Averages

 Include all extraordinary or accidental expenses which may be incurred during the voyage
in order to preserve the vessel, the cargo, or both as well as any damages or deteriorations
which the vessel may suffer from the time it departs and those suffered by the goods from
the time they are loaded in the port of shipment until they are unloaded in the port of their
consignment.

Simple average

 Simple or particular averages include all the expenses and damages caused to the vessel or
to her cargo which have not inured to the common benefit and profit of all persons
interested in the vessel and her cargo.
 The owner of the things which give rise to expenses or suffered damage shall bear the
simple or particular averages.

General average

 General or gross averages shall include all damages and expenses which are deliberately
caused in order to save the vessel, her cargo, or both at the same time, from a real known
risk.
 In order to satisfy the amount of the gross or general average, all the persons having an
interest in the vessel and cargo therein at the time of the occurrence of the average shall
contribute.

Examples of general average

a. Effects jettisoned to lighten the vessel, whether they belong to the cargo in order to lighten
the vessel, whether they belong to the cargo, to the vessel, or to the crew and the damage
suffered through said act by the effects which are kept on board.
b. The expenses of removing or transferring a portion of the cargo in order to lighten the
vessel and place it in a condition to enter a port or roadstead and the damage resulting
therefrom to the effects removed or transferred.

Particular average General average

Have not inured to
Caused for the
the common benefit
benefit of those
and profit of all
interested in the
persons interested
vessel and her
in the vessel and her
cargo.
cargo.
May be due to Deliberately caused
causes other than a in order to save the
deliberate act. vessel and/or her
 cargo.
All persons having
an interest in the
Borne by the owner vessel and cargo
of the things therein at the time
damaged. of the occurrence of
the average shall
contribute.

Exceptions to general average

1. Goods carried on the upper deck of the vessel
2. Goods not included in the BOL or inventories of the vessel
3. Fuel for the vessel if there is more than sufficient fuel for the voyage.