GUNTA ROZINA

PART I: MORPHOLOGY: THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

OUTLINING

• Morphology: fields
• Inflectional morphology
• Derivational morphology
• Affixation
• Compounding
• Conversion
• Clipping
• Shortened forms in English
• Blending

DEFINITIONS

• Morphology: the branch of grammar that studies the structure of words.

• EG: un-happi-ness
• Horese-s, talk-ing, yes
• INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY- STUDIES HOW WORDS VARY
TO EXPRESS THE GRAMMATICAL CONTRASTS IN SENTENCES.
e.g.boy-boys, appear-appeared;
• DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY- STUDIES THE PRINCIPLES
GOVERNING THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS, eg. Dis-obey,
drink-able, carpet-to carpet, blackbird, mother-in-law, gents, flu, NATO,
UNESCO, brunch.

Inflectional morphology

• Adds grammatical information to a word and VARIES TO EXPRESS

THE GRAMMATICAL CONTRAST IN SENTENCES
• 1. NOUN: number: plural ending s
• 2. CASE: ’s; s’
• 3. AGREEMENT subject-verb, e.g. I sing, he sings
• 4. TENSE -ed (ending) or vowel change e.g. Sing, sang, sung, sing+ing

DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY: DEFINITIONS

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• AFFIXATION

• =PREFIXATION+SUFFIXATION
• PREFIX= AN AFFIX IS PLACED BEFORE THE BASE FORM OF
THE WORD {STEM}, eg. Anti-social, hyper-active
• SUFFIX= AN AFFIX IS PLACED AFTER THE BASE FORM OF
THE WORD, eg. RUDE-NESS, READ-ABLE

DEFINITIONS

• COMPOUNDING- TWO BASE FORMS OF THE WORDS ARE

ADDED. Eg. Cold-blooded, home page, airbag,
• CONVERSION- THE WORD CHANGES ITS CLASS BUT IT
DOES NOT CHANGE A FORM, eg. A run, to run; a master, to master
• CLIPPING- AN INFORMAL SHORTENING OF A WORD,
OFTEN HAVING THE WORD OF ONE SYLLABLE, eg. Ad
(advertisement), telly (television)

DEFINITIONS

• SHORTENED FORMS IN ENGLISH: COMPRESSES LONG

UTTERANCES INTO MORE COMPACT EXPRESSIVE FORMS:
• A)ABBREVIATION, eg. Dr. (for doctor), etc. (for et cetera)
• B)INITIALISM, eg. CIA (for Central Intelligence Agency)
• C)ACRONYM, eg. NASA (for National Aeronautics and Space
Administration),
• D)HYBRID, eg. Math, prof.

PREFIXES

• PREFIX a) placed at the beginning of a word, b) changes the meaning

and makes a new word.
COMMON LATIN PREFIXES:
• 1. ad-(meaning: to, toward) eg. Adjourn, adverb
• 2. co(m)- (meaning: together) eg, coworker, collaborate, cohabit)
• 3. in-in-(into), eg, import
• 4. in-im-il-ir-(meaning: not), eg. inaccurate, illiterate, impatient,
irreplaceable
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• 5. ex-(out), eg. exchange

• 6. pro-(meaning: forward), eg. Proclaim, proamerican
• 7. re-(again), eg. recover, return

WHY DO WE USE PREFIXES

• ANSWER: TO CREATE A NEW MEANING

• Eg. OVER-
• 1) EXESS:THAT FILM WAS OVERRATED IN MY VIEW. (people say
that it was better than it really was)
• 2) COVER: OUR GARDEN IS OVERSHADOWED BY THE BLOCK
OF FLATS NEXT DOOR ( the flats cast a shadow over our garden)
• 3) CROSS: WILL YOU STAY OVERNIGHT (from one day to the next
day)

Task: based on prefix, define the mean ing of the word

• Irrelevant, excommunicate, accords, predestination, reincarnation,

irreductable, recover, immodest, illegal, inflexible, exminister.
• Which words bear the meaning «not»?
• Which words bear the meaning «one again»?
• Which words bear the meaning «previous»?

GREEK PREFIXES

• A-(meaning: not, without) eg. Atypical

• Apo- (meaning: off, away) eg. Apology, apostrophe
• Para- (meaning: beside) eg. paragraph, paraphrase,
• Syn- (meaning: together) eg. syllable, symphony
• Task: select the closest synonym:
• A) a new synagogue a)combination, b)sentence, c) house of worship,
d)building
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OLD ENGLISH PREFIXES

• Mis- (meaning: wrong, badly) eg. Mistake, misspell

• Over- (meaning: above) eg. Overdo, overreach
• Un- (meaning: not) eg. Unwilling, unethical

OVER TO YOU: HOME TASK 09/24/19

• EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF:

• Misbegotten- badly conceived or planned(pref.=used in verbs and
nouns= bad/wrong; badly/wrongly)= 1.born beyond/ out of a marriage 2.
Used sarcastically: unhappy/ unsuccessful
• Mishap-an unlucky accident(bad luck= neveiksme; e.g. to reach the
destination without mishap 9 a piece of bad luck that does not have
serious outcome))
• Overzealous-too zealous in one’s attitude or behaviour/too much
enthusiasm (using too much energy or enthusiasm)
• Unfeigned-genuine, sincere(true, genuine)
• Overcome-succeed in dealing with (manage with difficulty)

• Construct your own sentences with using the words above

1. Luke was misbegotten child but he was whenever loved by his
family(the Pir ate hit his misbegotten treas ure on the
(remote=inhabited) island)
2. Cathrine got an mishap last week on Bahamas( we consider ourselves
on a mishaps on our way)
3. Mike sometimes gets overzealous when school staging play based on
Shakespeare.
4. I like how Barbara fixed a fight between guys, she is so unfeigned(My
mother showed unfeigned love for her newborn grandson) (She has
such an unfeigned passion for everything what she is doing)
5. I don’t know how to avoid risk areas to overcome taxes

SUFFIX

• A letter or a group of letters placed at the end of a word to change its:

• a) grammatical function, b) tense, c) meaning
• 1. -ate (to make) eg. Regulate
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• 2.-en (to make) eg. Weaken, moisten

• 3. -ism (the quality of) eg. Absolutism, baptism
• 4. -ty (the state of) eg. Modesty, security
• 5. -er (one that does) eg. Employer, worker
• 6. -al (resembling) eg. Natural, accidental
• 7. -ous (full of) eg. Gracious, vicious
• 8. -able (capable of) eg. lovable, affordable

09/24/19

15th of October- 1st Test in Morphology

21st of October-2nd part of students-MILENA
22nd of October- Delusion of languages(individual work)
28th of October- Task n a Hard copy(collect)-submission date!

• Reinforcement: Is it initialism or acronym?

• GMT= Initialism=Greenwich Mean Time
• GM=Initialism=genetically modified
• GNP=Initialism=gross national product
• FBI= Initialism=Federal Bureau of Investigation
• EFL= Initialism
• UNESCO=?
• CALL=Acronym=computer assisted learning [o:}
• CLIL= Acronym=CONTENT language integrated learning
• AOB= Initialism=any other business
• AIDS=?(Acronym)=Acquired Immune Deficiency
• ANO=Acronym
• DVD=Initialism=Disc with different types of information

Suffixes 1.-reinforcement

• Use one of the noun suffixes- once, -al, -ation, -ion, -ity
• 1. She showed her appreciation
• 2. We are waiting for their acceptance
• 3. Our plans still need approval
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• 4. He gaves us inspiration
• 5. Morality is a big theme in politics

Suffixes 2.-reinforcement

• Use one of the noun suffixes to create a new word:

• 1- the state of being dark, without any light=DARKNESS
• 2- the state of being able to see or be seen=VISIBILITY
• 3- the quality of understanding how people feel=SENSITIVITY
• 4- a spoken or written announcement that gives information about
something=STATE-MENT
• 5- the ability to give all your attention to smth.=ATTENTIVENESS
• 6- the act of putting new systems or equipment in place=INSTALLATION
• 7- the act of saying «no» to something=REFUSAL, DENYAL

10/01/19

COMPOUNDING

Is: joining together several words

Types:

• 1.Proper Compounds:
A)two stems joined together without any connecting elements, eg.
Wallpaper, textbook, teapot
B)(usu. compounds with linking elements prepositions or conjunctions)
matter-of-fact, gin and tonic, good-for-nothing, bread and butter, son-in-
law, forget-me-not

• 2. Derivational compounds:
• A) suffix keeps the two stems together, and the second element has no
separate existence: eg. Blue-eyed, absent-minded, high-minded

• 3. Compound phrases: used attributively: eg. (last minute) but a last-

minute decision, (old age), but old-age pensioner, do-it-yourself centre,
Alice-in-Wonderland idea.
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OVER TO YOU:
WHICH TYPE OF COMPOUND/ SHORTENED FORM IS IT?
• PAY-AS-YOU-GO- COMPOUND PHRASES
• PEER-TO-PEER- COMPOUND PHRASES
• NEED-TO-KNOW BASIS- COMPOUND PHRASES
• REDLINE- PROPER COMPOUND(1)/ RED-LINE - COMPOUND
PHRASE
• SICK BULDING SYNDROME(SBS)- INITIALISM /
DERIVATIONAL COMPOUND
• SIM card- COMPOUND WITH LINKING ELEMNT(2)
• SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER(SAD) -INITIALISM /
COMPOUND PHRASE
• VIOLIN TEACHER- COMPOUND WITH LINKING ELEMENT
• ILL-ADVISED-DERIVATIONAL COMPOUND

RULE NR. 2
WORDS USUALLY COMBINED TO EXPRESS A LITERAL OR NON
L I T E R A L M E A N I N G T H AT C A N ’ T B E E X P R E S S E D I N
SUCCESSION: GENTLEMEN, NEWSPAPER

RULE NR.3
DERIVATIVE OF A COMPOUND RETRIEVES A HIGH-FAINTED
FIRM (UNLESS IT IS EXPRESSION): A BABY HAS X-SHAPED LEGS

RULE NR.4
A HIGH-FAN IS USED TO AVOID A DOUBLING OF A VOWEL OR
TRIPLING OF CONSONANT, EXEPT OF PREFIXES : AUTRA-
ATOMIC, SHELL-LINE, MICRO-ORGANISM

RULE NR.5
HIGH-FAN IS USED BETWEEN WORDS THAT ARE APLIED AS
MODIFIERS OF AN NOUN

CLIPPING

• IS THE ABBREBIATION OF A WORD BY LOSS OF ITS

SYLLABLE ELEMENTS;
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• IS USED FOR THE ECONOMY PRINCIPLE IN THE LG;

• IS VERY COMMON IN ENGLISH;
• IS A WORD-FORMATION TYPE OF NEOLOGISMS
• EG. CHAP (chapman), BRANDY (brand-wine), CAB(cabriolet),
MISS(mistress)

TYPES OF CLIPPING

• 1. BACK-CLIPPING: THE FINAL PART OF THE WORD IS CUT

OF; BACK-CLIPPING IS THE MOST COMMON FORM WAY OF
SHORTENING, EG,
• PROFESSOR
• ADVETISMNET
• WILLIAM
• MEMORANDUM
• MINISKIRT
• LIMOUSINE
• 2. FORE-CLIPPING (FRONT CLIPPING): THE FRONT PART OF
THE WORD IS DELETED, EG.
• AEROPLANE
• HAMBURGER
• TELEPHONE
• BECKY (REBECCA)
• SUNSHADES
• BROLLY (UMBRELLA)
• 3. MIDDLE CLIPPING: A PART IS CUT OUT IN THE MIDDLE OF
THE WORD
• DIDN’T
• B’HAM (BIRMINGHAM)
• SPECS (SPECTACLES)
• MATHS (MATHEMATICS)
• PANTS (PANTALOONS)
• CLIPPING + COMPOUNDING: SPECIAL CASES
• 1. CLIPPING BECOME THE 1ST CONSTUTUENT(S) IN THE
COMPOUND
• EG. CONMAN (CONFERENCEMAN)
• PARATROOPS (PARACHUTE TROOPS)
• EUROCUP (EUROPEAN CUP)
• EURASIA (EUROPE+ASIA)
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WHAT TIPE OF COMPOUND IT IS:

• THIS IS A GERMAN- ENGLISH DISTRICT
• I HAVE SUBMITTED A LARGE SCALE PROJECT
• WE ARE A LOW RESPECTING CITIZENS
• THIS IS RIGA- JURMALA TRAIN
• I KONW THIS BOOK SELLER
• YOU CAN HAVE NUMBERS OF TAKE-AWAYS IN OUR CONTIN
• I THINK I HAVE BREAKDOWN IN MY RELATIONSHIP WITHIN
MY FAMILY
• LIVING COSTS IN LATVIA ARE INCREASING SUBSTATION
• WHAT IS THE TYPE OF COMPOUND?
• EXPLAIN THE SPELLING RULES

10/07/19

14th Class with Lorein- task with will help to understand the test
exercise(The scale of number of mistakes)

!Test:
1. A4 format
2. One column is Inflectional Morphology (go back to your notes, split
this part in six sub-parts evenly, you see the text you write all the
cases.-plural forms, verb, tenses of the verb eg.)
3. Second column is for Derivational morphology (first is affixation, you
separately you divide in (prefixation; suffixation), the next column is
compounding (you have to write everything what you know “types”),
Third column is Clipping (types of clipping, shorten forms,
abbreviations, acronyms, initialisms, hybrids, symbols)
4. It is work of 60 minutes, you swipe the work and check others work
5. Criteria for assessment: Markings (tick=correct, slash=wrong, ?=you
don’t know is it correct or wrong); 0 mist.- 10p., 1-2 mist.-9p.,
3-5mist.-5p., 6-8mist.-7p., 9-10 mist.-6p., 11-13 mist.-5p., 14-15 mist.-
4p., 16 mist.—> FAILED
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BLENDING

A WORD BUILDING PATTERN WHERE TWO SEPARATE

ELEMENTS OF WORD MERGE TOGETHER, EG. BRUNCH
(BREAKFAST+LUNCH)
TYPES:
1. REAL BLENDS CONSISTS OF= BACK-CLIPPING+ FORE-
CLIPPING; MOTEL= MOTORIST+HOTEL; STAGFLATION=
STAGNATION+ INFLATION; LATGLISH= LATVIAN+
ENGLISH; SMOG= SMOKE+ FOG
2. PARTIAL BLENDS = A FULL WORD+ FORE-CLIPPING
• REAGANOMICS (REAGAN+ ECONOMICS)
• WORKAHOLIC (WORK+ ALCOHOLIC)
• SHOPAHOLIC (SHOP+ ALCOHOLIC)
• IRANGATE (IRAN+ WATERGATE)
3. COMBINING TWO BACK-CLIPPINGS BENELUX (BELGIUM +
NETHERLANDS + LUXEMBURG)

THEME OF PRESENTATION:

• COMPOUND IN BRAND NAMES

• DERIVATIONS IN THE TITLES OF SHOPS IN RIGA

22ND- DO NOT COME (INDIVIDUAL WORK)

28TH- DEAD LINE OF INDIVIDUAL WORK

CONVERSION (also: FUNCTIONAL SHIFT, ZERO DERIVATION)

1. IS THE USE OF WORD OF ONE PART OF SPEECH AS ANOTHER

PART OF SPEECH, EG.
2. PATTERNS OF WORD FORMATION:
3. VERB into NOUN: TO GUESS, A GUESS, TO LOOK, A LOOK
4. ADJECTIVE into VERB: EMPTY-TO-EMPTY; COOL-TO-COOL
5. NOUN into VERB: OIL-TO OIL, COLOUR-TO COLOUR, HAND-
TO HAND
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BRAND NAMES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MORPHOLOGY

• Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink, produced by The Coca-Cola

Company.

Derivational morphology: “Cocal-Cola”

• Compounding: proper compounds- two stems “COCA leaves + KOKA
nuts”
• The founder John S.Pemberton changed the “K” to “C” to make it look
better

BORROWINGS and NEOLOGISMS: WORD FORMATION IN

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

AREAS OF STUDY:

BORROWINGS:

• DEFINITION: IS A FULL OR PARTIAL ASSIMILATION OF

WORDS FROM OTHER LANGUAGE BY ABSORBING THEIR
LEXICAL MATERIAL OR BY TRANSLATING IT (KNOWN
AS:TRANSLATION LOAN)
• 70-75% OF E. VOCABULARY- A BORROWED STOCK
• E. HAS MASSIVELY BORROWED FROM: FRENCH, LATIN,
GREEK; SIGNIFICANTLY FROM: ITALIAN, SPANISH, DANISH,
DUTCH.

TYPES OF BORROWINGS (also: LOANS)

1. FULL ASSIMILATION; 2. PARTIAL ASSIMILATION; 3.

RETAINING ORIGINAL CHARACTER

• FULL ASSIMILATION: is no longer perceived as assimilation, has

been fully adapted. Sources: Borrowed affixes from (Latin, Greek, Old
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French): PREFIXES: eg. pan-=G.(including: pan-American,

tele=G(distant: telescope)

BORROWINGS from FRENCH

Historical impact: the Norman conquest (1066)

• In the ares of:

• 1. Government: government, authority, parliament, royal, treaty, tax,
prince, council

BORROWINGS from DUTCH

• A RESULT OF INTENSIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN 2

NATIONS

BORROWING from OLD DANISH

• (Scandinavian): full assimilation

• Nouns: sky, skin, skirt, hill sister (BUT: brother (OE)

PARTIAL ASSIMILATION

• 1. SPANISH (16TH.C): CARGO, FLAMENCO, PLAZA, EMBARGO,

VANILLA, GUITAR, POTATO (PATATA), CHOLATE, COCOA
(CACAO), BANANA, ALLIGATOR (EL LAGARTO), SALSA, MACHO
• 2. PORTUGESE: (INCL. FROM BRAZIL)
• RUSSIAN: 2 GROUPS
• A) older loans: kvas, balalaika, samovar, solyanka,borsch, muzhik,
babushka, dacha, vodka
• B) the Soviet period loans: apparatchik, poliklinika (poli-L. prefix)

LINGUISTIC ETHNOCENTRISM

• The influence of English on LATVIAN

• 1. INTERNTIONALISM: politkorektums (polytical correctness),
interfeiss (interface), interperabilitate
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