ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY MANUAL

(18TE4DLACN)

IV Semester

PREPARED BY
Mr CHETAN UMADI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, TCE DEPARTMENT
DSCE, BANGALORE-78

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ’A’ Grade
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
&
ISO 9001:2008 Certified)
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SHAVIGE MALLESWARA HILLS, KUMARASWAMY LAYOUT
BENGALURU-560078
 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

(Backside of cover page)

Vision of the Institute

To impart quality technical education with a focus on
Research and Innovation emphasizing on
Development of Sustainable and Inclusive Technology
for the benefit of society.

Mission of the Institute

 To provide an environment that enhances
creativity and Innovation in pursuit of Excellence.

 To nurture teamwork in order to transform

individuals as responsible leaders and
entrepreneurs.

 To train the students to the changing technical

scenario and make them to understand the
importance of Sustainable and Inclusive
technologies.

Dept of TCE, DSCE, Bengaluru Page 2

 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY MANUAL

(18TE4DLACN)
IV Semester Telecommunication Engineering

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SHAVIGE MALLESWARA HILLS
KUMARASWAMY LAYOUT
Dept of TCE, DSCE, Bengaluru Page 3
BENGALURU-560078
 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

 To disseminate quality technical education for achieving Academic Excellence through
focused research encompassing Mobile, Sensor, and Telecommunication networks with a
thrust on Space Communication and Telecommunication Standards

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

 By disseminating the knowledge of devices, systems, and technologies that are impacting the
Telecommunication field.
 By educating students towards multidisciplinary practices of Telecommunication industry and
standards for a successful career.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES [PEOs]

Program Educational Objectve-1 (PEO1): Graduate contributes service to Telecommunication
Engineering industry, government organizations, and society by applying skills acquired through formal
technical education.
Program Educational Objectve-2 (PEO2): The graduate demonstrates ability to apply Scientific,
Mathematical and Telecommunication Engineering knowledge for solving real life problems.
Program Educational Objectve-3 (PEO3): The graduate possess temperament of professional
attitude, effective communication skills, and multidisciplinary approach to resolve Telecommunication
domain specific challenges.
Program Educational Objectve-4 (PEO4): The graduate demonstrates continuous learning to update
knowledge of emerging Telecommunication technologies through higher education, for sustainable
career development to strengthen human values, with a focus on safety and environmental concern.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES [PSOs]

PSO1. To apply fundamental concepts of electrical and electronic circuits to analyze communication
theory and systems.
PSO2. To design embedded system based solutions for realizing the real-time communication
networks.
PSO3. To evaluate the core merits of signal processing and network protocols for telecommunication
engineering standards, services and applications.

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY (SYLLABUS)

IV SEMESTER B. E (TCE)
Sub. Code: 17TE4GLACN IA Marks: 25

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]
Hrs/Week: 3 Exams Hrs: 3
Total Hrs: 40 Exam Marks: 50

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. To apply the basic Engineering knowledge to analyze different types of Active filter
circuits.
2. To design and implement various analog modulation and detection circuits.
3. To test and evaluate the performance of continuous wave modulation and demodulation
Circuits.
4. To assess and investigate the multiplexing techniques in analog communication systems.
SYLLABUS:
1. Second Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter
2. Second Order Butterworth High Pass Filter
3. Second order Butterworth Band Pass Filter
4. R-2R Ladder Network for DAC
5. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
6. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
7. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
8. Astable Multivibrator using NE555 ICTimer
9. Monostable Mulivibrator using NE555 IC Timer
10.Frequency Modulation (FM) using IC 8038
Course Outcomes:
CO Course Outcomes
s
CO Apply the basic knowledge of RC filter design for the development of
1 various types of active filters.
CO Analyze different categories of amplitude modulation and demodulation
2 schemes.
CO Construct continuous wave modulation and demodulation systems
3 including design, analysis and interpretation of given information.
CO Design and develop efficient frequency modulation and demodulation
4 techniques to meet the specified needs.
CO Develop Multivibrator circuits to produce symmetrical waveforms
5
CO Evaluate the performance parameters of analog systems to provide valid
6 conclusions using available modern software tool.

I – CYCLE

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

Experiment No. 1: SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

Experiment No 2: SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

Experiment No. 3: BUTTERWORTH ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER

Experiment No. 4: R-2R LADDER NETWORK FOR DAC

Experiment No. 5: AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

II - CYCLE

Experiment No. 6: PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Experiment No. 7: PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

Experiment No.8: ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC555 TIMER

Experiment No.9: MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC555 TIMER

Experiment No.10: FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) USING IC 8038

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Dept of TCE, DSCE, Bengaluru Page 6

 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]
BENGALURU – 560078
DO’s
 Adhere and follow timings, proper dress code with appropriate foot wear.

 Bags and other personal items must be stored in designated place.

 Come prepare with the viva, procedure, and other details of the experiment.

 Secure long hair, Avoid-loose clothing , Deep neck and sleeveless dresses

 Do check for the correct ranges/rating and carry one meter/instrument at a time

 Inspect all equipment/meters for damage prior to use

 Conduct the experiments accurately as directed by the teacher.

 Immediately report any sparks/ accidents/ injuries/ any other troublesome incident to the faculty /instructor.

 Handle the apparatus/meters/computers gently and with care

 In case of an emergency or accident, follow the safety procedure. 

 Switch OFF the power supply after completion of experiment

DONT’s
 The use of mobile/ any other personal electronic gadgets is prohibited in the laboratory.

 Do not make noise in the Laboratory & do not sit on experiment table.

 Do not make loose connections and avoid overlapping of wires

 Don’t switch on power supply without prior permission from the concerned staff.

 Never point/touch the CRO/Monitor screen with the tip of the open pen/pencil/any other sharp object.

 Never leave the experiments while in progress.

 Do notExperiment
insert/use pen drive/any other storage devices into the CPU?
No:________ Date:____________
 Do not leave the Laboratory without the signature of the concerned staff in observation book
Title of the Experiment

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

PREREQUISITES
TESTING OF EQUIPMENTS BEFORE STARTING THE CONDUCTION

1. OP-AMP
Apply sine wave of amplitude 1V (1 kHz) as shown in circuit diagram, if IC is good the
output be a square wave with peaks at +Vsat and –Vsat.

Sine
wave

2. IC 555 TIMER:
If IC is good for the applied 5V dc supply as in circuit diagram the voltage at pin no. 5
will be 2/3 Vcc (3.3 Volts).

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

3. TRANSISTOR:
Identify emitter, base and collector of the transistor, with Digital Multimeter in diode
position if transistor junctions are good it should indicate a low resistance upon forward biasing
emitter base junction or collector-base junction and should indicate either OL or 1.(depending on
DMM) upon reverse biasing EB or CB junctions.
Source impedance of ASG:
1. Connect the DRB with the maximum resistance to ASG as in the figure.
2. Adjust the amplitude of the sine wave of 5V pp at 1 kHz.
3. Start reducing the resistance of DRB this reduces the output voltage also. Source
resistance Rs is that value of DRB resistance when the amplitude of the output signal is
half of the initial value (2.5 Vpp).

Steps to test a transistor:

4. Determine which leads are the base, emitter and collector. The leads are round or flat
wires extending from the bottom of the transistor. They may be labeled on some
transistors or you may be able to determine which lead is the base by studying the circuit
diagram.
5. Clamp the black probe to the base of the transistor.
6. Touch the red probe to the emitter. Read the display on the multimeter and note whether
the resistance is high or low.
7. Move the red probe to the collector. The display should give the same reading as when
you touched the probe to the emitter.
8. Remove the black probe and clamp the red probe to the base.

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]
9. Touch the black probe to the emitter and collector. Compare the reading on the
multimeter's display to the readings you got previously.
10. If the previous readings were both high and the current readings are both low, the
transistor is good.
11. If the previous readings were both low and the current readings are both high, the
transistor is good.
12. If both readings you receive with the red probe are not the same, both readings with the
black probe are not the same, or the readings don't change when switching probes, the
transistor is bad.

4. RESISTOR COLOR CODES:

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

EXPERIMENT NO1 DATE:

SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH ACTIVE LOW PASS
FILTER
AIM: To design a Second order Active Low-pass Filter using Operational Amplifier for the
given cut-off frequency and to determine Roll-off from its frequency response.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Resistors-10kΩ, 15.9kΩ, 5.8kΩ Capacitors-0.01µF Op-

Amp-µA741, Function Generator, connecting wires, spring board, Bread board, CRO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1: Second-Order Butterworth active low-pass filter

DESIGN:
1
1. High cut-off frequency fH for second order LPF is f H¿
2 π √ R 2 R 3C 2C 3
2. Let fH =1 kHz. , R2=R3=R and C2=C3=C=0.01µF.
1
3. Therefore R = 1 / (2πfHC) = 15.9kΩ.
2 πRC
4. Pass-band voltage gain AF =3-α =3-1.414 = 1.586 where Damping
coefficient α=1.414 for II order filter
5. Let R1= 10KΩ , Calculate RF from AF = 1+ (RF/ R1)
6. Therefore RF =0.586R1. = 5.8KΩ

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Apply sine wave input signal of
peak amplitude 2 volts (Vi)
2. Keep Input signal (Vi) amplitude constant and vary the frequency from 100Hz to 50
kHz.& Note down the corresponding values of output voltage (Vo)
3. Calculate gain in dB using formula 20log 10(Vo / Vi )
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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]
4. Plot frequency versus Gain in dB in the Semi log sheet and mark fH.
5. Find the Roll-off factor from the graph = {Gain at 10fH} – {Gain at fH}

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
Gain in dB
PASS BAND STOP BAND
0dB

-3dB ----------------------
Roll off = -40dB / Decade

0
0.1 fH 10fH Log (f/fH)
Tabular column: Vi = 2V
Frequency Output voltage (V0) Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo/Vi)
100Hz
200Hz
400Hz
600Hz
800Hz
900Hz
950Hz
1KHz
1.1KHz
1.2KHz
2KHz
5kHz
10KHz
20KHz
50KHz

RESULT
Higher Cut off Frequency Roll-Off Factor
Theoretical
practical

EXPERIMENT-2 DATE:

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH ACTIVE HIGH PASS

FILTER

AIM: To design a Second Order Active High-pass Filter using Operational Amplifier for the
given cut-off frequency and to determine Roll-off from its frequency response.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
 Resistors-10kΩ, 15.9kΩ, 5.8kΩ
 Capacitors-0.01µF
 Op-amps-µA741
 Frequency generator, connecting wires, spring board/bread board
 CRO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Second-Order Butterworth Active High-Pass Filter

DESIGN
1
1. Lower Cut-off frequency fL for second order LPF is f L¿
2 π √ R 2 R 3C 2C 3
2. Let fL =1 kHz. , R2=R3=R and C2=C3=C=0.01µF.
1
3. Therefore R = 1 / (2πfHC) = 15.9kΩ.
2 πRC
4. Pass-band gain AF =3-α =3-1.414 = 1.586 (Where Damping coefficient
α=1.414 for II order filter)
5. AF = 1+ (RF/ R1) therefore RF =0.586R1. (where AF is the pass band
voltage gain of filter)
6. Let R1= 10KΩ, then RF =0.586R1 = 5.8kΩ
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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Apply sine wave input signal of
peak amplitude 2 volts (Vi)
2. Keep Input signal (Vi) amplitude constant and vary the frequency from 100Hz to10
kHz.& Note down the corresponding values of output voltage (Vo)
3. Calculate gain in dB using formula 20log 10(Vo / Vi )
4. Plot frequency versus Gain in dB in the Semi log sheet and mark fL.
5. Find the Roll-off factor from the graph = {Gain at fL} – {Gain at 0.1fL}

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
Gain in Db

STOP BAND PASS BAND

0dB -----------------------

-3dB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Roll off = +40dB / Decade

0
0.1fL fL Log (f/fL)
Tabular column: Vi = 2V
Frequency Output voltage (V0) Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo/Vi)
100Hz
200Hz
400Hz
600Hz
800Hz
900Hz
950Hz
1KHz
1.1KHz
1.2KHz
2KHz
5kHz
10KHz
20KHz

RESULT
Higher Cut off Frequency Roll-Off Factor
Theoretical
practical

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

EXPERIMENT-3 DATE:
SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH ACTIVE BAND PASS
FILTER

AIM: To design an Active Narrow Band-pass filter using Operational Amplifier for the given
center frequency and to calculate Bandwidth from frequency response.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Resistors-68kΩ, 150Ω, 6.8kΩ
Capacitors-0.01µF
Op-amps-µA741
Frequency generator, connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Apply sine wave input signal of
peak amplitude 2 volts (Vi)
2. Keep Input signal (Vi) amplitude constant and vary the frequency from 100Hz to100
kHz.& Note down the corresponding values of output voltage (Vo)
3. Calculate gain in dB using formula 20log 10(Vo / Vi )
4. Plot frequency versus Gain in dB in the Semi log sheet and mark f1 & f2

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1. Let fC = 5KHz , B W = 500Hz, Q = fC / BW = fC / (fH – fL) = 10

Where fC = Center frequency, fH = Higer cutoff frequency and fL =Lower cut
Off frequency.
2. For Band-pass filter

3. Let fC = 5 kHz , Q=10 , Af =5 ( Af <2 Q2 ) , C1 =C2= C= 0.01µF & .R3 =R

R1 =6.8KΩ

R2 = 150Ω

R3 = Q -------(5) R3 =68KΩ=R
Π fC c
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

Gain in Db

0dB ---------------------

Stop Band Pass Band Stop Band

-3dB ---------------------------

0
fL fC fH Log (f/fC)

Tabular column: Vi = 1V
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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

Frequency Output voltage (V0) Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo/Vi)

100Hz
400Hz
600Hz
800Hz
1KHz
2KHz
3kHz
4KHz
4.7KHz
4.8KHz
4.9KHz
5KHz
5.1KHz
5.2KHz
10KHz
20KHz
50KHz
100KHz

RESULT

Center frequency Lower cut off frequency fL Higher Cut off Frequency fH
fC
Theoretical
practical

EXPERIMENT-4 DATE:
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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

R-2R LADDER NETWORK FOR DAC

AIM: To design and test R-2R ladder network for DAC using op-amp µA741.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Resistors-2KΩ, 1kΩ
Op-amps-µA741
Frequency generator, connecting wires, power supply
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN PROCEDURE :

Analog output voltage Vo theoritical calues are calculated using the equation

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Binary inputs ( from 0 to 15) is applied and corresponding output voltage is measured using
Multimeter.
3. Theoretical values and Practical values of output are compared.
4. Plot the graph with decimal equivalent of binary inputs along X-axis and output voltage
V0 along y-axis. Observe the staircase waveform or the ladder graph.

TABULAR COLUMN:

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 Analog Communication Lab MANUAL [2020]

Decimal equivalent Inputs (V) Analog output voltage

of binary inputs b3 b2 b1 b0 value V0
Theoretical Practical

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 5 -0.625
2 0 0 5 0 -1.250
3 0 0 5 5 -1.875
4 0 5 0 0 -2.500
5 0 5 0 5 -3.125
6 0 5 5 0 -3.750
7 0 5 5 5 -4.375
8 5 0 0 0 -5.000
9 5 0 0 5 -5.625
10 5 0 5 0 -6.250
11 5 0 5 5 -6.875
12 5 5 0 0 -7.500
13 5 5 0 5 -8.125
14 5 5 5 0 -8.875
15 5 5 5 5 -9.375
GRAPHS:

RESULT:
The practical values of output voltage V0 are approximately equal to theoretical values.
The staircase waveform for outputs V/s inputs is plotted.

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