Imperfections: Czech Technical University in Prague y G

5.
Imperfections
Josef Machacek
Czech Technical University

y in Prague
g
Objectives
Types of
imperfections Objectives of the lecture
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • This lecture describes various forms of
Imperfections for imperfections of structures.
bracings
Assessment 1
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
• It is shown, how these imperfections, whether
Imperfections vs.
at all, should be introduced into analysis.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples • Finally some basic examples are presented.

C
Conclusions
l i
Notes
Lecture 5, V001, April 09

2
Objectives
Types of
imperfections Outline of the lecture
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 1. Types of imperfections
Imperfections for
bracings
2. Introduction into analysis
Assessment 1 3. Imperfections for global analysis
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
4. Imperfections
p of structures for analysis
y of
Imperfections vs.
bracings
tolerances
5. Member imperfections
p
Assessment 2
Examples
6. Imperfections versus tolerances
C
Conclusions
l i 7 Examples
7.
Notes 8. Conclusions

3
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Geometrical imperfections:
Imperfections for
bracings
– variance of dimensions of a structure or a
member, e.g.:
Assessment 1 b±Δ
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
tolerances – lack of verticality of a structure and straightness
Assessment 2
or flatness of a member
member, e e.g.:
g:
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
h h e0
Notes
φ φ

4
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Material imperfections:
Imperfections for
bracings
– variance of material properties, e.g.:
Assessment 1 σ
±Δ
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs. ε
tolerances
– residual stresses ((distribution in a cross section
Assessment 2
usually considered uniform along the member):
Examples
≈ fy
C
Conclusions
l i
e. g. in I sections
Notes σr (both hot-rolled and welded)
σr

5
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Structural imperfections:
Imperfections for
bracings
– variance of boundary conditions, eccentricities
in joints, e.g.:
Assessment 1
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs. e0
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

6
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 2. Introduction into analysis
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Introduction into analysis:
Imperfections for
bracings • In strut ((frame)) analysis
y all types
yp of
Assessment 1 imperfections are usually introduced as
Member
equivalent geometrical imperfections (with
i
imperfections
f ti
i
increased d value
l off amplitude
lit d e0d).)
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 • IIn plate

l t (plated
( l t d structure)
t t ) analysis
l i geometrical
ti l
Examples imperfections and residual stresses are
C
Conclusions
l i introduced to derive buckling factors
factors.
Notes

7
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections In frame analysis the following imperfections shall
Imperfections for be introduced:
bracings
Assessment 1
• Global imperfections of frames or bracing
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
systems
Imperfections vs.
(cover lack of verticality for frames or straightness of
tolerances structure restrained by bracings)
Assessment 2
Examples • Local (member) imperfections of individual

C
Conclusions
l i members
Notes (cover lack of straightness or flatness of a member and
residual stresses of the member)

8
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Other imperfections mentioned are covered
Imperfections for by partial factors in the Limit State Design
bracings
procedure.
d
Assessment 1
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
In introduction of the equivalent geometrical
Imperfections vs.
tolerances imperfections (i.e. deflections) there is necessary
Assessment 2 to determine:
Examples
9 shape of the deflection (buckling mode);
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes
9 amplitude of the deflection.

9
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 3. Imperfections for global analysis
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 1. In general, the first critical buckling mode
Imperfections for (ηcr) of the structure may be investigated and
bracings
applied as imperfection shape for GNIAGNIA.
Assessment 1
Member
The amplitude of the shape (e0d) shall be
i
imperfections
f ti
d t
determined
i d ffrom E
Eurocode
d 3,3 eq. 5.10,
5 10
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
securing required reliability in the most
Assessment 2
axially stressed cross section
section.
Examples 2. Approximately, the global imperfection in
C
Conclusions
l i sway mode (φ) and local geometrical
Notes imperfections (e0d) of individual members
mayy be introduced,, see next ppage:
g

10
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Global sway imperfections φ:
Imperfections for V1 φ V1 V1
bracings
V2 V2
Assessment 1 φ V2
Member
φ ≈
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
For value of φ see Eurocode 3,, eq. q 5.5. In ggeneral,, the
Assessment 2
sway imperfections are introduced into analysis as
Examples corresponding horizontal loadings Hi = φ Vi. Sway
C
Conclusions
l i imperfections may be disregarded if the rate of
horizontal/vertical loading is high (≥ 0,15), so that their
Notes
contribution to internal forces is negligible.

11
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Local geometrical imperfections
Imperfections for are given as values e0d/L in Eurocode 3 (Tab. 5.1), which
bracings
may be
b replaced
l dbby corresponding
di ttransverse uniform
if
Assessment 1
loadings giving the same bending moments.
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
NEd NEd 4 NEde0d
Imperfections vs.
tolerances L
Assessment 2
e0d 8 NEde0d
Examples ≈ L2
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes
4 NEde0d
NEd NEd L

12
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Usually these local imperfections are ignored
Imperfections for in global analysis and covered by reduction
bracings
factors χ and χLT in member checks
checks, unless the
Assessment 1
frame is sensitive to 2nd order effects, i.e.:
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
- a member
b hhas att lleastt one momentt
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
resistant end joint;
Assessment 2 - and has simultaneously high slenderness
Examples given in Eurocode 3, eq. 5.8.
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

13
Objectives
Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

imperfections
Introduction into
analysis
l i off bracings
b i
analysis
Global
imperfections • Bracing systems may provide lateral stability of
Imperfections for a strut in compression or a beam in bending.
bracings
The strut/beam should be considered with a
Assessment 1
geometrical imperfection (initial bow) of
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
amplitude e0 = L/500 or less, taking number of
Imperfections vs.
strut/beams into account according to Eurocode
tolerances 3, eq. 5.12.
Assessment 2
Examples
• The bow with amplitude e0 may be replaced by
C
Conclusions
l i t
transverse uniform
if loading
l di qd.
Notes

14
Objectives

imperfections
Introduction into
analysis
l i off bracings
b i
analysis
Global
imperfections • The loading qd corresponds to impact of sum of
Imperfections for the amplitude e0 and the in-plane deflection of
bracings
the bracing system δq. Such analysis requires
Assessment 1
2nd order calculation or iterative procedure, see
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
Eurocode 3, eq. 5.13:
Imperfections vs. member in
NEd e0 NEd
tolerances
compression
Assessment 2 ( compression
(or i
flange force e0 + δ q
Examples q d = NEd 8
of a beam) L2
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes
bracing
system
L
15
Objectives

imperfections
Introduction into
analysis
l i off bracings
b i
analysis
Global
imperfections • Members supporting a splice of compression
Imperfections for
bracings
members have to be verified for additional
Assessment 1
force NEd/100.
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
NEd
Imperfections vs. 100
tolerances
NEd NEd
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

16
Objectives
Types of
imperfections Formative Assessment Question 1
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Describe types of imperfections.
Imperfections for
bracings • How the imperfections
p are introduced into
Assessment 1 design of a steel structure?
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
• Describe form of global imperfections and their
Imperfections vs.
design model.
tolerances
Assessment 2
• Explain form of imperfection for bracings (e (e.g.
g
Examples
rafter bracing in a roof of an industrial building)
and how to encompass it for design.g
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

17
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 5. Member Imperfections
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • In general, the influence of member (local)
Imperfections for imperfections is covered by reduction factors
bracings
(in columns and beams by χ, χLT, in plates by
Assessment 1
ρ, χw, χF).
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs. • Instead, when using GNIA (geometrically

tolerances
nonlinear analysis with imperfections or
Assessment 2
approximate second order analysis), the
Examples
imperfections of critical shape are taken with
C
Conclusions
l i
amplitudes as follows:
Notes

18
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • For compression struts the equivalent initial bow
Imperfections for
may be used with form of flexural buckling and
bracings amplitude e0d in accordance with Eurocode 3 (Tab
(Tab.
Assessment 1 5.1, e0d/L given), e.g.:
Member L is system
y length;
g ;
i
imperfections
f ti
e0d depends on buckling curve
Imperfections vs. e0d
tolerances
and type of analysis.
Assessment 2
Examples
• For beams in bending only equivalent initial bow in
the direction of weak axis of the beam may be used,
C
Conclusions
l i
with amplitude 0.5 e0d (where e0d is as above):
Notes
0 5 e0d
0.5

19
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • For plates the geometric imperfections should
Imperfections for have amplitude of 80 % of assembly tolerances
bracings
and residual stresses according to fabrication
Assessment 1
(say - compression stresses from 0.10 fy to
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
0.25 fy) or equivalent initial plate deflections
Imperfections vs.
with amplitude b/200 only and equivalent initial
tolerances stiffener bow with amplitude L/400. For
Assessment 2 unstiffened compression plating e.g.:
Examples e0 = b/200
•
C
Conclusions
l i
+ fy
Notes
welds + +
- σres = - 0.25 fy
b
20
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 6. Imperfections versus tolerances
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Tolerances of structures/members are given in
Imperfections for product standards and Eurocode EN 1090-2.
bracings
Assessment 1
• Eurocode distinguishes essential tolerances
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
(required for due resistance) and functional
Imperfections vs.
tolerances (class 1 and more rigorous class 2
tolerances for fit up and appearance requirements).
Assessment 2
Examples • Essential tolerances have to be confirmed by

C
Conclusions
l i inspection and testing to determine quality of
Notes the structure.

21
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Comparison of some imperfections e0d for
Imperfections for analysis and essential tolerances:
bracings
Assessment 1
– columns:
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
e0d = L/100 ÷ L/350
Imperfections vs.
tolerance: L/750
tolerances
Assessment 2
– girders:
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
0,5 e0d, i.e. L/200 ÷ L/700
Notes
tolerance: L/750

22
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections – unstiffened plates and stiffeners:
Imperfections for
bracings
plates: stiffeners:
Assessment 1
e0d = b/200 e0d = b/400
Member
i
imperfections
f ti tolerance: b/100 tolerance: b/400
b (obviously incorrect)
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
– frames, e.g. simple portal frame:
C
Conclusions
l i Δ
Δd = h/200
Notes h
tolerance: h/500

23
Objectives
Types of
imperfections Formative Assessment Question 2
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • How member imperfections are commonly
Imperfections for introduced into design?
bracings
Assessment 1 • How member imperfections are introduced into

Member
GNIA?
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
• Explain differences between imperfections and
tolerances tolerances.
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

24
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 7. Examples
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example 1: Two-bay braced frame of a building
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1
Example 2: Portal frame
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
tolerances Example 3: Rafter bracing
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

25
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 7.1 Example 1
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example
E l 1:
1
Imperfections for
bracings
Two-bay braced frame of a building
3 600
Assessment 1
Member
i
imperfections
f ti The frames spaced
11 400
3 600
at distance of 6 m,
Imperfections vs.
tolerances bracing each 12 m.
HE 160 B
HE 160 B
HE 160 B
4200
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i 6 000 6 000
Notes
Geometry and cross sections:
composite
p floor beams: A= 9345 mm2, I = 127.4.106 mm4

26
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections L di [kN] and
Loading d reactions
ti
Imperfections for 153.0 306.0 153.0
bracings
30.8
imp 1
Assessment 1
137.5 275.0 137.5
56.0
Member
i
imperfections
f ti i
imp 2
62.0 137.5 275.0 137.5

Imperfections vs.
tolerances
imp 3
Assessment 2
Examples
HEd,1 HEd,2 HEd,3
C
Conclusions
l i VEd,1 VEd,2 VEd,3
Notes
Note: Wind (horizontal) loading is due to this bracing.

27
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • For formulas see Eurocode 3:
Imperfections for
bracings • Σ HEd = 148.8 kN i.e. < 0.15 ΣVEd = 256.8 kN
Assessment 1 (→ φ need to be considered)
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
• Sway imperfection for global analysis:
2 2 2
Imperfections vs.
tolerances αh = = but α h ,min =
h 11.4 3
Assessment 2
Examples ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
α m = 0. 5 ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = 0 . 5⎜ 1 + ⎟ = 0.82
C
Conclusions
l i ⎝ m⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
Notes
1 2
φ = φ0 α h α m = ⋅ ⋅ 0.82 = 0.0027
200 3

28
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Global imperfections
Imperfections for
bracings imp 1 = φ ∑V = 0.0027 ⋅ (153 + 306 + 153 ) = 1.6 kN
Assessment 1
imp 2 = imp 3 =
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
= φ ∑ V = 0.0027 ⋅ (137 .5 + 275 + 137 .5 ) = 1.5 kN
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 These imperfections

Th i f ti b
belongs
l tto each
h cross
Examples frame. For analysis of the bracing frame
C
Conclusions
l i appropriate total values (as for wind loading)
Notes need to considered. Here they are doubled
((belonging
g g to two cross frames): )

29
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Internal forces due to loading + doubled
Imperfections for imperfections:
bracings
Assessment 1
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 -0.79 -0.46 -0.46
Examples
-217 -918 -428
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes
MEd [kNm] NEd [kN]

30
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Local imperfections for global analysis only if
Imperfections for simultaneously (bottom central column):
bracings
Assessment 1
- exists moment resistant end joint: no (MEd ≈ 0)
- slenderness
Member
A fy 5425 ⋅ 235
i
imperfections
f ti
λ > 0,5 = 0,5 = 0.60
NEd 918.0 ⋅ 103
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
true, because:
Assessment 2 λy 4200 / 67.8
λ= = = 0.66
Examples λ1 93.9
C
Conclusions
l i
• Therefore, the local imperfections could be
Notes
ignored for global analysis in this example.

31
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Imperfections for local analysis
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1 • In LA (linear analysis) the local imperfections

i
Member
imperfections
f ti
are covered byy reduction factors (χ and χLT )).
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

32
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • In GNIA analysis (see lecture 6 for details)
Imperfections for
bracings • The following imperfections should be used:
Assessment 1
1. Generally either together with sway imperfections also
Member approximate
pp local ((sinusoidal)) bows with amplitudes
p in
i
imperfections
f ti
accordance with Eurocode 3, Tab. 5.1:
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Elastic analysis Plastic analysis
Buckling curve
Assessment 2 e0 /L
a0 1/350 1/300
Examples
a 1/300 1/250
C
Conclusions
l i b 1/250 1/200
Notes c 1/200 1/150
d 1/150 1/100

33
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global - i.e. at columns (HE profile):

imperfections
Imperfections for
e0 = L/250 = 4 200/250 = 16.8 mm
bracings
(b kli curve b)
(buckling
Assessment 1
- at composite beam approx.:
Member
i
imperfections
f ti e0 = L/200 = 4 200/200 = 21.0
21 0 mm
Imperfections vs.
(buckling curve c)
tolerances
- at bracing diagonals (L profile):
Assessment 2
e0 = L/250 = 3 662/250 = 15.0 mm
Examples (buckling curve b)
C
Conclusions
l i
Note: For this example however, the local imperfections
Notes
can be ignored as shown above.

34
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
2. Or unique global and local imperfection in the shape
of the critical buckling mode (received from LBA)
Imperfections for
bracings corresponding
p g to buckling
g of respective
p member
Assessment 1
with amplitude e0. The first buckling mode in the
present frame corresponds to buckling of the central
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
column (non
(non-sway
sway mode):
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
The first critical buckling mode:
Examples
e0 αc,1
c 1 = 5.51
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes (Note: The first sway mode is the 15th,

where αcr,15 = 144.08)

35
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global Warning:
imperfections
In some cases the first critical mode corresponds to other (less important)
Imperfections for members, e.g. hinged diagonals. The critical mode corresponding to
bracings required member (e (e.g.
g column) may be of higher level.
level This higher mode
shall be taken for column imperfections (otherwise the solution is
Assessment 1
conservative).
Member
i
imperfections
f ti Example:
If in our frame the bottom diagonals are 2L 70x6 and overhead diagonals
Imperfections vs.
tolerances 2L 60x6, the 4th critical mode should be taken for column design:
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes
1st moded 2nd moded 3rd moded 4th moded

αcr,1 = 1.66 αcr,2 = 2.16 αcr,3 = 4.80 αcr,4 = 5.30

36
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections According to Eurocode 3, eq. 5.10:
Imperfections for 2
bracings χλ
1−
Assessment 1 (
e0 = α λ − 0.2 ) MN Rk γ M1
2
Member
Rk 1− χ λ
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
tolerances - where for central bottom column:
Assessment 2
Nc,Rk = A fy = 5425 ⋅ 235 = 1275 ⋅ 10 3 N
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Nc,Rk 1275 ⋅ 10 3
α ult,k = = 3
= 1.39
Notes NEd 918 ⋅ 10

37
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections - for diagonal 2 x L110/10 (other members not relevant):
Imperfections for
bracings c Rk = A f y = 4240
Nc, 0 ⋅ 235 03 N
35 = 996.4 ⋅ 10
Assessment 1
N c,Rk 996 .4 ⋅ 10 3
Member
α ult,k = = 3
= 4.4
i
imperfections
f ti NEd 228 .3 ⋅ 10
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Lower, i.e. column decides.
Assessment 2 α ult,k 1.39
λ= = = 0.50
Examples α cr 5.51
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes For buckling curve b (α = 0.34): χ = 0.88

38
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
Imperfections for Mpl,Rk = Wplfy = 354 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 235 = 83.2 ⋅ 10 6 kNm

bracings
Assessment 1
Resulting amplitude of imperfections in the
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
shape of the first critical buckling mode:
Imperfections vs. 2
tolerances χλ
1−
Assessment 2 (
e0 = α λ − 0.2 ) MN Rk γ M1
2
=
Examples
Rk 1− χ λ
0.88 ⋅ 0.50 2
C
Conclusions
l i
1−
83.2 ⋅ 10 6
Notes = 0.34 ⋅ (0.50 − 0.2) ⋅ 3
⋅ 1.00
2
= 8.5 mm
996.4 ⋅ 10 1 − 0.88 ⋅ 0.50

39
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example 2: Portal frame
Imperfections for
bracings • Imperfections for global linear analysis
Assessment 1
12 kN/m'
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
IPE 550
40 kN 40 kN
Imperfections vs.
tolerances imp 1
HE 340 B 10000
Assessment 2
HEd,1 HEd,2
Examples 24000
C
Conclusions
l i VEd,1 VEd,2
Ed 2
Notes geometry and loading and

cross sections reactions

40
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • For formulas see Eurocode 3:
Imperfections for
bracings • Σ HEd = 0 i.e. < 0.15 VEd ((consider φ)
Assessment 1
• Sway imperfection for global analysis (imp 1):
Member 2
i
imperfections
f ti
αh =
2
=
2
b t
but α h ,min =
Imperfections vs. h 10 3
tolerances
⎛
1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
Assessment 2 α m = 0. 5 ⎜ 1 +
⎟ = 0.5⎜1 + ⎟ = 0.87
⎝ m⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Examples
1 2
C
Conclusions
l i • φ = φ0 α h α m = ⋅ ⋅ 0.87 = 0.0029
200 3
Notes
• imp 1 = φ ∑ V = 0.0029 ⋅ (12 ⋅ 24 + 80 ) = 1.07 kN

41
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Internal forces (loading + imperfections):
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1
-374,6 387,1
144,5
Member -38,7
i
imperfections
f ti
143,5
Imperfections vs. -483,2
tolerances -183,5 -184,5
-37,5 38,7
MEd [kNm]
[kN ] NEd [kN] VEd [kN]
Assessment 2
MEd [kNm] NEd [kN] VEd [kN]
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

42
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Local imperfections for global analysis only if
Imperfections for simultaneously (column concerned):
bracings
- exists
i t momentt resistant
i t t end
d joint:
j i t OK
Assessment 1
- slenderness
Member
i
imperfections
f ti A fy 17090 ⋅ 235
λ > 0,5 = 0,5 3
= 2,33
Imperfections vs. NEd 184.5 ⋅ 10
tolerances
Assessment 2
not true,
true because
λ 10000 / 146.5
Examples λ= y = = 0.73
λ1 93.9
C
Conclusions
l i
• There, the local imperfections can be ignored
Notes
in global analysis.

43
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Imperfections for local analysis
Imperfections for
bracings
Assessment 1 • In LA (linear analysis) the local imperfections

i
Member
imperfections
f ti
are covered byy reduction factors (χ and χLT )).
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes

44
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections • Alternative GNIA analysis
Imperfections for
bracings • In GNIA the following imperfections should be used:
Assessment 1
1. Generally either together with sway imperfections also
Member approximate
pp local ((sinusoidal)) bows with amplitudes
p in
i
imperfections
f ti
accordance with Eurocode 3, Tab. 5.1:
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
at columns: e0 = L/250 = 10000/250 = 40 mm
Assessment 2
(buckling curve b)
Examples at beam: e0 = L/300 = 24000/300 = 80 mm
C
Conclusions
l i (buckling curve a)
Notes
Note: For this example however, the local imperfections
can be ignored as shown above.

45
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
2. Or unique global and local imperfection in the shape
of the first critical buckling mode received from LBA,
Imperfections for
bracings with amplitude
p e0:
Assessment 1
e0
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2
Examples
The first critical buckling mode:
C
Conclusions
l i αcr,1 = 6.93
6 93
Notes

46
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections According to Eurocode 3, eq. 5.10:
Imperfections for 2
bracings χλ
1−
Assessment 1
(
e0 = α λ − 0.2 ) MN Rk γ M1
2
Member Rk 1− χ λ
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
- where for columns:
Assessment 2
Examples
Nc,Rk = A fy = 17090 ⋅ 235 = 4016 ⋅ 10 3 N
C
Conclusions
l i
N c,Rk 4016 ⋅ 10 3
Notes
α ult,k = = 3
= 21,8
NEd 184 .5 ⋅ 10

47
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections - for beam:
Imperfections for
bracings
Nc,,Rk = A fy = 13440 ⋅ 235 = 3158 ⋅ 103 N
Assessment 1
N c,Rk 3158 ⋅ 10 3
α ult,k = = 3
= 81,6
i
Member
imperfections
f ti
NEd 384 .7 ⋅ 10
Imperfections vs.
tolerances Lower, i.e. column decides.
Assessment 2
α ult,k 21,8
Examples λ= = = 1.77
C
Conclusions
l i
α cr 6.93
Notes
For buckling curve b (α = 0.34): χ = 0.26

48
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
Imperfections for M pl,Rk = Wplfy = 2408 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 235 = 565.9 ⋅ 10 6 kNm

bracings
Assessment 1
Resulting amplitude of imperfections in the shape
Member
imperfections
i f ti of the first critical buckling mode:
Imperfections vs. 2
tolerances χλ
1−
Assessment 2 (
e0 = α λ − 0.2 ) MN Rk γ M1
2
=
Examples Rk 1− χ λ
C
Conclusions
l i 0.26 ⋅ 1.77 2
1−
565.9 ⋅ 10 6
Notes = 0.34 ⋅ (1.77 − 0.2) ⋅ 3
⋅ 1.00
2
= 75.2 mm
4016 ⋅ 10 1 − 0.26 ⋅ 1.77

49
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections Example 3: Rafter bracing
Imperfections for
bracings
purlin
Assessment 1
rafter IPE 550 qd = 1 kNm
24 m
Member
L=8x3=2
i
imperfections
f ti
6m
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
δq = 4.5 mm
Assessment 2
24 m
Examples 10 x 6 = 60 m
C
Conclusions
l i
Notes
Plan of the roof Deflection of bracing

50
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
• Initial deflections with amplitude e0 of the bracing system
will be replaced by equivalent stabilizing force qd:
Imperfections for
bracings qd
Assessment 1
≈
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Imperfections vs. e0 = αmL/500

tolerances
Assessment 2 D t from
Data f former
f calculations:
l l ti
- max. moment in the rafter: MEd = 362.0 kNm
Examples
- max. force in the compression flange of the rafter:
C
Conclusions
l i NEd = MEd/h = 362/0.5328
362/0 5328 = 679
679.4
4 kN
Notes - external loading per one bracing system: qd,ext = 3.70 kN/m
Number of braced flanges per one bracing system: m = 11/3 = 3.67

51
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
• Amplitude e0:
Imperfections for ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
bracings α = 0.5⎜1 + ⎟ = 0 .5 ⋅ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = 0.80
⎝ m⎠ ⎝ 3.67 ⎠
Assessment 1
Member
i
imperfections
f ti e0 = α mL / 500 = 0.80 ⋅ 24000 / 500 = 38.4 mm
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
• Equivalent stabilizing loading qd requires iterative
Assessment 2 procedure. To avoid the iteration, suitable guess of the
Examples total deflection δq,(0) from stabilizing loading qd and all
C
Conclusions
l i
external loadingg qd,ext
d ext is necessary.
y Say:y
Notes L
δ q(0 ) ≈ = 48.0 mm
500

52
Objectives
Types of
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections
and therefore the equivalent stabilizing loading :
Imperfections for
e0 + δ q (0)
bracings
qd = ∑ NEd 8
L2
( )
= 3.67 ⋅ 679.4 ⋅ 103 ⋅ 8 ⋅
38.4 + 48.0
24000 2
= 2.99 N/mm
N/
Assessment 1
Member
i
imperfections
f ti
Check of the guess of δq(0):
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
Assessment 2 δ q( 1) = (qd + qd,ext )δ q (q=1) = (3.70 + 2.99 ) ⋅ 4.5 = 30.1 mm

Examples
C
Conclusions
l i The guess was OK,
OK because conservative:
Notes δq(0) = 48.0 mm > δq(1) = 30.1 mm

53
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 8. Conclusions
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 1) Imperfections significantly influence strength of
Imperfections for
structures.
bracings
2) In frame structures equivalent geometrical
Assessment 1
imperfections (initial deflections) may substitute
i
Member
imperfections
f ti all kinds of imperfections.
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
3) In plated structures preferably both initial
deflections and residual stresses should be
Assessment 2
introduced into design.
Examples
C
Conclusions
l i
4)) Generally,
y, global
g and local imperfections
p have to
be considered.
Notes

54
Objectives
Types of
imperfections 8. Conclusions
Introduction into
analysis
Global
imperfections 5) Shape of the initial deflections is generally given
Imperfections for
by the first critical mode, approximately in the form
bracings of initial sway imperfection and individual bow
Assessment 1 imperfections of members.
i
Member
imperfections
f ti 6) Amplitude of the initial imperfections shall
Imperfections vs.
correspond to values given in Eurocode 3 (chapter
tolerances 5.3.2) to secure required reliability of design.
Assessment 2
7) In common design, the influence of imperfections
Examples
is usually covered by global geometrical
C
Conclusions
l i i
imperfections
f ti and
d reduction
d ti ffactors
t ffor members.
b
Notes
8) Compression residual stresses shall correspond to
expected mean values
values.
55
Objectives
Types of
imperfections Notes to Users of the Lecture
Introduction into
analysis
Global • This session

Thi i iis ffor iimperfections
f ti off structures
t t and
d requires
i
imperfections about 60 minutes lecturing and 60 minutes for tutorial session.
Imperfections for • Within the lecturing, three types of imperfections necessary to
bracings account for in analysis of a structure are described
described. In
Assessment 1
particular, introduction of global imperfections, imperfections for
bracing systems and imperfections of individual members in
Member compression and bending are shown. Attention is also paid to
i
imperfections
f ti tolerances required by Eurocode EN 1090 for execution
execution.
Imperfections vs. • Further readings on the relevant documents from website of
tolerances www.access-steel.com and relevant standards of national
standard institutions are strongly recommended.
recommended
Assessment 2
• Formative questions should be well answered before the
Examples summative questions completed within the tutorial session.
C
Conclusions
l i • Keywords for the lecture:
Notes initial deflections, residual stresses, global imperfections,
imperfections for bracing systems, member imperfections,
buckling mode
mode, equivalent horizontal force
force, tolerances
tolerances.

56
Objectives
Types of
imperfections Notes for lecturers
Introduction into
analysis
Global • S bj t IImperfections
Subject: f ti off structures.
t t
imperfections
• Lecture duration: 60 minutes plus 60 minutes tutorial.
Imperfections for
bracings • Keywords: initial deflections
deflections, residual stresses
stresses, global
Assessment 1 imperfections, imperfections for bracing systems, member
imperfections, buckling mode, equivalent horizontal force,
Member tolerances.
i
imperfections
f ti
• Aspects to be discussed: types of imperfections, necessity of
Imperfections vs.
tolerances
their introduction into analysis.
Assessment 2
• Within the lecturing,
lecturing the introduction of global and member
imperfection should be practised and imperfections for bracing
Examples system in a roof of an industrial building as well.
C
Conclusions
l i • Further
F th reading:
di relevant
l tddocumentst www.access-steel.com
t l
Notes
and relevant standards of national standard institutions are
strongly recommended.
• Preparation
P ti for
f tutorial
t t i l exercise:
i see examples
l within
ithi th
the
lecture.
57

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5.

Czech Technical University

Examples • Finally some basic examples are presented.

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Assessment 2 • IIn plate

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Examples • Local (member) imperfections of individual

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

Types of 4. Imperfections of structures for

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Imperfections vs. • Instead, when using GNIA (geometrically

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Examples • Essential tolerances have to be confirmed by

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Assessment 1 • How member imperfections are introduced into

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

62.0 137.5 275.0 137.5

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Assessment 2 These imperfections

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Assessment 2 -0.79 -0.46 -0.46

MEd [kNm] NEd [kN]

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Assessment 1 • In LA (linear analysis) the local imperfections

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Global - i.e. at columns (HE profile):

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Notes (Note: The first sway mode is the 15th,

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

1st moded 2nd moded 3rd moded 4th moded

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Notes For buckling curve b (α = 0.34): χ = 0.88

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Imperfections for Mpl,Rk = Wplfy = 354 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 235 = 83.2 ⋅ 10 6 kNm

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Notes geometry and loading and

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Lecture 5, V001, April 09

Assessment 1 • In LA (linear analysis) the local imperfections