INDEX

 Acknowledgement
 Certificate
 Definition
 Steps involve
 Principle
 Application
 Uses in forensic science
 Declaration
 Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel proud to present my investigatory project in

Biology on the topic “DNA fingerprinting technique

and it’s utilization in forensic world”

This project would not have been feasible without proper guidance of
biology teacher Sir Debadutta Mishra, who guided me throughout this
project in

Every possible way.

An investigatory project involves various difficult lab

experiments which must obtain the observations and

conclude the reports on a meaningful note. Thereby, I

would like to thank my parents for guiding me on a

systematic basis and ensuring that my project is completed on my research

with ease.

Rigorous hard work has put in this project on ensure that it proves to be the
best. I hope that this project proves to be a breeding ground for next
generation of students and will guide in every possible w
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Suprit Mohanty have successfully completed the biology
project on the topic “DNA fingerprinting technique and it’s utilization in
forensic world” under the guidance of Sir Debadutta Mishra.

This project is genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. This
reference taken in making the project has been declared at the end of the
project.

SUBJECT TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 DNA FINGERPRINTING
 DNA fingerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys
after he realized you could detect variation in human DNA, in the form
of these minisatellites.
 DNA fingerprinting is a technique that simultaneously detects a lot of
minisatellites in the genome to produce a pattern unique to an
individual. This is a DNA fingerprinting.
 The probability of having two people with the same DNA fingerprinting
that are not identical twins is very small.
 The probability of having two people with the same DNA fingerprint
that are not identical twins is very small. Each of us is genetically unique
and this genetic variation could be used to identify individuals, as a
conventional fingerprint does. Thus, it is called DNA fingerprinting.
STEPS INVOLVE IN DNA FINGERPRINTING
1. DNA sample: A DNA sample to analyzed is first collected.
2. Extraction of DNA: DNA is then extracted from the sample by lysis
method.
3. Digestion by restriction endonuclease: using a specific restriction
enzyme, the DNA fragments is cut at a specific site. This is done to
obtain RFLP (Restricted Fragments Length Polymorphism)
4. Electrophoresis: Using gel electrophoresis, the DNA fragments of
various sizes are obtained.
5. Denaturing DNA fragment: The gel containing DNA fragments are then
immersed in NaOH solution. This will denature DNA into single-
stranded DNA.
6. Southern blotting technique: This is performed to transfer single
stranded DNA from the gel electrophoresis.
7. Hybridization: This DNA fragments is subjected to hybridization with a
suitable DNA probe tagged with a radioactive substance.
8. Comparing the sample of the suspect with the evidence: Using X-ray
films, the DNA sample showing radioactivity compared.
 PRINCIPLE OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
 The human genome consists of innumerable small noncoding
sequences which are inherited and repeatedly present. They can be
separated from the bulk DNA. They can be categorized into either
microsatellites or microsatellites depending on the length, base
composition, and tandemly repetitive units. These satellite DNAs show
polymorphism, and this polymorphism is the basis of DNA
fingerprinting. The repeat regions can be divided into two groups based
on the size of the repeat – variable number tandem repeats. These
repeats act as genetic markers, and every individual has a particular
composition of VNTRs, and this is the main principle of the DNA
fingerprinting.
 APPLICATIONS

 In forensic science, it is used to identify prospective criminal suspects.

 To prove paternity and establish familial ties.
 To identify and protect the commercial crop and livestock types.
 To figure out an organism’s evolutionary history and the relationships
between different groupings of species.
USES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING IN FORENSIC
SCIENCE
 DNA fingerprinting has become standard method in forensic genetics
especially in criminal forensic casework such as stain analysis, DNA
analysis of hair, individual identification, and paternity testing. The
potential of DNA fingerprinting has also made possible the resolution of
immigration problem. DNA fingerprinting plays a major role in rapid
identification of individuals in mass disaster cases. The technique of
DNA fingerprinting aids in the investigation of sexual assault and rape
cases.

IN DETERMINATION OF SEX:
DNA fingerprinting can also be used to identify the sex of an individuals.
Forensic scientist’s deals with the bodies that are so badly damaged
that analyzing DNA might be the only way of identifying their sex. The
genetic difference between the sexes is the possession of a Y
chromosome by a male, so detection of DNA specific for Y chromosome
aids in differentiating between males and females.
A PCR directed at Y chromosome specific DNA sequences would give a
product with male DNA but no bands if the sample comes from a
female. Another technique such as PCR of the amelogenin codes for the
protein found in tooth enamel. But both the technique has certain
limitations and are no longer necessary.
IN IDENTIFICATION OF MISSING PERSONS:
DNA fingerprinting has extreme importance in identifying missing
persons when compared to other forensic technique of human
identification such as dactyloscopy, Forensic odontology and
anthropology. Because DNA can be extracted from any tissue and even
from degraded tissues. Countries like Spain and US implemented
certain programs to identify the missing individuals by using DNA
fingerprinting. The Spanish Phoenix Program (Programma FENIX)
include two databases that contains STR profiles and mtDNA sequence
of questioned samples from relatives. This program analyzes DNA and
establishes a link between the reference samples from relatives of
missing persons and questioned samples such as unidentified bodies or
skeletal remains of previously unsolved cases. In US, FRI (Federal
bureau of investigation) help by using NMPDD (National Missing Person
DNA Database) Program. The US database contains three indexes such
as biological relatives of missing persons, unidentified human remains
and missing persons in which DNA profiles can be entered. The method
involves in this program is DNA fingerprinting of genetic markers such
as autosomal STRs, Y-chromosome STRs and mtDNA.
IN IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL FROM SKELETAL REMAIN:
The chance of analysis of skeletal remains has been of great interest in the
field of forensic science because such remains are frequently preserved for
very long periods of time and in cases like mass disaster, they are the only
source of information available for analysis. The preparation of DNA profiles
from skeletal remains can be essential in the personal identification of
missing persons and victims of mass disaster cases. The generation of DNA
profile from bones and teeth plays an important role in the procedure of
identification of unidentified remains cases

IN SEXUAL OFFENCE:
Earlier to the use of DNA fingerprinting, the cases of sexual assault solved
only using circumstantial evidence. In sexual offence as there will be no
eyewitness it will be difficult for the victim to prove the offence. The
discovery of DNA created a great hope in dealing the cases of sexual
offences. Biological evidentiary clues such as semen, saliva and swabs are
important in DNA fingerprinting and aids in the identification of suspect. For
instance, saliva is found in a variety of offences like murders, scuffles, sexual
offences specifically in bitemarks of victim or suspect, on cigarette buts, tea
cups etc. usually carry saliva stains.
 CONCLUSION

DNA fingerprinting has a tremendous impact in the criminal

justice system. It plays an important role in identifying
criminals. No matter what the case is, it is evident that DNA
fingerprinting has revolutionized the way the world identifies
biological matches. DNA fingerprinting has enormous
applications in the field of forensic science that ranges from
the identification of criminal in rape cases, paternity testing,
and wildlife cases etc. DNA analysis is one of the pieces of
evidence which is not subjected to any change in an
individual's lifetime, which aids in the proper identification of
a person.
 DECLARATION

I here by declare that the biology project work entitled “DNA

Fingerprinting and its utilization in forensic world” submitted
to the PRABHUJEE ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL during the
academic year 2023-24 is a record of an original work done
by gaining the knowledge related to the project from certain
resources
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Ncert book
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org
 https://www.britannica.com
 BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC: DNA fingerprinting

Technique and its utilization
In forensic world

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
NAME: SUPRIT MOHANTY DEBADUTTA MISHRA
STD: XII
ROLL:
SESSION:2023-24