Biotechnology: Calamba City Senior High School

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Presented by:
Melanie I. Samudio
Teacher III
CALAMBA CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Chipeco Avenue, Brgy. 3, Calamba City, Laguna 4027
TRADITIONAL BIOTECH
• Beer
• Vinegar
• Soy sauce
• Patis
• cheese
CALibrated and SENsible

The future is now. Make it happen!
MODERN BIOTECH
• Make living organism perform a

specific process that results to
making a specific product, in a
predictable and controlled way.
• Genetic engineering

MODERN BIOTECH
• Genetic engineering – make an

improved cell that could produce a
particular chemical, or carry out
other useful processes, or give an
organism a desirable characteristic
that it did not possess originally.

MODERN BIOTECH
Genetic engineering
I. introduction of new traits into an organism
II. enhancement of a present trait by increasing the
expression of the desired gene
III. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the
inhibition of the desired genes’
expression.

Recombinant DNA
I. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs)

II. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which
would propagate the recombinant
DNA ( eg. circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene
of interest)
III. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (eg. from
animal) with the vector ( cut bacterial plasmid)

Recombinant DNA
IV. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a

host cell (that would carry out replication to
make huge copies of the recombined plasmid)
V. selection process to screen which cells
actually contain the gene of interest
VI. sequencing of the gene to find out the
primary structure of the protein
DNA Cloning and Its Applications
•Plasmids are small
circular DNA
molecules that
replicate separately
from the bacterial
chromosome

• Bacterial restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules
at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites
• A restriction enzyme usually makes many cuts,
yielding restriction fragments
• The most useful restriction enzymes cut DNA in a
staggered way, producing fragments with “sticky
ends” that bond with complementary sticky ends
of other fragments

DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals the bonds between
restriction fragments

Biolistics
• “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets

on plant tissues
• Cells that survive the bombardment, and are
able to take up the expression plasmid coated
pellets and acquire the ability to express the
designed protein

Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock Treatment
• a process used to transfer plasmid DNA into
bacteria
• The target cells are pre-treated before the
procedure to increase the pore sizes of their
plasma membranes
• This pretreatment (usually with CaCl2) is said
to make the cells “competent” for accepting
the plasmid DNA
Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock Treatment
• After the cells are made, competent, they are

incubated with the desired plasmid at about
4°C for about 30min
• Afterwards, a “Heat Shock” is done on the
plasmid-cell solution by incubating it at 42°C
for 1 minute then back to 4°C for 2 minutes.

Electroporation
• follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock

Treatment
• the expansion of the membrane pores is done
through an electric “shock
• commonly used for insertion of genes into
mammalian cells

Amplifying DNA in Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The polymerase chain reaction, PCR, can produce many

copies of a specific target segment of DNA
A three-step cycle—heating, cooling, and replication




Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

The Flavr-Savr (“Flavor Savor”)

• first genetically modified organism that was
licensed for human consumption
• gene for an enzyme that causes the
degradation of pectin in the cell walls (i.e.
polygalacturonase) normally softens the fruit
as it ripens
• an inhibitor (i.e. antisense RNA) disrupts the

expression of this gene, thereby delaying the
softening of thefruit and extending the time it
may be kept in storage and transported to
markets.

Bt-Corn
• was developed to incorporate the production
of a toxin (i.e. Bt-endotoxin) from Bacillus
thuringensis in corn plants
• This toxin results in the death of pests that
feed on these plants like the corn borer larvae.

Golden Rice
• Fortified with beta carotene

Thank You!
CALAMBA CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Chipeco Avenue, Brgy. 3, Calamba City, Laguna 4027

Biotechnology: Calamba City Senior High School

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

CALAMBA CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CALibrated and SENsible

• Make living organism perform a

CALibrated and SENsible

• Genetic engineering – make an

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

I. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs)

CALibrated and SENsible

IV. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

• “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets

CALibrated and SENsible

• After the cells are made, competent, they are

CALibrated and SENsible

• follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock

CALibrated and SENsible

The polymerase chain reaction, PCR, can produce many

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

The Flavr-Savr (“Flavor Savor”)

• an inhibitor (i.e. antisense RNA) disrupts the

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

CALibrated and SENsible

CALAMBA CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

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