Case study

1. What is the causative agent, how does it enter the body and how does it spread from person to
person?
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses. Which are classified int 4 types : a, b, c, & D. Only
virus types A and B commonly cause illness in humans.
- Droplets: the particles can deposit on mucous surfaces of the Upper respiratory tract.
2. Who are the high risk population?
- Children younger than 5, especially children younger than 2
- Adults 65 years of age and older.
- Pregnant women and women up to 2 weeks postpartum
- Immunocomprimzed patients
- Residents of nursing home and other longerm care facilities
3. What is the typical clinical presentation and what complications can occur
- Cough and other respiratory symptoms
- Fever, sore throat,
- Myalgias,
- Headache
- Nasal discharge
- Weakness and severe fatigue
- Tachycardia
- Read, watery eyes
- Cough and other respiratiory symptoms may be initially minimal but frequently progress as
infection evolves. Patient may report nonproductive cough, cough related pleuritic chest
pain and dyspnea. In children, diarrhea may be a feature.
- Flu complications :
- Myocarditis( inflammation of the heart ),
- encephalitis (brain),
- myositis (muscle tissues), rhabdobdomyolysis,
- and mutlti-organ failure(for example , respiratory and kidney failure)
4. How is this diseases diagnosed and what is the differential diagnosis?
- Nose swab/ throat swab
- Diagnostic tests available for influenza include viral culture, serology, rapid antigen testing,
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence assays, and rapid
molecular assays.

5. How is the disease managed and prevented

- Take time to get a flu vaccine: CDC recommends a yearly flu vaccine as the most important
step in protecting against flu viruses.
 Everyone six month and older should get annul flu vaccine by the end of October.
- Take every day preventive actions to stop the spread of disease

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  Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
 Patients should stay at home at least 24 hhrs after their fever is gone except to get
medical care or other necessities.
 If you are sick, limit contact with others as much as possible
 Wear mask to cover your mouth and nose
 Wash your hands with soap and water
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth
 Clean and disinfect surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with viruses
- Take flu antiviral drugs if your doctor prescribes them
- They are not sold over the counter, and you can only get them from a HCP.
- Flu antiviral drugs work best for treatment when they are started within two dayys of getting
sick.

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