Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 83 (2021) 102246

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yjflm

Research Paper

Effect of postmortem interval and conditions of teeth on STR based DNA

profiling from unidentified dead bodies
Naresh Kumar a, *, R. Aparna b, Shivkant Sharma c
a
DNA Division, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Central Range, Mandi, 175001, Himachal Pradesh, India
b
Department of Forensic Science, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be-University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
c
Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Teeth are important exhibits to establish the identity of unidentified dead bodies by DNA profiling. Tooth acts as
Forensic odontology a cage to protect DNA from harsh environmental conditions. Unidentified bodies are sometimes found many
Dead bodies years after death causing loss of valuable soft tissues which can be used for DNA extraction. Skeletal remains and
Dental DNA
dental evidence provide the best alternative when decomposed or burnt bodies are examined to establish the
Powder-free method
identity. In this study, the powder-free method was used to extract DNA from ninety-five teeth of unidentified
dead bodies across seven years (2014–2020). Intact and broken dental remains were analyzed majorly from
decomposed remains. The present study reports successful STR profiles obtained from dental evidence using
powder free method. Complete DNA profiles were obtained from intact teeth while damaged teeth either gave
partial profiles or no results. This data suggest that intact teeth are excellent samples for DNA profiling from
decomposed unidentified dead bodies even with greater post mortem interval. Findings from this study can
hence be useful in establishing the identity in forensic and archeological casework.

1. Introduction
Biological profiling of age, sex and race determination along with
personal identification is an essential step in forensic investigation.
Forensic laboratories frequently receive one or more biological evidence
types such as body fluids, tissues, bones etc. for identification of un­
identified dead bodies. Dead bodies are usually found in mass di­
sasters,1,2 terrorist attacks,3 wildfires,4 homicides,5,6 traffic accident,7
disaster victim identification,8 armed conflicts,9 wars10, plane acci­
dents11 among many others. The visual identification of these dead
bodies on the basis of clothing and belongings is very difficult due to
subjectivity. Most of these dead bodies are unclaimed at the time of their
recovery. It is the responsibility of law enforcement, public safety, and
health officials to identify the dead bodies so that they can be handed
over to their families. Hence, the identification of unidentified and un­
claimed dead bodies is important from the social and legal perspective.
As the decomposition of the dead sets in, soft tissues slowly degrade
leaving behind skeletal remains and teeth which are good sources of
DNA. Identification is hence possible in stages of advanced decomposi­
tion, buried and burnt remains apart from other factors of exposure. The
post mortem changes associated with the remains critically determines
the selection of an appropriate technique for DNA analysis from these
tissues.12 In forensic science, DNA profiling has emerged as the new gold
standard and is playing an important role in the biological identification
of the dead bodies using short tandem repeats (STR) analysis, mito­
chondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, analysis of Y- chromosome, X-chro­
mosome STR analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs).13
Forensic odontology which deals with the different aspects of teeth in
forensic investigations is playing a crucial role in the identification of
dead bodies. Teeth are useful materials in forensic science for DNA
extraction from dead bodies since it is a sealed box protecting DNA from
extreme environmental conditions and postmortem degradation such as
incineration, immersion, mutilation, decomposition, trauma and mi­
crobial action.14,15 Besides this, teeth are also easy to transport.15 The
total yield of genomic DNA from the tooth may vary from 6 μg to 50
μg.16 Thus, good quality and quantity of DNA can be extracted from a
tooth, which is advantageous for DNA analysis.17,18 Teeth is considered
to be unique, possessing high stability and comparability even in
extreme conditions.19 Structurally, the tooth is the hardest structure in
the body consisting of enamel, dentine, cementum, root and pulp.
Outermost layer is the enamel that protects the cementum that lines the
dentine beneath which the pulp is present.20,21 Due to enamel, teeth are

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: nareshkumarbiotech85@gmail.com (N. Kumar), r.aparna@jainuniversity.ac.in (R. Aparna).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102246
Received 19 May 2021; Received in revised form 10 August 2021; Accepted 16 August 2021
Available online 21 August 2021
1752-928X/© 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
N. Kumar et al.
the hardest organs in the human body, which covers the crown (exposed
white portion) and dentine. Because of enamel, teeth are resistant to
humidity, high temperature, and microbial action.22,23 However, the
enamel is an acellular part that is made up of mineral (96%, by weight)
and contains no DNA.24,25 The root is cellular part of tooth composed of
dentine, cementum, pulp, and has been shown to yield more DNA than
the crown.26 There are two methods for extraction of DNA from tooth:
destructive and non-destructive. The non-destructive method also called
as powder-free method yields good quantity of DNA as all parts of the
tooth i.e. enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp are involved in DNA
extraction. In destructive method, forceful mechanical destruction of the
tooth by grinder or tissue lyser may compromise the quality and quan­
tity of the extracted DNA.27
Dental anomalies can additionally be helpful during post mortem
identification by biological profiling in comparison with ante mortem
data.19 Keeping in view importance of teeth in forensic science, this
study was designed to check the effect of post-mortem interval and
condition of the teeth on STR based DNA profiling recovered from un­
identified dead bodies.
2. Methodology
The DNA profiling of ninety-five teeth (n = 95) from unidentified
dead bodies were done as routine laboratory work in the DNA Division,
State Forensic Science Laboratory, Junga, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
from 2014 to 2020. The post-mortem interval of dead bodies was same
day, after first, second, third, fourth, fifth and more than seven days of
their recovery. The most common post-mortem interval was first day.
The teeth were received for identification from different police stations
of Himachal Pradesh. The types of teeth were incisors, canines, pre­
molars and molars, which were received in intact and broken conditions.
PowerPlex® 21 System kit was purchased from Promega Corporation,
Wisconsin, United States and GlobalFiler™ kit was procured from
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, United States.
2.1. DNA extraction
The organic extraction method given by Sambrook and Russell28 was
used for DNA extraction from teeth with slight modifications. The
powder-free approach was used to break teeth. The teeth were scrapped
with sterilized blades to avoid microbial contamination. For cleaning,
Fig. 1. Conditions of dead bodies found as a part of case work from 2014 to 2020.
2
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 83 (2021) 102246
teeth were vortexed for a few seconds and kept overnight in absolute
alcohol. Alcohol was drained out and teeth were dried at room tem­
perature. After drying, teeth were broken with a hammer and all pieces
along with the root were added in autoclaved micro vials (1.5 ml). To
the pieces, DNA extraction buffer (350 μl) and proteinase K (25 μl) was
added, vortexed and incubated at 56 ◦ C for 72 h in an NB 20 water bath
(Nuve, Ankara, Turkey). The lysate from all samples was added into
micro vials (1.5 ml). To the vials, 500 μl of phenol: chloroform: isoamyl
alcohol (25:24:1) was added, vortexed for few seconds and spun in a
rotospin (Tarsons, India) for 10 minutes. The tubes were centrifuged at
12,000 rpm for 10 minutes in a 5430 R refrigerated centrifuge
(Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The upper aqueous layer was
removed carefully and added in other micro vials. Then, 500 μl of
phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) was added again and the
previous step was repeated to get good quality of DNA. To the aqueous
layer, 100 μl of sodium acetate (2 M) and chilled absolute alcohol (1000
μl) was added and kept for overnight precipitation at − 20 ◦ C in a
refrigerator (Celfrost, India). After precipitation, tubes were centrifuged
at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes using 5430 R refrigerated centrifuge
(Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The supernatant was discarded care­
fully and 70% alcohol (500 μl) was added. The tubes were centrifuged at
10,000 rpm for 5 minutes and the supernatant was discarded carefully.
This step was repeated once and micro vials were dried in a digital dry
bath (Labnet, New Jersey, United States) at 56 ◦ C for 30 minutes. To the
micro vials, 18 μl of TE buffer was added and put in a dry bath at 56 ◦ C
for 10 min. The DNA was stored at − 20 ◦ C in a refrigerator (Celfrost,
India) for further use. The isolated DNA was assessed using agarose gel
electrophoresis (0.8%) and 1 ng of DNA was used for PCR amplification.
2.2. PCR amplification
The PCR amplification of few DNA samples was performed using
PowerPlex® 21 System kit (Promega Corporation, Wisconsin, United
States) and some with GlobalFiler™ kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific,
Massachusetts, United States) kits. The PowerPlex® 21 System kit am­
plifies 20 autosomal STR loci (D3S1358, D1S1656, D6S1043, D13S317,
Penta E, D16S539, D18S51, D2S1338, CSF1PO, Penta D, TH01, vWA,
D21S11, D7S820, D5S818, TPOX, D8S1179, D12S391, D19S433, FGA)
and the amelogenin gender determining marker in a single PCR ampli­
fication run. The amplification was performed using 5 μl of the master
mix, 5 μl of primer mix and 15 μl of isolated DNA in separately labelled
N. Kumar et al.
Fig. 2. Electropherogram of DNA from tooth (Representative sample) from a body at advanced stage of decomposition showing amplification at 21 loci (Power­
Plex®21 System kit).
PCR tubes with 25 μl of reaction volume. The amplification was done
using GeneAmp®PCR System 9700 and Veriti Dx thermal cyclers
(Applied Biosystems, U.S.A.). The following protocol was set for PCR
amplification: 96 ◦ C for 1 minute, 94 ◦ C for 10 seconds, 59 ◦ C for 1
minute, 72 ◦ C for 30 seconds for 30 cycles, then 60 ◦ C for 10 minutes and
4 ◦ C soak. 2800 M DNA as positive and nuclease free water as a negative
control for quality management.
The GlobalFiler™ kit amplifies 21 autosomal STR loci (D3S1358,
vWA, D16S539, CSF1PO, TPOX, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D2S441,
D19S433, TH01, FGA, D22S1045, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, SE33,
D10S1248, D1S1656, D12S391, D2S1338), amelogenin, and two male
specific markers (Y-Indel and DYS391). PCR amplification was
3
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 83 (2021) 102246
performed using 7.5 μl of the master mix, 2.5 μl of primer mix and 15 μl
of isolated DNA with 25 μl of reaction volume. The contents were vor­
texed for a few seconds and amplification was done with
GeneAmp®PCR System 9700 and Veriti Dx thermal cyclers (Applied
Biosystems, U.S.A.). Control DNA 007 as positive and nuclease free
water as a negative control was used to check the quality of the kit. The
following protocol was set for PCR amplification: 95 ◦ C for 1 minute,
94 ◦ C for 10 seconds, 59 ◦ C for 90 seconds, 60 ◦ C for 10 minutes for 29
cycles, then 4 ◦ C hold. The amplified products were stored at 4 ◦ C in a
refrigerator.
N. Kumar et al.
Fig. 3. Electropherogram of DNA from tooth (Representative sample) from a skeletonized body showing amplification at 24 loci (GlobalFiler™ kits).
2.3. Capillary electrophoresis
The capillary electrophoresis of amplified PCR products from Pow­
erPlex® 21 System kit was done with ABI 3130 genetic analyzer
(Applied Biosystems, U.S.A.) using 9.5 μl of Hi-Di formamide, 0.5 μl
WEN ILS 500 size standard and 1 μl allelic ladder. In addition to this,
capillary electrophoresis from GlobalFiler™ PCR kit was done with ABI
3500 and 3500XL Genetic Analyzers (Applied Biosystems, U.S.A.) using
9.6 μl of Hi-Di formamide, 0.4 μl of GeneScan 600 LIZ size standard and
1 μl of the allelic ladder. The 96 well plates was denatured at 95 ◦ C for 5
min in GeneAmp®PCR System 9700 and Veriti Dx thermal cyclers and
4
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 83 (2021) 102246
cooled to 4 ◦ C for completion of the denaturation process. The denatured
samples were run using POP-4 as a sieving matrix. The analytical and
stochastic thresholds along with Injection time and voltage were set as
per recommended by the manufacturers of the amplification kits. The
genotyping was carried out with GeneMapper® ID Software Version 3.2
(PowerPlex® 21 System kit) and GeneMapper™ID-X Software v 1.6
(GlobalFiler™ kit).
3. Results
A total of ninety-five teeth were analyzed in the present study. 88
N. Kumar et al. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 83 (2021) 102246

Table 1 likely to withstand environmental changes and demonstrate slower DNA

The percentage of DNA profiles from teeth recovered from the different condi­ degradation over time periods than skeletal remains. There is intra and
tions of dead bodies using PowerPlex® 21 System and GlobalFiler™ kits. inter teeth variations in the DNA yield obtained hence the same is re­
S. Conditions of Dead Complete STR Partial DNA No result flected even during ante mortem and post mortem analysis.12 Mass di­
No. Body profile (percent) profile (percent) sasters require extensive management, analysis and comparison of large
(percent) numbers of biological samples for personal identification. Factors such
1. Advanced stage of 71 24 5 as possible number of victim, extent of body damage, time since death
decomposition and decomposition changes, DNA degradation, availability and type of
2. Decomposed 87 8 5
biological evidence for STR profiling. It is recommended that samples
3. Fresh 70 20 10
4. Partially 91 4 5 should be collected from areas prone to least degradation. Hence, dental
decomposed remains are excellent sources for DNA sample typing.2,30 When burnt
5. Skeletonized 100 – – remains are found in cases such as explosion, fire accidents there could
6. Partially burnt 100 – – be visible colour change of teeth, role of temperature in relation to DNA
retention. DNA concentration decreased with increase in
temperature.12,31,32
Table 2 Postmortem intact teeth and few broken teeth were also analyzed
Effect of postmortem interval on DNA profiling from teeth. which gave partial DNA profiles. This study demonstrates that beyond
S. Post-mortem Complete STR Partial DNA No four days, complete DNA profiles were obtained from teeth. Figs. 2 and 3
No. interval profile profile result This was due to intact teeth were sent for DNA profiling. A small per­
1. Same day 17 2 1 centage of partial DNA profiles and no result were also obtained due to
2. 1 day 41 7 1 broken and degraded conditions of teeth. Hence, it was concluded that
3. 2 days 20 1 – intact teeth are a good exhibit for DNA profiling from dead bodies. There
4. More than 3 days 5 – –
are few studies available where teeth have been used for identification of
dead bodies in forensic cases. Sweet and Sweet33 isolated DNA from the
males and 7 female dead body profiles were obtained as a part of the intact third molar of the incinerated and carbonized victim from a
study duration. Most of dead bodies were recovered in the decomposed murder. They obtained a good quantity of human genomic DNA and
condition, partially decomposed, fresh, skeletonized, advanced stage of identified the person. Malaver and Yunis34 isolated mitochondrial DNA
decomposition and partially burnt conditions respectively. Fig. 1 Com­ from different dental tissues such as pulp, dentine and cementum of
plete results were obtained for 83 profiles while partial profiles were unidentified dead bodies buried at the Central Cemetery in Bogotá in
obtained for 10 profiles and 2 profiles did not give useful results. 1995 and exhumed in 2000. They performed polymerase chain reaction
Electropherogram of representative DNA profiles from PowerPlex® for extracted DNA and observed that pulp yielded strongest signal. In
21 System kit (showing amplification at 21 loci) and GlobalFiler™ kit another study, Kaur et al.35 Identified and established paternity from
(showing amplification at 24 loci) is given in Figs. 2 and 3. Table 1 shows decomposed, skeletonized dead body with severe craniofacial fractures
the percentage of DNA profiles from teeth recovered from the different by dental DNA STR analysis. Recently, Dutra Correa et al.36 isolated
conditions of dead bodies. As shown in the table, the percentage of DNA DNA from teeth by powder-free method from a burnt and skeletonized
profiles from teeth of unidentified dead bodies in the advanced stage of human body and obtained full DNA profiles. Kitayama et al.37 extracted
decomposition, decomposed, fresh and partially decomposed conditions DNA from bones and teeth using a non-powder method and obtained
was variable whereas teeth recovered from skeletonized and partially sufficient DNA for short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. Hervella et al.38
burnt dead bodies showed complete (100%) DNA profiles. The effect of extracted DNA from teeth using non-destructive methods. Gomes et al.39
post-mortem interval of dead bodies on DNA profiling from teeth is used non-destructive and destructive extraction protocol for isolation of
given in Table 2. When post-mortem was done on the same day, after DNA from teeth obtained from the Neolithic site of Can Gambús (CG)
first day and after two days, majority of the profiles generated 100% (Sabadell, Spain) and Chalcolithic pre-Bell Beaker site of Los Cercados
results in addition to few partial profiles and no results. Samples ob­ (CER) (Valladolid, Spain). They observed that the non-destructive
tained from post mortem after 3 days however gave successful profiles. extraction protocol provided excellent results as compared to the
destructive one. Hence, intact teeth are excellent material for DNA
4. Discussion extraction from decomposed dead bodies. Besides this, the powder-free
method has a lot of promise in isolating a good quantity of DNA from
The majority of profiles obtained were from 88 male and 7 female teeth especially from archeological and forensic critical cases being
profiles. Most of the dead bodies were recovered ranging from in minimally destructive, quick and cost effective analysis thus providing
decomposed condition to being partially burnt. This might be because scope for further studies. In addition to STR profiling, DNA methylation
dead bodies remain unnoticed by the public and police because of the markers can be explored for biological profiling to improve the accuracy
tough geography and terrain of Himachal Pradesh. Postmortem changes of age estimation from dental and skeletal remains.
and artifacts were also caused due to animals, environmental factors and
get decomposed with time. The number of complete DNA profiles from 5. Conclusion
teeth of dead bodies in the advanced stage of decomposition, decom­
posed, fresh, partially decomposed, skeletonized and partially burnt Establishing the identity of unknown bodies is a challenging task due
dead bodies as shown in Table 1 proves that tooth act as a protective to variable factors that can affect until they are properly collected,
layer for dental pulp against harsh environmental conditions and mi­ preserved and analyzed in a laboratory. Dental remains have a unique
crobial action, which showed good results in DNA profiling as shown in composition, structure and stability enabling them to resist any external
Table 2. changes for DNA degradation. In cases of advanced decomposition or
The quantity and quality of DNA obtained is variable from varying burnt remains, teeth serve as an excellent source of DNA as cells in the
dental tissues. The presence of cementum provided enhanced results.29 dental pulp are protected by enamel, dentine and cementum against
Structurally, the pulp and cementum are the main sources of DNA which environmental conditions. There are simple methods available for the
are affected by the condition of the teeth, age progression, post mortem extraction of DNA from teeth however, the powder-free method is found
degradation, moisture etc. Due to their unique structure, they are more to be a good alternative to obtain human genomic DNA of good quality
and quantity.

5
N. Kumar et al. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 83 (2021) 102246

Declaration of competing interest 18. Pinchi V, Torricelli F, Nutini AL, Conti M, Iozzi S, Norelli GA. Techniques of dental
DNA extraction: some operative experiences. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;204:111–114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.010.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 19. Puri P, Shukla SK, Haque I. Developmental dental anomalies and their potential role
in establishing identity in post-mortem cases: a review. Med Leg J. 2019;87:13–18.
Acknowledgements https://doi.org/10.1177/0025817218808714.
20. Garriga JA, Ubelaker DH, Zapico SC. Evaluation of macroscopic changes and the
efficiency of DNA profiling from burnt teeth. Sci Justice. 2016;56:437–442. https://
The authors are thankful to the Director, Directorate of Forensics doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2016.06.006.
Services, Junga, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh to provide the laboratory 21. Yukseloglu E, Dastan K, Yonar F, et al. The comparison of DNA extraction techniques
in human bone and tooth samples exposed to high heat. Med Sci ¦ Int Med J. 2019;
space and instruments to carry out this research work. The authors are 489. https://doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2019.08.9051.
also grateful to the Department of Home, Government of Himachal 22. Shah P, Velani P, Lakade L, Dukle S. Teeth in forensics: a review. Indian J Dent Res.
Pradesh for providing funding to purchase chemicals and kits for routine 2019;30:291–299. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_9_17.
23. Manjunath BC, Chandrashekar BR, Mahesh M, Vatchala Rani RM. DNA profiling and
case work. forensic dentistry - a review of the recent concepts and trends. J Forensic Leg Med.
2011;18:191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2011.02.005.
References 24. Ten Cate’s Oral Histology - ninth ed., (n.d.). https://www.elsevier.com/books/ten-c
ates-oral-histology/nanci/978-0-323-48524-1 (accessed May 10, 2021).
25. Mörnstad H, Pfeiffer H, Yoon C, Teivens A. Demonstration and semi-quantification
1. Budowle B, Bieber FR, Eisenberg AJ. Forensic aspects of mass disasters: strategic
of mtDNA from human dentine and its relation to age. Int J Leg Med. 1999;112:
considerations for DNA-based human identification. Leg Med. 2005;7:230–243.
98–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004140050209.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2005.01.001.
26. Dobberstein RC, Huppertz J, von Wurmb-Schwark N, Ritz-Timme S. Degradation of
2. Challenges of DNA profiling in mass disaster investigations - PubMed. n.d. https://
biomolecules in artificially and naturally aged teeth: implications for age estimation
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16100756/. Accessed April 29, 2021
based on aspartic acid racemization and DNA analysis. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;179:
3. Biesecker LG, Bailey-Wilson JE, Ballantyne J, et al. DNA identifications after the 9/
181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.05.017.
11 world trade center attack. Science. 2005;80–:310.
27. A systematic approach to the sampling of dental DNA - PubMed. n.d. https://pub
4. Gin K, Tovar J, Bartelink EJ, et al. The 2018 California wildfires: integration of rapid
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8228888/. Accessed May 10, 2021
DNA to dramatically accelerate victim identification. J Forensic Sci. 2020;65:
28. Molecular Cloning This is a free sample of content from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
791–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14284.
Manual, fourth ed.; 2012. Click here for more information or to buy the book www.
5. Prahlow JA, Cameron T, Arendt A, et al. DNA testing in homicide investigations.
cshlpress.org. Accessed May 11, 2021.
Med Sci Law. 2017;57:179–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802417721790.
29. Simoes H, Correa D, Gabriel L, et al. Powder-Free DNA Extraction from Post-Mortem
6. Kumar N, Chauhan A, Gupta R, Maitray A, Sharma D. Effect of Fire on DNA and its
Teeth. 2019.
profiling in homicide cases. Forensic Res Criminol Int J. 2019;7. https://doi.org/
30. de Boer HH, Maat GJR, Kadarmo DA, Widodo PT, Kloosterman AD, Kal AJ. DNA
10.15406/frcij.2019.07.0268.
identification of human remains in Disaster Victim Identification (DVI): an efficient
7. Taki T, Machida M, Shimada R. Trends of traffic fatalities and DNA analysis in traffic
sampling method for muscle, bone, bone marrow and teeth. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;
accident investigation. IATSS Res. 2019;43:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
289:253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.044.
iatssr.2019.05.001.
31. Rubio L, Sioli JM, Gaitán MJ, Martin-de-las-Heras S. Dental color measurement to
8. Prinz M, Carracedo A, Mayr WR, et al. DNA Commission of the International Society
predict DNA concentration in incinerated teeth for human identification. PloS One.
for Forensic Genetics (ISFG): recommendations regarding the role of forensic
2018;13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196305.
genetics for disaster victim identification (DVI). Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2007;1:3–12.
32. Corrêa HSD, Pedro FLM, Volpato LER, Pereira TM, Siebert Filho G, Borges ÁH.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2006.10.003.
Forensic DNA typing from teeth using demineralized root tips. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;
9. Goodwin WH. The use of forensic DNA analysis in humanitarian forensic action: the
280:164–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.003.
development of a set of international standards. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;278:221–227.
33. DNA analysis of dental pulp to link incinerated remains of homicide victim to crime
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.002.
scene - PubMed. n.d. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7602298/. Accessed May
10. Roewer L. DNA fingerprinting in forensics: past, present, future. Invest Genet. 2013;4:
11, 2021
22. https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-4-22.
34. Different dental tissues as source of DNA for human identification in forensic cases -
11. Nedić D, Pilija V. The challenges of forensic medical expertise in aircraft accidents: a
PubMed. n.d. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12808723/. Accessed May 11,
case report. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2020;42:63–65. https://doi.org/10.5958/
2021
0974-0848.2020.00016.0.
35. View of Identification of a Severely Decomposed Body by Dental DNA STR Analysis:
12. Mansour H, Krebs O, Sperhake JP, et al. Cementum as a source of DNA in
A Case Report (n.d.) https://journals.nauss.edu.sa/index.php/AJFSFM/article/vie
challenging forensic cases. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;54:76–81. https://doi.org/
w/727/pdf. Accessed May 11, 2021.
10.1016/j.jflm.2017.12.015.
36. (7) (PDF) Powder-Free DNA Extraction from Post-Mortem Teeth. n.d. https://www.
13. Lynch M. God’s signature: DNA profiling, the new gold standard in forensic science.
researchgate.net/publication/336613625_Powder-Free_DNA_Extraction_from_Po
Endeavour. 2003;27:93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-9327(03)00068-1.
st-Mortem_Teeth. Accessed May 11, 2021
14. Why a dentist for identification? - PubMed. n.d. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
37. Kitayama T, Ogawa Y, Fujii K, et al. Evaluation of a new experimental kit for the
11370453/. Accessed May 10, 2021
extraction of DNA from bones and teeth using a non-powder method. Leg Med. 2010;
15. A minimally destructive technique for sampling dentin powder for mitochondrial
12:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.12.004.
DNA testing - PubMed. n.d. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15317196/. Accessed
38. Hervella M, Iñiguez MG, Izagirre N, Anta A, De-la-Rúa C. Nondestructive methods
May 10, 2021
for recovery of biological material from human teeth for DNA extraction. J Forensic
16. Pötsch L, Meyer U, Rothschild S, Schneider PM, Rittner C. Application of DNA
Sci. 2015;60:136–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12568.
techniques for identification using human dental pulp as a source of DNA. Int J Leg
39. Gomes C, Palomo-Díez S, Roig J, et al. Nondestructive extraction DNA method from
Med. 1992;105:139–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01625165.
bones or teeth, true or false? Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser. 2015;5:e279–e282.
17. Corte-Real A, Andrade L, Anjos MJ, et al. The DNA extraction from the pulp dentine
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.111.
complex of both with and without carious. Int Congr Ser. 2006;1288:710–712.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2005.11.053.