A BIOLOGY PROJECT

“ STUDY ON THE
TOPIC DNA
FINGERPRINTING”

By
GITIKA JAISWAL
Of Class XII-A
 Department of Biology
Kendriya vidyalaya dantewada

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Gitika jaiswal, student of Class

XII-a, kendriya Vidyalaya Dantewada has completed the

project title STUDY ON DNA FINGERPRINTING

during the academic year 2021-2022 towards partial

fulfilment of credit for the Biology practical evaluation

of CBSE 2022, and submitted satisfactory report, as

compiled in the following pages, under the supervision of

Mr. Sharad Ladeshwar, Department of Biology

Kendriya Vidyalaya Dantewada.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our heartfelt gratitude to Our pricipal E. jaychandran , of

our school for his constant support. We would like to express our whole

hearted thanks to our project supervisor, Mr. Sharad ladeshwar to meet

all challenges and to come up with our project victoriously. We extend

our sincere thanks to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff Members

in our school for their valuable help.

TEACHERS SIGN PRINCIPAL SIGN

CONTENT
1.AIM

2.INTRODUCTION

3.METHADOLLOGY

4.OBSERVATION

5.RESULTS

6.BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM: TO STUDY AND INVESTIGATE ABOUT DNA
FINGERPRINTING.
The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec
Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in 1985. He was
knighted in 1994.

DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, any of several

similar techniques for analyzing and comparing DNA from
separate sources, used especially in law enforcement to
identify suspects from hair, blood, semen, or other
biological materials found at the scene of a violent crime.
It depends on the fact that no two people, save identical
twins, have exactly the same DNA sequence, and that
although only limited segments of a person's DNA are
scrutinized in the procedure, those segments will be
statistically unique.
History of DNA Fingerprinting

Up to 1984, the only method of establishing and

authenticating personal identification was by the
fingerprint process.

DNA fingerprinting technique was devised in 1985 by

Alec Jeffrey at University of Leicester in England,
while working on the sequences within myoglobin gene.

What is DNA Fingerprinting ?

It is a technique, by which an individual can
be identified at molecular level. With the
advancement of science and technology
STR analysis has become very popular in
forensic laboratories. Scientists have
chosen repeating sequences in the DNA,
which are present in all individuals on
different chromosomes, and are known to
vary from individual to individual except in
identical twins. These are used as genetic
markers to identify the Individual.
 DNA fingerprinting technology

DNA fingerprinting technology

has made it possible to identify
the source of biological samples
found at scenes of crime. This
will resolve disputes of maternity
/paternity, identification of
mutilated remains, identification of rape/ murder,
identification of missing child, exchange of babies in
hospital wards, forensic wildlife, protection of farmers
rights and biodiversity. This remarkable technology
provides exclusion as well as positive identification with
virtually 100% precision.

Biological Material Used for DNA

fingerprinting:
BLOOD HAIR SALIVA

BODY TISSUE CELLS

STAGES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING:
• Cells broken down to release DNA

• DNA strands cut into fragments

• Fragments separated
• Pattern of fragments analysed
DNA fingerprinting: Methods

A common procedure for DNA

fingerprinting is restriction
fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP). In this method,DNA is
extracted from a sample
and cut into segments using
special restriction enzymes.
RFLP focuses on contain
sequences of repeated DNA bases, which vary
widely from person to person. The segments are separated
using a laboratory technique called electrophoresis, which
sorts the fragments by length. The segments are
radioactively tagged to produce a visual pattern known as an
autoradiograph, or DNA fingerprint, on X-ray film. A
newer method known as short tandem repeats (STR)
analyzes DNA segments for the number of repeats at 13
specific DNA sites. The chance of misidentification in this
procedure is one in several billion. Yet another
process, polymerase chain reaction , is used to produce multiple
copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as little
as 50 molecules), enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a
single hair. Once a sufficient sample has been produced, the
pattern of the alleles (see genetics ) from a limited number of
genes is compared with the pattern from the reference sample.
A nonmatch is conclusive, but the technique provides less
certainty when a match occurs.
DNA fingerprinting: Applications
DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following
scenarios:
Establishment of paternity and Maternity
Establishment of the parentage for child swapping
cases
Establish the identity of the rapist in rape cases
Identification of mutilated remains In murder,
bomb blast, air crashes etc.
Wild life identification, and
Seed authentication.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :

1. NCERT BIOLOGY

2. DNA FINGERPRINTING
BY LORNE T KIBOY.

3. WIKIPEDIA