ARBAMICH UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTEMENT OF PLANT SCINCE

EFEECT OF DIFFERENT SOWING DEPTH ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF

HARICOTBEAN (Phaselous vulagris. L) IN BORODA WOREDA, GAMO ZONE
SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

BY

Temesgen Lema (SAS/789/09)

Zinash Zebdiyos (SAS/815/09)

A Research paper Submitted to the Department of Plant Science in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Bachelor of Science degree in plant sciences.

ADVISOR: - Hana Abera (MSc)

JANUARY, 2022
ARBAMINCH, ETHIOPIA

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 ABSTRACT

This experiment was conducted at Gamo zone Boreda woreda Hambisa kebele at main rain season
in which farmers sow the haricot crop especially in summer season (Meher). Therefore, a field
experiment was conducted on a farmer’s training center (FTC) in Boroda Woreda Hambisa kebele
using a Haricot bean variety ,red Wolaita as a test crop during the 2014 cropping season with the
objective of investigating the different sowing depth on Haricot bean (4 cm,6cm,8cm, and 10cm ).
The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications.
The field layout was done with 40cm between row and10cm spacing between plant was used. The
data for growth parameter, yield and yield component parameter was collected and the collected
data was subjected to analysis of variance by using hand calculator and mean square separation
was done by using LSD tests at 5% and 1% level of significance. Based on this, the data recorded
from the trial, the highest average yield in quintal per hectare was recorded from treatment one or
4cm sowing depth and the lowest yield recorded from treatment four or 10cm sowing depth of the
experimental trial.

Key Words: Sowing depth, Haricot Bean, Growth, Yield and Yield Component.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we thank our Lord Jesus, who has made everything to be favorable by his
almighty generosity throughout our life. We express our deepest gratitude to our advisor Hana
Abera (Msc) for her support, guidance, suggestion and encouragement throughout the
accomplishment of our research paper.

Finally we want to acknowledge our class mates and other friends who involved in all area of our
work and finally our success.

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 TABLE CONTENT

Contents Page
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................II
TABLE CONTENT.......................................................................................................................................III
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM......................................................................................................1
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDEY...........................................................................................................2
1.1.1 General Objective............................................................................................................................2
1.1.2 Specific objective.....................................................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................3
2.1. The Haricot Bean Crop..........................................................................................................................3
2.2. Haricot Bean Production and its Economic Importance in Ethiopia......................................................3
2.3 Planting (Sowing) Practice of haricot beans.......................................................................................4
3. MAREIALS AND METHODS................................................................................................................6
3.1 Description of Study area.......................................................................................................................6
3.2 Treatment and Experimental design.......................................................................................................6
3.3 Experimental lay out...............................................................................................................................7
3.3 Data to be collected................................................................................................................................7
3.4 Data analysis..........................................................................................................................................8
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................9
5 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................15
6. RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................................17

III
 1. INTRODUCTION

Haricot bean (Phaseolus Vulagris L), locally known as ‘Boleqe’ also known as dry bean, common
bean, kidney bean and field bean is a very important legume crop grown worldwide. It is an annual
crop which belongs to the family Fabaceae. It grows best in warm climate at temperature of 18 to
24oC (Teshale et al., 2005). It is the best known and most widely cultivated species of phaseolus.
Haricot bean are growing for their dry seeds and immature edible pods. (Rick, 1997). It’s grown
predominantly by smallholder producers as a source of food and cash in Ethiopia. The productivity
of the crop around the study area (15.7 kg ha−1) is reported to be below the national average
productivity (17.0 kg ha−1). The low productivity was attributed to different factors both biotic and
abiotic factors such as lack of improved varieties, depth, drought, nutrient, weed and disease.
Among these this paper deals with sowing depth, the most important limiting factor for the growth
and productivity of Haricot bean.

Sowing depth can greatly influence Haricot bean ' ability to emerge and establish a uniform stand
(Herbek and Bitzer, 1988). It is important to plant accurately in order to achieve good germination,
emergence and high plant population (Srivastava et al., 2006). The depth of sowing is important in
maximizing the potential of seedling emergence and crop yield. Too shallow sowing results in thin
germination due to inadequate soil moisture at the top soil layer. On the other hand, deep sowing
can significantly affect crop emergence and yield (Aikinset al., 2006; Desbiolles. 2002). An
important aspect for better production of crop is putting seeds at a desired depth. These increase the
likelihood of germination, emergence thereby improved productivity.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The national agricultural research system has generated a number of improved agricultural
technologies and recommendations such as crop varieties, agronomy practices, and crop protection
measures as well as other technical advices practices. In Boreda woreda haricot bean technologies
are promoted by governments. The technology promoted includes recommended fertilizer rate and
type. Planting haricot bean in different depth is not yet assessed in the study area. It is obvious that
to get maximum yield, determining optimum sowing depth is needed beside that access soil
nutrient, moisture and light. However most farmers around Boreda woreda traditionally used

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sowing too shallow or deep. Hence, they harvest below the expected yield per hectare. Unless
optimum sowing depth, the wise use of limited land for crop production, optimizing soil nutrient,
moisture content , and light harvesting maximum yield is impossible.(CIAT,1989) and Au,1997.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDEY

1.1.1 General Objective
 To evaluate the response of different sowing depth to Haricot bean (Phaseolus Vulagris L).

1.1.2 Specific objective

 To determine effect of different sowing depths on yield and yield components of Haricot
bean (Phaseolus Vulagris L) in the study area.
 To identify optimum sowing depth for Haricot bean (Phaseolus Vulagris L) in the study area.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. The Haricot Bean Crop

Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) belongs to order Rosales, family Leguminosae subfamily
Papilionideae, tribe Phaseolinae (CIAT, 1986). The common bean was originated in Tropical
America (Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru), but there are also evidences for its multiple
domestication within Central America (Kay, 1979). The crop is now widely distributed throughout
the world and consequently, it is grown in all continents (Singh, 1999). In
Ethiopia, it is most likely to be introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century (Wortman, 1997).
It is well adapted to areas that receive an annual average rainfall ranging from 500–1500
mm with optimum temperature range of 16°C–24 °C, and a frost free period of 105 to 120 days.
Moreover, it performs best on deep, friable and well aerated soil types with optimum pH range
of 6.0 to 6.8 (Kay, 1979). Major haricot bean producing regions are Central, Eastern, and
Southern parts of the country and in central Ethiopia.

2.2. Haricot Bean Production and its Economic Importance in Ethiopia

There is a wide range of haricot bean types grown in Ethiopia including mottled, red, white and
black varieties (Ali et al., 2003). The most commercial varieties are pure red and pure white colored
beans and these are becoming the most commonly grown types with increasing market demand
(Ferris and Kaganzi, 2008). In Ethiopia, common bean is among pulses that take the largest share of
all pulses in terms of area coverage, with an increasing trend for the last ten years (CSA, 2005). It is
solely an important legume in the Ethiopian lowlands as a rotation crop, particularly in the Rift
valley where farmers grow white bean for export (EARO, 2001).

With regard to economic importance of haricot bean, it is used as source of foreign currency,
food crop, means of employment, source of cash, and plays great role in the farming system
(CSA, 2005). According to EPPA (2004) in the year 2000, 2001 and 2002 Ethiopia exported
23994.4, 32932.7 and 42127.0 tones and earning 8.2, 9.98 and 13.2 million USD respectively.
The main destination markets were Pakistan, Germany, Yemen, UK, South Africa, India and

3
Mexico having 12.5, 7.8, 6.9, 5.79, 4, 4, 4 % share respectively (EPPA 2004). The country's
exports of haricot beans have increased over the last few years, from 58,126 MTs in 2005 to
78,271 MTs in 2007 and Ethiopia gets 63 million dollar from haricot bean market in 2005
(Legese et.al, 2006). White beans from the northern Rift Valley were sold into export markets to
supply European canning factories and red beans were exported from the southern Rift Valley areas
to supply drought affected areas in northern Kenya (Ferris and Robbins, 2004). The major storage
and trading sites in the southern Rift Valley area are concentrated in the towns of Sodo, Awassa and
Shashemene while the major collection centers for white beans being in Nazareth, prior to
exportation through Djibouti (Ferris and Kaganzi, 2008).There are good prospects that this market
will grow as consumers in industrialized countries seek evermore competitive suppliers (Ferris and
Kaganzi, 2008). For the major processing companies, Ethiopia is a relatively new source of supply
and recent investments by a number of international companies from Italy, UK and Turkey indicate
that market prospects are good (CIAT, 2008).

2.3 Planting (Sowing) Practice of haricot beans

According to (Amare and Haile, 1989) traditionally, the first of April has been the prepared sowing
period, if soil moisture is factorable with the development and riles of full season direct harvest
time, a sowing period begin in late May provided that the soil temperature68 F 0 F(18%C) or high
and moisture are favorable seed should be placed at uniform depth in moist soil exactly 4cm deep.
Sowing in dry soil and deep depth, too reach moisture is not recommended .If the soil crust forms at
the time of emergency, a rotary hold or suitable may be used to break the crust.
Sowing/planting/crops in different depth has many effects on plant growth and generally in plant
height. According in Donald (1663), it has been indicated that here are many components of plant
arrangement have the potential of influence growth which include plant spacing. Raw spacing, plant
population, soil type, topography, Nutrient, agro-ecology. Particularly, in annual crops the
arrangement of rectangular which are raw spacing is greater than the plant spacing within the raw.
This also indicated that the effect of rectangularity on the growth depends on the flexibility of
individual plants. Plants shown that extreme plasticity, responding remarkably in size and form to
the environmental conditions.

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One of the most potent of this external force in the presence of competing neighbors which reduce a
plant to diminutive size. Normani 2001) observed that, water, Nutrient, and light planning in
different depth (shallow or deep depth), environmental are the most commonly deficient and
when the immediate supply of single necessary factor fell below the combined demand of plants,
competition being and plants responded accordingly which is termed retardation of growth .Mutual
shading of leaves is considered undesirable because it directly reduce growth by light available for
photosynthesize and indirectly by allowing light energy to pass directly to the soil(Wilson and Tear
1972). They indicated that small plants closed their canopies are readily as the large plant and
absorbed about 90% energy.

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 3. MATREIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Description of Study area

The experiment was conduct at Hambisa kebele farmers Training center Boreda worda, Gamo zone
SNNPR.The experiment site was located an elevation of 1317m.a.s.l and it is 7km far from the
Woreda administration city (Zefine) and 60 km far from the Zonal Administration city (Gamo). The
area receives an annual rain fall of 1700-2200 mm. The maximum and minimum temperatures of
the area are 270c and 220c respectively. The site is a medium altitude and mean monthly maximum
and minimum temperature and the rain fall are favorable for growing crops (Office of Boreda
Agricultural and Natural Resource Development (2021).

3.2 Treatment and Experimental design

Field experiment was conducted during main cropping season of 2014 E.C. The treatments of the
study consists of four sowing depths, which are (4cm 6cm, 8cm and 10cm,) and was arranged in
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Haricot bean variety of red
wolaita was used as a test crop and planted at spacing of 40cm X 10cm between row and between
plants respectably.

Table-1 Description of treatments

No Treatment Sowing depth(cm)

1 T1 4cm
2 T2 6cm
3 T3 8cm
4 T4 10cm

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3.3 Experimental lay out

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
The experimental field lay out was in 4 m× 2mfor each plot with 40*10cm spacing between row
and plant respectively. The spacing between block and plot was 1m and 0.5m respectively

Figure 1. Field lay out

3.3 Data to be collected

Days to 90% Emergency: - This was done by counting number of emerged plants after
germination of seeds and it was started from third day after sowing.
Plant height: - was measured from ground to the top of the plant from five plants by using
centimeter Number of branches: was counted from five sample plants from each treatment and
averaged

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Number of pods per plant: - was recorded simply by counting pods from each five sample plants
and averaged
Number of seeds pod: - was recorded by counting seeds from average of each five plants pods
Grain yield: - was collected from whole plants per plot except the boundary rows of the experiment
and converted to the hectare basis in (Quintal/ha).

3.4 Data analysis

The collected data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using hand calculator and
ANOVA showed us significant difference between treatments and mean separation was done by
using LSD tests at 5% level of significance (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

4. EXPECTED OUT COMES

After the completion of this research project, the optimum sowing depth for Haricot bean around
Boreda woreda was identified.

5. BENEFITIES AND BENEFICIAEIES

The expected outcome of this research was determine the optimum sowing depth for Haricot bean
around Boreda woreda and this helps Farmers, Agricultural extension workers and Researchers for
future activities related to sowing depth.

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4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This part of the paper was based on the findings from the research or from the experiment that is
mainly discussion, presentation and interpretation of results found from the experiment after
collection, arrangement and analyzing of the data on the bases of differences obtained between
treatments of the trial.

4.1. The effect of planting depth on the number of emergency and emergence percentage.

Source of Degree of Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F

variation freedom squares squares Fb 5% 1%
Replication 2 47.5833 15.8611
Treatment 3 0.5 0.25
Error 6 2.1667 0.361
Total 11 50.25 16.471 43.93 4.76 9.70
LSD at 5%= 1.2
LSD at 1%= 1.84
Table 4 1: the effect of sowing depth on the number of emergency day.

Cv= 9

b**= highly significant

There was highly significant difference among the various sowing depth or between treatments on
the number of emergency of seedling per plots. The mean average days of seedling to be emerged
per plot at 4 cm depth, 6 cm depth, 8 cm depth and 10cm depth were 4.3, 5.6, 7.3, and 9.6 average
days taken to 90% emergency respectively. Sowing at the 4cm depth was indicating the highest
emergence of number of seedling per plots per day. Even though there were little difference among
sowing at 4cm and 6cm, but when we see their differece5.6-4.3= 1.3, which is greater than that of
the LSD of the parameter, so it shows significant difference between treatments. The sowing depths
at the 10cm was taken the longest days for seedling. As planting depth increases the day taken for
seedling to emerge per plot was increased.

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4.2 The effect of planting depth on plant height.

Source of variation Degree of Sum of squares Mean Computed Tabular F

freedom squares F 5% 1%
Replication 2 5156.337 1718.778
Treatment 3 56.167 28.0835
Error 6 243.163 40.527
Total 11 5455.667 1787.3885 42.41 4.76 9.70
LSD at 5%= 12.25
LSD at 1%= 18.75
Table 4. 2 The effect of planting depth on plant height.

Cv= 7.14%

b**= highly significant.

This parameter or plant height were collected from five plants from each plots and measured by cm
from ground to top of randomly selected plants and there were significant difference found among
different sowing depths or between treatments of the trial.

The longest mean value of plant height recorded or measured during this experiment were treatment
one (1) or at the 4cm sowing depth. So planting at 4cm depth gave the longest plant height per plant
for Haricot bean variety red wolaita. This indicates that the optimum planting depth to get longest
plant height for Haricot bean variety red wolaita is 4cm planting depth. Planting haricot bean
variety red wolaita at 10 cm depth gave the lowest or shortest plant height for this variety of haricot
bean. This experiment indicates that the sowing depth or planting depth of the haricot bean variety
red wolaita increases, plant height of the variety decreases and finally which directly affects the
potential yield of the variety.

4.3. The effect of planting depth on number of pods per plant.

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Source of Degree of Sum of Mean Compute Tabular F
variation freedom squares squares d F 5% 1%
Replication 2 179.583 59.861
Treatment 3 6.167 3.083
Error 6 19.167 3.194
Total 11 204.917 66.2238 18.73 4.76 9.70
LSD at 5%= 3.57
LSD at 1%= 5.44
Table 4. 3. The effect of planting depth on number of pods per plant.

Cv= 10.88%

b** = highly significant

The number of pods per plant was collected from five plants from each plots and which is by
counting all pods from selected plants of each plots. Then the data of the each treatment was done
by taking average number of pods counted from five selected plants for each plots.

The maximum average pod number recorded during this experiment were treatment one(1) or at the
4cm sowing depth and the last treatment or treatment four(4) with sowing depth of 10cm in which
we get lowest average number of pods per plant per plot was found. This indicates that the
optimum planting/sowing depth to get optimum pod number for Haricot bean variety red wolaita in
our study area is 4cm sowing depth. Planting haricot bean variety red wolaita at 10 cm depth gave
the lowest or poor number pods per plant. This experiment indicates that the sowing depth or
planting depths of the haricot bean variety red wolaita increases, Pod number per plant become
decrease and finally which directly affects the potential yield of the variety as shown in experiment.

4.4. The effect of planting depth on number of seeds per pod.

Source of Degree of Sum of Mean Compute Tabular F

variation freedom squares squares d F 5% 1%
Replication 2 8.563 2.854
Treatment 3 0.292 0.146
Error 6 2.874 0.479
Total 11 11.73 3.479 5.59 4.76 9.70

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 LSD at 5%= 1.4
LSD at 1%= 2.12
Table 4. 4 The effect of planting depth on number of seeds per pod.

Cv= 13.28%

b*= significant

This parameter of the experimental trial used to show the number of seeds per pod that counted
from five pods from each plant selected from the plot. Based on this, the above ANOVA table
shows that the number of seeds per pod has not showed highly significant difference between
treatments of the experimental trial but there is a significant only at 5% level. This means that, all
treatments in the experiment have little variation in seed numbers according to the data recorded
from the experiment.

4.5 The effect of planting depth on the number of branches per plant

Source of Degree of Sum of Mean Compute Tabular F

variation freedom squares squares d Fb 5% 1%
Replication 2 14.895 4.965
Treatment 3 0.375 0.1875
3.38
Error 6 8.7925 1.465
Total 11 24.065 6.6175 4.76 9.70
No requirements LSD because its non-significant
4.5 The effect of planting depth on the number of branches per plant

Cv= 22%

Ns= Non significant

Based on the above ANOVA table of the data on number of branches per plant shows that, there is
no significant difference occurred between treatments of the trial. This means, the recorded data on
number of branches were not showed mean differences both at 1% and 5% level of significance.
The table also implies that, the calculated F value of the data was less than that of tabular F value in

12
both cases. So that, there may be a numerical differences between numbers recorded from the
treatments of the trial, but that differences have not made significance between treatments of the
trial.

4.6 The effect of planting depth on yield per area.

Source of Degree of Sum of Mean Computed Tabular F

variation freedom squares squares Fb 5% 1%
Replication 2 9.224 3.074
Treatment 3 0.3856 0.1928
Error 6 0.079 0.0122
Total 11 9.6825 3.279 25 4.76 9.70
LSD at 5%= 0.22
LSD at 1%= 0.34
Table 4. 6 The effect of planting depth on yield per area.

Cv= 23%

b**= highly significant.

As the above ANOVA (table 4.6) showed that, there is a significant differences among treatments
of the experiment on the basis of yield. According to the data recorded from the trial, the highest
average yield in quintal per hectare recorded from treatment one or 4cm sowing depth and the
lowest yield recorded from treatment four or 10cm sowing depth of the experimental trial. The
result of the experiment shows that the optimum planting/sowing depth to get optimum yield or
potential yield of Haricot bean variety red wolaita in our study area is 4cm sowing depth. Planting
haricot bean variety red wolaita at 10 cm sowing depth gave the lowest or minimum productivity
over the area of production as shown in this trial. This experiment also indicates that the sowing
depth or planting depths of the haricot bean variety red wolaita increases, yield potential of the
variety become decrease and finally which directly affects the potential yield of the variety over

13
area of production. In return this adds cost of production and it results in low capital income of
production.

5 CONCLUSION
Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important crop in the world as well as in the
Ethiopia, but its productivity is affected by many factors. One of the important factors is sowing
depth in the study area. Sowing depth have great impact on the growth, development and yield of
different variety of haricot bean due to deep and shallow depth of sowing that may limit seed
germination and seedling performance and less productive. There was highly significant differences
occurred among the various sowing depth or treatments on the number of emergence of seedling per
plots. Sowing at the 4cm sowing depth was indicating the highest emergence of number of seedling
per plots at the time of emergency as well as at the time of harvesting. The mean average days of
seedling to be emerged per plot at 4 cm depth, 6 cm depth, 8 cm depth and 10cm depth were 4.3,
5.6, 7.3, and 9.6 average days taken to 90% emergency respectively. This shows that, the seeds
sown on deepest row lacks the ability to emerge from the soil, because of the soil covered the seed
clumps the emerging seed sprouts. All the other parameters of the experimental trial discussed
above had also showed highly significant and significant differences between treatments except one
parameter; that is the number of branches per plant, in which the mean average number of seeds per
pod was numerically different but statistically there is no significant difference between treatments.
This is on the bases of number of branches comparison, when we see their production ability or
productive number of branches, their production ability decreased with increased sowing depth.

In generally; improved haricot bean production packages affected by many factors which hinders
productivity of the haricot bean in the study area. Some of the factors are plant population (densely
or sparsely populated one), climatic factors (high rain fall, hot temperature etc.), and intra as well as
inter row spacing and planting density are some of the most problems.

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6. RECOMMENDATION
Based on our experiment and the data recorded from the experimental units, which have different
sowing depth shows that there is a great role or importance of sowing depth on growth,
development and yield as well as yield components of the crop. So, the farmers should be take care
sowing depth to get potential yield while producing haricot bean.

In general we would recommend to the haricot bean growers that sowing with 4cm sowing depth
was favorable to local red wolaita variety to get optimum yield.

- Thus empirical analysis of sowing depth germination and growth should be needed to
overcome the problem of different varieties of haricot bean.

- Farmer should be try to sow haricot bean crop at recommended planting depth.

- The research should be done in multi locations and seasons so as to assure the results of the
present experiment.

15
REFERENCE

Agricultural productivity .CRC press, lnc. Boca Raton, Florida. PP .201-207. In phaseolus vulgarris
L. as affected by planting depth crop sci, 17:73-75

Allen D.J Ampofo K.A. and Wortm C. S…, Field problems of beans in Africa .CITA and Centre
for Tropical Agriculture (CTA). International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis
Ababa.1997.

Amijee, F and K ,Giller (1998), “Environmental constraints to nodulation and nitrogen fixation of
phaseolus vulgarris L. in Tanzania ,I A survey of soil fertility, root nodulation and multi-
locational responses to Rhizobium inoculation ”, African crop science journal 6:159-169.

Amare Abebe (1987), “Haricot bean (phaseolus vulgarris L) Varieties performance and
recommended method of production”, in: proceedings of the 19th National Crop
Improvement Conference, 22-26 April 1987. IAR, and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

CIAT:1989 annual report, Bean Project. 1988 Centro international de agricultural Tropical. Cali.
Colobia.

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CSA 1998 agricultural sample survey 1995 Report on area and production for major crops, private
peasant holding ,main season, statistical bulletin number 132A.A Ethiopian.

FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization at WWW.fao.org.2010. Freire J.R Important

Limiting Factors in soil for the rhizobium-legume symbiosis.

17
Appendix

Mean comparison for days of 90% emergency

Treatments No of replication Mean Grouping

T1 3 4.3
T2 3 5.6
T3 3 7.3
T4 3 9.6
LSD at 5%= 1.2
LSD at 1%= 1.84

Mean comparison for plant height

Treatments No of replication Mean Grouping

T1 3 114 A
T2 3 102.3 B
T3 3 80.3 C
T4 3 60 D
LSD at 5%= 12.25
LSD at 1%= 18.75

Mean comparison for pod per plant

Treatments No of replication Mean Grouping

T1 3 22
T2 3 17.3
T3 3 15
T4 3 11.3
LSD at 5%= 3.57

i
 LSD at 1%= 5.44

Mean comparison for seed per pod

Treatments No of replication Mean Grouping

T1 3 6.3
T2 3 5.6
T3 3 4.6
T4 3 4.16
LSD at 5%= 1.4
LSD at 1%= 2.12

Mean comparison for number of branches per plant

Treatments No of replication Mean Grouping

T1 3 6.6
T2 3 6.16
T3 3 4.8
T4 3 3.8

Mean comparison for yield per hectare in (Quintal).

Treatments No of replication Mean Grouping

T1 3 6
T2 3 5.16
T3 3 4
T4 3 3.75
LSD at 5%= 0.22
LSD at 1%= 0.34

ii