Public Administration II

Motivation

• It's a driving force which affects the choice of

alternatives in the behavior of the person.
• It improves , stimulates and induces imployees
leading to goal oriented behavior.
 Factors Affecting Motivation

• Ability
• Opportunity
• Resources
• Support
• Success
 Theories of Motivation

• Maslow's Heirchy of Needs Theory

• Reinforcement Theory
• Heirzberg's Two Factors Theory
• Vrooms Expectancy

Maslow's Heirchy of Needs Theory

• It portrays the pyramids of needs
on the basis of their importance.
 Reinforcement Theory
• Behavior in the function of its consequences :
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Extinction
d. Punishment

• +ve RT = Promoting a worker for good performance

• -ve RT = Nagging / yelling a worker who is performing well
• Punishment = Dismiss a worker for inefficiency
 Heirzberg's Two Factors Theory

1. Satisfiers 2. Hygiene

• Job / work itself • Working conditions

• Achievement • Supervisors
• Recognition • Company Polices
• Career growth & • Frenge Benefits
development

Vrooms Expectancy Theory

• Motivation = E × P × O = V
 Leadership

It is a process of influencing subordinate non-

cohesively so that they engage in the desire of
the behavior.
 Leadership Theories

• Traits Theory
• Behavior Theory
• Hersey's Blenchaides Situation Theory

Traits T = Desire , honesty , self-confidence , integrity

Behavior T= Democrative style , autocratic , Laissez faire
 Hersey's Blenchaides Situation Theory

• It assumes that leaders adopt their behavior according

to major situational factors i.e readiness of followers:
• Willingness
• Able
• Unwillingness
• Inability
• Task behavior
• Relationship Behavior
• W=motivated to assume responsibility
• A=enough capacity to do high task
• InA=lack of training, capacity , resources
• TB=Focus on directing , formal couching
• RB = Focus on listening, encouraging, faciliting, equipping
 Communication

It is a process to carry messages to target

receiver through a communication channel
 Types of Communication

• Verbal
• Written
• Non-Verbal C

V W NV

V= Speeches,audio lectures
W= Letters , application
NV= Body gestures ( facial expressions , Postures )
 Communication Process

Context

Sender Encodes Message Channel medium

Feedback Receiver Decodes

Channel = sending , understanding messages

 Types of Formal Communication

Vertical Communication
• Between Boss and subordinates or workers
• Inflow of information from boss
Horizontal Communication
• Peer to peer
Between colleagues
Grapevine / Diagonal Communication
• Gossips
• Simple communication
• Informal communication

Pear Communication
• Same capacity , same codition , same question to ask
• Two communicate on same questions
• What was lectures today
 7'cs Communication

• Correctness
• Courtesy
• Clarity
• Concretness
• Completeness
• Consideration
• Conciseness
 Characteristics of Correctness

• Use the right level of language

• Check the accuracy of figures, facts & words
• Maintain acceptable mechanics

• Use the right level of language:

• Formal ( article ,essay , lectures )
• Informal ( spoken , writting )
• Subordinate ( use in our daily life )
Formal = acquire , arrive , endeavor , going to , want to , get to
Informal = let , come , try , gonna , wanna , gotta
 Courtesy
knowing audience' s feelings , emotions , Be tackful
• Tackful
• Tackles/Blunt

• Tackful = This book is edited for special students

• Tackless = This book is edited for duffer students
 Clarity
Choose precis words = appropriate words
• Precis / Accurate
• Use familiar words
• Coherence

• P/A = Duplicate /copy

• UFW = Domicile / home
• Coherence= Connection among Ideas , clauses
 Concretness
Being specific definitions and vivid rather than
vague and general
General
• There are numerous students in class
• Inflation has risen too much
• Specific
• There are 100% or 50% students in class
• Inflation has risen 10% to 20 %

Use denotative expression Or connotative :

• Connotative = Today we will discuss 7cs of communication in a broad Spectrum .
• Denotative = Today we will discuss 7cs of communication in details
 Completeness
When a message contains all facts that readers to
desired results.

Conciseness
In communication language , we should use only short
information that is asked
• Comit trait expression
• Avoid long introduction
• Use opposite words
 Controlling
It is the process Of presenting the results between
actual and standard performance to increase /
implement action of plans
 Organizing
It is a process of allocating human & non-human
resources

Basic Elements of Organization Structure

• Identifying and defining jobs
• Clustering / integrating positions into units and units
into departments
• Development patterns to facilitate vertical ( top -
bottom ) cordination
Human Resources Department

• It is one of the branches of management which deals

with employees occupational affairs, from their entry
to exit
Or
• It is a process of aquiring , developing , appraising ,
integrating and separating human resources to
achieve organizational goal
 Developing Employees

• Training
• Career achievement

Training = Current job for enhancing the skills of workers

Career achievement = Advancement decision making
 Training
• On the job
• Off the job

On the job : Teaching assistant , workers

Off the job : Lectures
 Teaching Learners Methods

• Experimental Learners
• Programmatic
• Reflectionist
• Abstract conseptalization

• Experimental = Active
• Programmatic = Prepare presentation
• Abstract conseptalization = Bookish
• Reflectionist = Understanding / observing their work after performing
same task ( Work on dead body )
 Testing and Selecting
Selection Process
• Preliminary / interviews
• Selection Test
• Interviews
• Reference and background
• Investigation
• Selection decision
• Medical Test
• Job offer contract
 Selection Test
• Congnitive Abilities
• Aptitude Test
• Numerical Ability
• Psycholomotor Abilities Test

CA= General reasoning ( IQ Test ) Aptitude Test =

NA = Maths etc • Verbal comprehension
• Grammar
• listening
• Speaking etc
PAT =
• Statics ( Physical strength)
• Dynamics ( pull- ups )
• Stamina
 Interviewing
It is a process / procedure designed to obtain
information from a person through oral responses
to oral inquires

Types of Interviewing
• Selection
• Appraisal
• Exit interviews
 Selection Interviews
• By Structure
• By Context
• By Administration

By Structure By Context By Administration

• Structural : • Job related • One-one
Follow a predeterminal list • Behavioral • Panel
Of questions valid as all • Situational • Mass
asked similar • Stress blunt
• Unstructural :
Questions ask randomly
 Potential Interviewing Problems
• Inappropriate questions
• Snap judgement
• Contrast errors
• Non-Verbal Communication
• Effects of Personal characteristics
• Hallo effects
• Horn effects
• Bias

• IAQ = irrelevant Questions • Hallo effects = When a

Particular traits become
• SJ = judgement in few secs
dominants
• NVC = Body gestures
• Horn effects = When a
• EPC = attributing glamour to successful life
Particular traits become dislike
• Bias = Religious , race , gender