FACULTYOFENGI

NEERI
NG,
TECHNOLOGY,
APPLI
EDDESI
GNANDFI
NEART
DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
BCE2205SOI
LMECHANI
CS

LABORATORYPRACTI
CALREPORT

Gr
oupMember
s

S/
N St
udentName Regi
str
ati
onNumber Si
gnat
ure

1 BAI
NOMUGI
SHAJONAN 17/
A/BCE/
0578/
G/F

2 KABUGHOBECKY 2018/
KCE/
0859/
G/F

3 AMUMPAI
RESAMWEL 17/
A/BCE/
0509/
G/F

4 KYESWAJOEL 17/
A/BCE/
0507/
G/F

5 ATWONGEI
RWERODEN 2018/
KCE/
1454/
W

6 BAJURI
ZIALEX 2018/
KCE/
0861/
F

7 ASHABAANTHONY 17/
A/BCE/
0756/
F

8 MUHUMUZAMEMORY 2018/
KCE/
0872/
F

9 MUHI
NDOMARTI
N 17/
A/BCE/
0579/
G/F

10 ADI
NANABDULRAZAK 17/
A/BCE/
0779/
F

11 ARI
NANYEBRI
AN 17/
A/BCE/
0755/
F

12 ARI
NAI
TWEMETHODI
OUS 2018/
KCE/
1619/
F

13 AHI
MBI
SIBWEVI
CENT 2018/
KCE/
0865/
F

14 RWATANGABOKEVI
N 2018/
KCE/
0860/
F
15 NASASI
RAEZRA 2018/
KCE/
1794/
G/F

Page2of2
APPROVAL

Thi
sist
ocer
ti
fyt
hatt
hisSoi
lMechani
cspr
act
icalwor
kcont
ainedi
nthi
srepor
twas
pl
anned,execut
ed and document
ed by t
he i
ndi
cat
ed gr
oup member
s undert
he
super
visi
onoft
heunder
signed:

Si
gnat
ure:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Dat
e:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Name:
Angel
l
oMur
eky
e,B.
Eng.
,MSc(
Civ
ilEng)
., PE.
GMUI

Ti
tl
e:Assi
stantLect
urer
,Depar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing

Pageiof3
 DEDI
CATI
ON
Thi
srepor
tisdedi
cat
edt
oourpar
ent
sandguar
dians.

Mayt
heAl
might
yGodgui
deandbl
esst
hem i
nwhat
evert
heydo.

Pagei
iof4
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Wear
ethankf
ult
otheUni
ver
sit
yfort
hesuppor
ttheyhav
erender
edi
nourst
udi
esandt
hedesi
re
f
ort
hei
rst
udent
stogetenoughpr
act
icalknowl
edgei
nrel
ati
ont
othet
heor
eti
calpar
ttaughti
n
cl
asswhi
chwoul
dbev
ital
inpr
oduct
ionofqual
i
tyout
puti
nourcompet
it
ivewor
ldoft
oday
.

A si
ncer
e gr
ati
tude t
o Mr
.Angel
l
o Mur
eky
e ourl
ect
urer
,MrMasamba Pi
ntot
he act
ing
l
abor
ator
ytechni
cianf
orhi
scont
inuousdi
ssemi
nat
ionofusef
ulknowl
edgeandi
nfor
mat
ion
whi
chhav
ebeenpar
amountt
othesuccessoft
hispar
ti
cul
aranal
ysi
s.

Wewoul
dal
so,asagr
oup,l
i
ket
othankeachot
herf
ort
hei
nter
act
iveandt
eamef
for
ttowar
dsa
successf
ulcompl
eti
onoft
hesoi
lmechani
cal
pract
ical
assi
gnment
.

Abov
eal
l
,weknowl
edgeAl
might
yGodf
orat
tai
ningt
hisacademi
clev
elt
husmaki
ngt
hest
udya
success.

Pagei
i
iof5
 PREFACE
Thi
srepor
ti
s submi
tt
ed t
othe Depar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing ofKabal
e Uni
ver
sit
y as
cour
sewor
k assi
gnmentand as a par
ti
alf
ulf
il
mentby al
lst
udent
s under
taki
ng a f
our
-
y
ear
progr
ammel
eadi
ngt
otheawar
dofaDegr
eei
nCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing.

Secondy
earst
udent
sofci
vi
lengi
neer
ingwer
edi
vi
dedi
ntogr
oupst
ocar
ryoutsoi
linv
est
igat
ionsot
hat
t
heycoul
dappr
eci
ateandenhancet
hei
rknowl
edgeandski
l
lst
owar
dsgeot
echni
calengi
neer
ingand
bui
l
dingconst
ruct
ion.

Thi
sinv
est
igat
ionwascar
ri
edoutsoast
ohel
pthest
udent
stoi
ntegr
atecl
asst
heor
yint
ofi
eld
pr
act
icei
nrel
ati
ont
obui
l
dingst
ruct
uresespeci
all
yaspect
sofdesi
gni
ngandconst
ruct
ion,f
or
exampl
e,pr
oper
ti
esofdi
ff
erentsoi
l
sandhowt
heyr
elat
etodesi
gnsf
orbui
l
dingsandr
oads,
etc.

Fi
nal
l
y,t
hiski
ndofr
epor
tiscompi
l
edt
odemonst
rat
ethest
udent
s’abi
l
ityt
ouseski
l
lsofr
epor
t
wr
it
ingt
ocommuni
cat
etechni
cal
procedur
es,
ideasandr
esul
tst
oawi
deraudi
ence.

Pagei
vof6
 TABLEOFCONTENTS
APPROVAL i
DEDI
CATI
ON i
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
i
i
PREFACE i
v
TABLEOFCONTENTS v
LI
STOFTABLES v
ii
LI
STOFFI
GURES v
ii
i
ABSTRACT i
x
LI
STOFACRONYMSANDNOTATI
ONS x
CHAPTERONE:
INTRODUCTI
ON 1
1.
1 Backgr
ound 1
1.
2 Si
teLocat
ion 1
1.
3 Sampl
i
ngi
nSoi
l
s 2
1.
4 Met
hodsofSi
tesub-
sur
faceExpl
orat
ion 3
1.
4.1 OpenExcav
ati
on 3
1.
4.2 Tr
ial
PitExcav
ati
on 3
1.
5 Soi
l
Lay
erDescr
ipt
ion. 3
1.
6 Labor
ator
yTest
s 3
CHAPTERTWO:
LABORATORYTESTS 3
1.
7 Moi
stur
eCont
entTest 3
Pur
pose 3
St
andar
dRef
erence 4
Si
gni
fi
cance 4
Equi
pment 4
Pr
ocedur
e 4
Dat
aAnal
ysi
s 4
Comput
ati
onofResul
ts 5
Concl
usi
on 5
1.
8 Compact
ionTest 5
Pur
pose 5
Si
gni
fi
cance: 6
Appar
atus 6
Pr
ocedur
e 6
Comput
ati
onofr
esul
ts 7
Concl
usi
on 8

Pagevof7
 1.
9 Par
ti
cleSi
zeDi
str
ibut
ionTest 8
Pur
pose 8
Appar
atusandequi
pment 9
Pr
ocedur
e 9
r
esul
ts 10
1.
10 PLASTI
CITYOFFI
NESOI
LS 11
pur
pose 11
pr
oceedur
e 12
Testr
esul
ts 13
Concl
usi
ons 14
LessonsLear
nt 14
Li
mit
ati
ons 14
Recommendat
ions 14
REFERENCES 15
APPENDI
X:PHOTOGRAPHI
CRECORD 16

Pagev
iof8
 LI
STOFTABLES

Tabl
e1moistur
econtentresult
s 5
Tabl
e2maxmum drydensityresul
ts 8
Tabl
e3part
icl
esizedi
stri
buti
on 10
Tabl
e4pl
asti
cli
mitandli
quidl i
mit 13

Pagev
iiof9
 LI
STOFFI
GURES

Fi
gur
e1mixingthesampl
ewi t
hwater 16
Fi
gur
e2si
ev edsampleawait
ingtobemi xedwi
thwat
er 16
Fi
gur
e3weighingthesample 16
Fi
gur
e4dryingthesampl
e 17
Fi
gur
e5usingthecasegr
andeapparatus 17
Fi
gur
e6soakingthesampleforat
ter
berglimi
ts 18
Fi
gur
e7weighingthesample 18

Pagev
ii
iof10
 ABSTRACT
Thi
srepor
tdocument
stheact
ivi
ti
est
hatwer
ecar
ri
edoutdur
ingourl
abor
ator
ytest
son
asoi
lsampl
eobt
ainedf
rom at
ri
alpi
tatNy
abi
koniCampusofKabal
eUni
ver
sit
y.The
r
epor
tcont
ainssampl
i
ngandt
est
ingpr
ocedur
esf
ort
het
est
swer
ecar
ri
edout
.Thet
est
s
t
hatwer
ecar
ri
edoutar
emoi
stur
econt
ent
,li
qui
dli
mit
,pl
ast
icl
i
mit
,si
eveanal
ysi
sand
compact
ion.Forbot
hsampl
i
ngandt
est
ing,t
hepr
ocedur
essuggest
edbyt
heBr
it
ish
St
andar
dswer
efol
l
owed;usi
ngt
her
esul
ts,cl
assi
fi
cat
ionoft
hesoi
lbasedonbot
h
Uni
fi
ed Soi
lCl
assi
fi
cat
ion Sy
stem (
USCS)and AASHTO wasdone.Labor
ator
ytest
r
esul
tsi
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
hesoi
lhad,
li
qui
dli
mitof35,
plast
icl
i
mitof17.
6,Pl
ast
ici
tyi
ndex
of17.
4,Gr
adi
ngmodul
usof0.
334maxi
mum dr
ydensi
tyof1.
44,opt
imum moi
stur
e
cont
entof31.Thesoi
lcl
assi
fi
edasCl
aymat
eri
al
accor
dingt
oUSCS

Pagei
xof11
 LI
STOFACRONYMSANDNOTATI
ONS

BS.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Br
it
ishSt
andar
ds
MDD.
..
..
..
..
Maxi
mum Dr
yDensi
ty
OMC.
..
..
..
..Opt
imum Moi
stur
eCont
ent
Mm .
..
..
..
..
..
mil
l
imet
res
Cu.
..
..
..
..
..
..Uni
for
mit
yCoef
fi
cient
USCS.
..
..
..
..
.Uni
fi
edSoi
lCl
assi
fi
cat
ionsy
stem
LL.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.l
i
qui
dLi
mit
PL.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Plast
icLi
mit
PI
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Plast
ici
tyI
ndex
g.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.gr
ams
NMC.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Nat
ural
Moi
stur
econt
ent
GMM.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Gr
adi
ngModul
us

Pagexof12
 CHAPTERONE:
INTRODUCTI
ON

1.
1 Backgr
ound
Thesoi
lexpl
orat
iont
est
spr
esent
edi
nthi
srepor
twer
ecar
ri
edoutonsoi
l
ssampl
espi
ckedf
rom
t
heKabal
eUni
ver
sit
yNy
abi
koniCampuscompound ar
eat
ofi
ndoutchar
act
eri
sti
cpr
oper
ti
esof
t
hesoi
landt
hiswasdonef
rom 6th t
o11th may2019.Av
ail
edi
sthei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
he
act
ivi
ti
escar
ri
edoutdur
ingt
hist
ime,
lessonsl
ear
nt,
andchal
l
engesf
aced,
amongot
her
s.

Wewer
eassi
gnedi
ngr
oupsof15member
sbyt
hel
ect
urerMr
.Mur
eky
eAngel
l
otocar
ry
outt
het
est
sinor
dert
oobt
aint
hepar
amet
ersofoursoi
lsampl
eandpr
epar
eat
echni
cal
r
epor
t.

1.
2 SiteLocati
on
Wewer
egiventwosit
esf
ort
hesampl
ecol
l
ect
ionwhi
chi
ncl
udedny
abi
koncampusar
ea
andt
hedampedgr
avel
from kekeubot
ony
abi
koni
chur
chofUgandar
oadandasagr
oup
wedeci
dedt
odosampl
epi
cki
ngbydi
gingt
ri
alpi
tsar
oundny
abi
koni
campus

Page1of13
 Fi
gur
e1.
1showi
ngt
hemapofsi
tel
ocat
ionpl
an

1.
3 Sampl
i
ngi
nSoi
l
s
Foruswegott
hedi
stur
bedsampl
e.

 Di
stur
bedsampl
es

Adi
str
ibut
edsampl
ewast
hati
nwhi
cht
henat
ural
str
uct
ureofsoi
lgotpar
tl
yorf
ull
modi
fi
edand
dest
roy
edal
thoughwi
thsui
tabl
epr
ecaut
ionst
henat
ural
wat
ercont
entmi
ghtbepr
eser
ved.Such
asoi
lsampl
eshoul
d,howev
er,
beenr
epr
esent
ati
veoft
henat
ural
soi
lbymai
ntai
ningt
heor
igi
nal
pr
opor
ti
onoft
hev
ari
ouspar
ti
clesi
ntact
.

Page2of14
1.
4 Met hodsofSi
tesub-
sur
faceExpl
orat
ion
1.
4.1 OpenExcavat
ion
I
nthi
smet
hodt
hesub-
soi
lsur
facei
sexposedt
hor
oughl
y.I
t`
sgener
all
yconsi
der
edsui
tabl
efor
shal
l
owdept
hs,
sayupt
o3m.Thecostofopenexcav
ati
oni
ncr
easesr
api
dlywi
thdept
h.
Howev
er,
thebi
ggestadv
ant
ageoft
hismet
hodi
sthatsoi
lst
rat
acanbei
nspect
edi
nthei
r
nat
ural
condi
ti
onandsampl
es(
dist
urbedorundi
stur
bed)canbeconv
eni
ent
lyt
aken.

1.
4.2 Tr
ialPi
tExcav
ati
on
Onet
ri
alpi
twasexcav
atedbehi
ndt
heel
ect
ri
cal kshopon6thmay2019,
wor usi
ngamanual
met
hodofexcav
ati
on,
usi
ngsi
mpl
ehandhel
dtool
sli
ke:
hoes,
spades,
pickaxes.

Di
stur
bedSampl
eswer
epi
ckedatt
hedept
hsof1.
5m.andcar
eful
l
ywr
appedi
npol
ythenebags,
andt
hent
akent
othel
abor
ator
ytocar
ryoutsev
eral
test
s..

E.
g.det
ermi
ningi
tspl
ast
icl
i
mit
,l
iqui
dli
mit
,bul
kydensi
ty,
moi
stur
econt
entandhencei
ts
I
nsi
tudr
ydensi
ty.
Wet
henspr
eadt
hesampl
eonpol
ythenepaper
stoal
l
owai
rdr
ying.
Wewer
efi
nal
l
yabl
etocomeupwi
tht
het
estr
esul
tsont
owhi
chourconcl
usi
onsand
r
ecommendat
ionsi
nthi
srepor
tar
ebased

1.
5 Soi
lLay
erDescr
ipt
ion.
The150mm t
hickt
opsoi
lwasbl
acki
ncol
ourandhadaf
inet
ext
ure.Atabout400mm t
hesoi
l
hadabr
owni
shbackcol
our
.

1.
6 Labor
ator
yTest
s
Toai
dint
hecl
assi
fi
cat
ionoft
hesoi
landt
ohel
pint
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hegener
alsoi
l
char
act
eri
sti
cst
est
swer
ecar
ri
edoutont
hesampl
esi
nthel
abor
ator
y.

Theyi
ncl
ude;
moi
stur
econt
ent
,Insi
tudr
ydensi
ty,
par
ti
clesi
zedi
str
ibut
ion,
li
qui
dli
mit
,pl
ast
ic
l
i
mit
sand.Al
ltheset
est
sar
eat
tachedi
nlabor
ator
ytest
s.

CHAPTERTWO:LABORATORYTESTS
1.
7 Moi
stur
eCont
entTest
Thewat
ercont
enti
sther
ati
o,expr
essedasaper
cent
age,
oft
hemassof“
por
e”or
“fr
ee”
wat
eri
nagi
venmassofsoi
ltot
hemassoft
hedr
ysoi
lsol
i
ds.
Pur
pose
Thi
stesti
sper
for
medt
odet
ermi
net
hewat
er(
moi
stur
e)cont
entofsoi
l
s.

Page3of15
St
andardRef
erence
ASTM D2216-Standar
dTestMet
hodf
orLabor
ator
yDet
ermi
nat
ionof
Wat
er(
Moi
stur
e)Cont
entofSoi
l
,Rock,
andSoi
l
-Aggr
egat
eMi
xtur
es

Si
gnif
icance
Formanysoils,
thewat
ercont
entmaybeanext
remel
yimpor
tanti
ndexused
f
orest
abl
i
shi
ngt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hewayasoi
lbehav
esandi
tspr
oper
ti
es.
Theconsi
stencyofaf
ine-
grai
nedsoi
ll
argel
ydependsoni
tswat
ercont
ent
.The
wat
ercont
enti
sal
sousedi
nexpr
essi
ngt
hephaser
elat
ionshi
psofai
r,wat
er,
and
sol
i
dsi
nagi
venv
olumeofsoi
l
.

Equi
pment
 Dr
yingov
en
 Gl
oves
 Spat
ula
 Moi
stur
econt
entt
ins

 Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Thesoi
lsampl
ewascol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hef
iel
dandbr
oughtt
othel
abi
npol
ythene
bagssoast
opr
eventt
hel
ossofmoi
stur
ewhi
l
eont
hewaywhi
chwoul
dleadt
o
wr
ongr
esul
tsont
est
ingt
hemoi
stur
econt
ent
.
2.Twodr
ycl
eanmoi
stur
eti
nswer
eobt
ainedandl
abel
edAandBt
hei
rmassesM1i
n
gr
amswasdet
ermi
nedont
hewei
ghi
ngscal
eandr
ecor
ded.
3.Usi
ngascoopt
hesampl
ewaspl
acedi
nthemoi
stur
eti
nsandagai
nthei
rmasses
M2det
ermi
ned.
4.Theset
inswi
tht
hesampl
eswer
ethenpl
acedi
nthedr
yingov
enwhi
chwehadset
at1050ct
o1100cf
or24hour
s.
5.Thesampl
eswer
ethenr
emov
edf
rom t
heov
en,
all
owedt
ocool
atl
east5mi
nut
es
undermoni
tor
edcondi
ti
onsandt
hei
rmassesM3det
ermi
ned.
6.Empt
ythemoi
stur
eti
nsandcl
eant
het
ins.
DataAnal
ysi
s
(1)Det
ermi
nethemassofsoi
lsol
i
ds.
M s=M3–M1
(
2)Det
ermi
net
hemassofpor
ewat
er.
Mw=M2–M3

Page4of16
(
3)Det
ermi
net
hewat
ercont
ent
.

(
Mw)
Mc= X100
(
Ms)

Comput
ati
onofResul
ts
Massofwater m-m
Moi
stur
econt
ent
,mc= = 2 3×100
Massofdr
ysoi
l e m3-
sampl m1

Tabl
e2.
1showi
ngmoi
stur
econt
entr
esul
ts.

Si
te: Excav
ati
onpi
t: Sampl
edat
e:6–may-
19
Sampl
edept
h: 1.
5m 01 Testdat
e:7–May-
19
MOI
STURECONTENT

M1 M2 M3 Massof Massofdr
y Moi
stur
eAverage
moisture
(
g) (
g) (
g) wat
er(g) sampl
e(g) cont
ent(
%)
content(%)
Test1 110 178 160 18 50 36 35.
6
Test2 110 183 164 19 54 35.
2
Tabl
e1moi
stur
econt
entr
esul
ts

Concl
usion
Moist
urecont
enti
s35.
6%

1.
8 Compact
ionTest
Purpose
Thi
slabor
ator
ytesti
sper
for
medt
odet
ermi
net
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hemoi
stur
e
cont
entandt
hedr
ydensi
tyofasoi
lforaspeci
fi
edcompact
iveef
for
t.Thecompact
ive
ef
for
tist
heamountofmechani
cal
ener
gyt
hati
sappl
i
edt
othesoi
lmass.

Moi
stur
econt
ent–t
hemassofwat
eri
nthesoi
lexpr
essedasaper
cent
ageoft
hedr
y
massofsoi
l
.

Opt
imum moi
stur
econt
ent(
OMC)–t
heamountofwat
err
equi
redt
olubr
icat
ethesoi
l
par
ti
clesandenabl
emaxi
mum t
ightpacki
ngundercompact
ion.

Maxi
mum dr
ydensi
ty–t
hemaxi
mum massofmat
eri
alt
hatcanbepackedt
ighti
nauni
t
v
olumebycompact
ion(
nor
mal
l
ypl
ott
edatt
hepi
ckoft
hecur
ve)
.

Ref
erence:
BS1377,
AASHTOT99andT180.

Page5of17
Si
gni
ficance:
Mechanicalcompact
ion i
soneoft
hemostcommon and costef
fect
ivemeansof
st
abi
l
izi
ngsoi
l
s.Compact
ingatwat
ercont
ent
shi
ghert
han(
wetof)t
heopt
imum wat
er
cont
entr
esul
tsi
nar
elat
ivel
ydi
sper
sedsoi
lst
ruct
ure(
par
all
elpar
ti
cleor
ient
ati
ons)t
hat
i
sweaker
,mor
educt
il
e,l
essper
vious,sof
ter
,mor
esuscept
ibl
etoshr
inki
ng,andl
ess
suscept
ibl
etoswel
l
ingt
hansoi
lcompact
eddr
yofopt
imum t
othesamedensi
ty.The
soi
lcompact
edl
owert
han(
dryof
)theopt
imum wat
ercont
entt
ypi
cal
l
yresul
tsi
na
f
loccul
ated soi
lst
ruct
ure(
random par
ti
cle or
ient
ati
ons) t
hat has t
he opposi
te
char
act
eri
sti
csoft
hesoi
lcompact
edwetoft
heopt
imum wat
ercont
entt
othesame
densi
ty.

Appar
atus
 4.5kgmassr
ammer

 Met
alpan

 20mm si
eve

 Dr
yingov
en

 Moi
stur
eti
ns

 Wei
ghi
ngBal
ance,

 St
rai
ghtedge(
scr
apert
ool
)

 Measur
ingcy
li
nder
Pr
ocedur
e
1.3kgairdr
iedsampl
ewhi
chpassedt
hrought
he20mm si
eveandquar
ter
edwas
obt
ainedmeasur
edasM1.

2.Thef
ir
stsoi
lsampl
ewasputonat
rayandmi
xedt
hor
oughl
ywi
thwat
eri
n
di
ff
erentv
olumes.

3.Themi
xedsampl
ewascov
eredwi
thasackonr
emov
alofeachl
ayert
opr
event
anychangei
nmoi
stur
econt
ent

4.Mi
xed soi
lwast
hen compact
ed i
n 5 equall
ayer
swi
th 27 bl
ows(
uni
for
mly
di
str
ibut
ed)of4.
5kgr
ammerf
all
i
ngt
hroughast
andar
dhei
ghtof300mm.The
col
l
arwasr
emov
ed,t
heexcesssoi
lov
ert
heedget
ri
mmedandt
hewei
ghtoft
he
compact
edsoi
li
nmoul
ddet
ermi
nedhenceobt
aini
ngt
hebul
kdensi
ty.

5.Asampl
efr
om t
hemol
dofknownmasswasr
emov
edandt
akent
oov
endr
yat

Page6of18
 105°
Cfor24hour
stoobt
aint
hemoi
stur
econt
ent
,fr
om whi
chdr
ydensi
tywas
det
ermi
ned
6.Theabov
epr
ocedur
ewasr
epeat
edwi
thadi
ff
erentamountofwat
eronr
emai
ning
f
oursampl
es and t
he r
espect
ive bul
k densi
ti
es,moi
stur
e cont
ent
s and dr
y
densi
ti
escomput
ed.

massofcompact
edsoi
li
nmoul
d
Wet densi
ty = and Dr
y densi
ty =
vol
umeofmoul
d
wetdensi
ty
×100%
100+m

massofwater
Wher
em i
smoi
stur
econt
ent
,m= ×100%
massofdr
ysoi
l

Agr
aphofdr
ydensi
tyagai
nstmoi
stur
econt
entwaspl
ott
edandann-
shapedcur
ve
wasobt
ained.MDDandOMCar
ethepeakv
aluesoncur
vewher
eMDDi
sthepeak
v
alueondr
ydensi
tyaxi
sandt
hecor
respondi
ngv
alueont
hehor
izont
alaxi
sist
he
OMC.

Computat
ionofresul
ts
Massofcompact
edsoi
l
Bul
kdensit
y,ρ=
Vol
umeofmould

Massofwater
Moi
stur
econt
ent
,w= x100
Massofdrysoi
l
ρ
Dr
ydensi
ty,
ρd =
1+w

Tabl
e2.
5showi
ngmodi
fi
edpr
oct
ort
estr
esul
ts

Sampl
eDescr
ipt
ion: Br
owni
shbal
ackmat
eri
al  :  

Bul
kdensi
tydet
ermi
nat
ion
TESTNo 1 2 3 4 5
WATERADDED,
g 0 160 360 560 760
WEI
GHTOFMOULD+SAMPLE 4015 4950 5535 5306 4809
WEI
GHTOFMOULD 3640 3640 3640 3640 3640
WEI
GHTOFSAMPLE 375 1310 1895 1666 1169
VOLUMEOFMOULD 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
WETDENSI
TY 0.
375 1.
310 1.
895 1.
666 1.
169

Moi
stur
edet
ermi
nat
ion
CONTAI
NERNo EE   M   H   P   Q  
WTOFWETSOLI
+TI
N 125.
0   110.
0   130.
0   180.
0   90.
0  

Page7of19
WTOFDRYSOI
L+TI
N 120.
0   100.
0   105.
0   130.
0   70.
0  
WTOFMOI
STURE 5.
0   10.
0   25.
0   50.
0   20.
0  
WTOFTI
N 40.
0   40.
0   25.
0   30.
0   40.
0  
WTOFDRYSOI
L 80.
0   60.
0   80.
0   100.
0   30.
0  
MOI
STURECONTENT 6.
3   16.
7   31.
3   50.
0   66.
7  
Av
erageMoi
stur
eCont
ent 6.
3 16.
7 31.
3 50.
0 66.
7
DRYDENSI
TY 0.
353 1.
123 1.
444 1.
111 0.
701
                   
                   
                   

                   

MDD: 1.
440 cm3
g/ OMC: 31.
0
Tabl
e2maxmum dr
ydensi
tyr
esul
ts

Agr
aphofdr
ydensi
tyagai
nstmoi
stur
econt
entwaspl
ott
ed,
from whi
chweobt
ained
maxi
mum dr
ydensi
tyandopt
imum moi
stur
econt
ent
.Asshownabov
e
Concl
usi
on
Maximum Dr
yDensi
ty,
MDD( m3)
Mg/
=1.
44

Opt
imum Moi
stur
eCont
ent
,OMC(
%)
=31

Page8of20
1.
9 Par t
icl
eSi
zeDi
str
ibut
ionTest
Pur
pose
Forcar
ryi
ngoutt
hist
esti
stodet
ermi
net
heamountofav
ail
abl
esi
zesofpar
ti
clesi
na
gi
vensoi
lsampl
e.Fr
om t
hisi
tispossi
blet
odet
ermi
newhet
hert
hesoi
lconsi
stsof
pr
edomi
nant
lygr
avel
,sand,
sil
torcl
aysi
zesand,
toal
i
mit
edext
ent
,whi
choft
hesesi
ze
r
angesi
sli
kel
ytocont
rol
theengi
neer
ingpr
oper
tyoft
hesoi
l
.
Ther
ear
etwo way
sofdet
ermi
ning t
hepar
ti
cl
esi
zedi
str
ibut
ioni
.e.si
eveanal
ysi
s
met
hodwhi
chcont
ainswetsi
evi
nganddr
ysi
evi
ng,andsedi
ment
ati
onmet
hodwhi
ch
al
socont
ainst
hehy
dromet
eranal
ysi
smet
hodandpi
pet
teanal
ysi
smet
hod.
Wehowev
erempl
oyedt
hesi
eveanal
ysi
smet
hodandusedwetsi
evi
ngmet
hodi
n
par
ti
cul
art
owashof
fthesi
l
tandcl
aypar
ti
cles.Thepr
ocedur
eoft
het
esti
sdescr
ibed
bel
owi
ndet
ail
Appar
atusandequipment
 Testsi
eves:
20mm, 14mm,
10mm,
6.3mm,
4.75mm,
3.35mm,
2.36mm,
1.70mm,
0.
6mm,
0.425mm,
0.3mm,
0.212mm,
0.150mm,
0.075mm.

 Ar
ecei
ver

 Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance

 Anov
en

 Met
alt
ray

 Scoop

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Weplacedt
het
rayt
hatwasusedonawei
ghi
ngscal
eandi
tsmassM1obt
ained.

2.Ar
epr
esent
ati
vesampl
efr
om t
hesoi
lgotf
rom t
hef
iel
dandi
twasputonat
ray
,
pl
acedwei
ghi
ngscal
eandmassM2oft
hesampl
eandt
het
raywasobt
ainedona
wei
ghi
ngscal
e.

3.Thesampl
ewasputi
ntot
heov
enf
ordr
yingatat
emper
at e1050ct
ur o1100cf
or
24hour
s.

4.Thesampl
ewast
akenoutoft
heov
enandal
l
owedt
ocoolaf
ter
.Thesoi
lwas
soakedbyaddi
ngwat
ert
osubmer
sei
tcompl
etel
yandi
twasl
eftt
ost
andf
or

Page9of21
 24hour
s.

5.Thesampl
ewaswashedt
hrougha75μm si
eveunt
ilt
hewat
err
unni
ngoutwas
cl
ear
.Thecl
eanmat
eri
alwascol
l
ect
edont
het
rayandputbackt
otheov
ensetat
at
emper
at eof1050ct
ur o1100cf
or24hour
sandaf
terdr
ying,
wasl
eftt
ocooland
i
tsnewmassM3wasobt
ained.

6.A nestofsi
eveswasassembl
edi
nthei
rdescendi
ngor
derst
art
ingwi
tht
he
bi
ggestatt
het
opandt
hesmal
l
estatt
hebot
tom,andt
henpl
acedt
hem ont
oa
r
ecei
vi
ngt
rayandt
hemat
eri
alwassi
evedt
hrought
heassembl
yofsi
eves.

7.Ourov
endr
iedsampl
ewast
henpour
edi
ntot
henestofsi
evesandt
hesi
eves
manual
l
yshakencar
eful
l
ytoai
dadequat
epar
ti
clesi
evi
ng
8.Themassr
etai
nedoneachofsi
eveswasobt
ainedandt
heper
cent
agepassi
ng
f
oreachcomput
edshownbel
ow.

cumul
ati
veofper
cent
ager
etai
ned
per
cent
agepassi
ng=100- ×100
tot
almass

r
esul
ts
Tabl
e2.
6showi
ngsi
eveanal
ysi
sresul
ts.

SOI
L:PARTI
CLESI
ZEDI
TRI
BUTI
ON Ref
1377:
2
Date
LabRef
.No.
: sampl
e1  
Sampled:
Date
Locat
ion: NYABI
KONICAMPUS  
Test
ed:
Lay
er/
Dept
h   Test
edby
: BCEy
r2  
Materi
al
Source
Sampl
eDescr
ipt
ion: BLACKCLAYMATERI
AL  
/sampli
ng
spot:
I
nit
ial
sampl
emass,
g(A):   Dr
ymassbef
orewashi
ng,
g(B): 1600
Dr
ymassaf
terwashi
ng,
g(C)
: 375
Moi
stur
econt
ent(
%)

Tot
aldr
ymass 1609.
0          

Massret
ained Speci
ficat
ion Speci
fi
cat
ion
Si
evesi
ze(
mm) %r
etai
ned %passi
ng R
(
g) upperli
mit l
owerli
mit

    0.
0 100.
0      
    0.
0 100.
0      
    0.
0 100.
0      
75   0.
0 100.
0      
63   0.
0 100.
0      

Page10of22
 50   0.
0 100.
0      
37.
5   0.
0 100.
0      
28   0.
0 100.
0      
20 0.
0 0.
0 100.
0      
14 0.
0 0.
0 100.
0      
10 5.
0 0.
3 99.
7      
5 5.
0 0.
3 99.
4      
2.
000 10.
0 0.
6 98.
8      
1.
180 10.
0 0.
6 98.
1      
0.
600 60.
0 3.
8 94.
4      
0.
425 55.
0 3.
4 90.
9      
0.
300 55.
0 3.
4 87.
5      
0.
063 170.
0 10.
6 76.
9      
Pan 14.
0 0.
9 76.
0      
Pan+(
B-C) 1239.
0          

GM=3-
(
p2mm+p0.
425mm+p0.075mm)
/100
0.
334  

Tabl
e3par
ti
clesi
zedi
str
ibut
ion

Agr
aphofper
cent
agepassi
ngagai
nstt
hepar
ti
clesi
ze(
thepar
ti
clesi
zedi
str
ibut
ion
cur
ve)

Fi
gur
e2.
4showi
ngpar
ti
cledi
str
ibut
ioncur
ve.

Cal
cul
ati
onofcoef
fi
cientofuni
for
mit
y(CU)
D60=0
D30=0
D10=0
Forcoef
fi
cientofuni
for
mit
y(CU)

Page11of23
CU=D60/
D30=0

1.
10 PLASTI
CITYOFFI
NESOI
LS
pur
pose
Pl
ast
ici
tyi
sani
mpor
tantchar
act
eri
sti
cint
hecaseoff
inesoi
l
s,t
het
erm pl
ast
ici
ty
descr
ibi
ngt
heabi
l
ityofasoi
ltounder
gounr
ecov
erabl
edef
ormat
ionwi
thoutcr
acki
ngor
cr
umbl
i
ng.I
ngener
al,
dependi
ngoni
tswat
ercont
ent(
def
inedast
her
ati
ooft
hemassof
wat
eri
nthesoi
ltot
hemassofsol
i
dpar
ti
cles)
,asoi
lmayexi
sti
noneoft
hel
i
qui
d,
pl
ast
ic,
semi
-sol
i
dandsol
i
dst
ates.I
fthewat
ercont
entofasoi
li
nit
ial
l
yint
hel
i
qui
d
st
atei
sgr
adual
l
yreduced,
thest
atewi
l
lchangef
rom l
i
qui
dthr
oughpl
ast
icandsemi
-
sol
i
d,accompani
edbygr
adual
l
yreduci
ngv
olume,
unt
ilt
hesol
i
dst
atei
sreached.The
wat
ercont
ent
satwhi
cht
het
ransi
ti
onsbet
weenst
atesoccurdi
ff
erf
rom soi
ltosoi
l
.In
t
hegr
ound,
mostf
inesoi
l
sexi
sti
nthepl
ast
icst
ate.Pl
ast
ici
tyi
sduet
othepr
esenceofa
si
gni
fi
cantcont
entofcl
aymi
ner
alpar
ti
cles(
oror
gani
cmat
eri
al)i
nthesoi
l
.Thev
oid
spacebet
weensuchpar
ti
clesi
sgener
all
yver
ysmal
li
nsi
zewi
tht
her
esul
tthatwat
eri
s
hel
datnegat
ivepr
essur
ebycapi
l
lar
ytensi
on.Thi
spr
oducesadegr
eeofcohesi
on
bet
weent
hepar
ti
cles,
all
owi
ngt
hesoi
ltobedef
ormedormoul
ded.Adsor
pti
onofwat
er
duet
othesur
facef
orcesoncl
aymi
ner
alpar
ti
clesmaycont
ri
but
etopl
ast
icbehav
iour
.
Anydecr
easei
nwat
ercont
entr
esul
tsi
nadecr
easei
ncat
ionl
ayert
hicknessandan
i
ncr
easei
nthenetat
tract
ivef
orcesbet
weenpar
ti
cles.Theupperandl
owerl
i
mit
soft
he
r
angeofwat
ercont
entov
erwhi
cht
hesoi
lexhi
bit
spl
ast
icbehav
iourar
edef
inedast
he
l
i
qui
dli
mit(
LL)andt
hepl
ast
icl
i
mit(
PL)
,respect
ivel
y.Thewat
ercont
entr
angei
tsel
fis
def
inedast
hepl
ast
ici
tyi
ndex(
IP)
,i.
e.:
IP =LL-
PL
Howev
er,
thet
ransi
ti
onsbet
weent
hedi
ff
erentst
atesar
egr
adual
andt
hel
i
qui
dand
pl
ast
icl
i
mit
smustbedef
inedar
bit
rar
il
y.Thenat
ural
wat
ercont
ent(
w)ofasoi
l(adj
ust
ed
t
oanequi
val
entwat
ercont
entoft
hef
ract
ionpassi
ngt
he425-
mm si
eve)r
elat
ivet
othe
l
i
qui
dandpl
ast
icl
i
mit
scanber
epr
esent
edbymeansoft
hel
i
qui
dit
yindex(
IL)
,
Thet
ransi
ti
onbet
weent
hesemi
-sol
i
dandsol
i
dst
atesoccur
satt
heshr
inkagel
i
mit
,
def
inedast
hewat
ercont
entatwhi
cht
hev
olumeoft
hesoi
lreachesi
tsl
owestv
alueas
i
tdr
iesout
.
proceedure
Thealter
nati
vet
estapar
tfr
om conepenet
romet
ert
estf
orl
i
qui
dli
mitt
heappar
atus
consi
stsofaf
latmet
alcup,
mount
edonanedgepi
vot
:thecupr
est
sini
ti
all
yonahar
d
r
ubberbase.
Amechani
sm enabl
est
hecupt
obel
i
ftedt
oahei
ghtof10mm anddr
oppedont
othe

Page12of24
 base.Someoft
hesoi
lpast
eispl
acedi
nthecup,
lev
ell
edof
fhor
izont
all
yanddi
vi
dedby
cut
ti
ngagr
oov
e,ont
hedi
amet
ert
hrought
hepi
votoft
hecup,
usi
ngast
andar
dgr
oov
ing
t
ool
.
Thet
wohal
vesoft
hesoi
lgr
adual
l
yfl
owt
oget
herast
hecupi
srepeat
edl
ydr
oppedont
o
t
hebaseatar
ateoft
wodr
opspersecond.Thenumberofdr
ops,
orbl
ows,
requi
redt
o
cl
oset
hebot
tom oft
hegr
oov
eov
eradi
stanceof13mm i
srecor
ded.
Repeatdet
ermi
nat
ionsshoul
dbemadeunt
ilt
wosuccessi
vedet
ermi
nat
ionsgi
vet
he
samenumberofbl
ows.Thewat
ercont
entoft
hesoi
li
nthecupi
sthendet
ermi
ned.
Thi
stesti
sal
sor
epeat
edatl
eastf
ourt
imes,
thewat
ercont
entoft
hesoi
lpast
ebei
ng
i
ncr
easedf
oreacht
est
;thenumberofbl
owsshoul
dbewi
thi
nthel
i
mit
sof50and10.
Wat
ercont
enti
spl
ott
edagai
nstt
hel
ogar
it
hm oft
henumberofbl
owsandt
hebest
st
rai
ghtl
i
nef
it
ti
ngt
hepl
ott
edpoi
ntsi
sdr
awn.Fort
hist
estt
hel
i
qui
dli
miti
sdef
inedas
t
hewat
ercont
entatwhi
ch25bl
owsar
erequi
redt
ocl
oset
hebot
tom oft
hegr
oov
eov
er
adi
stanceof13mm.Al
sogi
veni
nBS1377ar
edet
ail
soft
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofl
i
qui
dli
mit
basedonasi
ngl
etest
,pr
ovi
dedt
henumberofbl
owsi
sbet
ween35and15.
Fort
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hepl
ast
icl
i
mitt
het
estsoi
li
smi
xedwi
thdi
sti
l
ledwat
erunt
ili
t
becomessuf
fi
ci
ent
lypl
ast
ict
obemoul
dedi
ntoabal
l
.Par
toft
hesoi
lsampl
e
(
appr
oxi
mat
ely2.
5g)i
sfor
medi
ntoat
hread,
appr
oxi
mat
ely6mm i
ndi
amet
er,
Basi
c
char
act
eri
sti
csofsoi
l
sbet
weent
hef
ir
stf
ingerandt
humbofeachhand.Thet
hreadi
s
t
henpl
acedonagl
asspl
ateandr
oll
edwi
tht
het
ipsoft
hef
inger
sofonehandunt
ili
ts
di
amet
eri
sreducedt
oappr
oxi
mat
ely3mm:
ther
oll
i
ngpr
essur
emustbeuni
for
m
t
hroughoutt
het
est
.Thet
hreadi
sthenr
emoul
dedbet
weent
hef
inger
s(t
hewat
er
cont
entbei
ngr
educedbyt
heheatoft
hef
inger
s)andt
hepr
ocedur
eisr
epeat
edunt
ilt
he
t
hreadofsoi
lshear
sbot
hlongi
tudi
nal
l
yandt
ransv
ersel
ywheni
thasbeenr
oll
edt
oa
di
amet
erof3mm.Thepr
ocedur
eisr
epeat
edusi
ngt
hreemor
epar
tsoft
hesampl
eand
t
heper
cent
agewat
ercont
entofal
lthecr
umbl
edsoi
li
sdet
ermi
nedasawhol
e.Thi
s
wat
ercont
ent(
tot
henear
esti
nteger
)isdef
inedast
hepl
ast
icl
i
mitoft
hesoi
l
.Theent
ir
e
t
esti
srepeat
edusi
ngf
ourot
hersub-
sampl
esandt
heav
eraget
akenoft
het
wov
aluesof
pl
ast
icl
i
mit
:thet
estmustber
epeat
edi
fthet
wot
est
sdi
ff
erby0.5%;
Testr
esul
ts

Plasti
cli
mitand
l
iquidli
mit
BS1377- 2:
1990

Page13of25
LabRef
.No.
: 1          
NYABI
KONI Tabl
e4pl
ast
icl
i
mitandl
i
qui
dli
mit
Locat
ion:      
CAMPUS
Lay
er/
Dept
h          

BLACKCLAY
Sampl
eDescr
ipt
ion:       0  
MATERI
AL
PLASTI
C
  LI
QUI
DLI
MIT       LIMI
T  
TESTNO. 1 2 3 4 1  

numberofbl
ows 12.
0 19.
0 26.
0 33.
0    

Contai
nerNo. P R21 R75 R25 P9  
Massofwetsoil
+contai
ner
(a) 37.
7 36.
9 37.
0 50.
4 20.
5  
Massofdrysoi
l+cont
ainer
(b) 34.
8 34.
7 33.
7 47.
9 I
KI18.
7  

Massofcont
ainer(
c) 28.
5 29.
3 24.
0 38.
9 8.
5  

Massofmoi
stur
e(d=a-
b) 2.
9 2.
2 3.
3 2.
5 BHVV  

Massofdr ysoi
l(e=b-
c) 6.
3 5.
4 9.
7 9.
0 10.
2  
Moist
urecontent(w
=100X(d)
/(e) 46.
0 40.
7 34.
0 27.
8 17.
6  

Av
erageMoi
stur
econt
ent 46.
0 40.
7 34.
0 27.
8 17.
6  

CHAPTERTHREE:CONCLUTI
ONS,
LESSONSLEARNT,
LIMI
TATI
ONSAND
RECOMMENDATIONS

Concl
usi
ons
Thesear
ethesummar
izedr
esul
ts

MDD 1.
44

OMC 31

NMC 35.
6

GMM 0.
334

LL 35

PL 17.
6

PI 17.
4

LessonsLear
nt
Thisweekofourpr
act
ical
assi
gnmenthav
ebeengoodandsoeducat
ive.Wehadan
oppor
tuni
tyt
olear
nal
oti
ndi
ff
erentt
est
scar
ri
edoutonsoi
l
si.
e.moi
stur
econt
entt
est
,

Page14of26
par
ti
clesi
zedi
str
ibut
ions,
att
erber
gli
mit
s,andcompact
iont
est
s.
Thi
spr
act
ical
assi
gnmenthasenabl
edust
obeabl
etor
elat
ethet
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edge
weacqui
redi
nthel
ect
urer
oom wi
thpr
act
ical
wor
k.
Sowet
aket
hisoppor
tuni
tyt
othankagai
nev
ery
onet
hathashel
pedust
hroughoutt
his
pr
ocess.
Li
mit
ati
ons
 Insuf
fi
ci
entequi
pment
;someoft
heequi
pmentr
equi
redf
ort
hewor
kwasnot
av
ail
abl
eint
hel
abor
ator
y,f
orexampl
emoi
stur
eti
ns,
measur
ingcy
li
nder
,CBR
machi
ne,
etc.
 Lackofsomesol
uti
onsr
equi
redt
obeusedwhi
l
ecar
ryi
ngoutt
het
est
s,l
i
ke
di
sti
l
ledwat
erusedi
nthespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
est
;wehadt
ouset
apwat
er.
 Lackofenoughspacef
ordemonst
rat
ion.
Recommendati
ons
 Werecommendt
hatt
heuni
ver
sit
yshoul
dtr
ytoequi
pthel
abor
ator
ywi
thal
lthe
necessar
yequi
pment
sandt
ool
stoenabl
est
udent
sgetbasi
cpr
act
ical
ski
l
ls.
 Thel
abor
ator
yshoul
dhav
eaper
manentl
abor
ator
ytechni
ciant
oal
way
sgui
det
he
st
udent
sthoughtt
hepr
act
ical
sessi
ons.
 Theuni
ver
sit
ylabor
ator
yisv
erysmal
lhencenospacef
ordemonst
rat
ionandno
wor
kingspacehenceaneedf
oranexpandedl
abor
ator
y.

Page15of27
 REFERENCES

Cr
aig’
ssoi
lmechani
cs/R.
F.Cr
aig.—7t
hedi
ti
on
Smi
th’
sEl
ement
sofSoi
lMechani
cs,
9THEDI
TION,
IanSmi
th,
BS1377-
1:1990
BS1377-
2:1990
BS1377-
3:1990
Cl
assnot
es.

Page16of28
 APPENDI
X:PHOTOGRAPHI
CRECORD

Fi
gur
e1mi
xi
ngt
hesampl
ewi
thwat
er

Fi
gur
e2si
evedsampl
eawai
ti
ngt
obemi
xedwi
thwat
er

Fi
gur
e3wei
ghi
ngt
hesampl
e

Page17of29
Fi
gur
e4dr
yingt
hesampl
e

Fi
gur
e5usi
ngt
hecasegr
andeappar
atus

Page18of30
Fi
gur
e6soaki
ngt
hesampl
eforat
ter
ber
gli
mit
s

Fi
gur
e7wei
ghi
ngt
hesampl
e

Page19of31
Page20of32