CBbase: A DATABASE ON CATTLE

BREEDS OF ODISHA
A

THESIS SUBMITTED

TO ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY,

BHUBANESWAR, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
BIOINFORMATICS

BY
TRUPTI REKHA MOHANTY
Admn.no – 30BI/08

DEPARTMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS
CENTRE FOR POSTGRADUATE STUDIES(CPGS)
ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY(OUAT)
BHUBANESWAR-751003, ORISSA
2010
Thesis Advisor : Ms. Sucharita Balabantray
 Dedicated
To My
Beloved parents

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 Dept.Of Bioinformatics
Centre For Post Graduate Studies
Orissa University Of Agriculture And Technology
Bhubaneswar-751003

Ms. Sucharita Balabantray

Asst. Professor.

CERTIFICATE I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “CBbase: A database on cattle

breeds of Odisha” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the
subject of Bioinformatics embodies a faithful bonafied research work
carried out by Miss Trupti Rekha Mohanty(AdmNo.30BI/08) under my
guidance and supervision no part of this thesis has been submitted by her
for any other degree or diploma.

I further certify that any help or information received during the

course of investigation have been duly acknowledged by her.

Place Bhubaneswar Ms. Sucharita Balabantray

Date Chairperson
Advisory Committee

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CERTIFICATE II

This is certify that the dissertation entitled “CBbase:A database on

Cattle Breeds of Odisha” submitted by Trupti Rekha Mohanty(30BI/08)
to the Orissa University of Agriculture &Technology, Bhubaneswar in
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science in Bioinformatics has been approved / disapproved by
the students advisory committee after an oral examination of the same in
collaboration with external examiner.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

1. Ms. Sucharita Balabantray Chairman ----------------------------------

Asst.professor., Dept of Bioinformatics

2. Mr. S.K. Pradhan Member -----------------------------------

HOD, Bioinformatics

3. Mr. S.N. Rath Member----------------------------------

Asst.professor., Dept of Bioinformatics

4. Mr. Abhimanyu Dash Member ---------------------------------

HOD, CSA

External Examiner Signature--------------------------

Date

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I fall in short of words to acknowledge those who were with me for the successful
completion of my dissertation.

First and Foremost I would take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and
indebtedness to my advisor and guide Ms. Sucharita Balabantray, , for her valuable
guidance, constant supervision, steady encouragement, whole-hearted co-operation
and painstaking effort during the entire period of investigation and throughout the
preparation of this project.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Sukant Kumar Pradhan, HOD, Department Of

Bioinformatics, for his support, kind help, co-operation and encouragement to carry
out my work successfully.

I extend my hearty thanks and profound gratitude to Dr. H.K. Senapati, Dean, PGF-
cum-DRI for his support during my entire course of action.

I express my courteous gratitude to my faculty members Mr. S.N. Rath, Ms. Sushma
rani Marth and Ms. Sudipta Mohanty for their kind support and valuable suggestion
during my research work.

I express my deep gratitude to Mr. S.K. Dash, Asst. Professor, Animal Breeding and
Genetics Department, for his valuable guidance and whole-hearted co-operation
throughout the preparation of this project.

I wish to acknowledge from the core of heart to Mr. Abhimanyu Dash, HOD, CSA for
his support and providing the necessary facilities and information to carry out my
research work.

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I especially thank my friends Soudamini, Tapaswini, Subhashree, Swikriti for their
support, deep concern and selfless help, advice, encouragement during the entire
course and research.

I bow down before my beloved parents, my brother for being there for me in all my
good and bad times with their unbound love, constant support, immeasurable moral
and blessing to build my career.

I am also oblized to The Orissa University Of Agriculture and Technology for the kind
help and support in providing the necessary instruments to carry out my research
work.

At last I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly or
indirectly whose name could not find a separate place as duly acknowledge.

At the end, I bow down my head to the almighty whose omnipresence has always
guided me and made me a better person.

Place: Bhubaneswar
Trupti Rekha Mohanty
Date:

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Name of the student : Trupti Rekha Mohanty

Admission Number : 30BI/08

Title Of Thesis : CBbase: A Database on

Cattle Breeds Of Odisha

Degree for which
Thesis submitted : Master Of Science in Bioinformatics

Name of the Department

College & University
: Dept. Of Bioinformatics
Centre for Post Graduate Studies
Orissa University of Agriculture
& Technology,
Bhubaneswar- 751003

Year of Submission : 2010

Name of Advisor : Ms. Sucharita Balabantray

Asst. Professor, OUAT,
Bhubaneswar

ABSTRACT

This database is developed by collecting the data about the category of

cattle breed, introduction of the cattle breed, feeding, category of diseases
along with their clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment.

The present work is intended to design a database of Cattle breed

developed in Odisha basing on four types of breed category which is
named as “CBbase”. The front end of database is designed using
ASP.NET (Language C#) and back end by SQL Server 2005.

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This database contains the pages like about us, contact us, breed search,
cattle feeding, disease search, introduction of the cattle breed.

“CBbase” provides a user friendly interface to the scientists, students,

research scholars and the dairy farms to retrieve information about 4
types of breeds with their characterization and general management, types
of diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasm.

This database would help the dairy farms to get information about the
four types of cattle breeds of Odisha, about their management,
characterization of breed, feeding and the disease caused by various
pathogens and their diagnosis, treatment, thus they can take preventive
measures to control the disease.

Our future work is to update the database with more information and
make it available in World Wide Web for public access.

Ms. Sucharita Balabantray Trupti Rekha Mohanty

Advisor Author

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 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-7

3 MATERIALS & METHOD 8-24

4 RESULT 25-37

5 DISCUSSION 38-39

6 SUMMARY 40

REFERENCES 41-43

CURRICULUM VITAE

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1 HOME PAGE 25

2 ABOUT US 26

3 CONTACT US 26

4 ADMIN LOGIN 27

5 FORGOT PASSWORD 27

6 NEW USER SIGN UP 28

7 ADMIN HOME 28

8 CHANGE PASSWORD 29

9 DISEASE CATEGORY 29

10 CATTLE BREED CATEGORY 30

11 CATTLE INTRODUCTION 30

12 DISEASE 31

13 VIEW COMMENTS 31

14 VIEW USER 32

15 USER LOGIN 32

16 FORGOT PASSWORD 33

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FIGURE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

17 NEW USER SIGNUP 33

18 USER HOME PAGE 34

19 CHANGE PASSWORD 34

20 BREED INTRODUCTION 35

21 DISEASE SEARCH 36

22 BREED SEARCH 36

23 CATTLE FEEDING 37

24 COMMENTS 37

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 LIST OF TABLES

SERIAL PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1 ADMIN REGISTRATION 11

2 DISEASE CATEGORY 12

3 DISEASE DETAIL 12

4 CATTLE BREED CATEGORY 13

5 CATTLE BREED INTRODUCTION 13

6 USER REGISTRATION 14

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INTRODUCTION

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

India has rich and diverse livestock genetic resources as is evident from the
availability of all economically important species of livestock and a large number of
breeds or strains within each species. India possess 209 million cattle which
constitutes 15.9% of the total world and 46.2% of Asian cattle population(FAO data
bank, 1998). The country is vast reservoir of biodiversity in terms of cattle breeds.

There are 30 well defined humped breeds of cattle in India, most of which are draught
or dual purpose type. This might be due to the fact that the selection over years was
directed in favour of draught animals in the agriculture oriented economy and poor
milk marketing facility in the country.

All the production levels of indigenous cattle of our country are definitely lower than
the exotic breeds found in temperate region. But our indigenous cattle are better
adapted to hoarse environmental conditions, withstand tropical disease and are
efficient converters of low quality feed and fodder. Due to selection and adaptation a
number of such native breeds acquired some unique traits, which not only distinguish
them from others but also have a special economic role to play. The indigenous cattle,
which traditionally formed on integral part of agriculture, are getting presently diluted
and facing degeneration. Judicious use, conservation and enhancement of these living
resources should be ensured. There has been serious deterioration in quality of Indian
indigenous germplasm because of lack of effort for preservation and important of
these valuable livestock resources.

Crossbreds did not carry their superiority over generations and hence are less
adoptable. It was found that the comparision between the pure bred and crossbred is
poorly designed as very few characters of choice are considered for comparision
crossbreds may not prove to be superior to purebreds in most of the cases. The
requirement of the people in different locality is different, the economic standard of

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the people to rear costly animals and interest of the people to provide superior
environment also dictates the usefulness of crossbreeding in a locality.

Mechanization of agriculture is not within the reach of economically struggling

farmers particularly farmers of tribal area. Consequently majority of farming
community depend on the valuable indigenous livestock resources since generation to
harvest the draft power. In the context of the subcontinent the Indian agriculture is
heavily dependant on the manual labour of 173 million agricultural workers and 86
draught animals which provide 12906 and 32073 megawatts of energy
respectively(Mittal and Sribastava, 1993).

The importance of animal energy has been considerably increased at present in spite
of mechanization in agriculture. Technological changes as for example, crossbreeding
versus selection within local breeds, total replacement of population versus a balance
of stable mixes of indigenous and crossbreds in context to the prevailing
environmental, relative cost of producing an animal and shift between peri-urban and
rural production need new thinking and policy shift.

In spite of growing mechanization in the field of agricultural operation the need for
bullock for ploughing and carting operation continues and it shall continue in future.
Further due to fragmentation of cultivatable land, consolidation of land at a very slow
pace and transportation of goods in undulated Kutcha roads the utility of bullocks is
bound to continue for a long time to come. Thus there is need to improve the existing
indigenous draught cattle breeds and at the same time survey and identify the other
draught animals existing but not documented so far, in India.

Odisha is one of the Eastern coastal states of the country with great diversity of
livestock, although most of them are non-descriptive type. Few important types of
native cattle found in the state are Motu, Binjharpuri, Khariar, Ghumusari.

In these types of cattle breeds, we can describe their general management,

characterization of breed, disease along with their etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis,
treatment and their feeding.

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Database consists of an organized collection of data for one or more multiple uses.
Database consists of software based containers that are structured to collect and store
information, so users can retrieve, add, update or remove such information in an
automatic fashion. A more explicit representation of database are Oracle, SQL Server
etc.

The database on Cattle Breeds of Odisha, where we can find out all the information
regarding the types of cattle breeds of Odisha, their feeding, diseases along with the
etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, general management of breeds and
characterization of breed. To develop this database it is necessary to use a database
software. It is best to use SQL Server to build a logical data model.

The designing part of the project consists of front end(this is the part where user can
interact with the data). The data are stored in the database and through connectivity
the user can go through with the data. In this project the front end is designed by ASP
.Net( It is a web technology available in .NET framework for creating web
application) and another part is the backend, it is made by SQL Server 2005.

In this project the cattle of Odisha are categorized into different breed type and under
each category various information regarding the cattle breeds along with their feeding
and diseases are stored. The detail information about the breeds are given in the web
form. After logging into the main-page, the user can view the details.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work is
• To develop an information gateway to retrieve the important
information on Cattle breeds of Odisha.
• Dairy farms, Researcher, Student can visit the database to
identify the characteristics of cattle breeds of Odisha along with
their breed type, feeding, diseases, clinical signs and
subsequent steps involved to diagnose the diseases in more
economic ways.

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 REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE

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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Improving the Reproductive Efficiency Of Dairy Cattle through Genetic

selection
Achieving pregnancy in high-producing dairy cows in a timely and cost-effective
manner is one of today’s greatest management challenges. Fertility is highly
influenced by management and environmental factors but significant genetic
differences exist in both male and female fertility. Insemination data are available for
perhaps half of the population, while pregnancy examination data are available for
roughly a quarter of the population. Detailed data regarding technician, type of
breeding and so on are available from selected herds, but milk progesterone data are
limited to experimental studies. The first is a large-scale threshold model analysis that
uses data regarding veterinarian-confirmed conception rates, while the second is an in
depth analysis of the management and genetic factors that influence fertility in a
failure time model that properly accounts for censoring among cows that were culled
or failed to conceive.

2.2 Methodology for predicting Cattle Biotransfer Factors

The main route of human exposure to many highly lipophilic compounds is through
ingestion of contaminated agricultural products such as beef and
milk(McLachlan,1993). The transfer of contaminants from environmental media(e.g.
air, soil and water) into livestock products has historically been either determined by
direct measurement of contaminants in food items, or predicted using regression
models. When empirical data are lacking, one of the most widely used approaches is
the regression model developed by Travis and Arms(1988), which relates the
chemical octanol-water partition co-efficient(Kow) to its biotransfer into beef and
milk.

2.3 The evolution of tropical adaptation: comparing Taurine and Zebu cattle
Beef cattle breeds consists of three major genetic subdivisions, the Taurine group
adapted to temperate environments and the Zebu and Sanga groups both adapted to
tropical environments. In this study, approximately 9,000 single nucleotide

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polymorphism markers were genotyped on 317 animals of a selection of Taurine,
Zebu and composite breeds to characterize any systematic differences between these
groups. It is identified 91 intra-breed class markers. 78 were polymorphic only within
the Zebu animals, while 13 were polymorphic only in the Taurine animals. There
were no fixed differences between Zebu and Taurine animals.

2.4 The age at first calving and the longevity of beef cows in Hungary
The length of time beef cows spend in production is an important component of the
rentability of beef cattle husbandry. A database of 2115 cows belonging to five breeds
(Hungarian Grey, Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Limousin, Charolais) and two
crossbred genotypes(Simmental *Hereford F1, Simmental * Limousin F1) born
between 1977-1992 was evaluated. Age at first calving(AFC), age at culling(ACU),
moreover longevity(LONG) were studied. The mean values of AFC, ACU and LONG
obtained were 2.71, 9.47 and 6.77 years respectively. This trait also shows a
decreasing trend(from 12.45 to 3.31 years) in the case of cows born between 1977 and
1992.
2.5 Institutional Framework and Farm Types Characterizing the Kenya Boran
Cattle Breeding Programme.
Structural breeding programmes have three core platforms: Performance recording,
planned mating and genetic evaluation, performed either by Government or Non-
Governmental organizations. The organizational structure supporting the breeding of
Kenya Boran Cattle is presented here. The organizational players range from
Government institutions, national agricultural research system to cattle keepers. The
organizational structure also depicts the informal interactions between interest groups
such as Animal Production Society of Kenya and also between the different farm
types keeping Boran Cattle. The institutional framework presents possibilities for the
establishment of sustainable long term breeding programmes for the Kenya Boran
Cattle.

2.6 Genomics Conservation of Cattle microsatellite loci in wild gaur(Bos gaurus)

and current genetic status of this species in Vietnam.
The wild gaur(Bos gaurus) is an endangered wild cattle species. In Vietnam, the total
number of wild gaurs is estimated at a maximum of 500 individuals. Inbreeding and
genetic drift are current relevant threats to this small population size. Therefore,

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information about the genetic status of the Vietnamese wild gaur population is
essential to develop strategies for conservation and effective long-term management
for this species. In it one hundred thirty cattle microsatellite markers were tested on a
panel of 11 animals. Efficient amplifications were observed for 117 markers(90%)
with a total of 264 alleles and of these , 68(58.1%) gave polymorphic band patterns.
Thirteen loci(BM1314, BM2304, BM6017, BMC2228, BMS332, BMS911,
CSSM023, ETH123, HAUT14, HEL11, HEL5, ILSTS005 and INRA189) distributed
on nine different cattle chromosomes failed to amplify wild gaur genomic DNA.
Three cattle Y-chromosome specific microsatellite markers(INRA124, INRA126 and
BM861) were also highly specific in wild gaur, only displaying an amplification
product in the males.

2.7 Database of cattle candidate genes and genetic markers for milk production
and mastitis.
A cattle database of candidate genes and genetic markers for milk production and
mastitis has been developed to provide an integrated research tool incorporating
different types of information supporting a genomic approach to study lactation, udder
development and health. The database contains 943 genes and genetic markers
involved in mammary gland development and function, representing candidates for
further functional studies. The candidate loci were drawn on a genetic map to reveal
positional overlaps.

2.8 Genetic characterization of the Indian Cattle breeds, Ongole and Deoni(Bos
indicus), using microsatellite markers- a preliminary study.
Microsatellites are the best available molecular tools for characterization of cattle
breeds. This study was carried out of characterize two Indian cattle breeds, Ongole
and Deoni, using microsatellite markers. Using 5di- and 5tri-nucleotide repeat loci ,
17 Ongole and 13 Deoni unrelated individuals was studied. Of the ten loci, eight
revealed polymorphism in both the breeds. The di-nucleotides repeat loci were found
to be more polymorphic(100%) than tri-nucleotide repeat loci (60%). A total of 39
polymorphic alleles were obtained at 4.5 alleles per locus in Ongole and 4.1 in Deoni.
This preliminary study shows that microsatellite markers are useful in distinguishing
the two Zebu breeds namely Ongole and Deoni.

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2.9 Inbreeding trends and pedigree analysis of Irish dairy and beef cattle
populations
The objective of this study was to determine the inbreeding levels and to analyze the
pedigree of Irish purebred populations of charolais, Limousin, Hereford, Angus and
Simmental beef cattle as well as the Holstein-Friesian dairy breed. Pedigree analysis
included quantifying the depth of known pedigree, average generation intervals,
effective population size, the effective number of founders, ancestors and founder
genomes as well as identifying the most influential animals within the current
population of each breed.

2.10 Intake, live animal scores/measurements and carcass composition and value
of late-maturing beef and dairy breeds.
The objective of this study were to compare the progeny late-maturing beef with dairy
breeds. Charolais(CH), Limousin(LM), Simmental(SM) and Belgian Blue(BB) sires
breed to beef suckler dams, for feed intake, blood hormones and metabolites, live
animals measurements, carcass traits and carcass value in bull and steer production
systems.

2.11 Estimation of extinction probabilities of five German Cattle breeds by

population viability analysis
The estimation of the expected loss of genetic diversity and marginal diversities in a
set of breeds within a defined future time horizon requires initial estimates of breed
extinction probabilities. In this study, the extinction probabilities of 5 German dual-
purpose cattle breeds were estimated by population viability analysis. Regression was
used to estimate the infinitesimal mean and variance of the population growth and this
was based on the diffusion approximation of the density independent population
growth(also known as the Dennis regression model).

2.12 Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for atresia coli in cattle

Systematic review of published cases and a hospital based case control study were
completed to evaluate breed as a risk factor for atresia coli in cattle. Systematic
review of 37 published studies indicated that atresia coli has been diagnosed in 10
cattle breeds and 12 countries, with the marked preponderance of cases occurring in
Holstein-Friesian calves(485/514 cases, 94%).

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MATERIALS
&
METHOD

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 CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 MATERIALS
3.12. Software Used
• Microsoft ASP .NET(Language c#)
• SQL Server 2005
3.13. System requirement
• Operating system: Windows Vista
• Processor: Intel® Pentium® Dual CPU T2370
• Maximum speed(GHz) : 1.73
• Memory(RAM) : 2038 MB
• System type : 32-bit Operating System

3.14. Data Collected: Information on cattle Breed

• Cattle breed category
• About breed
• Cattle Feeding
• Cattle diseases and its category

3.2 METHOD
The following steps had been involved to develop the database
• Designing of back end using SQL Server 2005
• Designing of front end using ASP .NET(Language c#)
• Data collection

3.21. SQL Server 2005

It stands for structured query language. It is a vast set of programs of advance type. It
keeps the data safe, secure and available to users. It is a database server.

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Features Of SQL Server

Build in support for Extensible markup language(XML) which store and manage
XM data.
• In variable or columns of the XML data type.
• CLR integration allows us to implement programming logic in any language
supported by .NET framework.
• High level of security implements high security by enforcing policies for log
on passwords.
• Support for data migration and analysis provide tools to migrate data from
disparate data sources to common database.

Backend (Creation Of Database and Tables)

Creation of database on SQL Server

• Click on program from the main menu of the window.
• Click on SQL Server Management studio.
• Then connect to server page will come. It contains server type, server name,
authentication, login and password.
• Then give the password as “enter” then click on connect.
• Click on object Explorer.
• Server name will come. Expand it.
• Right click on databases option and choose new database, then following
screen will come.

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• The name of database was given in the space available for the name.
• Click on ok.
• Then a new database is created under database.
• Expand the new database. Right click on table. Then click on New Table.
Store data in the table.

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NAME OF TABLES
The database contains Tables, these are
Admin details
The table contains details of the Administrator, it’s user id and password.

(Fig -1: Admin reg Table)

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Disease category table
The table contains category of disease i.e. category id and category Name.

(Fig -2: Disease category Table)

Disease detail table

The table contains disease category name, disease id, disease name, etiology, clinical
signs, diagnosis and treatment.

(Fig -2: Disease detail Table

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Cattle Breed category table
The table contains details about the cattle breed i.e. breed category id and breed
category name.

(Fig-4: Cattle Breed category Table)

Cattle Breed Introduction table
The table contains breed name, heading name, subhead id, subhead name, description
and breed images.

(Fig-5: Cattle Breed Introduction Table)

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User details
The table contain details about the user along with his/her user id, password etc.

(Fig-6: User reg Table)

3.22. Data collection

Data were collected from two sources
• Desktop review
• Web search

In desktop review, the development of database started with the collection of

information about the Cattle Genetic Resources Of Odisha.

The information about cattle breed type, its general management and characterization
of breed have been collected from the Department of Veterinary Science and Animal
Husbandary, OUAT.

The information about the cattle feeding have been collected from the Nutrition
Department, OUAT and the information regarding cattle diseases have been collected
from the Medicine Department, OUAT.

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In the web search, the photographs of cattle breed and some information about
feeding were found out online from the web.

Designing of front end using ASP .NET(Language c#)

ASP .NET is a web technology available in .NET framework for creating web
application and providing web services in any language of .NET framework.
Web application , the application which runs on the web through a browser and on a
web server. A web application is collection of pages known as web page.

Features Of ASP.NET
• It’s a web technology for designing and developing web application.
• It’s having own IDE(Integrated development environment) for easy designing
and developing the web pages.
Controls used in ASP.NET
• html control
• web server control
• validation control
• data control

Files in ASP.NET
.aspx : these are ASP.NET web form.
.cs : these are ASP.NET code behinds.

Code behinds

When we drag and drop any control on web form the html codes are automatically
generated behind the screen. It’s execution is .cs.
.asp : these are classic ASP files.
.ascx : these are ASP.NET user controls.
.asmx : these are ASP.NET web services.
web config : this is one file in every project for maintaining security mechanism.
machine config : this is one file in every machine to maintain machine wide setting .

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global .aspx : this is one file in every machine to declare global variable which reacts
to global events.
.htm/ .html : these are classic html file.
.BMP/ .JPG/ .JPGE/ .GIF : these are graphic files used as an image.
.css : these are cascade style sheets.
.XML : these are XML documents.

Controls

• Label : it is a control for displaying text on the form.

• Text box: it is a control for taking input as well as displaying output on the
form.
• Button & image button : button and image button both having same work to
do action means both having click event. But in a button we can only
displaying image.
• Multi line: it enables us to set multiple line of text in a text box.
• Hyper link : it is used for linking to the another page. In hyperlink we can set
the properties called navigate URL.
• Grid view control : The Grid view data control provides the classic display of
tabular data. Each row represents one instance or record and each column
holds one field of data.
• Link button : It is used for linking to the another page.

Working with ASP.NET

• Click on start.
• Then click on all programs.
• Then Microsoft Visual Studio is clicked.
• Then click on create website.

It will display a dialog box. Select ASP.NET website and select language as c# .NET.
It will open ASP.NET with a default webform as default .aspx.

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A web form having these views

• Design view : using which we can drag and drop the controls from the tool
box and design the interface.
• Code view : using which we can write code for the design interface like
windows application.
• Source view : which shows the auto generated html code for the designed
interface. As well as we can write scripting.

Press F5 to run the web form will run through your default browser(internet explorer)
on the web server IIS with default domain name local host.

http://localhost:1043/website56/Default.asp
http://localhost:1043/website56/Default.aspx

The designing part of front end contains

The Admin part

Admin log in form, by which the admin can logging into web page by entering
his/her E-mail id and password.

In cattle breed category form, the breed category id and breed category name is
present. The admin can edit and delete as per his/her requirements. He/she can also
update the new informations.

In disease form, the admin can update the new disease name, its clinical signs along
with its diagnosis and treatment. He/she can also edit and delete as per his/her
requirements.

In view comments form, the admin can see the comments about his/her work from
user.

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In view user form, the admin can go through the details about the user who will visit
his/her database.

The user part

In user login page, the user can log in to the page after entering the E-mail id and
password.

In about us page the user can view the detail information about the project and what
kind of work has been done on the project.

In contact us page the user can view the people under whose guidance, the project
has developed.

In breed search page, there is a search button present. The user, after clicking that
button, he/she can view the characteristics of breed and general management, and the
images of respective cattle breeds.

In the disease search page, there is a dropdown list and a search button is present.
After selecting the disease from category and clicking on the search button , the user
can view the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment of respective diseases.

In the cattle introduction and cattle feeding page, the user can view about the cattle
breeds and also can know the feeding of the cattle.

In the comments page, the user can comments on the project.

3.3 DATABASE CONNECTION

Fetching data from a database can be done automatically by way of the data source
controls, or manually through the objects in the system.data.namespaces. One of these
objects applies to connecting to a database for SQL server that object is the SQL
connection. In general , databases are limited to the number of connections they can
have , each connection from connecting , so these should be used as sparingly as

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possible and only kept open and close the connection as soon as possible, disposing
of the connection once done.
Here the database connection is established by ADO.NET.

ADO.NET(Active X Data Object)

It is a technology available in .NET framework for establishing a logical connection

between any language of . NET framework with any database on Microsoft platform.

Architecture Of ADO.NET
• OLEDB : OLEDB provider basically for connecting to access an oracle. To
use OLEDB provider we will need to import System.data.oledb.
• SOL Client : SQL Client provider is for connecting to SQL Server . To use
SQL Client provider we need to import System.data.sql client

Data Access in ADO.NET relies on two components: DataSet and Data Provider.

DataSet

The dataset is a disconnected, in-memory representation of data. It can be considered

as a local copy of the relevant portions of the database. The DataSet is persisted in
memory and the data in it can be manipulated and updated independent of the
database. When the use of this DataSet is finished, changes can be made back to the
central database for updating. The data in DataSet can be loaded from any valid data
source like Microsoft SQL server database, an Oracle database or from a Microsoft
Access database.

Data Provider

The Data Provider is responsible for providing and maintaining the connection to the
database. A DataProvider is a set of related components that work together to provide
data in an efficient and performance driven manner. The .NET Framework currently
comes with two DataProviders: the SQL Data Provider which is designed only to
work with Microsoft's SQL Server 7.0 or later and the OleDb DataProvider which

-
allows us to connect to other types of databases like Access and Oracle. Each
DataProvider consists of the following component classes:

“The connection object” which provides a connection to the database.

“The command object” which is used to execute a command.

“The Data Reader object” which provides a forward-only, read only, connected record
set.

“The Data Adapter object” which populates a disconnected Dataset and data and
performs update.

Data access with ADO.NET can be summarized as follows

A connection object establishes the connection for the application with the database.
The command object provides direct execution of the command to the database. If the
command returns more than a single value, the command object returns a DataReader
to provide the data. Alternatively, the DataAdapter can be used to fill the Dataset
object.

Commponent classes that make up the Data Providers

The Connection Object

The Connection object creates the connection to the database. Microsoft Visual Studio
.NET provides two types of Connection classes: the SqlConnection object, which is
designed specifically to connect to Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or later, and the
OleDbConnection object, which can provide connections to a wide range of database
types like Microsoft Access and Oracle. The Connection object contains all of the
information required to open a connection to the database.

The Command Object

The Command object is represented by two corresponding classes: SqlCommand and

OleDbCommand. Command objects are used to execute commands to a database
across a data connection. The Command objects can be used to execute stored

-
procedures on the database, SQL commands, or return complete tables directly.
Command objects provide three methods that are used to execute commands on the
database:

ExecuteNonQuery: Execute commands that have no return values such as INSERT,

DELETE and UPDATE.

ExecuteScalar: Returns a single value from a database query.

ExecuteReader: Returns a result set by way of a DataReader object.

The DataReader Object

The DataReader object provides a forward-only, read-only, connected stream record

set from a database. Unlike other components of the Data Provider, DataReader
objects cannot be directly instantiated. Rather, the DataReader is returned as the result
of the Command object's ExecuteReader method. The SqlCommand. ExecuteReader
method returns a SqlDataReader object, and the OleDbCommand. ExecuteReader
method returns an OleDbDataReader object. The DataReader can provide rows of
data directly to application logic when you do not need to keep the data cached in
memory. Because only one row is in memory at a time, the DataReader provides the
lowest overhead in terms of system performance but requires the exclusive use of an
open Connection object for the lifetime of the DataReader.

The DataAdapter Object

The DataAdapter is the class at the core of ADO .NET's disconnected data access. It
is essentially the middleman facilitating all communication between the database and
a DataSet. The DataAdapter is used either to fill a DataTable or DataSet with data
from the database with it's Fill method. After the memory-resident data has been
manipulated, the Data Adapter can commit the changes to the database by calling the
Update method. The Data Adapter provides four properties that represent database
commands: Select Command, Insert Command, Delete Command, Update Command
.When the Update method is called, changes in the DataSet are copied back to the

-
database and the appropriate Insert Command, Delete Command, or Update
Command is executed.

3.4 PROJECT DETAILS

“CBbase: A database on Cattle Breeds of Odisha” has been developed which can
show the detail information about the cattle breeds of Odisha along with their
characteristics and managemen
Microsoft ASP.NET in the language c# and ADO.NET are used for the development
of the front end and SQL Server 2005 is used for the development of the backend of
the database.

The project helps the user to know the details about the cattle breeds of Odisha, their
management, characteristics, their diseases along with clinical signs, diagnosis and
treatment and about cattle feeding.

The project contains the following components

• Tables : Various tables are present which contain the information about
administrator, user, information about the cattle breed category, details of the
disease category.
• Modules : It consists of various windows forms through which user can
interact with the database.

Tables
In this project the tables are made by SQL Server 2005 and contain the details about
the administrator, user, disease category, disease details, cattle breed category, breed
details.

The Administrator details table contain fields like

I. User id
II. User name

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 III. Password
IV. E-mail
V. Mobile no.
VI. Country
VII. State
VIII. City
IX. Security question
X. Answer

The disease category table contains fields like

I. Category id
II. Category name

The disease details table contains fields like

I. Category name
II. Disease id
III. Disease name
IV. Etiology
V. Clinical signs
VI. Diagnosis
VII. Treatment

The cattle breed category table contains fields like

I. Breed category id
II. Breed category name

The breed details table contains fields like

I. Breed name
II. Heading name
III. Subhead id

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 IV. Subhead name
V. Description
VI. Breed images

The user detail table contains fields like

I. User id
II. User name
III. Password
IV. E-mail
V. Mobile no
VI. Country
VII. State
VIII. City
IX. Security question
X. Answer

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RESULT

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 CHAPTER IV
RESULT

The database for “cattle breeds of Odisha” provides the user with easy navigation
facilities with the following forms.

At first the project contains a main page and in the main page all the forms are
assemble and help the user to retrieve properly.

• Home page
• Admin Login
• User Login
• About Us
• Contact Us

Home page
This page contains the information about the place where the project is developed.

(Fig-1: Home page)

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About us
This page gives the information about the project.

(Fig-2: About Us)

Contact us
This page gives the information about the person who developed the project.

(Fig-3: Contact Us)

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Admin Site
Admin Login Through this page the administrator can login, and get into the other
pages.

(Fig-4: Admin login)

Forgot password

(Fig-5: Forgot password)

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New User Sign Up

(Fig-6: New user signup)

Admin Home page

(Fig-7: Admin Home)

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Change password

(Fig-8: change password)

Disease category
This page contains category id and category name.

(Fig-9: Disease category)

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Cattle breed category
This page contains breed category id and breed category name.

(Fig-10: cattle breedcategory)

Cattle Introduction This page contains breed name, heading name,sub head id,
subhead name, description and images of cattle.

(Fig-11: cattle introduction)

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Disease
Through this page administrator can update new diseases in future.

(Fig-12: disease)
View comments
Through this page administrator can view the user comments.

(Fig-13: view comments)

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View user
Through this page administrator can view the details about the user.

(Fig-14: view user)

User Site
user login
Through this page user can login and get into the pages.

(Fig-15: user login)

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Forgot password

(Fig-16: forgot password)

New user Sign Up

(Fig-17: new user sign up)

-
User Home page Through this page user can view the following pages.

(Fig-18: user home page)

Change password

(Fig-19: change password)

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Breed Introduction

Through this page user can view the introduction about the cattle breed.

(Fig-20: Breed introduction)

Search
• Diseasesearch.aspx
• Breedsearch.aspx

-
Disease search
Through this page user can view the details about the diseases along with their clinical
signs, diagnosis and treatment.

(Fig-21: disease search)

Breed search
Through this page user can view the details about the cattle breeds along with their
general management and characterization of the breed.

(Fig-22: bread search)

-
Cattle Feeding
Through this page user can view about the feeding of the cattle.

(Fig-23: cattle feeding)

Comments
Through this page user can comments on the project.

(Fig-24: comments)

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DISCUSSION

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 CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION

India has rich and diverse livestock genetic resources as is evident from the
availability of all economically important species of livestock and a large number of
breeds or strains within each species. India possess 209 million cattle which
constitutes 15.9% of the total world and 46.2% of Asian cattle population(FAO data
bank, 1998). The country is vast reservoir of biodiversity in terms of cattle breeds.

Odisha is one of the Eastern coastal states of the country with great diversity of
livestock, although most of them are non-descriptive type. Few important types of
native cattle found in the state are Motu, Binjharpuri, Khariar, Ghumusari.

In this project it covers all the aspects of Cattle breed. Their management,
characterization of breed, diseases along with their clinical signs, diagnosis and
treatment.

The front end of this project is designed by ASP.NET using language C# and the
connectivity is done through ADO.NET. The backend is designed by SQL Server
2005.

SQL Server is used because it is more secure and easy to handle data stored in a
structural manner. First the tables are made in SQL Server 2005. The information
about the Cattle Breeds of Odisha are stored in tables and the tables also contain the
information about the administrator and user.

The user first visit the database “CBbase : Cattle Breeds Of Odisha” he/she find the
links like Admin login, User login, About us, Contact us. After clicking the User
login, the user can find the page contains E-mail id and password. By entering the
correct E-mail and password and clicking on the login button he/she can get into the

-
Home page. Home page contains the menu items like change password, breed
introduction, search, Feeding and comments. By clicking on change password the user
can change his/her password by filling the appropriate textbox and the by clicking the
submit button, the password will be changed. When the user click on the breed
introduction, he/she can view the introduction of the cattle breed and below this page,
there are 4 links of cattle breeds are present. After clicking on those links, user can
view the details of the breed one by one. After clicking on the search menu user can
find the options like “disease search” and breed search”. Clicking on disease search,
he/she can find some disease category, can select the category from the dropdown list.
After clicking the search button, user can view the disease name with their respective
category and by clicking each disease name he/she can view clinical signs, etiology,
diagnosis and treatment of the respective diseases. When user click on the breed
search option, he/she find the breed category name in a dropdown list manner. After
selecting the breed category and clicking on the search button he/she can view the
detail information of the respective cattle breed. By clicking on the comments menu,
user can find the textbox like “title” and “your comments” and the buttons like submit
and cancel. Through this page the user can give his/her own opinion about the project.
By writing the comments in the comments textbox and it will be submitted by
clicking on the submit button. In the left side below of the User login page, there are 2
links as “ Forgot password” and “ New user sign up” are present. By clicking on
“Forgot password”, user can visit the forgot password page contains, E-mail, Security
question an Answer. By filling the appropriates he/she can submit their password. In
this database New user can also view the details by clicking on the “New user sign
up”. After clicking it, he/she can find “User registration” page . By filling the user
details, a new user can be registered and able to view the database. By clicking on
About us menu, the user can view where the project is developed and clicking on
Contact us menu, user can view the member by whome the project is developed.

So the access of this database is very easy and the user can easily get the information
according to his/her requirement.

Our future work is to update the database with more information and make it available
in World Wide Web for public access.

-
SUMMARY

-
 CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY

A database consists of an organized collection of data for one or more multiple uses.
Database consists of software based containers that are structured to collect and store
information, so users can retrieve, add, update or remove such information in an
automatic fashion.

This database can also be deleted repeated data. This project contains detail
information about the four types of breeds of Odisha, their characterization and
management of breed, diseases along with their clinical signs, diagnosis and
treatment. In this database the web forms are designed in ASP.NET by using language
c# and the software used in it is SQL Server 2005. The connectivity is done through
ADO.NET.

“CBbase: A database on Cattle Breeds of Odisha” gives the details about the four
types of breed, disease along with their clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment.

The web pages are linked to each other, so that the user can login and get into the
database easily.

The database helps to retrieve the important information on cattle breeds occurred in
Odisha. Farmers, Researcher, Students can visit the database to know about the
breeds, identify the types of diseases occurring in cattle breed along with causal
organisms, etiology, clinical signs, and the subsequent steps involved to control
disease in more economic ways.

We can also extend the project by entering new breed category and more number of
diseases under each disease category.

-
REFERENCES

-
 REFERENCES

References From Book

• A textbook of Animal Husbandry by G.C.Banerjee.

• A textbook of Preventive Veterinary Medicine by Amalendu
Chakrabarti.

References From Internet

• www.goole.co.in
• (http://www.adsa.org/symposia/2003/86.pdf)
• (http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/tsd/td/combust/finalmact/ssra/btfreportfull05.
pdf)
• (http://www.evachan.org/evol_trop_adap.pdf)
• http://www.archanimbreed.com/pdf/2006/at06p417.pdf)
• (http://www.tropentag.de/2008/abstract/full/401.pdf
• (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/8/77/abstract/
• (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779988/
• (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC446190/?report=abstract
• (http://jas.fass.org/cgi/content/full/85/2/322
• (http://www.dairy-science.org/cgi/context/full/88/2949

REFERENCES FROM JOURNALS

• Acharya, S., Mishra, M. and Nayak, J.B. 1979. Working capacity and behavior
of crossbred versus non-descriptive indigenous bullock. Indian j. Dairy Sci.
32:37-42.
• Basu S B. 200. Cattle Breeding Policy For Eastern India. Pp 10-14. Dairy
development in Indian.

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• Falconer D S. 1960. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. Ronald press
company, New York.
• Gaur G K, Singh Avtar, Singh P K and Pundir R K. 2001. Characterization
and evaluation of Ponwar cattle in its native tract.A pilot study National
Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources. Animal Report 2001-2002. Pp. 12-13.
• Harvey W R. 1990. User’s Guide for LSMLMW, PC-2 Version, Mixed Model
Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program, Mimeograph,
Columbus, Ohio, USA.
• Joshi B K and Singh Avtar. 2005. Indigenous cattle milch breeds-their
potential and improvement programme. Proceedings of VIII National
Conference on Animal Genetics and Breeding. Makhdom, March 2005, pp:21-
27.
• Kushwaha Shilpa, Khan F H, Singh Ashok and Nanavati A.2003. Studies on
reproductive efficience in Sahiwal Cattle, Indian Veterinary Journal 80:247-
51.
• Mishra R K and Pal P K. 1999. Survey on Cattle Breeds of Eastern India.
National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, 1999.
• Panda L K.1988. “Characteristic and performance of Motu cattle.” M.V.Sc.
Thesis, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
• Parmer O S, Joshi B K and Ravikumar GVPPS.2000. Conservation and
management of cattle genetic resources. National Workshop on Conservation
and Management of Genetic Resources of Livestock, GB Pant University of
Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Feb. 21-23rd,2000(fide Sarkhel et al.
2001).
• Planner. 2003. Celebrating Diversity: Livestock and Poultry Breeds of Andhra
Pradesh.
• Pundir R K, Singh P K and Ahalwat, S P S. 2004. Characterization and
evaluation of Red Kandhari cattle in its native tract. Proceedings of National
Symposium. Livestock Bio-diversity. pp:141. Karnal, Feb.2004.
• Patro, B.N., Rao, P.K., Pattanaik, G.R., Dash, S.K. & Mohanty, A.2005. A
study on Confirmation and Performance of Motu Cattle. Indian Journal of
Animal Production and Management 19(1-4):112-114.

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• Sahoo S P. 1989. ‘Characteristics and performance of Ghumusari cattle.’
M.V.Sc. Thesis OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
• Sahoo U K.1998. ‘Characteristics and performance of Binjharpuri cattle.’
M.V.Sc. Thesis, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
• Sarkhel B C.2001.’Characterization of Nimari breed of cattle.’ J.N.K.V.V.
Technical Bulletin: DRS/2001/09 1-46.
• Sribastava P N, Parmar S N S, Sarkhel B C and Tomar S S.2002.
Characterization of Malvi Cattle. JNKVV Technical Bulletin:DRS/2002/01.

-
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Trupti Rekha Mohanty

Email Id: truptimohanty.bioinfo@gmail.com
Mobile: (+91) 9776976588, (+91)9861321274

Career Objective

I am looking forward to work with a progressive organization with dynamic

environment and great potential for growth, in which I can contribute my
Bioinformatics and computer skills in the field of research.
Educational Qualifications

Discipline Institution Board/Univ. Year % Age Class

M.Sc. (Bio- C.P.G.S, OUAT, Orissa Univ. of 2008-2010
Informatics) Bhubaneswar Agric. & Tech. continuing -
B.Sc. Acedemy of
(Biotechnology) Management and Utkal University 2008 68.5 1st
Information
Technology,
Bhubaneswar
+2 SCIENCE R.D. Women’s Junior
College, Bhubaneswar CHSE, ORISSA 2004 60.77 1st
10TH GOVT. Girl’s High
School, Bhubaneswar HSCE, ORISSA 2002 80.5 1st
Bio-Informatics Skills
Computer Skills
Area Of Skill Skills
Blast P/N/PSI/RPS, tBlastn, Fasta, Clustal W, Gene Bee, 3D-PSSM, PHD
Server, Jpred, Sopma, VecScreen, MPSrch, Entrez Map Viewer,

Bioinformatics Tools Translate Tool ExPASy, GOR4 (Proteins Sec. Structure), RNA Sec.
Structure Prediction, RevComp, ORF Analysis, Intron Splicing with
Spidey.

Bioinformatics NCBI, DDBJ, EMBL-EBI, OMIM, Swiss-Prot, TrEmbl, Ensembl, Prosite,

Database and NHGRI
Equipments pH meter, Spectrophotometer, 2D-PAGE, laminar airflow, PCR, Gel
electrophoresis, Colorimeter

-
 Area Of Skill Skills
Operating Systems MS-DOS, Windows 95/98/2000/XP, Linux
Database & RDBMS Oracle 9i,10g,SQL Server
Programming Languages C, C++, Java, Perl,.net
Area of Interest:

Molecular modelling, Drug designing & Proteomics.

Knowledge of Area:

Sequence Analysis, Basic mathematics and statistics, Neural Networks,

Genetic Algorithms etc.

Projects & Workshops:

1. Participated in the National workshop-cum-Training on “Emerging

Bioinformatics Tools and Techniques in Agriculture
Research” sponsored by Dept.of Biotechnology, Ministry of
Science and Technology, Govt.of India, New Delhi held at
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar( 2009)(attended).

Personal Profile

Name : Trupti Rekha Mohanty

Date of Birth : 25TH Aug 1986

Gender : Female

Marital status : single

Nationality : Indian

Language Proficiency : English, Hindi,and Oriya.

Hobbies And Interests : listening Music and chatting

Address : Mira Niwas, plot no: 17/1393/1916

p.o.: R.R.L, Acharyavihar, Bhubaneswar
pin- 751013, Orissa

Contact : (+91)9776976588,(+91)9861321274

Email Id : truptimohanty.bioinfo@gmail.com

Declaration
I hereby declare that the above information furnished by me is true to the
best of my knowledge and belief.

Place: Bhubaneswar Trupti Rekha Mohanty

Date: