8. Two equal point masses are separated
orbit of the moon (NCERT Exemplar) by a distance d 1 . The force of
(a) will be elliptical
gravitation acting between them is F 1 .
(b) will not be strictly elliptical because the
If the separation is decreased to d 2 ,
total gravitational force on it is not central then the new force of gravitation F 2 is
(c) is not elliptical but will necessarily be a given by
2
closed curve æd ö
(d) deviates considerably from being elliptical (a) F2 = F1 (b) F2 = F1 ç 1 ÷
due to influence of planets other than the è d2 ø
2
earth æd ö æd ö
(c) F2 = F1 ç 2 ÷ (d) F2 = F1 ç 1 ÷
è d1 ø è d2 ø
4. Two sphere of masses m and M are
situated in air and the gravitational
9. Particles of masses 2M , m and M are
force between them is F . The space
respectively at points A, B and C with
around the masses is now filled with a 1
liquid of specific gravity. The AB = (BC ), m is much-much smaller
2
gravitational force will now be
F
than M and at time t = 0, they are all at
(a) F (b) rest as given in figure. At subsequent
3
F times before any collision takes place.
(c) (d) 3 F
9 (NCERT Exemplar)
A B C
5. A mass of 1g is separated from another
2M m M
mass of 1g by a distance of 1 cm. How
many force (in g-wt) exists between (a) m will remain at rest
them? (b) m will move towards M
(a) 7 ´ 10- 11 g-wt (b) 7 ´ 1011 g-wt (c) m will move towards 2M
(c) 9 ´ 10- 11 g-wt (d) 9 ´ 1011 g-wt (d) m will have oscillatory motion
10. Two particles of equal masses go round (a) No change

a circle of radius R under the action of (b) Increases
(c) Decreases but not become zero
their mutual gravitational attraction.
(d) Reduces to zero
The speed v of each particle is
æ GM ö
(a) ç
1 æ 1 ö 15. If G is universal gravitational constant
÷ (b) ç ÷
è 2R ø 2 R è GM ø and g is acceleration due to gravity, then
G
1 æ GM ö æ 4GM ö the unit of the quantity is
(c) ç ÷ (d) ç ÷ g
2 è R ø è R ø
(a) kg-m2 (b) kgm -1
11. A point mass m is placed outside a (c) kgm-2 (d) m2 kg -1
hollow spherical shell of mass M and
uniform density at a distance d from 16. The earth is an approximate sphere. If
centre of the sphere as shown in figure. the interior contained matter which is
Gravitational force on point mass m at not of the same density everywhere,
P is then on the surface of the earth, the
acceleration due to gravity
m (NCERT Exemplar)
d P
(a) will be directed towards the centre but not
the same everywhere
M (b) will have the same value everywhere but
not directed towards the centre
(c) will be same everywhere in magnitude
GmM directed towards the centre
(a) (b) zero (d) cannot be zero at any point
d2
2 GmM
(c) (d) Data insufficient 17. The height at which the weight of a
d2 body becomes 1/16th of its weight, on
12. Three equal masses of 2 kg each are the surface of the earth (radius R), is
placed at the vertices of an equilateral (a) 5R (b) 15 R
triangle and a mass of 4 kg is placed at (c) 3 R (d) 4 R
the centroid of the triangle which is at a 18. The radius of earth is R. Height of a
distance of 2 m from each of the point vertically above the earth’s
vertices of the triangle. The force surface at which acceleration due to
(in newton) acting on the mass of 4 kg gravity becomes 1% of its value at the
is surface is
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) zero (a) 8 R (b) 9 R
13. During the free fall of an object, (c) 10 R (d) 20 R
(a) acceleration due to gravity is zero 19. What will be the value of g at the
(b) force on object is zero bottom of sea 7 km deep? Diameter of
(c) force on object decreases with height the earth is 12800 km and g on the
(d) acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s 2
surface of the earth is 9.8 ms -2 .
14. What will happen to the weight of the (a) 9.789 m/s 2 (b) 9.259 m/s 2
body at the south-pole, if the earth (c) 97.89 m/s 2 (d) 0987
. m/s 2
stops rotating about its polar axis?
20. Starting from the centre of the earth 24. The gravitational potential energy of a
having radius R, the variation of g system consisting two particles
(acceleration due to gravity) is shown separated by a distance r is
by which of the following option ? (a) directly proportional to product of the
masses of particles
g g
(a) (b) (b) inversely proportional to the separation
between them
O
(c) independent of distance r
R r O R r
g g 25. The mass of the earth is 6.00 ´ 10 24 kg
(c) (d) and that of the moon is 7.40 ´ 10 22 kg .
O
The constant of gravitation
r O
R R r
G = 6.67 ´ 10 -11 N-m 2 kg - 2 . The
21. Dependence of intensity of gravitational potential energy of the system is
field ( E ) of earth with distance (r ) from - 7.79 ´ 10 28 J. The mean distance
centre of earth is correctly represented between the earth and the moon is
by (a) 3.80 ´ 108 m (b) 3.37 ´ 106 m
(c) 7.60 ´ 104m (d) 1.90 ´ 102 m
E
R (b) O
E R 26. Two point masses m 1 and m 2 are
(a) O
r r separated by a distance r. The
gravitational potential energy of the
system is G1 . When the separation
E E between the particles is doubled, the
(c) O R (d) O gravitational potential energy is G 2 .
r R r G
Then, the ratio of 1 is
G2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
22. A thin rod of length L is bent to form a 27. Gravitational potential energy of a
semicircle. The mass of rod is M . What system of particles as shown in the
will be the gravitational potential at the figure is
m1
centre of the circle?
GM GM
(a) - (b) -
L 2pL r1 r3
pGM pGM
(c) - (d) -
2L L
m2 r2 m3
23. A particle is kept on the surface of a Gm1 m2 Gm2 m3 Gm1 m3
(a) + +
uniform sphere of mass 100 kg and r1 r3 r3
radius 10 cm. Find the work to be done æ - Gm1 m2 ö æ - Gm2 m3 ö æ - Gm1 m3 ö
per unit mass against the gravitational (b) ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷
è r1 ø è r2 ø è r3 ø
force between them, to take the particle
- Gm1 m2 Gm2 m3 Gm1 m3
far away from the sphere (you may take (c) - +
h = 6.67 ´ 10 -11 Nm 2 kg -2 ) . r1 r2 r3
Gm1 m2 Gm2 m3 Gm1 m3
(a) 13.34 ´ 10 -10 J (b) 3.33 ´ 10 -10 J (d) + -
(c) 6.67 ´ 10 - 9 J (d) 6.67 ´ 10 - 8 J r1 r2 r3
28. Escape velocity of a body on the 33. The time period of a satellite in a
surface of earth is independent of circular orbit around a planet is
(a) mass independent of
(b) radius of earth (a) the mass of the planet
(c) direction of projection of body (b) the radius of the planet
(d) Both (a) and (c) (c) the mass of the satellite
(d) All the three parameters (a), (b) and (c)
29. An object is thrown from the surface of
the moon. The escape speed for the 34. Satellites orbiting the earth have finite
object is life and sometimes debris of satellites
(a) 2g ¢ Rm , where g¢= acceleration due to fall to the earth. This is because
gravity on the moon and Rm = radius of the (NCERT Exemplar)
moon (a) the solar cells and batteries in satellites run
(b) 2g ¢ Re , where g¢ = acceleration due to out
gravity on the moon and Re = radius of the (b) the laws of gravitation predict a trajectory
earth spiralling inwards
(c) 2gRm , where g = acceleration due to (c) of viscous forces causing the speed of
gravity on the earth and Rm = radius of the satellite and hence height to gradually
moon decrease
(d) None of the above (d) of collisions with other satellites
30. A body is projected vertically upwards 35. An artificial satellite is revolving around
from the surface of a planet of radius R the earth, close to its surface. Find the
with a velocity equal to 1/3rd of the orbital velocity of artificial satellite?
escape velocity for the planet. The (Take, radius of earth = 6400 km)
maximum height attained by the body (a) 7.2 km/s (b) 7.9 km/s
is (c) 11.2 km/s (d) 9.5 km/s
(a) R/2 (b) R/3 36. Two satellites A and B go around a
(c) R/5 (d) R/9 planet P in circular orbits having radius
31. Two planets A and B have the same 4R and R, respectively. If the speed of
material density. If the radius of A is satellite A is 3v, then the speed of satellite
twice that of B, then the ratio of escape B will be
v (a) 6v
velocity A is (b) 9v
vB
(c) 3v
(a) 2 (b) 2 (d) None of the above
1 1
(c) (d)
2 2 37. An artificial satellite moving in a
circular orbit around the earth has a
32. Escape velocity on earth is 11.2 kms -1 , total (kinetic + potential) energy E 0 . Its
what would be the escape velocity on a potential energy and kinetic energy
planet whose mass is 1000 times and respectively are
radius is 10 times that of earth? (a) 2 E0 and – 2 E0 (b) – 2 E0 and E0
(a) 112 kms -1 (b) 11.2 kms -1 (c) 2 E0 and - E0 (d) – 2 E0 and – E0
(c) 1.12 kms -1 (d) 3.7 kms -1
38. The kinetic energy of the satellite in a 45. The ratio of the magnitude of potential
circular orbit with speed v is given as energy and kinetic energy of a satellite
-GmM e GmM e is ……… .
(a) KE = (b) KE =
2(Re + h) (Re + h) (a) 1 :2 (b) 2 :1
(c) 3 :1 (d) 1 : 3
GmM e 1
(c) KE = (d) KE = - mv 2
2 (Re + h) 2 46. Weightlessness experienced while
orbiting the earth in spaceship, is the
39. The time period of geo-stationary result of ……… .
satellite is (a) inertia
(a) 6 h (b) 12 h (c) 24 h (d) 48 h (b) acceleration
(c) zero gravity
40. Geo-stationary satellites are placed in
(d) centre of gravity
equatorial orbits at the height
approximately 47. Which of the following statement is
(a) 1000 km (b) 15000 km incorrect? (NCERT Exemplar)
(c) 25000 km (d) 36000 km (a) Acceleration due to gravity decreases with
increasing altitude.
41. An astronaut experiences (b) Acceleration due to gravity increases with
weightlessness in a space satellite. It is increasing depth (assume the earth to be a
because sphere of uniform density) .
(a) the gravitational force is small at that (c) Acceleration due to gravity increases with
location in space. increasing altitude.
(b) the gravitational force is large at that (d) None of the above
location in space.
(c) the astronaut experiences no gravity 48. If the gravitational attraction of earth
(d) the gravitational force is infinitely large at suddenly disappears, then which of the
that location in space. following statement is correct?
(a) Both masses as well as the weight will be zero.
42. A pendulum beats sounds on the earth. (b) Weight of the body will become zero but the
Its time period on a stationary satellite mass will remain unchanged.
of the earth will be (c) Weight of the body will remain unchanged
(a) zero (b) 1s but the mass will become zero.
(c) 2s (d) infinity (d) Neither mass nor weight will be zero.
43. …… is defined to be numerically equal 49. Study the following statements and
to the force of attraction between two choose the incorrect option.
bodies each of mass 1 kg and separated I. G is not equal to
by a distance of 1 m. 6.67 ´ 10 - 11 Nm - 2 kg - 2 on the
(a) Universal gravitational constant (G)
surface of earth.
(b) Gravity (g)
(c) Force (F) II. The escape velocity on the surface
(d) Magnetic field (B) of earth is lesser than the escape
velocity from moon’s surface.
44. Weight of a body is maximum at
III. The angular momentum of a
……… .
satellite going around the earth
(a) poles (b) equator
remains conserved.
(c) centre of earth (d) at latitude 45°
GM
IV. The relation, g = holds good for Codes
r2 A B C
all the celestial bodies.
(a) p q r
(a) Only I (b) Only III
(b) q r p
(c) Both I and II (d) Both II and IV
(c) r q p
50. Which of the following statement is (d) r p q
correct? (NCERT Exemplar)
(a) A polar satellite goes around the earth’s Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
pole in north-south direction.
(b) A geo-stationary satellite goes around the
earth in east-west direction.
(c) A geo-stationary satellite goes around the Assertion (A) and the other labelled
earth in north-south direction. Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
(d) A polar satellite goes around the earth in these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
east-west direction. and (d) are as given below
51. Match the Column I (quantities) with (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
Column II (approximate values) and correct explanation of A.
select the correct answer from the codes (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
given below. correct explanation of A.
Column I Column II (d) A is false and R is also false.
A. Escape velocity p. 1.6 m/s 2
of earth 53. Assertion Newton’s law of universal
B. Gravitational q. 6400 km gravitation states that a particle attracts
acceleration at every other particle in the universe
moon’s surface using a force of attraction that is
C. Radius of earth r. 11.2 km/s directly proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional
Codes
to the square of distance between them.
A B C A B C
(a) p q r (b) r q p Reason Law of gravitation is analogous
(c) q p r (d) r p q to magnetic force between the moving
charges.
52. A satellite of mass m revolving with a
velocityv around the earth. With reference 54. Assertion The value of acceleration
to the above situation, match the Column I due to gravity does not depend upon
(types of energy) with Column II mass of the body on which force is
(expression) and select the correct answer applied.
from the codes given below. Reason Acceleration due to gravity is a
Column I Column II variable quantity.
A. Kinetic energy of p. - 1 mv 2 55. Assertion As we go up the surface of
the satellite 2 the earth, we feel light weighed than on
B. Potential energy of q. 1 mv 2 the surface of the earth.
the satellite 2 Reason The acceleration due to
C. Total energy of the r. - mv 2 gravity decreases on going up above
satellite the surface of the earth.
56. Assertion Work done by or against 61. Assertion The velocity of the satellite
gravitational force in moving a body increases as its height above earth’s
from one point to another is surface increases and is minimum near
independent of the actual path the surface of the earth.
followed between the two points. Reason The velocity of the satellite is
Reason This is because gravitational directly proportional to square root of its
forces are conservative in nature. height above earth’s surface.
57. Assertion If gravitational potential at 62. Assertion A satellite moves around the
some point is positive, then the earth in a circular orbit under the action
gravitational field strength at that of gravity. A person in the satellite
point will also be zero. experience zero gravity field in the
satellite.
Reason Except at infinity
gravitational potential due to a Reason The contact force by the surface
system of point masses at some finite on the person is not zero.
distance cannot be negative. 63. Assertion The total energy of the satellite
58. Assertion The force of attraction is always negative irrespective of the nature
between a hollow spherical shell of of its orbit, i.e. elliptical or circular and it
uniform density and a point mass cannot be positive or zero.
situated inside it, is zero. Reason If the total energy is negative the
satellite would leave its orbit.
Reason The value of G does not
depend on the nature and size of the 64. Assertion The geo-stationary satellite
masses. goes around the earth in west-east
direction.
59. Assertion Moon has no atmosphere.
Reason Geo-stationary satellites orbits
Reason The escape speed for the around the earth in the equatorial plane
moon is much smaller. with T = 24 h same as that of the rotation
60. Assertion The escape velocity for a of the earth around its axis.
planet is v e = 2gR . If the radius of 65. Assertion In the satellite, everything
the planet is four times, the escape inside it is in a state of free fall.
v Reason Every part and parcel of the
velocity becomes half (i.e. v e ¢ = e ).
2 satellite has zero acceleration.
Reason In the relation for escape 66. Assertion An object is weightless when
velocity, v e = 2gR , the acceleration it is in free fall and this phenomenon is
due to gravity g is inversely called weightlessness.
proportional to radius of the planet. Reason In free fall, there is upward force
1 acting on the object.
Thus, v e µ .
R
Case Based MCQs (a) restoring torque of the wire equals the
gravitational torque
Direction Answer the questions from (b) restoring torque of the wire exceeds the
67-71 on the following case. gravitational torque
(c) the gravitational torque exceeds the
Cavendish’s Experiment restoring torque of the wire
The figure shows the schematic drawing of (d) None of the above
Cavendish’s experiment to determine the
value of the gravitational constant. The bar
71. After Cavendish’s experiment, there
have been given suggestions that the
AB has two small lead spheres attached at its
value of the gravitational constant G
ends. The bar is suspended from a rigid
becomes smaller when considered over
support by a fine wire. very large time period (in billions of
Two large lead spheres are brought close to years) in the future. If that happens, for
the small ones but on opposite sides as our earth,
shown. The value of G from this experiment (a) nothing will change
came to be 6.67´10 -11 N-m 2 /kg 2 . (b) we will become hotter after billions of years
(c) we will be going around but not strictly in
closed orbits
S1′ S2 (d) None of the above
A B
S1 S2′ Acceleration due to gravity
The acceleration for any object moving under
the sole influence of gravity is known as
67. The big spheres attract the nearby small
ones by a force which is acceleration due to gravity. So, for an object
of mass m, the acceleration experienced by it
(a) equal and opposite
(b) equal but in same direction
is usually denoted by the symbol g which is
(c) unequal and opposite related to F by Newton’s second law by
(d) None of the above relation F = mg . Thus,
F GM e
68. The net force on the bar is g = =
m Re2
(a) non-zero (b) zero
(c) Data insufficient (d) None of these Acceleration g is readily measurable as Re is a
known quantity. The measurement of G by
69. The net torque on the bar is
Cavendish’s experiment (or otherwise),
(a) zero
combined with knowledge of g and Re
(b) non-zero
enables one to estimate M e from the above
(c) F times the length of the bar, where F is the
force of attraction between a big sphere and equation. This is the reason why there is a
its neighbouring popular statement regarding Cavendish
(d) Both (b) and (c) “Cavendish weighed the earth”. The value of
g decrease as we go upwards from the earth’s
70. The torque produces twist in the surface or downwards, but it is maximum at
suspended wire. The twisting stops
its surface.
when
72. If g is the acceleration due to gravity at 76. If the mass of the earth is doubled and
the surface of the earth, the force acting its radius halved, then new acceleration
on the particle of mass m placed at the due to the gravity g ¢ is
surface is (a) g ¢ = 4 g (b) g ¢ = 8 g
GmM e (c) g ¢ = g (d) g ¢ = 16 g
(a) mg (b)
Re2 Direction Answer the questions from
(c) Data insufficient (d) Both (a) and (b) 77-81 on the following case.
73. The weight of a body at the centre of Earth’s Satellite
earth is Earth satellites are objects which revolve
(a) same as on the surface of earth around the earth. Their motion is very similar
(b) same as on the poles to the motion of planets around the Sun. In
(c) same as on the equator particular, their orbits around the earth are
circular or elliptic. Moon is the only natural
74. If the mass of the sun is ten times satellite of the earth with a near circular orbit
smaller and gravitational constant G is with a time period of approximately 27.3 days
ten times larger in magnitude, then for which is also roughly equal to the rotational
earth, period of the moon about its own axis. Also,
(a) walking on ground would become more the speed that a satellite needs to be travelling
easy to break free of a planet or moon’s gravity
(b) acceleration due to gravity on the earth will well and leave it without further propulsion is
not change known as escape velocity. For example, a
(c) raindrops will fall much slower
spacecraft leaving the surface of earth needs
(d) airplanes will have to travel much faster
to be going 7 miles per second or nearly
75. Suppose, the acceleration due to gravity 25000 miles per hour to leave without falling
at the earth’s surface is 10 ms -2 and at back to the surface or falling into orbit.
the surface of mars, it is 4.0 ms -2 . A
60 kg passenger goes from the earth to 77. Gas escapes from the surface of a planet
the mars in a spaceship moving with a because it acquires an escape velocity.
constant velocity. Neglect all other The escape velocity will depend on
objects in the sky. which of the following factors?
(a) Mass of the planet
Which curve best represents the weight (b) Mass of the particle escaping
(net gravitational force) of the (c) Temperature of the planet
passenger as a function of time? (d) None of the above
Weight
78. The escape velocity of a satellite from
the earth is v e . If the radius of earth
600 N contracts to (1 /4 )th of its value, keeping
A the mass of the earth constant, escape
240 N velocity will be
B
(a) doubled
C (b) halved
D t0 Time (c) tripled
(d) unaltered
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
79. The ratio of escape velocity at earth (v e ) (b) the total mechanical energy of S varies
periodically with time
to the escape velocity at a planet (v p ), (c) the linear momentum of S remains
whose radius and mean density are constant in magnitude
twice as that of earth is (d) the acceleration of S is always directed
(a) 1 :2 2 (b) 1: 4 towards the centre of the earth
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1: 2
81. The orbital velocity of an artificial
80. A satellite S is moving in an elliptical satellite in a circular orbit just above the
orbit around the earth. The mass of the earth’s surface is v o . The orbital velocity
satellite is very small as compared to the of a satellite orbiting at an altitude of
mass of the earth, then half of the radius, is
(a) the angular momentum of S about the 3 2 3 2
(a) vo (b) vo (c) v o (d) v o
centre of the earth changes in direction, 2 3 2 3
but its magnitude remains constant
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (d) 52. (b)
53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (a) 61. (d) 62. (c)
63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (c)
Case Based MCQs

67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (a) 71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (d) 75. (c) 76. (b)
77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80 (d) 81. (d)
SOLUTIONS
1. As the work done by the gravitational force 3. As observed from the sun, two types of forces
F in closed path is zero. So, it is conservative are acting on the moon one is due to
in nature, i.e. work done by the body is gravitational attraction between the sun and
independent of path followed. the moon and the other is due to gravitat-
ional attraction between the earth and the
2. According to universal law of gravitation,
moon. Therefore, total force on the moon is
gravitational force is given by
not central.
Gm 1m 2 Hence, the orbit of the moon will not be
F =
r2 strictly elliptical.
It depends on all the masses at all distances
4. Gravitational force does not depend on the
but does not depend on medium between
medium between masses.
them.
So, it will remains same, i.e. F .
5. Gravitational force is given by G ( 2Mm )

9. Force on B due to A, F BA =
m 1m 2 ( AB ) 2
F =G
r2 (towards BA)
æ1 ´ 1 ö
= (6.67 ´ 10 -8 ) ç 2 ÷ dyne GMm
è 1 ø Force on B due to C , F BC =
( BC ) 2
-8 6.67 ´ 10 -8
= 6.67 ´ 10 dyne = g-wt (towards BC)
980
1 As, BC = 2AB (given)
(Q1 dyne = g-wt) GMm GMm
980 Þ F BC = = < F BA
( 2AB ) 2 4( AB ) 2
= 7 ´ 10 -11 g-wt
Gm 1m 2 Hence, m will move towards BA, i.e. 2M .
6. As we know, F =
r2 10. Two particles A and B each of mass m move
If distance increased by 3 times, then in a circular path of radius R . Then,
gravitational force is given by gravitational force between them provides the
Gm 1m 2 F necessary centripetal force,
F¢= =
( 3r ) 2 9
æ F - F ¢ö
Per cent decrease in force = ç ÷ ´ 100 C
è F ø A B
8 R
= ´ 100 = 88.88% ~ - 89%
9
7. Since, gravitational forces are attractive, F12 is
mv 2 GMm 1 æGM ö
directed opposite to F21 and they are also i.e. = Þ v = ç ÷
equal in magnitude. R ( 2R ) 2 2 è R ø
F12 11. For a point outside the spherical shell as
m1 shown below
m
P
F21
d FP
m2
Hence, F21 = - F12 O
or F12 = - F21
8. From Newton’s law of gravitation, M
d1 According to Newton’s gravitational law,

m m gravitational force on point mass m at P is
Gm ×m Gm 2 GmM
F1 = = 2 …(i) | FP | =
d 12 d1 d2
Similarly, 12. Consider the equilateral triangle as PQR with
d2 centroid at O. Given, OP = OQ = OR = 2 m
m m P
Gm 2 2 kg
F2 = 2 …(ii)
d2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 O 4 kg
F1 æ d 2 ö FOQ cos 30° FOR cos 30°
=ç ÷
F2 è d 1 ø
2 Q 30° 30° R
æd ö 2 kg 2 kg
\ F2 = F1 ç 1 ÷
èd2 ø
18. Given, g ¢ = æç
The gravitational force on mass 4 kg due to 1 ö 1
÷ g or g ¢ / g =
mass 2 kg at point P is è100 ø 100
4´2 For height h above the surface of the earth,
FOP = G = 4 G , along OP
( 2 )2 2 2
æ R ö g¢ æ R ö
4´2 g¢ = gç ÷ Þ =ç ÷
Similarly, FOQ = G = 4 G , along OQ èR + h ø g èR + h ø
( 2 )2 2
4´2 æ 1 ö æ R ö R 1
Þ ç ÷=ç ÷ Þ =
and FOR =G = 4 G , along OR è100 ø è R + h ø R + h 10
( 2 )2
FOQ cos 30° and FOR cos 30° are equal and \ h = 10 R - R = 9 R
acting in opposite directions, hence cancel 19. Given, depth of sea, d = 7 km and g = 9.8 ms -2
out each other. Then, the resultant force on
Radius of the earth,
the mass 4 kg at point O, F = 0 (zero).
D 12800
Gm 1m 2 R= = km = 6400 km
13. Force on the object is given by F = 2 2
r2
æ dö
It is not zero under free fall. As, the height Value of g at bottom of sea, g d = g ç1 - ÷
è Rø
decreases, force will increases on object. The
acceleration due to gravity is constant and æ 7 ö 9.8 ´ 6393
= 9.8 ç1 - ÷=
equal to 9.8 m/s 2 during the free fall. è 6400 ø 6400
14. As, weight of the body at pole is mg and g is = 9.789 m/s 2
not affected by the rotation of earth at poles. 20. Acceleration due to gravity at a depth d
So, there is no change in weight of body. below the surface of the earth is given by
GM G R2 æ dö
15. As, we know, g = 2 or = g depth = g surface ç1 - ÷
R g M è Rø
G m2 æR -dö ær ö
Hence, the unit of the quantity = = g surface ç ÷ = g surface ç ÷
g kg è R ø èRø
16. If we assume the earth as a sphere of uniform Also, for a point at height h above surface,
density, then it can be treated as point mass é R2 ù
g height = g surface ê 2ú
placed at its centre. In this case, acceleration ë(R + h ) û
due to gravity g = 0, at the centre.
Therefore, we can say that value of g increases
It is not so, if the earth is considered as a
from centre to maximum at the surface and
sphere of non-uniform density, in that case
then decreases as depicted in graph (b).
value of g will be different at different points
and cannot be zero at any point. 21. Dependence of gravitational field ( E ) with
17. According to the question, distance is depicted properly in option (a)
GMm 1 GMm because at centre r = 0,
= \ E =0
(R + h ) 2
16 R 2
For a point outside the earth (r > R),
where, m = mass of the body GM 1
GM E =- 2 ÞE µ 2
and = gravitational acceleration. r r
R2
and at the surface of earth (r = R),
1 1
So, = GM
(R + h ) 2
16 R 2 E =- 2
R
R 1 R+h
or = or =4 Inside the earth (r < R),
R+h 4 R
GMr
E = - 3 Þ E µr
h = 3R R
22. Since, length if rod is equal to the - Gm 1m 2

26. As we know, G 1 = …(i)
circumference of semicircle r
L r
pR = L Þ R = m1 m2
p Gm 1m 2
Therefore, the gravitational at the centre of and G2 = - …(ii)
2r
circle will be G1
GM pGM \ = 2 [dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii)]
V =- =- G2
R L
GM 27. For a system of particles, all possible pairs
23. Gravitational potential, V i = - are taken and total gravitational potential
r
energy is the algebraic sum of the potential
6.67 ´ 10 -11 ´ 100
Vi = - energies due to each pair, applying the
0.1 principle of superposition.
6.67 ´ 10 -9
Vi = - = - 6.67 ´ 10 -8 J Total gravitational potential energy
0.1
Q Vf = 0 = U 12 + U 23 + U 31
- Gm 1m 2 Gm 2m 3 Gm 1m 3
\ Work done per unit mass, = - -
r1 r2 r3
W = DV = (V f - V i ) = 6.67 ´ 10 -8 J
æ - Gm 1m 2 ö æ - Gm 2m 3 ö æ - Gm 1m 3 ö
24. Two point masses m 1 and m 2 are separated by =ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷
è r1 ø è r2 ø è r3 ø
a distance r is shown as
28. Escape velocity on the surface of earth is
r
m1 m2 given by
Gravitational potential energy (U ) of the v = 2g Re
above system is given as i.e. v µ Re
Gm 1m 2
U =- Hence, escape velocity does not depend on
r the mass and direction of projection of body,
1 it depends on the radius of earth.
i.e. U µm 1m 2 and U µ or gravitational
r
29. Escape speed from the moon = 2g ¢Rm
potential energy is directly proportional to
the product of the masses of particles and where, g ¢ = acceleration due to gravity on the
inversely proportional to the separation surface of moon
between them. and Rm = radius of the moon.
25. Given, U = -7.79 ´ 10 28 J 30. Let h be the maximum height attained. Then
G = 6.67 ´ 10 -11 N-m2 kg -2 from equation of the motion v 2 = u 2 + 2gh
m = 6 ´ 10 24 kg When u = 0, v = 2 gh
and M = 7.40 ´ 10 22 kg ve
Given, v =
, where v e = 2gR
Potential energy of the system, 3
- GMm 1
U = Þ 2 gh = 2 gR
R 3
Þ - 7.79 ´ 10 28 On squaring both sides, we get
- 6.67 ´10 -11 ´ 7.4 ´ 10 22 ´ 6 ´ 10 24 h =
R
=
R 9
- 6.67 ´ 10 -11 ´ 7.4 ´ 10 22 ´ 6 ´ 10 24 31. Escape velocity is given by
Þ R=
- 7.79 ´ 10 28 2GM 2G 4
ve = = ´ p R 3r
Þ R = 3.8 ´ 10 8 m R R 3
2
8 1 1 æ GM e ö
Þ ve = R p Gr 38. KE of satellite = mv 2 = m ç ÷
3 2 2 è ( Re + h ) ø
Þ v µR [Q r is same for A and B] 1 GmM e
v A RA =
\ = =2 [Q RA = 2RB , given ] 2 ( Re + h )
v B RB
39. Geo-stationary satellite has an orbital period
GM M equal to earth’s rotational period of 23 h and
32. v e = 2gR = 2 2 × R or v e µ
R R 56 min, i.e. approx. 24 h.
Mass is 1000 times and radius is 10 times. 40. A geo-stationary satellite is an earth’s orbiting
(1000 M )G satellite. It is placed at an altitude of
\ v e¢ = approximately 36000 km directly over the
10 R
equator and it revolves in the same direction
GM the earth rotates.
Þ v e¢ = 10 Þ v e¢ = 10v e
R 41. An astronaut experiences weightlessness in a
Þ v e¢ = 10 ´ 11.2 Þ v e¢ = 112 kms -1 space satellite. It is because the astronaut
experiences no gravity.
33. The time period of satellite in a circular orbit
around a planet is independent of the mass of 42. Inside a satellite, every object experiences
satellite. weightlessness. Therefore, time period of a
L
34. As the total energy of the earth satellite pendulum inside a satellite is T = 2 p
æ - GM ö g
bounded system is negative ç i.e. ÷, As, g =0
è 2a ø
\ T = ¥ (infinity)
where a is radius of the satellite and M is
mass of the earth.
43. According to universal law of gravitation,
Gm 1m 2 Fr 2
Due to the viscous force acting on satellite, F = 2
Þ G =
energy decreases continuously and radius of r m 1m 2
the orbit or height decreases gradually. Here, m 1 = m 2 = 1 kg and r = 1 m
35. Here, Re = 6400 km = 6.4 ´ 10 6 m, g = 9.8 m/s 2 \ G =F
Hence, orbital velocity of artificial satellite 44. At poles, value of g is maximum. So, there is
near the earth’s surface, no effect of rotation of earth.
v o = gRe = 9.8 ´ 6.4 ´ 10 6 45. The ratio of magnitude of PE and KE of a

satellite is 2 : 1.
= 7. 9 ´ 10 3 m/s = 7.9 km/s
36. Velocity of satellite varies inversely as the PE - mv 2 2
Q = = = 2 :1
KE 1 1
square root of the orbit of radius R, mv 2
1 2
v µ
R 46. Weightlessness experienced while orbiting the
earth in spaceship is the result of zero gravity
vA RB R
\ = = because the surface does not exert any force
vB RA 4R on the body.
3v 1 GMm
Þ = Þ v B = 6v By Newton’s law, - R = ma
vB 2 r2
GMm æGM ö
GMm Þ - R =m ç 2 ÷ Þ R = 0
37. Q Total energy, E 0 = - r2 è r ø
2r
Since, reaction force by the surface of
GMm
Potential energy, U = - = 2E 0 spaceship is zero, so body will experience
r weightlessness. This happens in zero gravity
GMm region and also from, w = mg , when g = 0,
Kinetic energy, K = + = - E0
2r then w = 0.
47. Acceleration due to gravity at altitude h , C. Radius of moon is 1740 km while radius of
earth is 6400 km.
g æ 2h ö
gh = »g ç1 - ÷ Hence, A ® r, B ® p and C ® q.
(1 + h / R ) 2 è Rø
52. A. If the velocity of satellite is v and mass m ,
æ dö
At depth d , g d = g ç1 - ÷ then
è Rø 1
KE = mv 2
In both cases, with increase in h and d , g 2
decreases. B. Since, potential energy of the satellite
At latitude f, g f = g - w2 R cos 2 f = - 2 kinetic energy of satellite
As f increases g f increases. Þ PE = - mv 2 )
So, option (b) is incorrect. C. Also, total energy = KE + PE
48. As, w = mg and g = 0. 1 1
= mv 2 - mv 2 = - mv 2
So, weight of the body will become zero but 2 2
the mass will remain unchanged. Hence, A ® q, B ® r and C ® p.
49. The statements I and II are incorrect and 53. According to universal law of gravitation,
these can be corrected as, Gm 1m 2
F =
As, G = 6.67 ´ 10 - 11 N-m2 kg - 2 on the surface r2
of earth. This force of attraction between two bodies is
The escape velocity on the surface of earth is directly proportional to products of their
greater than the escape velocity from moon’s masses and inversely proportional to the
surface because the moon has no atmosphere square of distance between them.
while earth has a very draws one. Law of gravitation is not analogous to
50. A geo-stationary satellite is having same magnetic force between the moving charges.
sense of rotation as that of earth, i.e. west-east Therefore, A is true but R is false.
direction.
54. Acceleration due to gravity is given by
A polar satellite goes around the earth’s pole GM
in north-south direction. g =
R2
Earth Thus, it doesn’t depend on mass of the body
on which it is acting. Also, it is a variable
quantity, it changes with change in value of
both M and R.
Geo-stationary the correct explanation of A.
satellite
55. Variation of acceleration due to gravity at
height is given by
æ 2h ö
Earth g h = ç1 - ÷
è Rø
Since, acceleration due to gravity decreases
Polar satellite above the surface of the earth and weight is
51. A. Escape velocity of earth is 11.2 km/s while directly proportional to the acceleration due
for moon is 2.4 km/s. to gravity, so as we go up, we feel light
weighted than on the surface of the earth.
B. Gravitational acceleration of earth is
9.8 ms 2 while for moon’s surface is Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
1.6 m/s 2 . the correct explanation of A.
56. As, work done by or against gravitational Thus, v o is maximum near the surface of the
force in moving a body from one point to earth for h = 0.
another is independent of the actual path GM e
followed because it is conservative force of ( v o ) max =
Re
nature which only depends on the initial and
final positions. Therefore, A is false and R is also false.
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is 62. The person experiences zero net force as the
the correct explanation of A. force of gravity is balanced by the centrifugal
force inside the satellite. So, person
57. Gravitational potential due to a point mass at experience no gravity.
some finite distance is always negative.
The contact force by the surface on the
Gravitational potential at infinity is zero. person is zero.
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. Therefore, A is true but R is false.
58. The force of attraction due to a hollow 63. Total energy of a satellite is always negative
spherical shell of uniform density on a point irrespective of the nature of its orbit. It
mass situated inside it, is zero because indicates that the satellite is bound to the
gravitational force possesses spherical earth. At infinity, the potential energy and
symmetry. kinetic energy of satellite is zero.
Gravitational force is conservative in nature Hence, total energy at infinity is zero,
and the value of G does not depend on the therefore only negative energy of satellite is
nature and size of the masses. possible when it is revolved around the earth.
Therefore, both A and R are true but R is If it is positive or zero, the satellite would
not the correct explanation of A. leave its definite orbit and escape to infinity.
59. The escape speed for the moon is much Therefore, A is true but R is false.
smaller and hence any gas molecule formed 64. The geo-stationary satellite goes around the
having thermal velocity larger than escape earth in west-east direction.
speed will escape from the gravitational pull
It is because it orbits around earth in the
of the moon.
equatorial plane with a time period of 24 h
So, moon has no atmosphere.
same as that of rotation of the earth around
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is its axis.
60. Escape velocity, v e = 2gR the correct explanation of A.
GM 2 GM 65. In a satellite around the earth, every part and
where, g = Þ ve =
R 2
R parcel of the satellite has an acceleration
1 towards the centre of the earth which is
i.e. ve µ exactly the value of earth’s acceleration due
R
to gravity at that position.
So, if radius is four times, i.e. R ¢ = 4 R
Thus, in the satellite, everything inside it is in
2 GM 1 2 GM v e
v ¢e = = = a state of free fall.
( 4R ) 2 R 2
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is 66. An object is weightless when it is in free fall
the correct explanation of A. as during free fall, there is no upward force
GM e acting on the body and this phenomenon is
61. Orbital velocity of satellite, v o =
( Re + h ) called weightlessness.
1 Therefore, A is true but R is false.
Þ vo µ
Re + h 67. The force of attraction on small spheres due
to big sphere are equal and opposite in
direction. Hence, equal and opposite force GmM e

Þ F = mg =
separated by a fixed distance forms a couple. Re2
Hence, options (a) and (b) are correct.
F 73. Gravitational acceleration (g ) at the centre of
m
A
m
B earth is zero, hence weight of body ( w = mg )
F at the centre of earth becomes zero.
68. | Fnet | = zero 74. Consider the given diagram
F
A
B
Bar
F
m Sun
Since, the force are equal and opposite, net r
force on the bar is zero.
Earth Object
69. Magnitude of torque due to a couple
= (Either Force) ´ (Distance between of forces)
=F ´l Force on the object due to the earth,
where, l = length of the bar G ¢ M em 10 GM em
F = = (Q G ¢ = 10 G )
and F = force of attraction between a big R2 R2
sphere and its neighbouring small sphere. æGM em ö
= 10 ç ÷ = (10 g ) m = 10 mg ...(i)
70. The torque produces a twist in the suspended è R2 ø
æ GM ö
wire. The twisting stops when the restoring çQ g = 2 e ÷
è R ø
torque of the wire equal the gravitational
torque. Now, force on the object due to the sun ,
GM s¢m
71. We know that, gravitational force between F¢=
r2
the earth and the sun. G ( M s )m æ M ö
GMm = çQ M s¢ = s ÷
FG = , where M is mass of the sun and 10 r 2 è 10 ø
r2
m is mass of the earth. As, r >> R (radius of the earth)
When G decreases with time, the Þ F ¢ will be very small, so the effect of the
gravitational force FG will become weaker sun will be neglected.
with time. As FG is changing with time. Due Now, as g ¢ = 10 g
to it, the earth will be going around the sun Hence, weight of person = mg ¢ = 10 mg
not strictly in closed orbit and radius also [from Eq. (i)]
increases, since the attraction force is getting
i.e. Gravity pull on the person will increase.
weaker. Hence, after long time the earth will
leave the solar system. Due to it, walking on ground would become
more difficult.
72. The force acting on the particle of mass m at Escape velocity v e is proportional to g , i.e.
surface of the earth, ve µ g.
F = mg …(i) As, g ¢ > g Þ v e ¢ > v e
where, g = acceleration due to gravity at the
Hence, rain drops will fall much faster.
earth’s surface.
GM To overcome the increased gravitational force
Also, g = 2e …(ii) of the earth, the airplanes will have to travel
Re
much faster.
Then, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
75. Initially, the weight of the passenger at the 2GM e æ 2 GM e ö

Þ v e¢ = = 4ç ÷
earth’s surface, w = mg = 60 ´ 10 = 600 N. R¢ è Re ø
Finally, the weight of the passenger at the 2GM e
surface of the mars = 60 ´ 4 = 240 N and =2
Re
during the flight in between somewhere its
weight will be zero because at that point, or v e¢ = 2 v e
gravitational pull of earth and mars will be Hence, the escape velocity will be doubled.
equal. 79. Since, the escape velocity of earth can be
Only the curve (c) represents the weight = 0. given as
So, (c) is correct option. v e = 2gR
76. As we know that, acceleration due to gravity, 8
GM Þ ve = R pGr (r = density of earth)…(i)
g = 3
R2
As it is given that, the radius and mean
Given, M ¢ = 2M (Q mass gets doubled) density of planet are twice as that of earth.
Þ R ¢ = ( R / 2) (Q radius gets halved) So, escape velocity at planet will be
Then, acceleration becomes 8
v p = 2R pG 2r …(ii)
GM ¢ G ( 2M ) 8 GM 3
Þ g¢ = = =
R ¢2 ( R / 2) 2 R2 Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
\ g¢ =8g 8
R pGr
Thus, the new acceleration due to gravity g ¢ ve 3
=
is 8 times that of g . vp 8
2R pG 2r
77. As we know that, escape velocity, 3
2GM ve 1
ve = …(i) Þ = =1: 2 2
R vp 2 2
where, M is mass of planet. 80. As, we know that, force on satellite is only
So, on the basis of Eq. (i), it can be said that gravitational force which will always be
escape velocity will depend upon the mass of towards the centre of earth. Thus, the
the planet (M ). acceleration of S is always directed towards
78. Given, escape velocity on the surface of the centre of the earth.
earth, GM
81. Orbital velocity is given by v o =
r
2GM e
ve = where, r = R + h.
Re
R R 3
where, M e = mass of the earth If h = , then r = R + = R
2 2 2
and Re = radius of the earth. Then orbital velocity of satellite orbiting at
Now, according to the question, radius of half altitude becomes,
earth, GM ´ 2 2
R¢ = R e /4 \ v = = vo
3R 3
Practice Paper 1 165
PRACTICE PAPER 1
Physics Class 11th (Term I)
Instructions
1. This paper has 35 questions.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. Each question carry 1 mark.
4. Answer the questions as per given instructions.
Time : 90 Minutes Max. Marks : 35
Multiple Choice Questions 4. What is the maximum height attained

by a body projected with a velocity
1. A cyclist is travelling with velocity v on a equal to one-third of the escape velocity
banked curved road of radius R. The
from the surface of the earth? (Take,
angle q through which the cyclist lean
radius of the earth = R)
inwards is given by
Rg (a) R /2 (b) R / 3 (c) R /5 (d) R /8
(a) tanq = (b) tanq = v 2 Rg
v2 5. A body of mass 2 kg is thrown up
v2R v2
(c) tanq = (d) tanq = vertically with kinetic energy of 490 J.
g Rg
The height at which the kinetic energy
2. Three particles each of mass m are kept of the body becomes half of its original
at vertices of an equilateral triangle of value is
side L. The gravitational potential at the (a) 50 m (b) 12.25 m
centre due to these particles is (c) 25 m (d) 10 m
3Gm 6. A rocket is fired vertically from the
(a) -
L surface of mars with a speed of 2 kms -1 .
- 9 Gm If 20% of its initial energy is lost due to
(b)
3L martian atmospheric resistance, how far
(c) -
3 3 Gm will the rocket go from the surface of
L mars before returning to it? (Take, mass
(d) Both (b) and (c) of mars = 6.4 ´ 10 23 kg , radius of mars
3. Two bodies having masses m 1 & m 2 and = 3395 km and
velocities v 1 & v 2 collide and form a G = 6.67 ´ 10 -11 N-m 2 kg -2 )
composite system. If (a) 685 km (b) 785 km
m 1v 1 + m 2v 2 = 0 (m 1 ¹ m 2 ), then the (c) 495 km (d) 500 km
velocity of composite system will be 7. Force F on a particle moving in a
(a) v 1 - v 2 (b) v 1 + v 2 straight line varies with distance d as
v + v2 shown in figure.
(c) 1 (d) zero
2
The work done on the particle during (a) 25 ms -2 (b) 0.25 rad s -2
its displacement of 12 m is (c) 25 rad s -2 (d) 5 ms -2
F(N) 12. A body of mass 2kg travels according to
the law x (t ) = pt + qt 2 + rt 3 , where
q = 4ms -2 , p = 3ms -1 and r = 5ms -3 .
2 The force acting on the body at t = 2s is
(a) 136 N (b) 134 N

(c) 158 N (d) 68 N
0 3 7 12 d(m)
13. The orbital velocity of a body close to
(a) 18 J (b) 21 J (c) 26 J (d) 13 J the earth’s surface is
8. Weak nuclear forces operates among (a) 8 kms -1 (b) 11.2 kms -1
(c) 3 ´ 108 ms -1 (d) 2.2 ´ 103 kms -1
(a) all charged particles
(b) electrons and neutrino 14. A force of 20 N is applied on a body of
(c) all objects in universe mass 5 kg resting on a horizontal plane.
(d) Both (a) and (b) The body gains a kinetic energy of 10 J
9. Three blocks with masses m , 2m and 3m after it moves a distance 2 m. The
are connected by strings, as shown in frictional force is
the figure.After an upward force F is (a) 10 N (b) 15 N
applied on block m, the masses move (c) 20 N (d) 30 N
upward at constant speed v. What is the
net force on the block of mass 2m?
15. If E energy is required to project a
body with speed v, what is the energy
v required to give an initial speed of 2v to
F
the body?
m (a) E (b) 2E
(c) 4E (d) E /2
2m
16. A block of mass 10 kg is suspended by
three strings as shown in the figure. The
3m tension T 2 is
(a) Zero (b) 2 mg 60° 30°

(c) 3 mg (d) 6 mg
T2 T3
Here, g is the acceleration due to gravity.
10. If the unit of force is 1 kN, unit of T1

10 kg
length 1 km and the unit of time is 100s,
what will be the unit of mass?
s
100
(a) 10- 4 kg (b) 103 kg (c) 102 kg (d) 104 kg (a) 100 N (b) N
3
11. A rope is wound around a hollow (c) 3 ´ 100 N (d) 50 3 N
cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. 17. A smooth sphere of mass M moving
What is the angular acceleration of the with velocity u directly collides
cylinder, if the rope is pulled with a elastically with another sphere of mass
force of 30 N? m at rest. After collision, their final
velocities are v ¢ and v, respectively. The Assertion-Reasoning MCQs

value of v is
2uM 2um For question numbers 23 to 27, two
(a) (b) statements are given-one labelled
m M
2u 2u Assertion (A) and the other labelled
(c) (d)
1+
m
1+
M Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
M m these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
18. A solid cylinder rolls down an inclined
plane of height 3 m and reaches the (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
bottom of plane with angular velocity,
of 2 2 rad s -1 . The radius of cylinder
must be (take, g = 10 ms -2 )
(a) 5 cm (b) 0.5 cm
(c) 10 cm (d) 5 m
23. Assertion For a system of particles
19. The displacement of a particle is given under central force field, the total
by x = (t - 2) 2 m, where x is in metre
angular momentum is conserved.
and t is in second. The distance covered
by the particle in first 4 s is Reason The torque acting on such a
(a) 4 m (b) 8 m (c) 12 m (d) 16 m system is zero.
20. A projectile can have same range for 24. Assertion Mass and energy are not
two angles of projection with same conserved separately, but are conserved
initial speed. If h1 and h 2 be the as a single entity called mass-energy.
maximum heights attained by them,
Reason Mass and energy are
then
inter-convertible in accordance with
(a) R = h1h2
Einstein’s relation, E = mc 2 .
(b) R = 2h1h2
(c) R = 4 h1h2 25. Assertion In the system of two blocks
(d) R = 2 h1h2 of equal masses as shown, the
coefficient of friction between the
21. The radius of gyration of a thin ring blocks (m 2 ) is less than coefficient of
about any diameter is ……… . friction (m 1 ) between lower block and
R R
(a) (b) ground.
2 2
(c) 2R (d) R µ2 m F
22. The SI unit of intensity of gravitational m µ1
field is ……… .
(a) N kg - 1
(b) N kg For all values of force F applied on
(c) N-m kg - 1 upper block, lower block remains at
(d) N m- 1kg - 1 rest.
Reason Frictional force on lower block 28. Two vectors are given by
due to upper block is not sufficient to A = $i + 2$j + 2k$ and B = 3$i + 6 $j + 2k$ .
overcome the frictional force on lower Another vector C has the same
block due to ground. magnitude as that of B but has the same
direction as that of A. Then, which of
26. Assertion Spring force, friction force, the following vectors represents C?
normal force, tension in rope, etc., are 7 $ 3 $ $
similar forces. (a) ( i + 2 $j + 2 k$ ) (b) ( i - 2 j + 2 k$ )
3 7
Reason They arise out of the 7 9
(c) ( $i - 2 $j + 2 k$ ) (d) ($i + 2 $j + 2 k$ )
gravitational force between the 9 7
particles.
29. The X and Y -components of a force F
27. Assertion The light year and acting at 30º to X-axis are respectively
wavelength consist of dimensions of F F 3
(a) ,F (b) , F
length. 2 2 2
3 1 F
Reason Both light year and wavelength (c) F, F (d) F,
represent time. 2 2 2
30. A person walks in the following pattern

Case Based MCQs 3.1 km north, then 2.4 km west and
Direction Answer the questions from finally 5.2 km south. How far the
28-31 on the following case. person will be from its initial point?
(a) 4.2 km (b) 3.2 km
Resolution of Vectors (c) 3.0 km (d) 8.0 km
The process of splitting a single vector into
31. A unit radial vector $r makes angles of
two or more vectors are known as resolution
a = 30º relative to the X-axis, b = 60º
of vectors. These vectors are in different relative to the Y-axis and g = 90º
directions which collectively has same effect relative to the Z-axis. The vector $r can
as that of by the single vector alone. be written as
With the help of graph shown below 1$ 3$ 3$ 1$
(a) i+ j (b) i+ j
2 2 2 2
2$ 1 $
P(x, y) (c) i+ j (d) None of these
3 3
j
r
θ Acceleration
O
i
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change
Any vector r can be expressed as a linear of velocity with time. Since, velocity is a
combination of two unit vectors $i and $j at quantity having both magnitude and
right angle, i.e. r = x$i + y$j in two-dimension direction, a change in velocity may involve
either or both of these factors.
and r = x$i + y$j + z k$ in three-dimension.
Acceleration, therefore may result from a (a) 24 ms- 2 (b) zero

change in speed (magnitude), a change in (c) 6 ms- 2 (d) 12 ms - 2
direction or changes in both. 34. The graph between displacement and
For motion with constant acceleration, the time for a particle moving with uniform
average acceleration equals the constant value acceleration is
of acceleration during the interval. (a) straight line with a positive slope
(b) parabola
32. The acceleration of a moving car is
(c) ellipse
found from (d) straight line parallel to time axis
(a) area under velocity-time graph
(b) area under displacement-time graph 35. At a certain time, a car has a speed of
(c) slope of distance-time graph 18 m/s in positive x-direction and 2.4 s
(d) slope of velocity-time graph later its speed was 30 m/s in the
opposite direction.
33. The motion of a car along a straight
line is described by equation What is the magnitude of the average
x = 8 + 12t - t 3 , where x is in metre and acceleration of the particle during the
t is in second. The retardation of the 2.4 s interval?
particle, when its velocity becomes (a) 20 m/s 2 (b) 10 m/s 2
zero, is (c) 5 m/s 2 (d) 2.5 m/s 2
PRACTICE PAPER 1
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SIGNATURE OF EXAMINER WITH DATE MARKS SCORED

PRACTICE PAPER 2
Instructions
Multiple Choice Questions (Take, G = gravitational constant and

R = radius of earth)
1. If the length and time period of an 4 pgR 2 4 pgR 3
oscillating pendulum have errors 1% and (a) r = (b) r =
3G 3G
3% respectively, then the error in 3g 3g
measurement of acceleration due to (c) r = (d) r =
4 pGR 4 pGR 3
gravity is
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 6% (d) 7% 5. A body is rolling down an inclined
plane. Its translational and rotational
2. A ball is travelling with uniform kinetic energies are equal. The body
translatory motion. This means that is a
(a) it is at rest (a) solid sphere (b) hollow sphere
(b) the path can be a straight line or circular (c) solid cylinder (d) hollow cylinder
and the ball travels with uniform speed
(c) all parts of the ball have the same velocity 6. A person is moving with a velocity of
(magnitude and direction) and the velocity 10 m s -1 towards north. A car moving
is constant with a velocity of 20 ms -1 towards
(d) the centre of the ball moves with constant south crosses the person.
velocity and the ball spins about its centre The velocity of car relative to the
uniformly
person is
3. The equation of state for a real gas is (a) - 30 ms-1 (b) + 20ms-1
(c) 10 ms-1 (d) - 10 ms-1
given by æç P + 2 ö÷ (v - b ) = RT
a
è v ø 7. Which of the following does not specify
The dimensions of the constant a is the correct link between technology
5
(a) [ML T ] -2 -1 5
(b) [M L T ] 2 and physics?
(c) [ML- 5 T- 1 ] (d) [ML5 T- 1 ] (a) Optical fibres « total internal reflection
(b) Nuclear reactor « nuclear fusion
4. The acceleration due to gravity g and (c) Electron microscope « wave nature of
mean density of earth r are related by electrons
which of the following relations? (d) Electric generator « laws of
electromagnetic induction
8. Amongst the following graphs, which

graph represents the correct relation (c) g (d) g
between the height of projectile h and
time t , when a particle (projectile) is h h
thrown from the ground obliquely?
12. A uniform square plate has a small
h h
piece Q of an irregular shape removed
(a) (b) and glued to the centre of the plate
leaving a hole behind in figure. The
O t O t moment of inertia about the Z-axis is
h h
y y
(c) (d)
Hole
Q
O t t x x
O
9. A stone of mass 0.05 kg is thrown

vertically upwards. What is the (a) increased
magnitude and direction of net force on (b) decreased
the stone during its upward motion? (c) the same
(a) 0.98 N, vertically downwards (d) changed in unpredicted manner
(b) 0.49 N, vertically downwards
(c) 9.8 N, vertically downwards
13. The object is released from rest under
(d) 0.49 N, vertically upwards gravity at y = 0. The equation of motion
which correctly expresses the above
10. Three particles A, B and C projected situation is
from the same point with the same (a) v = -9.8 t ms-1
initial speeds making angle 30°, 45° and (b) v = (9.8 - 9.8 t) m/s
60°, respectively with the horizontally. (c) v 2 = - 19.6 y 2 m2s-2
Which of the following statement is (d) v 2 = (v 02 + 29.6 y) m 2 s -2
correct?
14. The unification of electromagnetism
(a) A,B and C have unequal ranges.
and optics leads to the
(b) Ranges of A and C are less than that of B .
(a) celestial and terrestrial mechanics
(c) Ranges of A and C are equal and greater
than that of B. (b) discovery of uncertainty principle
(d) A, B and C have equal ranges. (c) discovery of optical fibres
(d) discovery of light as an electromagnetic
11. Which of the following graph shows the wave
variation of acceleration due to gravity
g with depth h from the surface of the
15. A body falling from the rest has a
velocity v after it falls through a height
earth?
h. The distance it has to fall down
further for its velocity to become
(a) g (b) g double, will be
(a) 8h (b) 6h
h h (c) 4h (d) 5h
16. An aircraft executes a horizontal loop 21. The sign (+ ve or - ve) of the average
of radius 1 km with a speed of velocity depends only upon ……… .
900 kmh - 1 . What is the ratio of its (a) the sign of displacement
centripetal acceleration with the (b) the initial position of the object
acceleration due to gravity? (c) the final position of the object
(a) 6.38 (b) 3.19 (d) None of the above
(c) 12.76 (d) 5.38 22. In projectile motion, both the
17. A body possessing kinetic energy T magnitude and direction of acceleration
moving on a rough horizontal surface is ……… .
stopped in a distance y. The frictional (a) decreases with the height
force exerted on the body is (b) increases with the height
(c) remains constant
T
(a)Ty (b) (d) increases with the range
y
T T
(c) (d) Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
y y
18. A particle moves from a point statements are given-one labelled
( - 2$i + 5$j ) to ( 4 $j + 3k$ ) when a force of Assertion (A) and the other labelled
( 4 $i + 3$j ) N is applied. How much work Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
has been done by the force? these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
(a) 8 J (b) 11 J and (d) are as given below
(c) 5 J (d) 2 J (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
19. The displacement-time graph of two (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
moving particles make angles of 30° correct explanation of A.
and 60° with the X -axis. The ratio of (c) A is true but R is false.
their velocities is (d) A is false and R is also false.
23. Assertion The time-period of
Displacement (x)
pendulum on a satellite orbiting the

earth is infinity.
Reason Time-period of a pendulum is
60° inversely proportional to g .
30°
0
Time (t)
24. Assertion In case of pure rolling, the
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 :2 force of friction becomes zero.
(c) 1 :1 (d) 3 :2
Reason The speed at the point of
20. The ceiling of a long hall is 25 m high. contact is non-zero.
What is the maximum horizontal
distance that a ball thrown with a speed
25. Assertion A lift is ascending with
decreasing speed means acceleration of
of 40 ms - 1 can go without hitting the
lift is downwards.
ceiling of the hall?
(a) 150.5 m (b) 250.5 m Reason A body always moves in the
(c) 130.2 m (d) 100.5 m direction of its acceleration.
F1
26. Assertion The centripetal and F2
centrifugal forces never cancel out.
Reason They do not act at the same Body
time.
27. Assertion In universe, gravitational
force dominates in long distance and F3
electric force dominates in short distance. æ 3ö
(a) 5 N making an angle q = tan- 1 ç ÷ with
Reason For gravitational force µ è4ø
mass 2 charge 2 negative Y-axis
and electric force µ æ4ö
distance 2 distance 2 (b) 5N making an angle q = tan- 1 ç ÷ with
è 3ø
negative Y-axis
Case Based MCQs æ 3ö
(c) 7N making an angle q = tan- 1 ç ÷ with
Direction Answer the questions from è4ø
28-31 on the following case. negative Y-axis
æ4ö
(d) 7N making an angle q = tan- 1 ç ÷ with
Equilibrium of a Particle è 3ø
Equilibrium of a particle in mechanics refers negative Y-axis
to the situation when the net external force on 29. Three concurrent coplanar forces
the particle is zero. According to the first law, 1N, 2N and 3N acting along different
the particle is either at rest or in uniform directions on a body
motion. (a) can keep the body in equilibrium, if 2N and
If two forces F1 and F 2 act on a particle, 3N act at right angle
equilibrium requires (b) can keep the body in equilibrium, if 1N and
2N act at right angle
F1 = - F 2
(c) cannot keep the body in equilibrium
i.e. The two forces on the particle must be (d) can keep the body in equilibrium, if 1N and
equal and opposite. Equilibrium under three 3N act at an acute angle
concurrent forces F1 , F 2 and F 3 requires that 30. P , Q and R are three coplanar forces
the vector sum of three forces is zero. acting at a point and are in equilibrium.
F1 + F 2 + F 3 = 0 Given, P = 19318
. kg-wt and
In other words, the resultant of any two forces sin q 1 = 0.9659, find the value of R (in
say F1 and F 2 , obtained by the parallelogram kg-wt).
law of forces must be equal and opposite to
P Q
the third force F 3 . 150°
28. Three forces F 1 , F 2 and F 3 together θ2 θ1

keep a body in equilibrium. If F 1 = 3 N
along the positive X-axis, F 2 = 4N along R
the positive Y-axis, then the third force
F 3 is 1
(a) 0.9659 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)
2
31. A mass of 10 kg is suspended from a 32. In elastic collision,

spring balance. It is pulled aside by a I. initial kinetic energy is equal to the
horizontal string, so that it makes an final kinetic energy.
angle of 60º with the vertical. The new II. kinetic energy during the collision
reading of the balance is time Dt is constant.
(a) 10 3 kg-wt (b) 20 3 kg-wt
(c) 20 kg-wt (d) 10 kg-wt Which of the following option is correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
Direction Answer the questions from (c) Both I and II (d) None of these
33. A particle of mass m 1 moves with
Collision
A collision is an isolated event in which two velocity v 1 collides with another particle
or more colliding bodies exert strong forces at rest of equal mass. The velocity of
second particle after the elastic collision
on each other for a relatively short time. For a
is
collision to take place, the actual physical
(a) 2v 1 (b) v 1 (c) - v 1 (d) zero
contact is not necessary.
At the time of collision, the two colliding 34. A molecule in a gas container hits a
objects are deformed and may be horizontal wall with speed 200 ms -1 at
momentarily at rest with respect to each an angle 30° with the normal and
other. If the initial and final velocities of both rebounds with the same speed. Which
the bodies are along the same straight line, statement is correct?
then it is called a one-dimensional collision or (a) Momentum is conserved
head-on collision. (b) Elastic collision
m1 m1 (c) Inelastic collision
m2 m2 (d) Both (a) and (b)
u1 u2
35. A particle of mass 1g moving with a
B B
A A velocity v 1 = 3$i - 2$j ms -1 experiences
Before collision During collision
u1> u2 a perfectly elastic collision with another
m1 particle of mass 2 g and velocity
m2
v1 v2 v 2 = 4 $j - 6 k$ ms -1 . The velocity of the
particle is
B
A (a) 2.3 ms-1 (b) 4.6 ms-1
After collision (c) 9.2 ms-1 (d) 6 ms-1
v1 < v2
PRACTICE PAPER 2
OMRSHEET
Instructions
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10 a b c d 28 a b c d
11 a b c d 29 a b c d
12 a b c d 30 a b c d
13 a b c d 31 a b c d
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15 a b c d 33 a b c d
16 a b c d 34 a b c d
17 a b c d 35 a b c d
18 a b c d

PRACTICE PAPER 3
Instructions
Multiple Choice Questions 5. Two solid spheres A and B are made

of metals of different densities r A and
1. At a metro station, a girl walks up a r B , respectively. If their masses are
stationary escalator in time t 1 . If she
equal,then the ratio of their moments
remains stationary on the escalator,
of inertia ( I B / I A ) about their
then the escalator take her up in time
respective diameters is
t 2 . The time taken by her to walk up on 2 /3 2 /3
the moving escalator will be ær ö ær ö rA rB
(a) ç B ÷ (b) ç A ÷ (c) (d)
(a) (t1 + t2 ) / 2 (b) t1 t2 / (t2 - t1 ) è rA ø è rB ø rB rA
(c) t1 t2 / (t2 + t1 ) (d) t1 - t2
6. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a
2. Force of 4N is applied on a body of vertical circular path of radius 1 m. The
mass 20 kg. The work done in 3 s is difference between the kinetic energies
(a) 3 J (b) 2 J (c) 4 J (d) 1 J at the highest and the lowest positions is
(a) 20 J (b) 10 J
3. Weight of a body on surface of earth is
(c) 4 5 J (d) 10( 5 - 1) J
63 N. When this object is taken below
earth surface at a height equals to half 7. A particle moves along a circle of radius
the radius, its weight becomes r with constant tangential acceleration. If
(a) 28 N (b) 10 N the velocity of the particle isv at the end
(c) 0 (d) 63 N of second revolution, after the revolution
has started, then the tangential
4. The three initial and final positions of a acceleration is
man on the X -axis are given as v2 v2 v2 v2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) ( -8 m, 7 m) 8pr 6pr 4pr 2pr
(ii) (7 m, - 3 m)
8. If K i and K f are the initial and final
(iii) ( -7 m, 3 m) values of kinetic energy of a body
Which pair gives the negative respectively, then the work done by the
displacement? net force on the body is equal to
(a) (i) (b) (ii) K fK i Kf + Ki
(a) (b) K f + K i (c) K f - K i (d)
(c) (iii) (d) (i) and (iii) Kf -Ki 2
9. Conservation of momentum in a (a) A shows the kinetic energy, B shows the

total energy and C shows the potential
collision between particles can be
energy of the satellite.
understood from (b) A and B are the kinetic energy and potential
(a) law of conservation of energy energy respectively and C is the total energy
(b) Newton’s first law only of the satellite.
(c) Newton’s second law only (c) A and B are the potential energy and kinetic
(d) Both Newton’s second and third laws energy respectively and C is the total energy
of the satellite.
10. Electromagnetic force is (d) C and A are the kinetic energy and potential
(a) the force between charged particles energy respectively and B is the total energy
(b) charges in motion of the satellite.
(c) 1036 times the gravitational force between
two protons for any fixed distance 15. A projectile, thrown with velocity v 0 at
(d) All of the above an angle a to the horizontal, has a range
R. It will strike a vertical wall at a
11. The respective number of significant distance R/2 from the point of
figures for numbers 23.023, 0.0003 and projection with a speed of
. ´ 10 - 3 are
21
(a) v 0 (b) v 0 sina
(a) 4, 4, 2 (b) 5, 1, 5
gR
(c) 5, 1, 2 (d) 5, 5, 2 (c) v 0 cos a (d)
2
12. If the mass of the earth is doubled and
its radius halved, then new acceleration 16. A solid sphere of mass 1 kg and radius
due to the gravity g ¢ is 10 cm rolls down an inclined plane of
(a) g ¢ = 4 g (b) g ¢ = 8 g
height 7 m. The velocity of its centre as
(c) g ¢ = g (d) g ¢ = 16 g it reaches the ground level is
(a) 7 ms -1 (b) 10 ms -1
13. A bob of mass m attached to an (c) 15 ms -1 (d) 20 ms -1
inextensible string of length l is
suspended from a vertical support. The 17. In a two dimensional motion,
bob rotates in a horizontal circle with instantaneous speed v 0 is a positive
an angular speed w rads -1 about the constant. Then, which of the following
vertical support. About the point of are necessarily true?
suspension , (a) The average velocity is not zero at any time.
(a) angular momentum is conserved (b) Average acceleration must always vanish.
(b) angular momentum changes in magnitude (c) Displacements in equal time intervals are
but not in direction equal.
(c) angular momentum changes in direction but (d) Equal path lengths are traversed in equal
not in magnitude intervals.
(d) angular momentum changes both in
direction and magnitude 18. A cyclist moving on a circular track of
radius 40 m completes half a revolution
14. Figure shows the E in 40 s. Its average velocity is
variation of energy E A (a) zero (b) 2 ms -1
with the orbital radius r (c) 4 p ms-1 (d) 8 p ms-1
of a satellite in a circular r
C 19. An explosion breaks a rock into three
motion. Select the
correct statement. B parts in a horizontal plane. Two of them
go off at right angles to each other. The
first part of mass 1 kg moves with a (c) A is true but R is false.

speed of 12 ms -1 and the second (d) A is false and R is also false.
part of mass 2 kg moves with
8 ms -1 speed. If the third part flies off
23. Assertion When the objects A and B
move in the same direction, then
with 4 ms -1 speed, then its mass is
relative velocity of object A w.r.t. object
(a) 3 kg (b) 5 kg (c) 7 kg (d) 17 kg
B is v AB = v A - v B .
20. A and B are two inclined vectors and R Reason When the objects A and B
is their sum. move in opposite direction, then
Choose the correct figure for the given relative velocity of object B w.r.t. object
description. A is v BA = v B - v A .
P P
A A 24. Assertion In an elastic collision
(a) O B (b) O B between two bodies, the energy of each
R= R= body is conserved.
A+ A+
B Q B Q Reason The total energy of an isolated
P P
A A system is not conserved.
(c) O B (d) O B
R= R= 25. Assertion An astronaut experiences
A+ A+ weightlessness in a space satellite.
B B
Q Q
Reason When a body falls freely, it
21. In vernier callipers, 10 vernier scale does not experience gravity.
divisions is equal to ……… main scale 26. Assertion Static friction acting on a
divisions. body is always greater than the kinetic
(a) 10 (b) 9 friction acting on this body.
(c) 11 (d) 0
Reason Coefficient of static friction is
22. In a rotating frame of reference, the more than the coefficient of kinetic
pseudo force is called ……… , when friction.
applied for centripetal acceleration.
(a) gravitational force 27. Assertion In projectile motion, if time
(b) centrifugal force of flight is made two times, then
(c) centripetal force maximum height will become four
(d) dynamic force times.
Reason T µ sin q and H µ sin 2 q,
where q is angle of projection.
statements are given-one labelled Case Based MCQs
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
and (d) are as given below Universal Law of Gravitation
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the In a school, teacher is explaining an
correct explanation of A. experiment to the students. He tells them
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the about the law of gravitation by taking two
bodies having masses m 1 and m 2 , respectively. about the dynamics of the tyre of a car. He
Both the bodies are mutually separated by a was curious to know the reason behind the
distance r. The teacher explains that there is a rotation of a tyre. He went to his teacher and
force of gravitational attraction between two asked the same. Teacher explains him,
bodies. This force depends on both the suppose there is a car moving with velocity v
masses and also on the separation distance in a straight line. The tyre of a car rotates with
between them. an angular velocity w. Linear velocity depends
28. Two particles of masses m 1 and m 2 , on the angular velocity of the tyre and on the
approach each other due to their radius r of the tyre as shown in the figure
mutual gravitational attraction only. below
Then, ω
(a) acceleration of both the particles are equal
(b) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is
directly proportional to m1 v
(c) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is r
directly proportional to m2
(d) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is
inversely proportional to m1
Tyre of a car
29. A body of mass M is divided into two
parts m and M - m . The gravitational 32. Angular speed of hour hand of a clock
m
force between them is maximum, if is (in degree per second) is
M 1 1
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4 (a) (b)
30 60
1 1
30. Apple falls towards the earth but the (c) (d)
120 720
earth does not move towards the apple
because 33. Given, w = 2k$ and r = 2$i + 2$j. Find the
(a) acceleration is inversely proportional to linear velocity.
mass, so acceleration of earth is negligible
(a) 4 $i + 4 $j (b) 4 $i - 4 $j
(b) only earth exerts force on apple, apple does
not exert force on earth (c) - 4 $i + 4 $j (d) - 4 $i - 4 $j
(c) apple experience greater force than the
earth 34. What is the value of linear velocity, if
(d) only apple exerts force on earth, earth does r = 3$i + 4 $j + 6 k$ and w = - 5$i + 3$j + 5k?
$
not exert force on apple
(a) -2 $i + 45 $j - 29 k$
31. What is the mass of a body whose (b) 2 $i - 45 $j + 29 k$
weight is 59 N? (Take, g = 9 .8 m/ s 2 ) (c) 3$i - 29 $j + 45 k$
(a) 5 kg (b) 9 kg (c) 6 kg (d) 50 kg (d) 5 $i - 6 $j + 4 k$
32-35 on the following case. 35. The correct vector relation between
linear velocity v and angular velocity w
Angular Velocity and its Relation with in rigid body dynamics is
Linear Velocity (a) w = v ´ r (b) v = r ´ w
Shyam is playing football in his society and (c) v = w ´ r (d) r = v ´ w
suddenly a car passes near him. He thought Here, r is the position vector.
PRACTICE PAPER 3
OMRSHEET
Instructions
ü û

10 a b c d 28 a b c d
11 a b c d 29 a b c d
12 a b c d 30 a b c d
13 a b c d 31 a b c d
14 a b c d 32 a b c d
15 a b c d 33 a b c d
16 a b c d 34 a b c d
17 a b c d 35 a b c d
18 a b c d

ANSWERS
Practice Paper 1
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (a)
Practice Paper 2
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (b)
Practice Paper 3
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c)

CBSE Physics Class 11 Term 1 Objective Question Bank

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CBSE Physics Class 11 Term 1 Objective Question Bank

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CBSE

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)

Administrative & Production Offices

UNIT-I Physical World and Measurement Periods

UNIT-II Kinematics Periods

UNIT-III Laws of Motion Periods

UNIT-V Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body Periods

UNIT-VI Gravitation Periods

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

motion. which binds the protons and neutrons

7. Comparison between Four Fundamental But Einstein’s theory of relativity

6. Maxwell’s set of equation encapsulated 13. ……… was discovered by Huygens’.

Assertion-Reasoning MCQs 22. Assertion Symmetry of laws of nature

4. Fundamental Quantities and their SI Units For Area

can be measured by a measuring instrument

● Absolute Error The magnitude of the ● Error in Case of a Measured Quantity

Rule 5 If the digit to be dropped is 5 and of Equations The principle of homogeneity

dimensional formula of the given physical éM ù éL ù é T ù

13. In successive experiments while 19. If the length of a pendulum is increased

37. If dimensions of critical velocity v c of a (a) 10-10 (b) 10-11

47. Match the following columns. Codes

54. Assertion Out of two measurements Case Based MCQs

Case Based MCQs

7. We have, q = 1° 54 ¢ = (60 + 54)¢ Mean deviation of a simple pendulum

Ratio of volume = 3 =ç a÷ DT 2 = 2.56 s - 2.62 s = - 0.06 s

405.0 For a day, the pendulum loses,

23. The reliable digit plus the first uncertain digit ( p ) (V )

Given, X = 3YZ 2 , Comparing power of similar quantities, we

dA 1 cm2 45. When the relative error is expressed in

[MLT-2 ] Since, 0.70 m has more significant figure

E 78. According to the question, the expression for

water flowing down a dam, etc. motion of an object is considered as 3-D,

The velocity of an object can be positive, zero

and negative according to its displacement.

Dimensional formula [M 0 LT -1] dx

13. Types of Acceleration 15. Non-uniformly Accelerated Motion

in equal intervals of time.

dv In case of upward motion, acceleration due to

19. Different Graphs related to Motion are as Condition Graph

Body moving with a O

Body moving with Velocity

Body moving with a Displacement

10. Find the average velocity, when a (a) v1 >v2

(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 :2 (c) 1 :1 (d) 3 :2

16. If an object is moving in a straight line,

particle moving along X -axis is given

(c) 27 ms-2 (d) 37 ms-2

is t = ax + bx , where a and b are

constants. The retardation is 2.4

32. The given acceleration-time graph 36. A particle is situated at x = 3 units at

37. Consider the relation for relative

Position Velocity 40. The numerical ratio of displacement to

42. The distance-time graph of …… is a With reference to the graph, which of

44. For motion of the car between t = 18 s A

45. The x-t graph for motion of a car is B. d | v |/dt q. Rate of

Codes Column I Column II

48. Given x-t graph represents the motion Position-time

Reason An object is treated as point Reason Infinite acceleration cannot be

Motion in a Straight Line Direction Answer the questions from

Case Based MCQs

We know that, v av = average speed 12. Given, x 2 = 27.4 m, x 1 = 10 m, t 2 = 7 s and

dx Since, the direction of velocity is changing,