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A. Are Diesel Cars more efficient than Petrol

Cars?
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1) Line Graph for fuel efficiency of diesel

and petrol cars Page 3

2) Table of comparison all the measure of

Central Tendency of petrol and diesel cars
Page 4
fuel efficiency

3) Table of comparison all the measure of

Variation of petrol and diesel cars Page 5

4) Histogram of fuel efficiency of petrol and

diesel cars Page 5

5) Box-and-Whisker plot of fuel efficiency of

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petrol and diesel cars

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B) Conclusion

C) Personally Opinion Page 10

D) Article Analysis Page 11

E) Reference Page 15

Introduction: The given analysis is going to describe the line chart, table of comparison with all
measure of Central Tendency and Variation. It also provides a histogram and box-and-whisker
plots to explain the fuel efficiency of both model: Petrol and Diesel BMW cars
*DATA 3
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 1. Line Graph for fuel efficiency of diesel and petrol cars

Figure 1: Line Graph about the fuel efficiency of Diesel and Petrol BMW Cars
The above-mentioned line graph depicts the average of mile-per gallon of each car model,
namely petrol and diesel from BMW. As is presented in graph, it is apparently the fuel efficiency
of diesel model is much more effective rather than the petrol ones. Standing at 57.614mpg in
2013, however the number of this fuel efficiency in diesel car decelerated to 56,375mpg in 2014
and shared roughly comparable figure in two years forwards. A point worth noting is a
downward trend was witnessed from 2017, which reveals that the effectively of utilizing in diesel
model until present.
The figures fluctuated by varying but the main trend was upward varied greatly through 7
year-period (2013-2020). With 37,7mpg was recorded as the fuel efficiency and equivalent more
than 6.24 liters per 100km, nonetheless, this average number has a tendency to move forward to
exactly 50,1mpg (4.69L/100km). Indeed, the petrol car model is often more expensive when it
compared to diesel and contributes to the car’s operating expense over the period, also due to the
volatility of fuel so that the mileage of the car also impacted. It is also noticed that the efficiency

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of petrol model had been developed as well as reducing the gasoline uses to from the
manufacture to 42,05mpg.

2. Table of comparison all the measure of Central Tendency of petrol and diesel cars
fuel efficiency.

Table of Central Tendency for fuel efficiency in Diesel and Petrol BMW car
Types Diesel Compare (>, <, =) Petrol
Mean 55,65725 > 43,47719
Median 55,4 > 44,8
Mode None #N/A None

Outliers Diesel Petrol

Observation value < 33.85 Observation value < 21.2
Or Observation value > 78.13 Or Observation value > 65.2
Result Yes Yes
Figure 2: Table of comparison measurement of fuel efficiency in 2 model: Petrol and Diesel (2013-2020)

When it comes a measure of central tendency which is a summary statistic and reflect central
point or typical value of dataset. According to the table of comparing measures of fuel
efficiency, the best measure in both BMW car models petrol and diesel is the median while
the outlier occurred and there was no accuracy in order to compare with average fuel
efficiency (MPG) between 2 categories. To be more specific, the middle positions of the fuel
consumption value indicated that 55.4 miles per gallon for the diesel car model as well as
haft of these model (50%) are equipped a level of fuel efficiency (55.4mpg) even more than
average of the amount of fuel utilization. Meanwhile, this dataset illustrates the used volume
in diesel model is exceeded the petrol cars, 55.4mpg and 44.8mpg respectively. Although the

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distance between gasoline economy and petrol engines is narrowing, the way that diesel
engines operates the merit of competing with most advances’ petrol engines. Because of
ongoing technical advances, diesel engines in BMW cars maintains fuel efficient than petrol
engines of the same scale.
3. Table of comparison all the measure of Variation of petrol and diesel cars
The comparison of Variation in Petrol and Diesel Model

Types Diesel Compare (>, <, =) Petrol

Range 47.1 > 30.7

Interquartile Range 10.5 < 11
Variance 70.95677 > 51.71036
Standard Deviation 8.423584 > 7.190992
Coefficient of
15% < 17%
Variation
Figure 3: Table of comparison the variation in 2 BMW models: Petrol and Diesel (2013-2020)

A glance at the table given, which demonstrates that the basic detail in term of spread of
data. By giving the dissimilarity among the lowest and highest point in the set of data, but
the range is influenced by the outliers. As the matter of fact, the interquartile range
reflected that a measure of how spread-out the middle 50% of petrol and diesel set of data
are. Followed the table of comparison, despite the gap amongst the fuel efficiency of
diesel and petrol BMW model was narrowed by 0.5mpg, it could be plainly viewed that
fuel consumption of petrol is lower, compared to diesel model. Nevertheless, the variance
of IQR in 2 models is 0.5 mpg, 10.5mpg with 11mpg respectively, it apparently indicated
that have uniformity in the data set of fuel efficiency (MPG) in diesel.

4. Histogram of fuel efficiency of petrol and diesel cars

Due to the impact of outlier in both datasets of fuel efficiency in 2 models: Petrol and Diesel,
there is also the appearance of value of general pattern of distribution. One interesting feature
which should be noted here is a common pattern is the bell-shaped curved in the histogram of

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diesel engine model. Likewise, the frequently also prevalently of consumers use the diesel
cars was expressed through the given chart. In contrast, a left-skewed distribution was
showed under the name negatively-skewed distribution via the histogram of petrol model,
that owing to the exist of long tail in the negative direction on number line. Consequently, the
petrol model is costly when it compared to diesel and led to the negative effect in fuel
efficiency.

Figure 4: Histogram of fuel efficiency (MPG) of BMW Diesel Car Model (2013-2020)

Figure 5: Histogram of fuel efficiency (MPG) of BMW Petrol Car Model (2013-2020)

5. Box-and-Whisker plot of fuel efficiency of BMW petrol and diesel cars

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 Figure 6: Box-and-Whisker plots of fuel efficiency in Petrol and Diesel BMW Car Model in 7 years (2013-2020)

Diesel Car Model (Unit: MPG)

Left side Compare Right side Result
Box 5.8 > 4.7 Left-skewed
Whisker 18.2 < 18.4 Right-skewed
Q2 to Min/Max 24 > 23.1 Left-skewed

Petrol Car Model (Unit: MPG)

Left side Compare Right side Result
Box 7.1 > 3.9 Left-skewed
Whisker 30.9 > 6.8 Left-skewed
Q2 to Min/Max 20 < 55.5 Right-skewed
Figure 7: The summary of Box Plots in Petrol and Diesel Cars.

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According to the box-and-whisker plots exhibited that more than half data correlated with the
fuel efficiency of BMW Petrol car model is higher than 44.8mpg, while this number of diesel
model is just over than 55.4mpg. Furthermore, the box plots are a useful method to visualize
the differences between petrol and diesel engine, specifically, the interquartile range is
examined as the longer the box, the more scatter the data.
Otherwise, the mean of petrol model is closer to the top of the box under this circumstance
that the whisker is lower on the upper end of the box, resulted in the distribution is negatively
skew whereas there is symmetric in the box of Diesel model.

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Car engine is often discussed yet rarely understood to non-technical customer and a hotly
debated topic that often-divided opinions. Deciding petrol or diesel is one of the prominent
choosing for buyer when this is the first decisions of how to make before buying a new car.
Looking back of the mentioned line graph which illustrated that fuel efficiency of diesel
model is much higher than petrol and there was a downward tendency in using the fuel
means that the lower the value, the more economic an automobile is in 7 years from 2013.
Taking the table of comparison in central tendency that impacted by the outlier, the median is
clearly conceded with 55.4 mile-per-gallons (4.25L/100km) in diesel engine is an ideal
number for this BMW model, whereas the petrol consumes more than 44mpg (44.8mpg) as
more than 5 liter per 100km in a similar fashion.
With regard to the table of variance, the interquartile range is interesting to note that the
amount of IQR in diesel engine was south of 0.5 compared to the petrol engine. Indeed, a
small margin between 2 number indicated that the higher in IQR as the spread out of the data
points is larger while the smaller in diesel engine similar to the more data points are clustered
around the mean. With the interquartile range, the customers are likely to have more favored
in BMW cars which operate by diesel engine.

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Thirdly, based on the histogram of both models, the users apparently seen that the difference
among diesel and petrol. The figures for fuel efficiency of petrol model is presented as a
left-skewed chart and often call negative-skewed distribution, while the data of bell-shaped
was outlined in the efficiency in consuming fuel of diesel cars.
Furthermore, the measures of shapes are showed by the box-and-whisker plots in order to
describe the differences or the amount of fossil fuel is used in 2 models: petrol and diesel.

Frankly speaking, from the financial perspective, a less dissimilarity is presented through the
above-mention charts between a petrol and a diesel car. This is often believed that under the
case that the user looks at the fuel running cost, a diesel engine will charge their money less.
Additionally, a diesel car are more effectively and utilize approximately 15% to 20% less
fuel, according to the first the figure (1), the car’s fuel index of petrol model is always lower
than diesel due to it have extremely low revs and speed rather than petrol engine.
To be more specific, the average consumed fuel in diesel model accounted for more than
55mpg equivalent to 4.23L/100km as petrol engine made up higher than with 43,477mpg
(5.41L/100km). However, given the tables below will provide some further information
could impact the consumer choices:
Types Pros Cons
The price of diesel model is
Higher fuel efficiency (MPG) as lower
Financial often higher than petrol
consumed gasoline.
model

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 Even produced less C02 into
Environmental environment butt the diesel
Produced lower carbon dioxide emissions
Issue cars have tiny dust related to
breathing issue
Driving Low-speed torque Nosier
Figure 8: Pros and Cons of Diesel Model.

Types Pros Cons

Less efficient and utilize
Financial The price of petrol is cheaper
more fuel
Environmental Produce less than the dangerous dust and Bring out more carbon
Issue smoke dioxide
The users have to change
Driving Less noisy
gear in many times.
Figure 9: Pros and Cons of Petrol Model

“6 countries, 6 curves: How nations that moved fast against COVID-19avoided disaster”

(April 30,2020)
By Hassan Vally

The mentioned article brought the information of the spreads of COVID-19 – the tragedy that has
spread in six different countries and in particular states within them. Indeed, according to a New
Zealand research, they have already drawn the virus epidemic curve for more than 20 countries
and demonstrate the spread of coronavirus under the response of numerical lockdown measures.
Nevertheless, the investigation is not peer-reviewed just classified these countries public health
response in 4 different status in New Zealand alert system, while the position first and second
presented for under control in any circumstances, as level third and fourth means they are on
highly-alert.

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 Figure 10: The map of effective reproduction number (Hassan Vally,2020)
Furthermore, the author revealed to the audience the data set with presenting in the Histogram
which clearly indicated the level of these countries are staying in, followed by the New Zealand
health’s standard.
● New South Wales, Australia + Italy
Using the right-skewed histogram to describe the cases in New South Wales as a positive-skewed
direction, hence, the Australia government had accomplished their duty in order to apply the
strict isolation between inhabitants. This state ranked the fourth level which is on highly alert
about the infectious pandemic happened, but after 15 days this number fall further to level 1,
explained for the authority’s success.

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 Figure 11: New South Wale histogram (Hassan Vally,2020). Figure 12: Italy (Hassan Vally,2020)

In contrast, Italy witnessed a tragedy with a high case for many weeks, so it caused an explosion
of infected patients and overload for Italian hospitals as well as health system. There were over
27,0000 total deaths recorded and this number showed an upward trend.

Figure 13: Number of deaths was recorded in Europe -last updated in August,2020 (CEOC,2020)

● United Kingdom + New York

The U.K is one of nation took up the largest number of deaths by COVID-19, according to
the histogram this country was stayed in alert at level 4 for 18 days after the case 100th.
Because of late lockdown, the prime minister was too slowly in handling and operate the

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lockdown which led to the initial infection spread out of control (Jasmina
Panovska-Griffiths,2020)

Figure 14: Histogram for the U.K and New York city

Similar to United Kingdom, New York authority was late to shut down the city and nursing
homes became one of the most inviting targets for the virus (D. Armstrong, H. Goldman and
K. Clukey,2020).

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● Singapore + Sweeden

Figure 15: Histogram for Singapore and Sweeden

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A contrary between a European Countries and South-East Countries was happed, Sweeden paid
their attention on minor restrictions as maintained less open a usual however the social
distancing is occurred personal responsibility for the purpose of controlling the spread out of
virus. Although, Singapore brought some positive news via extensive testing on their city
dwellers also strict lockdown to ensure the pandemic cannot spread out the social. However, the
virus has hit back to the attempt of the health system in Singapore that reflected that they are in
level 4 of New Zealand Health Standard.
To sum up, there is a table of summary deaths in Europe which is added in in order describe
more information about the speed of spread out of COVID-19.

Reference:
1) Figure 10: Vally, H 2020, '6 countries, 6 curves: How nations that moved fast against
COVID-19avoided disaster', The Conversation, 30 April, viewed 13 November
2020, <https://theconversation.com/6-countries-6-curves-how-nations-that-moved-fast-ag
ainst-covid-19-avoided-disaster-137333>.

2) Figure 11: Vally, H 2020, '6 countries, 6 curves: How nations that moved fast against
COVID-19avoided disaster', The Conversation, 30 April, viewed 13 November
2020, <https://theconversation.com/6-countries-6-curves-how-nations-that-moved-fast-ag
ainst-covid-19-avoided-disaster-137333>.

3) Figure 12: Vally, H 2020, '6 countries, 6 curves: How nations that moved fast against
COVID-19avoided disaster', The Conversation, 30 April, viewed 13 November
2020, <https://theconversation.com/6-countries-6-curves-how-nations-that-moved-fast-ag
ainst-covid-19-avoided-disaster-137333>.

4) D. Armstrong, H. Goldman and K. Clukey 2020, 'Why New York Suffered When Other
Cities Were Spared by Covid-19', Bloomberg , 28 May, viewed 13 November

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 2020, <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-28/why-was-new-york-hit-so-
badly-with-covid-19>.

5) Figure 13: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 2020, 'COVID-19
situation update for the EU/EEA and the UK, as of 14 November 2020', European Centre
for Disease Prevention and Control, viewed 14 November
2020, <https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/cases-2019-ncov-eueea>.

6) Figure 14: Vally, H 2020, '6 countries, 6 curves: How nations that moved fast against
COVID-19avoided disaster', The Conversation, 30 April, viewed 13 November
2020, <https://theconversation.com/6-countries-6-curves-how-nations-that-moved-fast-ag
ainst-covid-19-avoided-disaster-137333>.

7) Figure 15: Vally, H 2020, '6 countries, 6 curves: How nations that moved fast against
COVID-19avoided disaster', The Conversation, 30 April, viewed 13 November
2020, <https://theconversation.com/6-countries-6-curves-how-nations-that-moved-fast-ag
ainst-covid-19-avoided-disaster-137333>.

8) J. Panovska-Griffiths 2020, 'Coronavirus: five reasons why the UK death toll is so

high', The Conversation, 10 June, viewed 14 November
2020, <https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-five-reasons-why-the-uk-death-toll-is-so-
high-140005>.

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