“DNA FINGERPRINTING”

Project Submitted to the

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
New Delhi.
Submitted by
HIRITHIK S
In the academic year
2021-2022

Under the guidance of

Miss.GEETHU RAJAN
Department of Biology

MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL ,RASIPURAM.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Hirithik S of class 12-A has
successfully carried out the project entitled
DNA fingerprinting under my supervision.
All the works related to the project was done
by the candidate himself.
The approach towards the subject is sincere
and detailed.
The excellent piece of shortcoming may be
used in various fields for overcoming agent
shortcoming

PRINCIPAL

Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express gratitude to my

Academic Director Mr.SUBRAMANIYAN,
principal Mr.RAJEEV RISHIMANGALAM and my
teacher Ms.GEETHU RAJAN, who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
which also helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many new things,
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot to finalize this
project within the limited time frame

DNA
FINGERPRINT
ING
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
 WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING?
 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL USED FOR DNA
FINGERPRINTING
 5 STAGES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
 METHODS
 APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 CASE STUDY – GUDIYA RAPE AND MURDER CASE
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 REMARKS
 INTRODUCTION
The process of DNA Fingerprinting was invented
by Alec Jeffrey at the university of Leicester in 1985.
He was Knighted in 1994.

DNA Fingerprinting or DNA Profiling, any of

several similar techniques for analyzing and
comparing DNA from separate sources, used
especially in law enforcement to identify suspects
from hair, blood, semen or other biological
materials found at the scene of a violent crime. It
depends on the fact that no two people, even
identical twins, have the same DNA sequence, and
that although only limited segments, of a persons
DNA are scrutinized in the procedure. Those
segments will be statistically unique.
 HISTORY OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
Up to 1984 the only method of establishing and
authenticating personal information was by the
fingerprint process.
DNA fingerprint techniques was derived in 1985 by
Alec Jeffrey at the university of Leicester in England,
while working on the sequence with myoglobin
gene. Back in 1977 in Leicester the new recruit to
the university, aged just 27, in charge of a small
laboratory and with on part time technician, had
considerable freedom. The technology now existed
for the first time to look at the genes, and he
decided to study their inherited genes, shifting the
focus from the products of genes such as blood
groups, to DNA.
By 1981 we could define our goal, which was highly
variable DNA. We considered a number of
approaches which didn’t work.

WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING?

It is a technique by which an individual can be
identified at molecular level. With the advancement
of science and technology STR analysis has become
very popular in forensic laboratories. Scientists have
chosen repeating sequence in DNA, which are
present in all individuals in different chromosomes,
an individual to individual except in identical twins.
These are used as genetic markers to identify the
individual. It is a laboratory technique used to
establish a link between biological evidence and a
suspect in a criminal investigation. A DNA sample
taken from a crime scene is compared with a DNA
sample from a suspect. If the two DNA profiles are a
match, then the evidence came from the suspect.
Conversely if the 2 DNA profiles do not match then
the evidence could not have come from the
suspect. DNA fingerprinting is also used to establish
paternity.
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL USED FOR DNA
FINGERPRINTING
DNA Fingerprinting involves identifying differences
in some specific regions in DNA sequences called as
repetitive DNA, because in these sequences a small
stretch of DNA is repeated many times. These
repetitive DNA are separated from bulk genomic
DNA as different peaks during density gradient
centrifugation. The bulk DNA forms a major peak
and the other small peaks are referred to as
‘SATELLITE DNA’ depending on base composition
(A:T rich or G:C rich), length of segment and number
of repetitive units, the satellite DNA is classified into
many categories. These sequences do not code for
any proteins, but form a large part of human
genome. Since DNA from every tissue (Such as
blood, hair follicle, skin, bone, saliva, sperm etc..)
from an individual show the same degree of
polymorphism, which they use in forensic cases.
5 STAGES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING
The technique of DNA fingerprinting was initially
developed by Alec Jeffreys. It involved southern blot
hybridization using radiolabelled VNTR that
included :-

Stage 1: Sample Collection

DNA can be acquired from any bodily sample or

liquid. Buccal smear, salivation, blood, amniotic
liquid, chorionic villi, skin, hair, body liquid, and
different tissues are significant kinds of samples
utilized.

Stage 2: DNA Extraction

We need to initially get DNA. To play out any

genetic applications, DNA extraction is one of the
most significant advances. Great quality and
amount of DNA expands the conceivable outcomes
of getting better outcomes.

You can utilize DNA extraction strategies enrolled

beneath,

1.Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction strategy

2.CTAB DNA extraction strategy
3.Proteinase K DNA extraction strategy

In any case, we emphatically prescribe utilizing a

ready to go DNA extraction unit for DNA
fingerprinting.

The immaculateness and amount of DNA ought to

be ~1.80 and 100ng, individually to play out the
DNA test. Filter the DNA utilizing the DNA
sanitization unit, if necessary.
From that point onward, measure the DNA utilizing
the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Furthermore,
perform one of the accompanying strategies
recorded underneath.

Stage 3: Restriction Absorption, Enhancement or

DNA Sequencing

Three regular strategies are utilized:

1.RFLP based STR investigation

2.PCR based investigation
3.Real-time PCR investigation

Stage 4: Analysis of Results

As we examined, utilizing the southern blotting,

agarose gel electrophoresis, narrow
electrophoresis, ongoing intensification, and DNA
sequencing, the outcomes for different DNA
profiling can be gotten in which rt-PCR and
sequencing are much of the use in forensic science.

Stage 5: Interpreting Results

By looking at DNA profiles of different examples,

varieties and likenesses between people can be
distinguished. Outstandingly, the whole procedure
is presently nearly automatic. We don't need to do
anything, the computer gives us conclusive
outcomes.

METHODS
A common method for DNA fingerprinting is
Restriction fragment length Polymorphism (RFLP).
In this method DNA is extracted from a sample and
cut into segments using special restriction enzymes.
RFLP focuses on certain sequences of repeated DNA
bases which are widely different from person to
person. THE segments are separated using a
laboratory technique called electrophoresis which
sorts the fragments by length. The segments are
radioactivity tagged to procedure a visual pattern
known a Short Tandem Repeats (STR) analyzes DNA
segments for the number of repeats at 13 specific
DNA sites. The chance of misidentification in this
process is one to several billion. Yet another process
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), is used to
produce multiple copies of segments from a very
limited amount of DNA (as little as 50 molecules),
enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a single
hair.

APPLICATIONS
DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following
scenarios:-
i) Establishment of paternity and maternity
ii) Establishment of paternity for child swapping
case
iii) Establish the identity of the rapist in the rape
case
 iv) Identification of remains in murder, bomb
blast, air crashes etc.
v) Wild life identification and seed authentication
vi) Show who your parents siblings and other
relatives may be
vii) Physically connect a piece of evidence to a
person or rule out someone as a suspect
viii) Match tissues of organ donors with those of
people who need transplants
ix) Help find cure for hereditary conditions.

CONCLUSION
Twenty years after the development of DNA
fingerprinting, DNA analysis remains the key to
linking suspects to biological evidences and to
identifying individuals in crimes and disasters.
Another important use is in establishment of
paternity in custody and child support litigation.
DNA profiling is used to diagnose inherited
disorders and human disease. The list of additional
uses of DNA fingerprinting continues to grow for
example DNA markers are used to detect sudden
changes in the population, effects of population
fragmentation and interaction of different
populations. In conclusion while evidences can be
tempered with and witness can turn hostile. It will
indeed unravel the truth even several decades after
a crime has been committed. This is the power of
DNA fingerprinting.
CASE STUDY: GUDIYA RAPE AND
MURDER CASE

Using advanced DNA profiling technique called

lineage match to assertion the identity of a rape
case accused, CBI has solved the sensational Rape
cum murder case of a 16 year old girl in Kotkhai
area of Shimla, popularly known as Gudiya Rape
case of July 2017.
A woodcutter Anil Kumar alias Nibu(24), who
remained elusive for almost a year while Himachal
Pradesh arrested five innocent persons out of which
one even died in police custody, has been arrested
by the CBI for the alleged crime.
For nine months, the investigation was like a crime
thriller for 40 CBI sleuths, as they secretly collected
intelligence, questioned locals and chased for
months. Around 1000 people were examined while
statements of 400 persons were recorded.
CBI got success on April 13, 2018 when Nilu made a
call to one of the persons hailed by him. This way
Nilu was the rapist.