Grammar Reference

UNIT 1 3. I never my cell phone when I’m

at the table with my family. (use)
Lesson A 4. My little brother to try new foods.
Simple Present vs. Present Continuous (not like)
Use the simple present to talk I almost never buy fruit 5. Right now, I how to make curry.
about habits and things that at the supermarket. My aunt me. (learn; teach)
are generally true. My father usually goes
to the farmers’ market. C Answer the questions.
Use the present continuous We are making a 1. How often do you go out for dinner?
to talk about actions and healthy dinner today.
events that are happening I’m preparing a salad
now. Note that you can use with lots of fresh 2. Do you usually cook the meals in your house?
contractions. vegetables.
Form the present continuous My dad is making lunch.
with the correct form of be (not) He is not making 3. What are you studying right now?
+ the -ing form of the verb. breakfast.
Yes / No Questions:
Simple present: Do / Does + Does she eat meat?
subject + base form of the Yes, she does. Lesson C
verb Are you ready to have The Simple Past
breakfast? Yes, I am.
Use the simple past to talk We walked to the
Present continuous: correct Is he making a cake?
about completed past actions restaurant last night.
form of be + subject + verb No, he isn’t.
or situations. The meal was delicious.
+ -ing Are they eating? Yes,
they are. Many verbs are regular in the walk - walked
simple past. They have an -ed prepare - prepared
Wh- Questions: ending. watch - watched
For regular verbs ending in -y, plan - planned
Simple present: Wh- question What do you eat on
change y to i, then add -ed. stop - stopped
word + do / does + subject + special occasions?
For a regular verb that ends carry - carried
base form of the verb
in a single vowel and a
Present continuous: Wh- What are you single consonant, double the
question word + correct form of making? consonant, then add -ed.
be + subject + verb + -ing Many common verbs are irregular in the simple past.
be - was / were break - broke bring - brought buy -
bought choose - chose come - came drink - drank
A Circle the correct form.
drive - drove eat - ate go - went have - had
1. Do you buy / Are you buying the ingredients for read - read say - said see - saw tell - told
the dish right now? Negative Statements
2. We always eat / are eating pozole on special be: was / were + not (wasn’t / I was not (wasn’t)
occasions. weren’t) thirsty.
3. I almost never drink / am drinking coffee. Other verbs: did + not We did not (didn’t)
(didn’t) + base form eat at home yesterday.
4. Is dad making / Does dad make a cake because
it’s my birthday today? Yes / No questions with be: Was the fish good at
Was / Were the restaurant?
5. We don’t usually go / aren’t usually going out for Yes / No questions with other Did you go to the
dinner. verbs: Did market last Sunday?
Wh- Questions: question word Where did you have
B Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses. + did + subject + base form lunch yesterday?
1. Lila never meat or fish. She’s a
vegetarian. (eat) A Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
2. What ? It smells good! (you make) 1. I dinner at my friend’s house last
night. (have)
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 2. What at the grocery store this Yes / No Questions:
morning? (you buy) Has / Have + subject + Have you ever eaten
3. Saul lunch. He past participle of the verb tacos? Yes, I have.
hungry. (not eat; not be) Time expressions we We’ve known each other
4. The restaurant at 1:00 a.m. last often use with the present for 10 years.
night. The wait staff very tired. perfect: for and since We’ve known each other
(close; be) since 2010.
5. The chef the meat yesterday. Time expressions we often We met 10 years ago.
(not order) use with the simple past: We had dinner together
ago last month.
6. When I to this market last last week / month / year We took a trip together in
weekend, the fruit very fresh. in + month / year June. / in 2017.
(come; be) on + day or date We had dinner on Friday
night.
B Complete the questions. Then, write your answers.
1. Where you last
Saturday? (go) A Circle the correct form.
1. We ate / have eaten at this restaurant last week.
2. Did your friends 2. They took / have taken several trips together
there? (see) since 2018.
3. I went / have gone on vacation in July.
3. What there? (do) 4. He started / has started his new job a week ago.
5. Did she live / Has she lived in Canada since she
was a child?
4. there? (eat)
B Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Juan and Jorge two years ago
5. ? in college. (meet)
(your idea) 2. They English for two years and
are in the same class this year. (study)
3. Last year, they a trip to London.
UNIT 2 (take)
4. They to Canada, but they would
Lesson A like to go next year. (never be)
The Present Perfect vs. The Simple Past
Lesson C
Form the present perfect I have traveled in Europe.
with the correct form of She has been a teacher for Present Perfect Signal Words: Already, Yet, Ever,
the verb have (not) + past five years. and Never
participle of the verb. He’s visited the US many Already and (not) yet We’ve already finished this
Note that you can use times. emphasize that an unit.
contractions. I haven’t been to the US. action has (or has not)
For the past participle of carry - carried visit - happened.
regular verbs, add -ed to visited work - worked
Use already in affirmative Has class already started?
the base form.
statements and questions. No, it hasn’t.
Some verbs have irregular be - been become -
past participles. become eat - eaten Use (not) yet in negative I haven’t read that book yet.
drink - drunk know - known statements and questions. Has class started yet? No,
take - taken not yet.

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 Use never / (not) ever to 3. future / we / learn / how / in / will / the / languages
talk about something that ?
has or has not happened 4. won’t / technology / everything / control
at any time in the past.
.
For questions, use ever: Have you ever studied
Chinese? 5. free / will / internet / for everyone / be / the
For negative statements, I’ve never learned to play a .
use never / not ever: musical instrument.
She hasn’t ever failed an B Complete the statements and questions about
exam. cities in the future. Use will / won’t and your own
ideas.
A Complete the conversation with already, yet, ever, 1. My city
or never. .
 Karla: Have you finished the video project 2.
(1) ? crowded?
Daniel: Yes, I did it (2) . I worked 3. pedestrians
on it all weekend. .
 Karla: Have you (3) done a 4.
project like this before?
Daniel: No, I haven’t (4) done vehicles and traffic problems.
homework like this. Have you? 5.
 Karla: No, I’ve (5) done a
video project. And I haven’t started it in neighborhoods?
(6) !
Lesson C
Will + Time Clauses
UNIT 3
A time clause can be the first or I’ll move to the city, as
second clause in a sentence. soon as I graduate.
Lesson A
If the time clause is first, it is Before I move to the
Future with Will followed by a comma. Use the city, I’ll look for a job.
Use will (not) + base form Cities will be noisier in simple present in each time After I get a job, I’ll
of the verb to talk about the the future. clause. look for an apartment.
future. Note that you can There won’t be more I’ll need a roommate
use contractions. traffic in the future. when I find an
I’ll move to the suburbs apartment.
next year. Yes / No Questions:
Yes / No Questions: Will the number of Will + subject + base form of Will you rent an
vehicles continue to the verb + time expression + apartment when you
Will + base form of the verb
grow? No, it won’t. subject + simple present verb move to the city?
Wh- Questions:
Wh- question word + will + How will people move
Wh- Questions:
base form of the verb around the city?
Wh- question word + will + What will you do
subject + base form of the verb + after you graduate?
A Unscramble the words to make statements and time expression + subject +
questions. simple present verb

1. improve / public / will / transportation

. A Which action will happen first? Write 1 and 2.
2. jobs / there / will / more / be / or fewer / in the future 1. Before they open the new park ( ), they will
? finish the play area ( ).

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 2. When they improve public transportation ( ), B Compare the activities in the box. Use
more people will use it ( ). comparatives, superlatives, and equatives.
3. There will be less traffic ( ) after they open
the new subway ( ). baseball jogging tennis a workout yoga
4. As soon as I move to the suburbs ( ), I’ll buy
a bicycle ( ). 1.
5. Will you move to a bigger house ( ) when
you have more money ( )? 2.

UNIT 4 3.

Lesson A
The Comparative, Superlative, and Equative
Comparative adjectives:
Add -er to adjectives
with 1 or 2 syllables.
Use more / less with
adjectives of 3 or more
syllables.
Superlative adjectives:
Use the and add -est
to adjectives with 1 or
2 syllables.
Use the most / the least
with adjectives of 3 or
more syllables.
To describe people
or things that are (or
aren’t) the same as
each other, use (not) as
+ adjective + as
For adjectives ending
in -y, change y to i and
add -er / -est.
Doing exercise with a friend
is nicer than doing exercise
alone.
Playing sports is more
enjoyable than going to the
gym.
Exercise is less important
than sleep.
Hana is the strongest player
on the team.
Getting enough sleep is the
most difficult thing for me.
Eating healthy food is the
least difficult thing for me.
Eating healthy food is as
important as doing exercise.
For me, doing exercise at the
gym is not as enjoyable as
going for a run.
Walking is easier than running.
My mom is the healthiest
person in my family.
4.
5.
Lesson C
Infinitive of Purpose
The infinitive of purpose You should drink a liter of
gives the reason for doing water a day to help your
something: body stay healthy.
(in order) to + the base form Take vitamin C (in order)
of a verb to avoid getting a cold.
The infinitive of purpose can To stop hiccups, I drink
come in the beginning or in a glass of water.
the middle of a sentence. In order to stay healthy,
When it begins the sentence, I take vitamins every day.
it is followed by a comma.
A Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1. In order lose weight, you should eat less sugar.
2. You should do more exercise to being healthier.
3. To avoid stress I do yoga every day.
4. Drink honey and lemon help a sore throat.

B Give a reason for each action. Add a comma

A Write the correct form of the adjective in when necessary.
parentheses. 1. I do exercise every day.
1. Sitting down all day is as as
eating too much sugar. (harmful) 2. I listen to classical music when I drive.
2. Not doing exercise is than not
getting enough sleep. (serious) 3. I don’t eat sugar.
3. Walking is form of exercise.
(healthy) 4. I cycle to school.
4. Spending time with family and friends is
than we think. (important)
5. Eating a fruit or vegetable snack is
option if you are hungry
between meals. (good)

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 UNIT 5 A Circle the correct form.
1. We dealt / were dealing with a difficult situation at
Lesson A work when the boss left / was leaving suddenly.
Past Continuous and Simple Past 2. My friend convinced / was convincing me to run
Use the past continuous to talk about She was the marathon with her. I started / was starting
something that was in progress at a preparing for training today.
specific time in the past. the marathon all
3. While she traveled / was traveling, she met / was
last month.
May 1st May 31st now meeting a lot of interesting people.
4. The team knew / were knowing how to prepare for
She was preparing.
the challenge.
5. I achieved / was achieving my goal of becoming
Use the simple past with the past She was healthier. I now weigh less, and I exercise every
continuous to say that something preparing for
day.
happened when another event was in the marathon
progress. when she broke
her leg. B Write the correct past form of the verbs in
She was preparing.
parentheses.
1. Although the teacher very fast, I
She broke her leg. the class. (speak; understand)
2. The runner good progress when
Past Continuous:
she her ankle. (make; hurt)
Subject + was (not) / were (not) + The students
3. As soon as I the finish line, I
-ing form of a verb. Note that you can were practicing
use contractions. their reading I could achieve my goal.
skills. (see; know)
They weren’t 4. The storm while we
talking. to leave. (begin; prepare)
Yes / No Questions:
Was / Were + subject + -ing form Was the teacher Lesson C
of a verb. listening to
them? Enough, Not Enough, Too + Adjective
Wh- Questions: Use adjective + enough She’s 18. She’s old
Wh- question word + was / were + What were they to say something is the enough to drive a car.
subject + -ing form of a verb. reading? necessary amount.
We usually use when for the action She was Use not + adjective + She’s 15. She’s not / she
in the simple past and while for the preparing for the enough to say it is less isn’t old enough to drive
action in the past continuous. marathon when than necessary. a car.
she broke her Use too + adjective to say She’s 15, she’s too young
leg. it is more than necessary. to drive a car.
She broke her Yes / No Questions:
leg while she
Correct form of be + Are you old enough to
was preparing
subject + adjective + drive?
for the marathon.
enough + to infinitive
Use a comma after a time clause While they
when it begins a sentence. were climbing,
one of the men A Unscramble the words to make statements and
fell. questions.
Only action verbs are used with the Sam was
1. run / enough / I’m / to / strong / not / a marathon
past continuous. dealing
Stative verbs (e.g., like, understand, with some .
know) are not used in the past challenges at 2. this movie / old / are / enough / watch / you / to
continuous. work last year.
?
He often
seemed upset. 3. to / tall / play / enough / basketball / he’s / not
.
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 4. expensive / the trip / too / is B Write the correct form of the verbs in
. parentheses.
5. fast / win the race / she / enough / is / to 1. I a career in design, but I
? to change to teaching. (choose;
decide)
2. The exam when the fire alarm
UNIT 6 . (just start; ring)
3. By the time the teacher , the
Lesson A students the classroom. (arrive;
The Past Perfect already leave)
The past perfect is When I graduated from college, 4. Lin as a construction worker for
used to describe I had already started working. 10 years before he an architect.
a past event that Max chose to go to France for (work; become)
happened before a semester because he had
another point in the already studied French. Lesson C
past, or to explain
why a past event or Grammar: How + Adjective or Adverb
situation happened. Use how to ask a question about
Form the past perfect He had always loved learning a descriptive adjective or adverb.
with had (not) + the languages.
past participle of the I hadn’t graduated from college With adjectives, use be: How careful are
verb. when I started working. How + adjective + correct form of you? I’ve never
be + subject broken any bones!
Questions: Had you already graduated With adverbs, use other verbs: How badly does he
Had + subject + past when you got your first job? Yes, How + adverb + do / does + drive? He crashed
participle of the verb? I had. subject + base form of the verb twice last month.
Adverbs and time I had just started college when I Note that you can also use can How fast can you
expressions with the got my first job. I started college instead of do / does. type? I can type 90
past perfect: in September and I started words a minute.
just working in November. Common adjectives: young, old, early, clean, happy,
already I had already started college difficult, polite, serious
when when I got my first job. Common adverbs: well, badly, often, rarely, quickly,
by the time When I took the exam, I had slowly, easily, carefully
prepared well.
By the time I finished the exam,
some students had already left. A Write questions with the adjectives and adverbs
in parentheses. Then, give an answer to the
questions like the examples in the chart above.
A Which action happened first? Write 1 and 2.
1. How fast can you run?
1. Susy had just graduated ( ) when she I can run a kilometer in 5 minutes.
(fast)
moved to Mexico City ( ).
2. By the time Jon went to elementary school ( ),
2. How ?
he had already learned to read and write by
(happy)
himself ( ).
3. Zara went to Chile on an exchange program
3. How exercise?
( ) because she had studied Spanish in
(often)
high school ( ).
4. I had known Max for a year ( ) before I
4. How
realized he spoke four languages ( ).
play tennis? (well)

5. How
your grandmother? (youthful)

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 UNIT 7 Lesson C
Passive Voice with By
Lesson A
Use by with the passive The plastic bottles are
Passive Voice (Present Tense) voice to emphasize who or washed by powerful
The passive voice A large amount of plastic is what does something (the machines.
emphasizes the thrown away every day. agent). Eco-friendly cars are
object or receiver of produced by several
an action. different companies now.
Form the present
passive with is / are +
the past participle of A Read the sentences and cross out the by phrases
the verb. when they are not necessary.
Regular past call - called carry - carried 1. Energy is produced by the solar panels on top of
participles add -ed drop - dropped help - helped our house.
to the base form of laugh - laughed look - looked
2. In many countries, a lot of food is wasted by people.
the verb. stop - stopped walk - walked
worry - worried 3. Our notebooks are made from recycled paper
Many common verbs begin - begun break - broken by factory workers.
have irregular past bring - brought buy - bought 4. Eco-friendly cars are powered by electricity, not
participles. catch - caught choose – chosen gasoline.
drive - driven eat - eaten
make - made see - seen UNIT 8
teach - taught throw - thrown
write - written
Lesson A
Yes / No Questions:
Real Conditionals in the Future
Is / Are + subject + Is solar energy used to heat
past participle of the water? Yes, it is. Use the real conditional for If we don’t control
verb situations that can happen in pollution, more sea
Wh- Questions: the future: animals will become
if + subject + simple present extinct.
Wh- question word + Where are plastic bottles verb (the condition), + Plastic straws are going
is / are + subject + recycled? subject + will / be going to + to hurt more sea turtles
past participle of the base form of the verb (the if we keep throwing
verb result) them away.
The condition or the result If we tell people about
A Write the passive form of the verbs from the box. can come first. Use a the problems, they will
comma after the condition change their habits.
recycle reduce reuse teach throw away when it comes first. People will change their
habits if we tell them
about the problems.
These days, people think more carefully about what
Yes / No Questions:
they throw away at home. For example, coffee cups
Will + subject + base form Will our planet survive if
and cloth bags (1) , and glass of the verb + if + subject + temperatures continue
bottles, cans, and cardboard (2) . simple present verb. to increase? No, it won’t.
Thanks to this, fewer things (3) Wh- Questions:
and the amount of trash (4) . Wh- question word + will / be What is going to
People are beginning to change their habits, and it is going to + subject + the base happen if temperatures
form of the verb + if + subject continue to increase?
important that children (5) to + simple present verb.
think about these things.

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 A Circle the correct form. A Write the correct quantifier: too few / too little, too
1. Many animals become / will become extinct if we many / too much, a few / a little.
don’t protect / will protect them. 1. The rescue center has vets. It
2. If we recycle / are going to recycle more, there needs more.
is / is going to be less trash. 2. There is education about the
3. Wild animals lose / will lose their habitat if we environment. Schools need to teach children how
build / will build factories outside the city. to protect our wildlife.
4. More species disappear / will disappear if we 3. There are orphaned animals.
continue / will continue to pollute the oceans. The center is too small to take them all.
5. What happen / will happen if future generations 4. There are volunteers, but we
don’t save / will save the environment? need more.
5. We have milk for the baby
B Write the correct form of the verbs in the box. chimpanzees, but it is not enough.
be change have help increase 
protect stop take care understand use UNIT 9
Lesson A
1. If you using plastic bags for your
shopping, you the environment. Used to
2. The climate more if temperatures Use used to + base People used to travel by horse
. form of the verb to and cart.
show how things have We used to communicate by
3. If more people public
changed from the letters, now we use cell phones
transportation, there less traffic past to the present, for most of our communication.
in the city. and to talk about past I used to eat meat every day,
4. Our children a better future if we habits. Note that we now I only eat it two or three
of the planet now. sometimes use always times a week.
with used to to talk I always used to drive to work,
5. If our children conservation, they
about habits. now I bike.
nature for the future.
Negative Statements:
Lesson C didn’t + use to + base People didn’t use to worry
form of the verb about the environment.
Quantifiers
Yes / No Questions:
With count nouns, use:
Did + subject + use to Did your family use to
too few (not enough) There are too few recycle? No, we didn’t.
+ base form of the verb
a few (a small number) conservation programs. Did you use to write letters?
some (not a small or There are a few animal Wh- Questions: Yes, we did.
large number) protection centers. Wh- question word + What kind of houses did
a lot of / many (a large We need some volunteers did + subject + use to people use to live in?
number) to help. + base form of the verb
too many (more than The center has a lot of
necessary) volunteers.
There are too many A Circle the correct form.
endangered species. 1. Long distance travel use to / used to take longer
With non-count nouns, than it takes today.
use: 2. Why did travel use to / used to be so challenging
too little (not enough) There is too little money for in the past?
a little (a small amount) the project.
3. In the past, there didn’t use to / used to be as many
some (not a small or There is a little money to pay
large amount) the volunteers.
opportunities for trade as there are nowadays.
a lot of (a large amount) The center gets some help 4. How did people use to / used to buy things before
too much (more than from the government. money existed?
necessary) We need a lot of food for the 5. Before trade with China began, people didn’t
animals. use to / used to wear silk clothes.
We have too much work.
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 B Complete the questions and statements with the
correct form of use to and your own ideas.
1. Before we had cell phones,
2. I
(negative), but now
3. How
4. Why
5. I
6. People
Lesson C
Passive Voice (Past Tense)
The passive voice
emphasizes the
object or receiver of
an action in the past.
Use by when you
want to say who or
what did something
(the agent).
Form the past
passive with was /
were + the past
participle of the verb.
Regular past
participles add –ed to
the base form of the
verb.
Many common verbs
have irregular past
participles.
Yes / No Questions:
Was / Were + subject
+ past participle of
the verb
Wh- Questions:
Wh- question word +
was / were + subject
+ past participle of
the verb
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. ice by the Inuit people. (build)
. 4. Before paper
? 5. Paper
?
. (negative)
.
A large number of plastic bags
were used every day, but now
people use reusable bags.
A lot of plastic bags were used
by shoppers at supermarkets.
believe - believed include -
included happen - happened
like - liked listen - listened
provide - provided support -
supported wonder - wondered
build - built cut - cut
draw - drawn find - found
fly- flown forget - forgotten
freeze - frozen hide - hidden
lose - lost sell - sold
spend - spent steal - stolen
win - won
Was coal used for heating in the
past? Yes, it was.
How was coal delivered to
people’s houses?
A Write the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Large stones to build the
Egyptian pyramids. (use)
2. In the past, igloos from blocks of
3. In other countries, houses from
mud and dry grass in the past. (make)
, people used to
write on wood and dried animal skin. (invent)
to Europe until the 11th
century. (not bring)
B Use the correct form of the past passive of the verbs
in the box to complete the questions and statements.
allow change invent lose make
1. When money ?
2. In the past, girls (not) to go to
school.
3. How clothes in
the past?
4. Communication completely by
the invention of the internet.
5. Luckily, traditions (not) when the
Sami people moved to towns.
UNIT 10
Lesson A
Expressing Necessity
Use must + base form Visitors must have a visa to
of the verb in writing enter the country.
and formal speaking to
say that something is an
obligation or a rule.
Use have to or need to We have to buy our tickets.
+ base form of the verb Danny needs to get a new
in informal speaking to suitcase for the trip.
say that something is
necessary (but not an
obligation or a rule).
Use have got to + base David has got to make a
form of the verb for more hotel reservation soon! He’s
emphasis. Note that you got to call the hotel today.
can use contractions.
Use don’t have to / don’t They don’t need to make a
need to + base form of the reservation, it’s not busy.
verb to say that something
is not necessary.
24/04/19 6:03 PM
 Yes / No Questions: Note that you can use You mustn’t take a bottle of
Do / Does + subject + Do you need to get a visa contractions. water in your carry-on.
have to / need to + base for Canada? Yes, I do. For other tenses, use They had to have a health
form of the verb Does Ivan have to renew his had to / will have to. check-up to get their visas.
passport? No, he doesn’t. We can also use You can’t take a large piece of
can’t + base form baggage as carry-on.
Wh- Questions:
of the verb to say
Wh- question word + do / What do you have to do at that something is not
does + subject + have to check-in? allowed.
/ need to + base form of When do you need to be at
the verb the boarding gate? Must not is stronger The government said visitors
than can’t and is used must not overstay their visas.
Note that have to and We had to show our for rules. The airline said passengers
need to can be used with passports at check-in. can’t board an international
different verb forms. Someone will need to help flight without a visa.
Lin with her carry-on bag.
She’s hurt her arm.
Did you have to get a visa? A Correct the mistake in each sentence.
Yes, I did.
Where did you need to 1. You can’t to use the bathroom while the plane is
change trains? taking off or landing.
2. When I traveled to India last month, I must get a visa.
A Circle the correct form. 3. All travelers must to show their passport and
1. When you get to the airport, you need to / must boarding pass to be able to board the plane.
check the weight of your bags. 4. You will must renew your passport before you
2. Did Luisa have to / must check any baggage? travel next month.
3. All travelers must / need to go through the airport
B Write 5 things someone visiting your country
security check.
needs to know. Use have to / need to / must /
4. You need to / must show your passport on arrival. must not / can’t.
5. Travelers don’t have to / must check their carry-on 1.
bag. .
B Write 5 things you and your family or friends need 2.
.
to (or don’t need to) do to prepare for a trip. Use
have to / need to. 3.
.
1.
. 4.
.
2.
. 5.
.
3.
.
4. UNIT 11
.
5. Lesson A
. Modals for Giving Advice
Lesson C Use should (not) + verb to You should choose
say that something is (or a career that fits your
Expressing Prohibition isn’t) a good idea. personality.
Use the negative You must not smoke on board You shouldn’t apply for an
form of must to say an airplane. office job if you don’t like to
that something is be inside all day.
prohibited: must not +
base form of the verb.

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 Use had better (not) to say You had better prepare Lesson C
that something bad well for your interview. Indefinite Pronouns
could happen if the advice He’d better not fail the
Indefinite pronouns Somebody was with the
isn’t followed. Note that exam.
refer to unspecified career advisor when I went to
you can use contractions.
nouns. see her. (I don’t know who it
We can also use ought to The government ought to was.)
+ base form of the verb to give more scholarships for
To talk about an Everyone went to the meeting.
give advice. Ought to is students to study abroad.
entire group of nouns: The boss wanted to talk to all
more formal than should
everybody / everyone / of us.
and had better.
everything / everywhere Everything in the book is
Use maybe, perhaps, or Maybe you should important. You need to study
I think with modals to make become a health care all of it.
the advice sound gentler worker.
To talk about none I want to sell my computer, but
and friendlier.
of a group of nouns: no one I know wants to buy it.
nobody / no one / There is nowhere interesting
nothing / nowhere to visit in my town.
A Complete the letter with should, shouldn’t, had
better, or ought to. To talk about an You should talk to someone at
unspecified noun: the career advising center.
Dear Reader, somebody / someone / (I don’t know who specifically.)
something / somewhere It is good to do something
I am happy you asked me for advice. If you want as a volunteer. (I don’t know
to become an innovator, you (1) what.)
think about a problem you want to solve.
Since there are lots of problems in the world, it To emphasize that You need work experience.
(2) be too hard! Remember, it it’s not important to Anything you do will be
takes a long time to solve a problem well, so you specify a certain helpful. (It doesn’t matter what
(3) be patient. person, place, or thing: it is.)
anybody / anyone / You can work anywhere. (It
Sincerely, anything / anywhere doesn’t matter where.)
The Career Advisor Negative statements I don’t know anybody in the
and questions: office.
anybody / anyone / Do you know anything about
B Your friend has an important job interview. Give him anything / anywhere the job?
or her advice. Use should, shouldn’t, had better, or
ought to, and the ideas in the box to help you.
A Circle the correct indefinite pronouns.
clothes English experience 1. An inventor is nobody / somebody who is
preparation questions interested in problem solving.
2. Many scientists and engineers are trying to do
1. something / anything to solve the problems of the
. world.
2. 3. But it is not only these professionals. Ordinary
. people around the world have developed
innovations in their communities with almost
3. nothing / something.
.
4. Everybody / Nobody wants to make the world a
4. better place.
.
5. I hope to do something / anything important with
5. my life.
.
B Complete the sentences with indefinite pronouns.
1. Is there I should know before the
interview?
2. They will want to know about
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 your volunteer experience, but don’t tell them all
your crazy stories!
3. I’m nervous—
interview is very challenging.
4. Does know what the salary will
be for this job? Who can I ask?
5. Will there be opportunities to travel
with this job?
UNIT 12
Lesson A
Comparisons with as... as
Use subject + be +
as + adjective + as +
complement to say that
two things are equal.
Note that you can use
contractions.
Use subject + be + not
as + adjective + as +
complement to say that
two things are not equal.
Questions:
Correct form of be +
subject + as + adjective +
as + complement
told me that the
Halloween is as
interesting as Day of
the Dead. They are both
celebrations that people
enjoy.
Halloween’s as interesting
as Day of the Dead.
A music festival is not as
interesting as the Burning
Man festival. I like the art at
Burning Man.
New Year’s Eve isn’t as
noisy as Carnival.
Is your birthday as
exciting as other holidays?
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
Lesson C
Would rather
Use would rather (not) I would rather have a
+ base form of the verb small party than a big
to talk about actions we party for my birthday.
prefer. Note that you can I’d rather go out for dinner.
use contractions. I’d rather not cook
tonight.
Use one to avoid repeating I would rather have a
the noun. small party than a big one
for my birthday.
Questions:
Would you rather + base Would you rather eat out
form of verb + complement tonight or stay home?
Would you rather go
straight home?
Wh- question word + would How would you rather
you rather + base form + celebrate your birthday?
complement
A Write statements and questions using the
information in parentheses and an appropriate
verb.
1. (Carnival or Day of the Dead)

A Correct the mistake in each sentence. ?

1. Day of the Dead is as well known than Halloween 2. (a restaurant or a coffee shop)
around the world.
.
2. For children, Three Kings’ Day is most exciting as
Christmas. 3. (not – downtown on New Year’s Eve)
3. The New Year’s crowd in Trafalgar Square,
.
London, is as bigger as the crowd in Times
Square, New York. 4. (birthday)
?
4. The traditions in one culture are as important the
traditions in another culture. 5. (with family or with friends)
5. Old celebrations are as more important as new
?
celebrations.

B Choose two places to visit in your city or country.

Compare them using (not) as...as.
1.
.
2.
.
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 Spelling Rules for Verbs Ending in -s and -es
1. Add -s to most verbs. like-likes
sit-sits
2. Add -es to verbs that end in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z. catch-catches
miss-misses
wash-washes
mix-mixes
buzz-buzzes
3. Change the -y to -i and add -es when the base form ends in a consonant + -y. cry-cries
carry-carries
4. Do not change the -y when the base form ends in a vowel + -y. pay-pays
stay-stays
5. Some verbs are irregular in the third-person singular -s form of the simple present. be-is
go-goes
do-does
have-has

Spelling Rules for Verbs Ending in -ing

1. Add -ing to the base form of most verbs. eat-eating
do-doing
speak-speaking
carry-carrying
2. When the verb ends in a consonant + -e, drop the -e and add -ing. ride-riding
write-writing
3. For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant + stop-stopping
a vowel + a consonant (CVC), double the final consonant and add -ing. sit-sitting
Do not double the final consonant for verbs show-showing
that end in CVC when the final consonant is fix-fixing
-w, -x, or -y. stay-staying
4. For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the first syllable, add -ing. ENter-entering
Do not double the final consonant. LISTen-listening
For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the last syllable, double the final beGIN-beginning
consonant and add -ing. ocCUR-occurring

Spelling Rules for Verbs Ending in -ed

1. Add -ed to the base form of most verbs that end in a consonant. start-started
talk-talked
2. Add -d if the base form of the verb ends in -e. dance-danced
live-lived
3. When the base form of the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the -y to -i and add -ed. cry-cried
worry-worried
Do not change the -y to -i when the verb ends in a vowel + -y. stay-stayed
4. For one-syllable verbs that end in a consonant + stop-stopped
a vowel + a consonant (CVC), double the final consonant and add -ed. rob-robbed
Do not double the final consonant of verbs that end in -w, -x, or -y. follow-followed
fix-fixed
play-played
5. For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the first syllable, add -ed. Do not ORder-ordered
double the final consonant. HAPpen-happened
For two-syllable verbs that end in CVC and have stress on the last syllable, double the final ocCUR-occurred
consonant and add -ed. preFER-preferred

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 Spelling Rules for Comparative and Superlative Forms
Adjective/
Comparative Superlative
Adverb
1. Add -er or -est to one-syllable adjectives tall taller tallest
and adverbs. fast faster fastest
2. Add -r or -st to adjectives that end in -e. nice nicer nicest
3. Change the -y to -i and add -er or -est to easy easier easiest
two-syllable adjectives and adverbs that happy happier the happiest
end in -y.
4. Double the final consonant and add -er or big bigger biggest
-est to one-syllable adjectives or adverbs hot hotter hottest
that end in a consonant + a vowel + a
consonant (CVC).

Common Irregular Verbs

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
begin began begun make made made
break broke broken meet met met
bring brought brought pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
come came come read read read
do did done ride rode ridden
drink drank drunk run ran run
drive drove driven say said said
eat ate eaten see saw seen
feel felt felt send sent sent
get got gotten sit sat sat
give gave given sleep slept slept
go went gone speak spoke spoken
have had had swim swam swum
hear heard heard take took taken
hurt hurt hurt tell told told
know knew known think thought thought
leave left left throw threw thrown
let let let understand understood understood
lose lost lost write wrote written

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 Phrasal Verbs (Separable) and Their Meanings
Don’t forget to turn off the oven before you leave the house.
Don’t forget to turn the oven off before you leave the house.
Phrasal Verb Meaning Example Sentence
blow up cause something to explode The workers blew the bridge up.
bring back return She brought the shirt back to the store.
1. raise from childhood 1. My grandmother brought me up.
bring up
2. introduce a topic to discuss 2. Don’t bring up that subject.
call back return a telephone call I called Rajil back but there was no answer.
call off cancel They called the wedding off after their fight.
cheer up make someone feel happier Her visit to the hospital cheered the patients up.
clear up clarify, explain She cleared the problem up.
do over do again His teacher asked him to do the essay over.
figure out solve, understand The student figured the problem out.
fill in complete information Fill in the answers on the test.
fill out complete an application or form I had to fill many forms out at the doctor’s office.
find out learn, uncover Did you find anything out about the new plans?
give away offer something freely They are giving prizes away at the store.
give back return The boy gave the pen back to the teacher.
give up stop doing I gave up sugar last year. Will you give it up?
help out aid, support someone I often help my older neighbors out.
lay off dismiss workers from their jobs My company laid 200 workers off last year.
leave on allow a machine to continue working I left the lights on all night.
let in allow someone to enter She opened a window to let some fresh air in.
look over examine We looked the contract over before signing it.
make up say something untrue or fictional (a story, a lie) The child made the story up. It wasn’t true at all.
pay back return money, repay a loan I paid my friend back. I owed him $10.
1. get someone or something 1. He picked up his date at her house.
pick up
2. lift 2. I picked the ball up and threw it.
put off delay, postpone Don’t put your homework off until tomorrow.
1. take outside 1. He put the trash out.
put out
2. extinguish 2. Firefighters put out the fire.
1. arrange 1. She set the tables up for the party.
set up
2. start something 2. They set up the project.
shut off stop something from working Can you shut the water off?
sort out make sense of something We have to sort this problem out.
straighten up make neat and orderly I straightened the messy living room up.
take back own again He took the tools that he loaned me back.
take off remove She took off her hat and gloves.
take out remove I take the trash out on Mondays.
talk over discuss a topic until it is understood Let’s talk this plan over before we do anything.
think over reflect, ponder She thought the job offer over carefully.
throw away/ He threw the old newspapers away.
get rid of something, discard
throw out I threw out the old milk in the fridge.
try on put on clothing to see if it fits He tried the shoes on but didn’t buy them.
turn down refuse His manager turned his proposal down.
turn off stop something from working Can you turn the TV off, please?
turn on switch on, operate I turned the lights on in the dark room.
turn up increase the volume Turn the radio up, so we can hear the news.
wake up make someone stop sleeping The noise woke the baby up.
write down write on paper I wrote the information down.

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