A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

IMPLEMENTATION FOR MODULATION AND DEMODULATION OF

DIFFERENT DIGITAL TECHNIQUES USING MATLAB
SUBMITTED TO

CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, BHILAI (C.G.)
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

By

JYOTI YADAV
CHANDAN SAHU
AAKASH BAGHEL
HARENDRA SINHA

Department of Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering
Government SESSION
Engineering
2018-19 College

Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh-

494001

SESSION 2018-19

1
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
We the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled “ Simulation
of Digital Modulation using MATLAB” is based on our own work carried out during the
course of study under the guidance of Mr. Somendra Kumar Soni ( Assistant professor,
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication ).

We assert that the statement made and conclusion drawn are an outcome of project work. We
further declare that to the best of our knowledge and believe that the report does not contain
any part of our work which has been submitted for the award of any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this university.

JYOTI YADAV
Roll No.-3082815021
Enrollment No.-AQ7533

AAKASH BAGHEL
Roll No.-3082815001
Enrollment No.-AQ7441

CHANDAN SAHU
Roll No.-3082815011
Enrollment No.-AQ7509

HARENDRA KUMAR
Roll No.-3082815016
Enrollment No.-AQ7523

1
 CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR
This is to certify that the report of the project submitted is the outcome of the project work
entitled “Simulation of Digital Modulation using MATLAB” carried out by

JYOTI YADAV Roll No.-3082815021 Enrollment No.-AQ7533

AAKASH BAGHEL Roll No.-3082815001 Enrollment No.-AQ7441

CHANDAN SAHU Roll No.-3082815011 Enrollment No.-AQ7509

HARENDRA KUMAR Roll No.-3082815016 Enrollment No.-AQ7523

Carried out under my guidance and supervision for the award of “Bachelor of Engineering
In Electronics And Telecommunication” of “Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical
University, Bhilai”.

To the best of my knowledge the report

1. Embodies the work of the candidate himself.

2. Has duly been completed.
3. Fulfill the requirement of the ordinance relating to BE degree of university and,
4. Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

(SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE)

Mr. Somendra Kumar Soni
Assistant Professor
Department Of ET&T
The project work as mentioned above is hereby being recommended and forwarded for
examination and evaluation.

DR. S.K. DEKATE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

2
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS
This is certify that the project work entitled “Simulation of Digital Modulation Using
MATLAB” submitted by

JYOTI YADAV Roll No.-3082815021 Enrollment No.-AQ7533

AAKASH BAGHEL Roll No.-3082815001 Enrollment No.-AQ7441

CHANDAN SAHU Roll No.-3082815011 Enrollment No.-AQ7509

HARENDRA KUMAR Roll No.-3082815016 Enrollment No.-AQ7523

Has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examined for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering degree in Electronic and Telecommunication of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand
Technical University, Bhilai.

----------------------- -----------------------

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To discover, analyze and to present something new is to venture on an unknown path toward
an unexplored destination is an arduous adventure unless one gets a true torch bearer to show
the way. We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mr. Somendra Kumar Soni (Assistant
Professor, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication) for his valuable guidance,
proper advice and constant encouragement and cordial support.

We are also thankful to the authors whose work we have consulted and quoted in this work.
Finally we acknowledge the constant inspiration, encouragement and good wishes to all the
colleagues for their co-operation and enlightened views at every stage of our work to
complete this in time.

--------------------- -----------------------
Jyoti Yadav Aakash Baghel

--------------------- -----------------------
Chandan Sahu Harendra Kumar

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JAGDALPUR

DISTRICT – BASTAR, CHHATTISGARH, INDIA

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT vi

LIST OF FIGURE vii

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Types of digital modulation techniques 2

1.2 MATLAB and Simulink model 4

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Related work 5

CHAPTER 3 - PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 7

CHAPTER 4 – METHODOLOGY 8

4.1 Simulation Using MATLAB 8

4.2 Implementation of different digital modulation technique 8

CHAPTER 5 – RESULT 12

5.1 Implemented output of ASK 12

5.2 Implemented output of FSK 12

5.3 Implemented output of PSK 13

CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION 14

FUTURE SCOPE 15

REFERENCES 16

5
 ABSTRACT
Digital modulation technique uses discrete signals to modulate a carrier wave. In this
technique the amplitude, frequency or phase of carrier varies according to message signal.
There are various types of digital modulation technique like Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK),
Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK) and many more. A simulation is an imitation of the operation of a real world process
or system. The act of simulating something first requires that a model be developed; this
model represents the key characteristics, behaviors and functions of the selected system. The
model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation of the
system. We can use MATLAB to simulate system. The used approach utilizes MATLAB
package, workspace and simulink to simulate digital modulation techniques. Simulation is
used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance optimization, safety
engineering, testing, training, education and video games.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

S. NO. Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.

1 Fig. 1.1 Classification of modulation techniques 1

2 Fig. 1.2 Baseband signal 4
3 Fig. 1.3 ASK Modulated Waveform 4
4 Fig. 1.4 FSK Modulated Waveform 4
5 Fig. 1.5 PSK Modulated Waveform 4
6 Fig. 4.1 MATLAB Window 8
7 Fig. 4.2 Block diagram of ASK modulator 9
8 Fig. 4.3 Block diagram of ASK demodulator 9
9 Fig. 4.4 Implementation of ASK Using Product and Switch 9
10 Fig. 4.5 Block diagram of FSK 10
11 Fig. 4.6 Implementation of FSK Using Product 10
12 Fig. 4.7 Implementation of PSK Using Product and Switch 11
13 Fig. 5.1 Implemented output of ASK 12
14 Fig. 5.2 Implemented output of FSK 13
15 Fig. 5.3 Implemented output of PSK 13

7
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

8
One of the basic problems of communication engineering is the design and analysis of system
which allow many individual messages to be transmitted simultaneously over a single
communication channel. A method by which such multiple transmission called multiplexing,
may be achieved consists of translating each message to different position in the frequency
spectrum i.e., Modulation. The modulation techniques are classified into two types: Analog
and Digital or Pulse modulation. In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated
by discrete signal. The digital communication system has more immunity to noise and
external interference. Digital information can be saved and retrieved when necessary while it
is not possible in analog [1]. Figure 1.1 shows classification of modulation techniques.

Figure 1.1: Classification of modulation technique.

9
1.1 Types of digital modulation techniques
The common digital modulation techniques are:
i. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
ii. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
iii. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
iv. M-ary Phase Shift Keying

1.1.1 Amplitude Shift keying (ASK):

In Amplitude Shift Keying method the amplitude of carrier switches according to

baseband signal. In an ASK system, the binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a
fixed – amplitude carrier wave and fixed frequency for bit duration of T seconds. If the signal
value is 1 then the carrier signal will transmitted; otherwise a signal value of 0 will be
transmitted [2].
To transmit symbol ‘1’
s1(t)=Accos(2pifct);
To transmit symbol ‘0’
s2(t)=0 i.e. no signal is transmitted.
In general, the expression for BASK signal can be written as,
sBASK(t)=b(t) Accos(2pifct), where b(t) is unipolar NRZ signal.

1.1.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

In FSK the frequency of carrier varies according to baseband signal. When we transmit 1
then frequency of carrier wave increases and for 0 bit the frequency will be low [2].

To transmit symbol ‘1’

s1(t)=Accos(2pifc+f)t;

To transmit symbol ‘0’

s2(t)=Accos(2pifc-f)t;
In general, the expression for BFSK signal can be written as,

sFASK(t)= Accos[(2pifc+d(t)f)t],

where d(t)=+1V, when b(t)=1 and

d(t)=--1V, when b(t)=0; where b(t) is unipolar NRZ signal.

10
Hence,

(i)If symbol ‘1’ is to be transmitted, then carrier frequency will be (f c+f/2pi) and is
represented by fH.

(ii)If symbol ‘0’ is to be transmitted, then carrier frequency will be (f c--f/2pi) and is
represented by fL.

Therefore, we have

fH= fc+f/2pi for symbol ‘1’

fl=fc--f/2pi for symbol ‘0’

1.1.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK):

In PSK the phase of the carrier varies according to the baseband signal. It uses two phases
which are separated by 180 degree and so can also be termed 2-PSK.
PSK is of two types depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They are Binary Phase
Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) [2].
For symbol ‘1’
s1(t)=Accos(2pifct);
For symbol ‘0’
s2(t)=Accos(2pifct+pi);
In general, the expression for BPSK signal can be written as,
sBPSK(t)=b(t) Accos(2pifct),
where b(t)=+1 when binary ‘1’ is to be transmitted
b(t)=--1 when binary ‘0’ is to be transmitted
That means b(t) is bipolar NRZ signal.

1.1.4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK):

QPSK has twice the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK, since two bits are transmitted in
single modulation system. The phase of the carrier takes on one of 4 equally spaced value,
such as where each value of phase corresponds to unique pair of message bits [2].

11
Figures of different Modulation Techniques shown below:

Figure1.2: Baseband Signal[2].

Figure1.3: ASK Modulated Waveform [2].

Figure1.4: FSK Modulated Waveform [2].

Figure 1.5: PSK Modulated Waveform.

1.2 MATLAB AND SIMULINK

Simulink, developed by MathWorks, is a graphical programming environment for
modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamical systems. Its primary interface is a
graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries. It offers tight
integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or be
scripted from it.

12
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

13
2.1 RELATED WORK
Previous works consider simulation of digital modulation technique using MATLAB.
There are several simulation model for digital modulation technique. All the related work is
studied and summarized in following subsection:
SIMULINK MODEL:
1. Tayab D Memon, Walliullah Ghangro and Dr. B S Chowdhry [1] proposed an
approach for simulation of QPSK (modulator and demodulator). In this paper the
complete software model of QPSK Modulator-Demodulator has been designed,
simulated and tested using Simulink Matlab . QPSK modulation technique is the
most widely used modulation scheme in modern digital communication system; it
provides high performance on bandwidth efficiency and bit error rate. In this paper the
complete model of QPSK has been simulated in Matlab using simulink. At first stage
the digital modulation has been reviewed followed by QPSK. In second stage The
QPSK modulator and demodulator block diagrams are discussed and Matlab simulink
simulation of both has been presented. In the final stage the complete hardware
implementation of QPSK modulator-demodulator using MC1496 has been proposed.

Limitation:
i. The limitation of this approach is that, in the hardware implementation the
values of the resistors should not be increased significantly higher than 51
ohms.
ii. In this approach only simulation of QPSK has been done and not of other
digital modulation techniques.
2. Neha Sharma and Yogendra Yadav [2] proposed one of the method for the simulation
of digital modulation technique. Simulation model are interactive method to analyse the
concept of communication system. Here the authors present an approach for the
simulation and verification of the waveform of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase
Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK). At the first stage ASK simulation has been done and found that ASK
demonstrate poor performance and can be used in low data rate performance. Next
simulation of BPSK has been done and found that there is rapid amplitude change
between symbols due to phase discontinuity, which requires infinite bandwidth. Next
simulation of BFSK has been done and found that BPSK demonstrates better

14
performance than ASK and BFSK. At the last QPSK simulation has been done and also
its bit error rate has been demonstrated.

Limitation:

i. In this approach simulink block has been considered only for modulation of
Digital Modulation Techniques.
ii. In order to compare Bit Error Rate (BER), we need to have a demodulator
also. But this model has not considered Demodulation process.

15
 CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

16
1. The previous research papers, either use simulink model or workspace approach for
simulation of digital modulation technique.
2. Simulation is done done only for modulation of digital techniques.
3. In previous approach authors does not use workspace approach simultaneously to for
simulation of digital modulation technique.

17
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

18
4.1 Simulation Using Matlab
Simulink provides an environment where you model your physical system and controller
using a block diagram. The workspace contains variables that you creat or import into Matlab
from data file or other program. You can view and edit the contents of the workspace in the
Workspace browser. Beside simulink block, Workspace Block also plays an important role in
loading the input data. Data can be loaded into and out of the workspace through simulink
block. The Workspace blocks are Simin and Simout block. Simin block loads data from
workspace to Workspace block. Simout block loads data from Workspace block to
workspace. Below figure 4.1 shows Matlab command window, editor window and workspace.

Figure 4.1: Matlab window.

4.2 Implementation of different Digital Modulation and Demodulation

Technique
The procedure for developing the different modulation scheme is explained below:
4.2.1 Implementation of AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK):
1. Open simulink library browser by click on the simulink in command window.
2. Click on file.
3. Click on the Communication Block Set and drag PN sequence.
4. For the carrier use Workspace Block Set and drag Simin block.
5. Click on the Math Operation and drag Product in file.

19
6. Now connect PN sequence and the carrier to the product and a output with scope.
7. Double click on the all the blocks and set parameters.

Carrier wave

Product Modulated
output

Digital data
input

Figure 4.2: Block diagram of ASK Modulator.

Modulated A decision
Demodulated Output
output device
{Symbol 1, if threshold exceeded

Threshold and Symbol 0, otherwise}

Figure 4.3: Block diagram of ASK Demodulator.

Figure 4.4: Implementation of ASK Using Product and Switch.

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4.2.2 Implementation of FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK):

Repeat Procedure 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 only difference is that in place of one sine wave generator, two
sine wave from Simin Block and Sine wave Generator are used.

High frequency
Carrier wave

Modulated Output
Switch with
Digital input
threshold value

Low frequency
Carrier wave

Figure 4.5: Block diagram of FSK.

Figure 4.6: Implementation FSK Using Product.

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4.2.2 Implementation of PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK):
Similarly PSK Modulated and Demodulated block diagram is shown in below Figure 4.4.

Figure
4.7:
Implementation of PSK Using Product and Switch.

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CHAPTER 5
RESULT

23
In this approach simulation of Digital Modulation and Demodulation Techniques has been
presented. The results for different technique (ASK,FSK and PSK) has been demonstrated in
below figures.

5.1 Implemented output of ASK:

In Figure 5.1 there are three graphs. First graph shows the ASK modulated wave, second
shows the ASK demodulated wave and the third shows the input digital data.

5.2 Implemented output of FSK

In FSK two carrier signal is require, in which one carrier frequency is integer multiple of
another. In Figure 5.2 there are four graphs. First graph shows the input digital data signal,
second shows the high frequency sine wave carrier, third shows the low frequency sine wave
carrier and fourth shows the FSK modulated waveform.

24
 Figure 5.2: Implemented output of FSK.

5.3 Implemented output of PSK

In Figure 5.3 there are three graphs. First graph shows the PSK modulated wave, second
shows the FSK demodulated wave and third shows the input digital data.

Figure 5.3: Implemented output of ASK.

25
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

26
1. This project successfully dealt with the simulation of Digital Modulation Techniques. It
gave an overview about the behavior and characteristics of ASK, FSK, PSK and QPSK.
2. Also it had been successfully demonstrated the simulation of Digital Demodulator
Techniques. It gave an approach to evaluate the performance characteristics of ASK,
FSK, PSK and QPSK.
3. The technique for loading the input data using workspace had been successfully
performed. Simulation was interactive method to analyze the communication system. It
was interactive as we had easily changed the parameters and immediately verified the
result.
4. Also this was a proper approach for the evaluation of Bit Error Rate (BER). This to
ascertain which had the lowest Bit Error Rate. It concluded that BPSK offers better BER
and better coverage integrity of the signal.

27
 FUTURE SCOPE
1. A lot of work is yet to be done to make the simulation more interactive. This can be done
by adding noise to the system and then simulating the system and also compare
performance of the system.
2. The work can be done modified by using channel coding in order to get the system
behavior under various circumstances.
3. Also source coding can be done as a future work in reference to this work. This can lead
to bit compression.
4. The algorithm can be modified by taking into account, the hardware implementation of
this work and hence analyzing its behavior.

28
 REFERENCES
[1] Tayab D Memon, Walliullah Ghangro, Dr. BS Chowdhry: PhD student at RMIT,
Melbourne, Australia & Lecturer Dept of Et&Tc Engineering.

[2] Neha Sharma, Yogendra Yadav: Assistant Professor, Et&Tc Dept, Prestige
Institute of Engg and Science, Indore(MP), India.

[3] Advanced Electronic Communications Systems (Fifth Edition); Tomasi,

Wayne;Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 2001; pp. 47.
[4] W. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Wang, Joint power estimation and modulation classification
using second and higher statistics, WCNC 2002 - IEEE Wireless Communications
and Networking Conference, No. 1, 2002, pp. 767 – 770.
[5] L. Hong, K. C. Ho, Identification of digital Modulation types using the wavelet
transform, MILCOM 1999 - IEEE Military Communications Conference, No. 1,
1999, pp. 427 – 431.
[6] L. Hong, K. C. Ho, BPSK and QPSK modulation Classification with unknown
signal levels, MILCOM 2000 - IEEE Military Communications Conference, No.
2, 2000, pp. 976-980.
[7] F. Liedtke, Computer simulation of an automatic Classification procedure for
digitally modulated Communication signals with unknown parameters, Signal
Processing, 1984, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 311–323.
[8] L. Chaari, M. Fourati, N. Masmoudi, L. Kamoun, An Adaptive Coded Modulation
with Multi-Levels QoS Analysis in Multimedia Environment, WSEAS
Transactions on Communications, 2009, Issue 6,Vol. 8.

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