Province of Carolina - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Province_of_Carolina

Coordinates: 34°59′38.4″N 81°28′26.4″W

Province of Carolina
Carolina was a province of England (1663–1707) and
Great Britain (1707–1712) that existed in North America Carolina
and the Caribbean from 1663 until partitioned into North
Province of Great Britain
and South on January 24, 1712. It is part of present-day
Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South 1663–1712
Carolina, Tennessee, and The Bahamas.

Contents
Flag of Great Britain
Etymology
Background
History
Government
Demographics
References
External links

Etymology
An orthographic projection of the
world, highlighting Carolina
"Carolina" is taken from the Latin word for "Charles"
(green).
(Carolus), honoring King Charles II,[1] and was first named
in the 1663 Royal Charter granting to Edward, Earl of Capital Charlestown
Clarendon; George, Duke of Albemarle; William, Lord Area
Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir • Coordinates 34°59′38.4″N
George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, and Sir John 81°28′26.4″W
Colleton the right to settle lands in the present-day U.S.
History
states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.[2] Government
• Type Constitutional
monarchy
Background • Motto Domitus
Cultoribus
On October 30, 1629, King Charles I of England granted a Orbis (Latin)
patent to Sir Robert Heath for the lands south of 36 degrees "Tamed by the
and north of 31 degrees, "under the name, in honor of that cultivators of the
world"
king, of Carolana."[3][4] Carolus is Latin for 'Charles'. Heath
wanted the land for French Huguenots, but when Charles Monarch
restricted use of the land to members of the Church of • 1663–1685 Charles II
England, Heath assigned his grant to George, Lord • 1685–1688 James II
Berkeley.[5] King Charles I was executed in 1649 and Heath • 1689–1694 William III and
fled to France where he died. Following the 1660 Mary II
restoration of the monarchy, Robert Heath's heirs • 1694–1702 William III

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attempted to reassert their claim to the land, but Charles II • 1702–1712 Anne
ruled the claim invalid. Governor
• 1692–1693 Philip Ludwell
Although the Lost Colony on Roanoke Island was the first (first)
English attempt at settlement in the Carolina territory, the • 1710–1712 Robert Gibbes
first permanent English settlement was not established (last)
until 1653, when emigrants from the Virginia Colony, with
Legislature
others from New England and Bermuda, settled at the
• Upper Grand Council
mouths of the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers, on the shores house
of Albemarle Sound, in the northeastern corner of present-
• Lower Parliament of
day North Carolina. The Albemarle Settlements, preceding house Carolina
the royal charter by ten years, came to be known in Virginia
Historical Stuart era
as "Rogues' Harbor".[6] By 1664, the region was organized
era
as Albemarle County.
• Charter of March 24, 1663
Within three generations of Columbus, the Spanish from Carolina
their Florida base had started to emigrate up the coast of • Partition of January 24, 1712
modern North Carolina. A hostile Virginia tribe drove them Carolina
back to Georgia. A Scottish contingent had meanwhile
settled in South Carolina only to be extirpated by the Preceded Succeeded
Spanish, who inhabited Parris Island as late as 1655. The by by
Spanish were again beaten back to Georgia.[7] Colony Province
of of North
Virginia Carolina
History Province
of South
On March 24, 1663, Carolina
Charles II issued a new
charter to a group of Today part of United States
eight English noblemen, Alabama
granting them the land
Georgia
of Carolina, as a reward
Mississippi
for their faithful support
of his efforts to regain North Carolina
the throne of England. South Carolina
The eight were called Tennessee
Lords Proprietors or The Bahamas
simply Proprietors. The
The Province of Carolina before and 1663 charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the
after the split into north and south land from the southern border of the Virginia Colony at 36
degrees north to 31 degrees north (along the coast of
present-day Georgia).[8] The King intended for the newly
created province to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida and
prevent their northward expansion.[9][10]

The Lords Proprietors named in the charter were Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon; George
Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle; William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven; John Berkeley, 1st Baron
Berkeley of Stratton; Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury; Sir George Carteret; Sir
William Berkeley (brother of John); and Sir John Colleton. Of the eight, the one who
demonstrated the most active interest in Carolina was Lord Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury, with the
assistance of his secretary, the philosopher John Locke, drafted the Grand Model for the
Province of Carolina (which included the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina), a plan for
government of the colony heavily influenced by the ideas of the English political scientist, James
Harrington. Some of the other Lords Proprietors also had interests in other colonies: for

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instance, John Berkeley and George Carteret held stakes in the Province of New Jersey, and
William Berkeley had an interest in Virginia. The Lords Proprietors, operating under their royal
charter, were able to exercise their authority with nearly the independence of the king himself.
The actual government consisted of a governor, a powerful council, on which half of the
councillors were appointed by the Lords Proprietors themselves, and a relatively weak,
popularly elected assembly.

In 1663, Captain William Hilton had noted the presence of a wooden cross erected by the
Spaniards that still stood before the town meeting house of the Indians living at what later
became Port Royal.[11] In 1665, Sir John Yeamans established a second short-lived English
settlement on the Cape Fear River, near present-day Wilmington, North Carolina, which he
named Clarendon.

In 1665, the charter was revised slightly (see Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665), with the
northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of settlers
along the Albemarle Sound who had left the Virginia Colony. Likewise, the southern boundary
was moved south to 29 degrees north, just south of present-day Daytona Beach, Florida, which
had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine. The charter also
granted all the land, between these northerly and southerly bounds, from the Atlantic, westward
to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.[1]

The Lords Proprietors founded a sturdier new settlement

when they sent 150 colonists to the province in early 1670,
landing them at a location south of the other settlements,
near present-day Charleston, South Carolina. In 1669,
William Sayle of Bermuda had taken over the command of
the party of settlers gathered in Bermuda after Sir John
Yeamans resigned while undergoing repairs of his vessel in
Bermuda. Most of the party was made up of emigrants from
England who had arrived in Bermuda en route to the
Map of Carolina (1676)
establishment of the settlement in the Carolinas. Sayle
arrived in Carolina aboard a Bermuda sloop with a number
of Bermudian families to found the town of Charleston. In 1670, William Sayle, then in his
eighties, became the first Colonial Governor of the colony of Carolina.[12][13] Many of the other
colonists were planters from Barbados. The "Charles Town" settlement, as it was known then,
developed more rapidly than the Albemarle and Cape Fear settlements due to the advantages of
a natural harbor and expanding trade with the West Indies. Charles Town was made the
principal seat of government for the entire province; Lord Shaftesbury specified its street plan.
The nearby Ashley and Cooper rivers are named for him.

Due to their remoteness from each other, the northern and southern sections of the colony
operated more or less independently until 1691, when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of
the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained
under one government. The north continued to have its own assembly and council; the governor
resided in Charles Towne and appointed a deputy-governor for the north. During this period,
the two-halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South
Carolina.

Government
In 1669, the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina divided the colony of Carolina into two
provinces, Albemarle province in the north and Clarendon province in the south.[14] Due to
dissent over the governance of the colony, and the distance between settlements in the northern

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half and settlements in the southern half, in 1691 a deputy governor was appointed to
administer the northern half of Carolina (Albemarle province).[15] In 1712, the two provinces
became separate colonies, the colony of North Carolina (formerly Albemarle province) and the
colony of South Carolina (formerly Clarendon province).[16]

Carolina was the first of three colonies in North America settled by the English to have a
comprehensive plan. Known as the Grand Model, or Grand Modell, it was composed of a
constitution and detailed guidelines for settlement and development. The constitution, titled
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, was drafted by the philosopher John Locke under the
direction of Anthony Ashley Cooper (later made Earl of Shaftesbury).[17]

From 1708 to 1710, due to disquiet over attempts to establish the Anglican church in the
province, the people were unable to agree on a slate of elected officials; consequently, there was
no recognized and legal government for more than two years, a period which culminated in
Cary's Rebellion when the Lords Proprietors finally commissioned a new governor. This
circumstance, coupled with the Tuscarora War and the Yamasee War, and the inability of the
Lords Proprietors to act decisively, led to separate governments for North and South Carolina.

Some take this period as the establishment of separate colonies, but that did not officially occur
until 1729 when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to the Crown, and
both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies. The eighth share was Sir George
Carteret's, which had passed to his great-grandson John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville. He
retained ownership of a sixty-mile-wide strip of land in North Carolina adjoining the Virginia
boundary, which became known as the Granville District. This district was to become the scene
of many disputes, from 1729 until the American Revolutionary War, at which time it was seized
by the North Carolina revolutionary government. Governments under proprietary rule and
under crown rule were similarly organized. The primary difference was who was to appoint the
governing officials: the Lords Proprietors or the Sovereign.

Although the division between the northern and southern governments became complete in
1712, both colonies remained in the hands of the same group of proprietors. A rebellion against
the proprietors broke out in Charlestown, South Carolina (now spelled Charleston) in 1719
which led to the appointment of a royal governor for South Carolina in 1719. In 1729, North
Carolina would become a royal colony.[18]

Demographics
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1660 1,000 —
1670 4,050 +305.0%
1680 6,630 +63.7%
1690 11,500 +73.5%
1700 16,424 +42.8%
1710 26,003 +58.3%
Source: 1660–1710;[19]

References
1. "Charter of Carolina – March 24, 1663" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090207040908/htt
p://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nc01.asp). Avalon Law. Lillian Goldman Law Library,

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Yale Law School. 2008. Archived from the original (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/n

c01.asp) on February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2016. "Know ye, that we of our
further grace, certain knowledge, and meer motion, have thought fit to erect the same tract
of ground, county, and island, into a province, and out of the fulness of our royal power and
prerogative, we do, for us, our heirs and successors, erect, incorporate and ordain the same
into a province, and call it the Province of Carolina,..."
2. Poore, Ben. Perley, ed. (1877). The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and
Other Organic Laws of the United States, Volume II (https://archive.org/details/federalstatec
ons02poor/page/1382/mode/2up). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 1382–1390.
OCLC 958743486 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958743486) – via Internet Archive.
3. Cummings, William (1998). The Southeast in Early Maps, Third Edition. Chapel Hill, North
Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 14. ISBN 0807823716.
4. N. C. Board of Agriculture (1902). A sketch of North Carolina. Charleston: Lucas-Richardson
Co. p. 4. OL 6918901M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6918901M).
5. "NHC Public Library – New Hanover County – North Carolina" (http://www.nhcgov.com/Libra
ry/Documents/History+of+the+Lower+Cape+Fear.pdf) (PDF). New Hanover County.
6. "Part IV, Chapter 42" (http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/marshall/country/country-IV-42.
html). Digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
7. Crane, Vernon (1928). The Southern Frontier 1670–1732. University of North Carolina.
8. "Charter of Carolina – March 24, 1663" (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nc01.asp).
December 18, 1998. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
9. Peter Charles Hoffer (December 14, 2006). The Brave New World: A History of Early
America (https://archive.org/details/bravenewworldhis0000hoff_a3b3). JHU Press. p. 323 (ht
tps://archive.org/details/bravenewworldhis0000hoff_a3b3/page/323).
ISBN 978-0-8018-8483-2.
10. Patricia Riles Wickman (March 2, 1999). The Tree that Bends: Discourse, Power, and the
Survival of Maskoki People (https://books.google.com/books?id=AfxLUWRSkHwC).
University of Alabama Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8173-0966-4.
11. Verner Crane (1928). The Southern Frontier 1670–1732 (https://books.google.com/books?id
=4voBZqHuCIUC&pg=PA6). University of Alabama Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8173-5082-6.
12. The Exodus, by Michael Jarvis, in The Bermudian magazine, June 2001.
13. In the Eye of All Trade, by Michael Jarvis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
(2010). ISBN 9780807872840.
14. Richard Middleton, Colonial America: A History (Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley Blackwell,
1992), p. 125.
15. Charles McLean Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History, Volume III (New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1934), p. 258.
16. Alan Taylor, American Colonies: The Settlement of North America (New York: Penguin
Books, 2001), 226.
17. Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of
Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
Chapter 1.
18. North Carolina Became a Royal Colony (https://www.ncdcr.gov/blog/2016/07/25/north-caroli
na-became-royal-colony). ncdcr.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
19. Purvis, Thomas L. (1999). Balkin, Richard (ed.). Colonial America to 1763 (https://archive.or
g/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128). New York: Facts on File. pp. 128–129 (http
s://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128). ISBN 978-0816025275.

External links

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Works by or about Province of Carolina (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subj

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29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive

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