Physical separation

• Filtration :
Filtration is an operation by which solid particles are separated from a liquid or
gas, by forcing the mixture through a porous medium that retains the particles.

a)- Membrane filtration :

It is an integral part of many industrial processes, as it often more
environmentally sustainable and cost effective than other filtration or
separation technologies.
b)- types of membrane filtration:
A considerable number of different membrane processes have found industrial
applications.
We shall discuss about four main types of membrane filtration
Microfiltration (MF), ultra filtration (UF), nano filtration (NF) and reverse
osmosis (RO).
The driving force for material transport through the membrane in those four
processes is a pressure difference.
These processes are therefore called pressure difference processes
• Centrifugation:
Centrifugation force is when materials are rotated;
The size of the force depends on the:
- Radius
- Speed of rotation
- The density of the centrifuged material.
in the separation of immiscible liquids (for example emulsions, the denser
liquid moves to the bowl wall and the lighter liquid is displaced to an
inner annulus.

The thickness of the layers is determined by the density of the liquids, the
pressure difference across the layers and the speed of rotation.
 Molecular separation

• Adsorption :

 In adsorption processes, one or more components of a gas or liquid stream

are adsorbed on the surface of a solid adsorbent and a separation is
accomplished.

 Adsorption process involves two components

- Adsorbent
- Adsorbate

➢ WHY ADSOEPTION OCCURS ??

- Due to unbalanced forces

- Inside the adsorbent, forces acting between the particles are mutually
balanced
- On the surface, the particles are not surrounded by aloms of their kind
on all sides

➢ Factors affecting adsorption:

- Temperature
- Pressure
- Surface area

➢ Application of adsorption as a separating process in the food industry :

- Decolorization of edible oils
- Decolorization of sugar syrup
- Removal of bitter substances from fruit juices
- Removal of chlorine from drinking water.
 • Distillation:

 is a process of separating the component substances from a liquid mixture

by selective vaporization and condensation. This operation is based on
differences in volatility. If a mixture containing substances that differ in
their volatility is brought to ebullition, the composition of the vapors
released will be different from that of the boiling liquid. After
condensation, the vapors constitute the ‘distillate’. The remaining liquid is
called ‘residue’ or ‘ bottoms ’ . One of the oldest separation processes,
distillation is of central importance in the chemical process industry. In the
food sector, its main application is in the production of ethanol and
alcoholic beverages from fermented liquids. Other food-related
applications include the recovery, fractionation and concentration of
volatile aromas as well as recovery of organic solvents (desolventation) in
the production of edible oils by solvent extraction and removal of
undesirable odorous substances (e.g. deodorization of cream). Distillation
may be carried out as a batch or as a continuous process.

 Distillation result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure

components).
 Distillation can only be applied for two immiscible or nonreacting liquid
and liquid.

➢ Application of adsorption as a separating process in the food industry:

- Separate crude oil for specific uses such heating, power, generation,
and transportation
- Purification and separation of air components for industrial use.
- Reduce chemical waste
- Increase concentration of alcohol in beverages.
- Purification of water
- Distill herbs for parfumes
- Food processing
 Terminologie
ENGLISH FRENCH ARABIC
environmentally
sustainable and cost
effective
four main types
Microfiltration (MF)
ultra filtration (UF)
nano filtration (NF)
reverse osmosis (RO)
The driving force
pressure difference
Permeate (filtrate)
Passes through
rejected
Retentate (concentrate)
Radius

Speed of rotation

The density of the

centrifuged material
immiscible liquids
lighter liquid
The thickness
the layers
the density
across
stream
Adsorbent (coal)
Adsorbate (particules)
vaporization
condensation
Unbalanced forces
volatility
crude oil