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UAV Remote Sensing in Agriculture UAV

Rabi N. Sahoo

Division of Agricultural Physics

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi

July 29, 2016 7/29/2016 4:45 PM

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DATA Acquisition for Example at IARI –DTU Expt Trial

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APPLICATIONS

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UAV in Agriculture
Initiative of Government

2015:Groundwork for SEE India

2016:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
2017: Rural Tele-Density @70% (NTM policy 2012)
2018 :250,000 villages with optical fibres
2019 :Digital India: A smart phone for every citizen
2020 : SEE India
(SEE: Socially Environmentally and Economically developed India)

Opportunities

• Participatory GIS : PGIS

• Participatory 3D Modeling :P3DM
• Users of GAGAN, IRNSS –SPS 7 billion
• Mobile users : 70 % of total population
• Android based mobile Apps
• Wireless network

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Crop Yield – a function of Temporal Interaction Precision Farming

Information and technology based agricultural management system to
identify, analyze and manage site specific spatial and temporal variability
within field for optimum profitability, sustainability and protection of the
Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

environment”
Crop Management It is the matching of resource application and agronomic practices with soil
attributes and crop requirements as they vary across a field.

Management of variability to
Improve efficiency of plant
growth conditions
Yield

Soil Properties Environment Environment

Legislation & conscience

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Need of UAVs Need of UAVs

Meets Requirements of Precision Agriculture Precision Farming demands Remote Sensing data

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

with the following characteristics

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

(i) Ability to identify each field location
* Real time data availability
(ii) Ability to capture, interpret and analyze * Low data cost
agronomic data at an appropriate scale
* High spatial resolution
and frequency,
* High spectral resolution for retrieving
and biophysical parameters
(iii) Ability to adjust input use and farming * High temporal resolution
practices to maximize benefits from * Delivery of analytical formats in simpler format
each field location.

UAV Applications and Sensors used Estimation of plant parameters from visual image taken the field
Precision Agriculture
• Soil and Crop parameter retrieval
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

• Monitoring crop stress: Biotic (Pest & disease)

Abiotic : Water, Nutrient and temperature
• Variable input application : VRT
Yield monitoring
• High throughput field phenotyping for breeding new varieties
LAI

Sensors used
• Visual : CMOS, 18.4MP;Res- 1.3cm/pixel(at 50m)
Chlorophyll
• Multi spectral: Narrowband Blue, Green, Red, Red Edge, Near-Infrared; NDVI
1.2MP; Res-6.8 cm/pixel OptRx – Ag Leader, CropSpec – Topcon, GreenSeeker – Trimble
,Crop Circle – Holland Scientific
• Thermal: Range- 7.5-13.5 µm, 640x512; Res-8.9 cm/pixel(100 m)
• Hyper spectral: 400-2500nm, 5nm resolution
• LIDAR

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Differential genotypic response of rice to water stress Kharif 2015 Visaul imaging using UAV at IARI
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

NIR image

NDVI image

300 wheat
genotypes in
IARI Field

N stress monitoring in Maize crop, Kharif 2015

ExG = 2*G-R-B
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

ExR = 1.4*R-G

NDVI image
NIR image

ExG- ExR

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UAV based Water Stress monitoring using Far infrared (FIR) imaging
Multispectral sensors
Temperature differences can be used to study:

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

Well irrigated (Blue)
• Salinity tolerance
• Water stress
• Photosynthesis efficiency

Canopy Air Temp. Difference (CATD) = (Tc-Ta)

Deficit irrigation PRI : Photochemical reflectance index + value : Water Deficit stress
sPRI : Simulated PRI for non stress conditions based on - Value : Well irrigated condition
radiative transfer modelling FIR imaging can be used
Cooler plants have better root systems and for individual plants or for
take up more water.
whole crops

UAV based irrigation monitoring Prediction of Soil Fertility Parameters from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
EO-1,Hyperion L1G Stages of Study
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

Total Bands : 220

Jalandhar
A. Laboratory based study

B. Field based study

Predicted OC

Detection of water spills in orchard crops using thermal imaging from UAV
More than 3000 Locations for
different Indian Soils for
C. Satellite Field based study Measured OC spectral database and library

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Hyperspectral indices for monitoring Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous(P)

Soil Variability Mapping in the field and Sulfur (S) in Rice Plant
N P S N P S
Validation on own dataset (Calibration dataset:48, Cross-validation on next year dataset (Calibration
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

Validation dataset:24) dataset:48, Validation dataset:72)
Variability within Field R2 RMSE R2 RMSE R2 RMSE R2 RMSE R2 RMSE R2 RMSE
NDVI 0.41** 0.3824 0.19* 0.0424 NS NS 0.33** 0.3447 0.30** 0.0391 NS NS
(IARI Farm, 4.16ha) GNDVI 0.25* 0.4277 NS NS NS NS 0.19** 0.4281 NS NS NS NS
SAVI 0.46** 0.3843 0.32** 0.389 NS NS 0.27** 0.3955 0.10** 0.0431 NS NS
N_1645_1715 0.58** 0.3214 0.39** 0.0333 NS NS NS NS 0.32** 0.0369 NS NS
P_670_1092 NS NS 0.66** 0.0256 - - NS NS 0.36** 0.0352 - -
P_670_1260 NS NS 0.65** 0.0255 NS NS NS NS 0.25** 0.0418 NS NS
P_1092_1460 NS NS 0.40** 0.0311 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
P_1260_1460 NS NS 0.21* 0.0338 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
S_670_1090 NS NS - - 0.51** 0.0123 NS NS - - 0.22** 0.0202
* and ** indicates significance at 5% and 1% probability level, respectively.

Wheat Grain Yield q/ha

180 180
180

160 150
160 650 160 0.80
140 0.75
600
130 0.70
140 550 140 140
120 0.65
500 110 0.60
120 450 120 100 120 0.55
400 90 0.50
100 350 100 80 0.45
100
70 0.40
300
60 0.35
80 250 80 80 0.30
200
50
0.25
60 40
150 60 60 0.20
30 0.15
100
20 0.10
40 50 40 10 40 0.05
0 0 0.00
20
20 20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Available K (kg ha-1) Available P (kg ha-1) Organic C (%) Plant P Plant S

Monitoring of Wheat Yellow Rust through Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

Sensor based crop growth monitoring
80 S 60 S
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR

50 S Spectral variation with severity

Wheat cropped area

20 S

Waterlogged
Identifying sensitive spectral range

EWT Cab
Healthy

Spectral observation and ground truthing in Chlorophyll

Leaf Area Leaf
affected farmers’ fields of Yamuna Nagar, Haryana content
Index Wetness
Spectral index for severity monitoring

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Conclusions

• UAV technology is moving ahead at a faster pace than

regulations
• Precision agricultural is expected to be the largest
beneficiary
• Regulations are yet eagerly awaited for civilian use
• Mobile phone apps and cloud technologies are
complimentary to UAV technology for fast development in
SMART agriculture
• Exciting times lay ahead

"...when you are trying something new, hard,

or innovative, failure is not only inevitable, THANK YOU
but it is also sometimes necessary ..."
Amy Elliott at TEDxVirginiaTech
rabi.sahoo@icar.gov.in
7/29/2016 4:45 PM
rnsahoo.iari@gmail.com

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