Chemicals For The Rubber Industry

1

Chemicals for the Rubber Industry

Luis Antonio Tormento

5 Edition
to
April/2019

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Summary

Topic Page

Introduction 3
About LT Chemicals 4
Rubber Accelerators 5
Rubber Accelerator Selection 6
MBT (1)
7
MBTS (1)
11
ZMBT (1)
13
CBS (1)
16
TBBS (1)
20
MBS (1)
24
DCBS (1)
27
TMTD (1)
29
TMTM (1)
32
TETD (1)
35
ZDMC (1)
36
ZDEC (1)
38
ZDBC (1)
41
ZBPD (1)
44
DTDM (1)
46
ZIX (1)
50
ZBX ( 1)
51
DOTG ( 1)
52
CTP ( 1)
54
TMQ ( 1)
60
SP (1)
64
IPPD (1)
66
6PPD (1)
69
Appendix 1: Vulcanization 72
Appendix 2: Oxidation chemistry and antioxidant action 77
References 82
Revision Log 83

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Introduction

The goal of this manual is to provide information about the general use of the
main chemicals used in the rubber industry, its function and its effect on compounds
and rubber products.

This series of texts compile the available information on accelerators, antioxidants and
retardants to assist the rubber compounder in the selection of the best vulcanization or
protection system for various types of rubber applications.
We hope this manual will become a useful and interesting tool to share with our market.

Luis Tormento
LT Quimicos

LT Químicos
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LT Químicos is present in the rubber market, reselling products or acting as an agent of

several companies on the rubber sector.
LT Químicos operates in several segments: it sells raw materials to the rubber or plastic
sectors and equipment for deburring rubber artifacts.
LT Químicos started its activities in 1997, intending to offer innovative products and
technologies combined with excellent technical service. Over the years its product
portfolio has been growing, its operations in other markets have also been expanding.
LT Químicos is present in the following markets and industries:

· Rubber industry
· Plastic industry
· Chemicals for several applications.

LT Químicos offers technology to:
• Deburring of rubbers and plastics
• Mold cleaning
• Applications in rubber and plastic

Note:
With the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this publication is
accurate; however, the author assumes no responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness or consequences of such information. This article is for informational
purposes only. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for their use by the author. The ultimate
determination of the suitability of any information or product for any use, and
how it is used, is the sole responsibility of the user. Anyone wishing to rely on any
recommendations for materials or procedures mentioned in this publication must
be independently satisfied as to their suitability and must comply with all
applicable health and safety standards.

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RUBBER ACCELERATORS

Rubber accelerators play an important role in the vulcanization process - in Appendix 1
we have a detailed explanation about it.
Accelerators can be classified into several classes:

(a) organic or inorganic;
b) acidic or basic,
c) the chemical composition or
d) curing speed (slow, medium, fast and ultra-fast).
It is common to classify them for easy understanding by chemical structure, as shown in

the table below:
Class Common Representative Speed of Vulcanization
Benzothiazoles MBT Slow
MBTS
ZMBT
Sulphenamides CBS Fast but with

TBBS delayed action
MBS
DCBS
Thiurams TMTD Very fast

TMTM
TETD
TBzTD
Dithiocarbamates ZDMC Very fast

ZDEC
ZDBC
Guanidines DPG Slow

DOTG
Dithiophosphates ZBPD Very fast
Xanthates ZIX Very fast

ZBX
Sulfur donor DTDM Very fast
Functionally, the accelerators may also be classified into two major categories: primary
and secondary, and we can cite in the first category, sulphenamides and thiazoles,, and
in the second – guanidines, thiurams, and dithiocarbamates.
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Accelerator Selection for Rubber Compounds

Before selecting an accelerator system for the manufacture of a particular rubber
product, the following parameters must be taken into account:
 Solubility in the rubber – it is necessary to have high solubility, to avoid
staining (blooming), and improve the dispersion in the rubber compound.
 Operations and processing temperatures whereby the rubber compound will
pass.
 Suitable scorch time for processing and storage stability, 'free from burnt
materials'
 The cure rate requirements
 Desired Reversal Characteristics
 Vulcanization method to use (heat transfer mode)
 Maximum vulcanization temperature achievable
 Desired cure cycle at available vulcanization method and temperature
 Required properties of a vulcanized artifact
 Effectiveness over a wide range of cure temperatures and suitability for use
with different polymer mixtures
 The accelerator system cannot interfere with other processes such as bonding,
aging, adhesion to non-rubber materials.
 The product and / or its decomposition products, cannot offer health risks
 Accelerator stability as a chemical product

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BENZOTHIAZOLES
MBT

- It is an accelerator semi ultrafast for NR, SBR, BR, NBR and other diene rubbers
with high unsaturation.
- Disperse rapidly in rubber compounds
- Act as a light peptizer for NR and CR.
- is a retarder vulcanization accelerated rubber compound accelerated with (TMTD
/ TMTM) / dithiocarbamates (ZDEC, ZDBC) or ETU as main accelerator.
- Even in relatively small amounts, MBT shows a significant effect on reducing
thiurams and dithiocarbamates activity.
- It also works as a retarder of CR-based compounds.
The action of MBT on the Vulcanization:
- has a broad spectrum of vulcanization and is very active above 115°C.
- confers a characteristic of vulcanization constant for the polyisoprene rubber
(NR, for example) and compounds exhibit their ability to support longer
vulcanization.
- However, the MBT because of its pre- vulcanization tendency by nature; On the
other hand, its rate and vulcanization state obtained are comparatively lower than
sulphenamide accelerators such as CBS and TBBS.
Thus, when used alone, comparatively, MBT has lower tensile and resilience
properties. However, in combinations with other accelerators marked
improvements are observed.
- With the use of MBT, normal quantities of oxide of zinc and stearic acid are
necessary as activators of vulcanization based on sulfur.
Q hen used alone, MBT shows m will response to a low-sulfur system in
vulcanization. However, in combination with other basic accelerators such as
TMTM and TMTD, it favors the formation of good vulcanization systems with any
sulfur content.
- MBT can be activated to improve vulcanization rate and state using low levels of
basic accelerators such as DOTG, DPG, TMTM, TMTD, and ZDC.MBT can cause
slight pre- vulcanization, reversal, and aging resistance, especially when using
booster dithiocarbamates.
- Vulcanization systems using MBT can be retarded by small amounts of CTP
retarder or others such as phthalic anhydride, salicylic acid, etc.
The addition of a greater amount of stearic acid or partial replacement for MBT
sulphenamides also are tools used to control the pre-vulcanization (scorch).
- Acts as a retardant in the case of rubber with low unsaturation content (e.g., IIR /
EPDM) and vulcanized with thiurams or dithiocarbamates.
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In compounds of EPDM, MBT dosage is maintained below 2.5-3.0 phr to avoid

efflorescence of dithiocarbamate type accelerators.
- MBT is generally avoided in black-charged halogenated rubber compounds due to
its tendency to pre-vulcanize; however, it can be used in colored compounds to
accelerate vulcanization.
The MBT, by itself, does not discolor vulcanized colored artifacts; the meantime
slight yellowing effect is observed when colored products are exposed to sunlight.
The effect of MBT on discoloring colored products is minimal.
- MBT and other thiazole-class accelerators are particularly preferred in rubber
applications attached to metal surfaces due to the absence of free amines.

APPLICATIONS:
The MBT and their combinations with accelerators activation (booster) are used
extensively in NR compounds, SBR, NR / SBR / BR, NBR, IIR, EPDM and other
compounds based rubbers synthetic used in the manufacture of tires for
motorcycles, butyl inner tube, bicycle tires, and innertube, belts, retreading,
footwears product cured on hot air, hoses, cables and various molded and
extruded rubber.
STORAGE: (Note 1)
Stable for 4 years under normal conditions (lower if stored at high temperature or
tropical environment)

APPLICATIONS:
MBT and its combinations with booster accelerators are used extensively in NR, SBR,
NR / SBR / BR, NBR, IIR, EPDM compounds and other synthetic rubber compounds
used in the manufacture of motorcycle and scooter tires, butyl tubes, tires and bicycle
chambers, belts, retreading materials, footwear, hot air vulcanized products, hoses,
cables and various molded and extruded rubber.

STORAGE: (Note 1)

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Typical MBT Dosages (2)
Product Rubber Accelerator / Sulfur (phr)

MBT MBTS MBS TMTD ZDEC S
Motorcycles, scooters NR-SBR / 0.8-1.0 - - 0.07- - 2.2-
and tires inner tubes BR ** 0.15 2.75 *
IIR 0.5 - - 1.0 0-0.2 1.5
Tread of bicycles NR-B R 0.6 ** 0.3 - 0.1- - 2.0-2.5
0.15
NR / SBR / 0.8 ** 0.4 - 0.1-0.2 - 2.2
BR
Coverage - Conveyor NR 0.7 ** 0.25 - 0-0.15 - 2.75 *
Belt
SBR 1.0 ** 0.4 - 0-0.2 - 2.2
Transmission belts
General use NR 0.3 - 0.8 - - 3.0
Heat resistant NR 0.5 - - 2.0-2.5 - 0.3
V-belt
Base NR 0.2 - 0.6 ** - - 3.0
Cushion NR 0.4 - 0.6 ** - - 2.4
Recapping
Cushion NR 0.2 - 0.7 * - - 2.4 *
- Hot Vulcanization
Cushion NR 1.0 - 0.7 * TMTM - 2.4 *
- Cold Vulcanization 0.2
Vulcanizing Solution NR 0.6 0.4 - - - 4.0 *
Footwear
DV sole NR-SBR 0.8 - - 0.2-0.3 - 2.0
Microcellular Sole NR-SBR 0.6 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2.2
Sole Neolite NR-SBR 0.7 0.3 - 0.1-0.2 - 2.5
Vulcanized with hot air
Rubberized fabric and NR 0.8 - - - 0.3-0.4 2.5
Rubber blades
Cables NR 1.0 - - TMTM - 1.2
-
0.2-0.3
SBR 1.5 - - TMTM - 1.0
-
0.2-0.3
Note: * Insoluble Sulfur (100% active base)
** pre-vulcanization inhibitor can be incorporated 0.2-0.5 phr to ensure resistance to scorch.

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MBT Vulcanization Systems for EPDM Artifacts (3)
Accelerator Vulcanization System (phr)
A B Ç D E
MBT 0.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5
TMTD 1.5 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8
ZDEC - - - 0.8 -
ZDBC - 2.5 2.5 1.0 -
CBS - - 1.0 - -
TeDEDC - - 1.0 - 0.8
DPTTS - - - - 0.8
S 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.0 0.5
Vulcanization System Features
A Low cost, medium vulcanization rate, satisfactory physical properties, can stain
B General Purpose, Very Good Vulcanization Rate and Vulcanized Properties, No Staining
Ç Low permanent deformation, fast vulcanization rate, good properties of the vulcanizate, No

staining.
D Low cost, fast vulcanization rate, good vulcanized properties, no staining
E General purpose, vulcanization rate very fast and excellent properties of the vulcanized, it will

stain with pre-vulcanization

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MBTS

- It is a semi-fast accelerator for NR, SBR, NBR BR, and other high
unsaturated rubbers.
- Rapidly disperse in rubber compounds and acts as a retarder in the CR based
compounds CR (depending on CR type used).
- It is a vulcanization retarder in rubber compounds using thiurams (TMTM /
TMTD) as the main accelerator and reduces the efflorescence of thiuram.
- It has a wide range of vulcanization at the processing temperatures of rubber
compounds and is safer than MBT.
- It is very active at temperatures above 140°C, giving constant vulcanization
characteristics for polyisoprene rubbers (e.g., NR).
- Normal amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid are necessary as activators
of sulfur-based vulcanization systems with the use of MBTS.
- MBTS accelerated vulcanization systems can be activated by small amounts of
DOTG, DPG, TMTM, TMTD, ZDEC, etc.
- When a dithiocarbamate is used to activate the accelerating system, with
accelerated vulcanization systems, MBTS may be used to improve the rate and
state of vulcanization with good resistance to scorch, the reversal and the aging
resistance.

If necessary, MBTS-based systems may be retarded with CTP or another acid
retardant. The response to CTP to systems cured with thiazol-base is a little slow in
relation to accelerating sulphenamide class accelerators.

- May and safely be used to produce rubber products not discoloring and non-
staining and is particularly suitable for the rubber-metal junction.
- Shows greater retarding effect when compared to the MBT in IIR compounds
(for example, butyl tubes / extruded, etc.).
- Serves as an oxidizing agent for GMF / Dibenzo GMF forming nitroso groups
for rapid crosslinking of diene rubbers. MBTS also is used in
compounds with based halogenated butyl rubber.

MBTS dosages are maintained below 3.0 phr to prevent the efflorescence of
thiurams/dithiocarbamates in EPDM rubber compounds.

APPLICATIONS:
The MBTS and combinations thereof with activation accelerators are used in NR, SBR,
mixtures of SBR, NR / BR, NBR, IIR, EPDM and other compounds based on synthetic
rubbers, used to manufacture tires of motorcycles and scooters, butyl inner
tubes, tires and bicycle innertubes, belts, retreading, footwear, hot
air vulcanized products and various molded and extruded products.

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STORAGE: (Note 1)

Typical MBTS Dosages (2)

MBTS MBT MBS TMTD ZDEC S
Motorcycles, scooters NR-SBR / 1.0-1.2 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2.2-
and tires BR ** 2.75 *
Innertubes IIR 0.3-0.4 - - 1.0 0-0.2 1.5
BIIR 0.5 - - - 0.1 0.5
Tread of bicycles NR-B R 0.8-1.0 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2.0-2.5
**
Casing NR / BR 1.0-1.2 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2.2
**
NR 1.0-1.2 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2.5-3.0
**
Conveyor Belt Cover NR 0.8 ** 0.2 - 0-0.15 - 2.75 *
SBR 1.2-1.5 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2.2
**
Drive belt
General use NR 0.3 - 0.8 - - 3.0
Heat resistant NR 0.4 - - 2.0-2.5 - 0.3
V-belt
Base NR 0.2 - 0.6 ** - - 3.0
Cushion NR 0.4 - 0.6 ** - - 2.4
Retread
Cushion NR 0.2 - 0.7 * - - 2.4 *
- Hot Vulcanization
Cushion NR 0.6 0.4 - TMTM - 2.4 *
- Cold Vulcanization 0.2
Vulcanizing Solution NR 1.2 - - - - 4.0 *
Footwear
DV sole NR-SBR 0.7 0.3 - 0.1-0.2 - 2.2
Microcellular Sole NR-SBR 1.0 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2,3
Sole Neolite NR-SBR 1.0 - - 0.1-0.2 - 2.5
Hot air vulcanized
Rubberized fabric and NR 0.4 0.4 - - 0.3 2.5
rubber blades
Cables NR 1.0 - - TMTM - 1.2
0.3
SBR 1.6 - - TMTM - 1.0
0.3
Miscellaneous Products NR 0.8-1.0 - - 0-0.2 - 2.4
Molded and SBR 1.2-1.5 - - 0-0.2 - 2.2
Extruded NBR 1.2-1.5 - - 0-0.2 - 1.5
EPDM 3.0 - - 0.75 ZDBC 0.5
1.5
MBTS is also used in the following compounds / products
- Interior of Chlorobutyl tires (Bias tires): MBTS-0,75 + Alkyl phenol disulfide-1,2 + ZnO-5,0
- Interior of Bromobutyl (Radial) tires: MBTS-1,25 + ZnO-3,0 + S-0,4
- Bromobutyl OTR Innertubes: MBTS-1,2 + TMTD-1,7 + ZnO-4,0
- Bromobutyl tank liner: MBTS-1,0 + TMTD-0,5 + ZnO-5,0 + S-0,5
** Pre-vulcanization inhibitor can be incorporated from 0.2-0.5 phr.
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ZMBT

- It is a semi-fast accelerator for NR, SBR, NBR, BR and other diene rubbers.
- Its critical vulcanization temperature is about 120°C and compounds of dry
rubber or latex base will be cured rapidly at 125°C.
- The vulcanization state developed by ZMBT is slightly lower than
MBT; however, security for pre vulcanization is much higher and thus can be
used in replace of MBT to control the pre-vulcanization.
- It is mainly used in the composition of latex with ZDC/ZDBC to improve the
state of vulcanization.
- ZMBT improves the aging characteristics of vulcanized NR latex-based
compounds and does not affect the stability of NR latex-based compounds.

It is easily dispersed in water with the presence of dispersing agents (for example, salt
of sodium polymerized alkyl naphthalene sulphone acid); it is used usually as a
dispersion of 50% in water to applications in latex compounds.

It has a stimulating effect on NR latex due to its thixotropic nature and this property
favors the formation of NR latex foam. When this property is not desired, the effect of
thixotropy can be removed by shaking.

When used for the manufacture of latex foam, the combinations of ZMBT and
ZDEC produced latex foam with a high modulus of compression when vulcanized at
110°C.
One can reduce the components' dosage in the foam latex for optimizing/adjusting
the period of gelation.

- When the ZMBT is used in the composition of rubber, normal quantities of zinc oxide
and stearic acid; however, the dosage of zinc oxide can be considerably reduced
for specific applications.

- May be activated by small quantities of accelerators base such as TMTM, TMTD,
DPG, ZDC, etc., or even other basic materials. If necessary, acid retardants or CTP may
be used to reduce (retard) the onset of vulcanization.

- systems curing with a high amount of accelerator - low sulfur based on
ZMBT offers m excellent resistance to heat the vulcanized NR.
ZMBT also acts as an effective retarder for the vulcanization of thiurams
and dithiocarbamate based systems as primary accelerators.

The method recommended for the preparation of the dispersion will ZMBT to 50% for
the latex composition is given below:

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Ingredient Dry base Wet Base

ZMBT, pbw 50 50
10% dispersing agent solution, pbw 1 10
10% KOH solution, pbw 0.5 5th
Soft kaolin, pbw 0.5 0.5
Water pbw - 34.5
Total 52.0 100.0
Note: Dispersing Agent: alkylated naphthalene sulfonic acid polymerized sodium salt

METHOD:
Carry ZMBT, dispersing agent and a part of water; grind to a paste.
Add soft kaolin, the remaining quantity of water, a solution of KOH at 10% and
Mo ether in a ball mill for 24 to 48 hours, depending on the requirements of the product
to be manufactured.

APPLICATIONS:
- ZMBT, in combination with ZDEC, is mainly used in compositions of NR
latex/Synthetic rubber latex for the manufacture of foam of foam fiber coconut, carpet
coating, wire latex, battery separators and other product the base latex.
- ZMBT, in combination with accelerators activation, is used in compounds of dry
rubber base for manufacturing soles and heels of shoes s, footwear is cured by hot air
and other molded and extruded products.

STORAGE: (Note 1)

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Typical ZMBT Dosages (2)

ZMBT ZDEC ZDBC TMTD DPG s
Latex Products
Latex foam Latex NR 1.0 1.0 - - 0.6 2.0
Latex Mattresses Latex NR 1.0 1.0 - - - 2.0
Expanded carpet base Latex
The. Low density NR-SBR 1.0 0.5 - - - 1.5
B. High density NR-SBR 1.5 1.5 - - - 2.5
Latex Yarn
A. Translucent Latex NR 1.5 - 0.25 - - 1.75
B. Heat resistant Latex NR 1.5 - 0.5 DPTT - -
2.0
ç. General use Latex NR 1.0 0.6 - - - 1.75
Battery separators Latex NR 1.0 1.0 - - - 40.0
Household Glove Latex NR 1.0 0.2 - - 1.2 2.5
Condoms Latex NR 0.75 - 0.75 - - 0.75
Latex Cast Products Latex NR 0.70 0.70 - - - 1.40
Solid Rubber Products
Damping cushion NR 1.0 - - 0.5 - Ins. S
( Hot vulcanization ) 2.8
Rubber coating NR-SBR 2.5 1.0 - - - 2.5
Molded Artifacts
General use NR / SBR 0.8-1.2 - - 0-1.5 - 1.6-2.2
Heat resistant NR / SBR 1.5 - - 0.5 - 0.5
Resistant to high NR / SBR 3.0 - - 0.1 - 1.0
temperature
Translucent Products NR / IR 0.6 - 0.2 - - 1.0-1.5
Extruded Products NR 1.2 - - - 0.3-0.4 1.8-2.2
Cables NR-SBR 3.0-3.5 - - 0.15 - 1.2
Note: Inhibitor scorch can be incorporated 0.2-0.5 phr to ensure resistance to scorch

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SULPHENAMIDES
CBS
- One of the sulphenamides accelerator with delayed action for NR, SBR, BR, NBR,
and other diene rubber vulcanized with sulfur and sulfur donor systems

- Normal quantities of zinc oxide and stearic acid are required for all sulphenamide
accelerators.
However, excessive dosage of stearic acid does not offer additional advantages, such as
in the case of thiazoles.
The normal dosage is CBS will be in the range of 0.5-1.0 phr on conventional
vulcanizing systems; 1.5-2.0 phr for a semi-EV vulcanization system and 3.0-5.0 phr for
low sulfur EV systems.
- CBS is used at a dose 1.0 phr for effective retarding of the vulcanization system
called sulphurless, with thiuram type accelerators.

- It is very active above the temperature vulcanization of140 °C; consequently it offers
great security on processing and Pre-vulcanization during operations of processing and
composition of rubbers (for example, for extrusion, calendering, etc.)

- Enhance the storage life of rubber compounds processed, with regarding thiazole
accelerators.

- CBS and other sulphenamide accelerators are preferred when furnace black is used in
the composition of tread (which are basic in nature and generate substantial heat during
the step of processing NR / BR / SBR compounds) .
However, prolonged and repeated processing above 120 ° C should be avoided,
especially in the absence of adequate CTP to minimize the risk of “burn”.

- CBS and other sulphenamide type accelerators are generally incorporated into
the rubber compound at the end of the mixing cycle when the temperature will be above
the point of fusion of the accelerator and ensures suitable dispersion.
However, excessive heat generation should be avoided to prevent the decomposition of
the sulphenamide accelerators. In this case, the sulphenamide accelerator is added in a
later stage; use in the form of a masterbatch is recommended.

- When used alone, CBS presents rate vulcanization more rapidly (over 140 ° C), higher
state of vulcanization and moderate effect when compared with accelerators like thiazol.
Vulcanizates based on CBS or other sulphenamide accelerators exhibit a typical odor of
"amine" and exhibit higher properties of stress-strain and better resist fatigue
flex resistance comparing to thiols.

- CBS and other sulphenamide type accelerators may also be activated using small
proportions of thiurams or dithiocarbamate accelerators with a good compromise of
processing security, resistance to revision and resistance to aging.
The use of DPG / DOTG as active acceleration is usually avoided because
of their tendency to give more accumulation of heat in rubber compounds in
comparison with curing systems thiuram activated.
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The CTP is a Pre-vulcanization inhibitor very effective for sulphenamide systems
or activated with sulphenamides, without any action on the rate of vulcanization.
The improvement in safety to pre-vulcanization is directly proportional to the dosage of
CTP and therefore the minimum amount necessary for obtain pre-vulcanization
security can be easily determined.
The use of CTP overdose should be avoided to avoid delay in
the onset of vulcanization, and affect the state of vulcanization to a certain extent.

- CBS and other sulphenamide accelerators decompose rapidly in the presence of
vapour ; Therefore, it is preferred for the production of rubber products cured in open
steam, requiring fast onset of vulcanization for the shape retention. However, due to the
delay in the onset of vulcanization in the absence of moisture,
sulphenamide accelerators are not preferred for product vulcanized in hot air.

- CBS alone present no staining. However, when large amounts are used, slight
yellowing effect may be observed on colored or white rubber compounds when exposed
to sunlight.

APPLICATIONS:
CBS alone or in combination with small amounts of active accelerator , is widely
used in NR, SBR, NR / BR blend NR / BR / SBR , NBR compounds and other synthetic
rubber compounds , used for the manufacture of tires for automobiles , motorcycle
tires , belts (transport transmission, V belts and fans), retreading pneumatic and
materials repairs, footwears, hoses, cables, molded products by injection and
compression/ transfer , as well as extruded rubber products.

STORAGE: (Note 1)
Stable for 1 year under normal conditions (lower if stored at high temperature or

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Typical Dosages of CBS ( 4 )

CBS MBTS TMTD TMTM CTP s
Tires for cars
Tread NR 0.5-0.7 - - - 0.10- 2.4 *
0.15
NR-BR 1.2 - - 0-0.25 0.10- 1.5 *
0.15
SBR-BR 1.4 - - 0-0.25 0.10- 1.7 *
0.20
NR-SBR 0.8 - - 0-0.10 0.10- 2.0 *
0.15
Casing NR 0.7-0.8 - - 0-0.20 0.15- 2.4 *
0.20
NR-SBR 1.0 - - 0-0.20 0.15- 2.2 *
0.20
NR-BR 1.0-1.2 - - 0-0.10 0.15- 2.2 *
0.20
Tread Bikes
Tread NR-B R 1.0 - 0.1- - 0.1-0.2 2.4
0.15
NR-SR 1.2 - 0.15- - 0.10- 2.0
0.20 0.20
Conveyor belt
General use NR 0.7 0.2 - - 0.15 2.4
N R-SBR 1.2 - - - 0.15 1.75
Heat resistant NR-SBR 1.5 - 0.5 - 0.25 0.50
drive belt NR 0.8 - 0.1 - 0.15 3.0
V-belt
Base NR 0.6 0.2 - - 0.2 3.0
Pillow NR 0.75 0.1 - - 0.15 2.4
Friction NR 0.75 0.1 - - 0.15 2.4
Recapping
Hot vulcanization NR 0.6 - - - 0.20 2.4 *
NR-BR 0.9 0.3 - - 0.15 1.7 *
Pre- cures the NR-BR 0.9 0.3 - - 0.10 1.6
Cushion NR 0.7 - - - 0.15 2.5 *
- Hot Vulcanization
Footwear
DV sole NR-SBR 1.0 0.3 0.1 - 0.1 2.0
Soles and Heels NR-SBR 1.0 0.3 0.1 - 0.1 2.0
Hoses
Pipe NR 0.8-1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 2.2
NR-SR 1.0-1.2 - 0.2 - 0.1 1.5
NBR 1.5 - 0.5 - 0.1 1.5
Roof NBR 0.7 - 0.1 - 0.15 1.8
NR 0.8 - 0.1 - 0.15 2.2
Cables NR 1.0 - 0.2 ZDEC 0.15 1.2
0.2
Injected NR 0.6 - - - 0.3 2.4
Molded and extruded
NR 0.7 - 0.15 - 0.1 2.2
NR-SeEV 1.5 - 0.5 - 0.1 1.4
NR-EV 3.0 - - - - 0.5
SBR 1.0 - 0.2 - 0.1 2.2
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SBR-SeEV 2.0 - 0.5 - 0.1 0.75

SBR-EV 1.5 - 3.0 - 0.2 0.3
NBR 1.0 - 0.15 - 0.1 1.5
NBR-SeEV 1.0 - 1.0 - - 1.0
NBR-EV 2.0 - 3.0 - - 0.3

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TBBS

- It is a delayed acting sulfenamide type accelerator for compounds of NR, SBR, BR,
NBR and other sulfur / sulfur donor vulcanized diene rubbers.
- It has very good storage stability compared to other sulfenamide accelerators.
- Normal TBBS dosage is in the range of 0.5-1.0 phr in conventional vulcanization

systems; 1.5-2.0 phr for Semi-EV vulcanization systems and 3.0-4.0 phr for low sulfur
EV type vulcanization systems.
- It is very active above 140 ° C, and offers better security processing in
comparation with the CBS.
- It is very active above 140 ° C, and offers better processing security compared to CBS.
When used alone, above 160 ° C, it has a rapid vulcanization rate, almost equal to that
of CBS. However, the vulcanization state achieved with TBBS is approximately 10%
higher (but lower than thiazole accelerators).
At temperatures above 125 ° C, in prolonged and repeated processing, to minimize the

risk of burning, CTP should be used in conjunction with TBBS.
TBBS vulcanized synthetic rubber artifacts have superior modulus, superior tensile
strength, strength and elastic properties comparable to vulcanized artifacts with other
sulfenamide based accelerators.
Like other sulfenamide accelerators, TBBS is typically incorporated into the rubber
compound at the end of the mixing cycle when the material temperature is above the
TBBS melting point to ensure proper accelerator dispersion and dissolution.
If TBBS is to be added at a later stage, it is recommended to use a masterbatch.
-The TBBS-based vulcanization system can be further activated using small amounts of
thiuram or dithiocarbamate accelerators; however, thiurams (TMTM, TMTD) are
preferred.
Activation using thiurams or dithiocarbamates is associated with compromised
processing safety, reversal resistance and aging resistance.
The use of DPG / DOTG as secondary accelerators should generally be avoided.
CTP is a highly effective vulcanization inhibitor with TBBS, showing about 10% better
response than CBS.
Improved processing security is in linear proportion to the amount of CTP used: thus,
the exact dosage of CTP to achieve the desired processing security can be easily
determined.
Excessive use of CTP should be avoided.
- TBBS and other sulfenamide accelerators break down rapidly in the presence of vapor;
It is therefore preferred for the production of open vapor vulcanized rubber products
which require rapid onset of vulcanization for shape retention.
However, due to the delay in the onset of vulcanization in the absence of moisture,
sulfenamide accelerators are not preferred for hot air vulcanized products.
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TBBS by itself does not stain; however, with the use of high amounts, a slight
yellowing effect can be observed on white / colored compounds when exposed to
sunlight.
APPLICATIONS
TBBS alone or in combination with small amounts of activation accelerators is widely
used in NR, SBR, NR / BR / SBR blends, NBR and other synthetic rubber compounds,
used for: manufacture of sidewalk tire treads , carcasses, tires and bicycle chambers, V-
belts, retreading of tires and repair materials, footwear, hoses, cables, injection molded
and various compression / transfer molded products, as well as extruded rubber
products.
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TBBS Typical Dosages ( 4 )

TBBS MBTS TMTD TMTM CTP s
Car tires
Tread NR 0.4-0.6 - - - 0.10- 2.4 *
0.15
NR-BR 1.2 - - 0-0.2 0.1 2 1.6 *
SBR-BR 1 25 4 - - 0-0.2 0.10- 1, 6 *
0.20
NR-SBR 0 75 - - 0-0.10 0.10- 2.0 *
0.15
Casing NR 0, 6 -0, - - 0-0.20 0.15- 2.4 *
7 0.20
NR-SBR 0.9 - - 0-0.20 0.15- 2.2 *
0.20
NR-BR 1.0 - - 0-0.10 0.15- 2.2 *
0.20
Tread Bikes
Tread NR -BR 0.8 - 0.1- - From 2.4
0.15 0.1 to
0, 15
NR-SR 1.1 - 0.1 - - 0.10 to 2.0
0.1 5 0, 15
Conveyor belt
General use NR 0.6 0.2 - - 0.12 2.4
N R-SBR 1.2 - - - 0.12 1.75
Heat resistant NR-SBR 1.4 - 0.5 - 0.2 0.50
drive belt NR 0.7 - 0.1 - 0.15 3.0
V-belt
Base NR 0.5 0.2 - - 0.15 3.0
Pillow NR 0.6 0.1 - - 0.12 2.4
Friction NR 0.7 - - - 0.12 2.4
Recapping
Hot vulcanization NR 0.5 - - - 0.15 2.4 *
NR-BR 0.8 0.3 - - 0.15 1.7 *
Pre- cures the NR-BR 0, 8 - - - 0.12 1.6
Cushion NR 0.8 0.3 - - 0.1 2.5 *
- Hot Vulcanization
Footwear
DV sole NR-SBR 0.9 0.3 0.1 - 0.1 2.0
Soles and Heels NR-SBR 0.9 - 0.2 - 0.1 2.2
Hoses
Pipe NR 0.8 - 0.1 - 0.1 2.2
NR-SR 1.1 - 0.2 - 0.1 1.5
NBR 1.3 - 0.5 - 0.1 1.5
Roof NBR 0.7 - 0.1 - 0.15 1.8
NR 0.7 - 0.05 - 0.15 2.2
Cables NR 1.0 - 0.2 ZDEC 0.15 1.2
0.2
Injected NR 0.5 - - - 0.3 2.4
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Molded and extruded

NR 0.6 - 0.15 - 0.1 2.2
NR-SeEV 1.5 - 0.5 - 0.1 1.4
NR-EV 3.0 - - - - 0.5
SBR 1.0 - 0.2 - 0.1 2.2
SBR-SeEV 2.0 - 0.5 - 0.1 0.75
SBR-EV 1.5 - 3.0 - 0.2 0.3
NBR 1.0 - 0.15 - 0.1 1.5
NBR-SeEV 1.0 - 1.0 - - 1.0
NBR-EV 2.0 - 3.0 - - 0.3

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MBS

- It is a delayed-acting sulfenamide accelerator for NR, NR-BR, NR-SBR and other fine
particulate furnace black reinforced high-unsaturation synthetic rubber compounds
prone to excessive heat generation during processing operation .
- Normal amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid are required for vulcanization
activation of MBS-based compounds.
- It is used in the dosage of 0.5-1.0 phr for conventional vulcanization systems; 1.5 to
2.0 phr for Semi-EV vulcanization systems and 3.8 or more phr for low sulfur EV
vulcanization systems.
- It is very active above 140 ° C and offers better processing security compared to CBS
and TBBS.
- Compared to other sulfenamide accelerators, MBS vulcanized rubber compounds

exhibit excellent shelf life and retention of vulcanization activity during prolonged
storage.
- At vulcanization temperature, MBS is delayed at the beginning of vulcanization, along

with the faster vulcanization rate and a good plateau effect.
The crosslinking density obtained using MBS is approximately 6-8% lower than CBS
and 12-15% lower than TBBS when compared in equal dosage to these sulfenamides.
- The progressive increase in the amount of MBS as a sulfenamide accelerator shows

improvements in pre-vulcanization, vulcanization rate and vulcanization status.
- MBS accelerated vulcanized products have higher modulus, excellent properties under
dynamic conditions and less heat accumulation under dynamic stress.
- MBS accelerated semi-EV vulcanization systems provide better heat and aging
resistance.
- MBS is normally incorporated into rubber compounds at the end of the mixing cycle.
If MBS is to be added at a later stage, it is sufficient for the rubber compound to be
heated to 80-85 ° C to achieve excellent MBS dispersion and dissolution.
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MBS is a secondary amine-based sulfenamide accelerator (morpholine); therefore, it is

extremely sensitive to activation by DPG, DOTG, TMTM and ZDEC as well as the
CTP pre-vulcanization inhibitor.
Thus, when activation or use of CTP is required to retard the vulcanization system, very
small amounts of these products may produce the desired response.
When used in small quantities, MBS also activates the vulcanization rate; however,
thiuram (TMTM / TMTD) and dithiocarbamate accelerators are generally preferred as
activation accelerators to achieve the desired properties.
- Like other sulfenamide accelerators, MBS also decomposes rapidly in the presence of
steam and can be used to manufacture open vapor vulcanized products, requiring faster
initiation of vulcanization; However, the same advantage is not offered for hot air
vulcanized products in the absence of activation accelerators.
- MBS is an excellent accelerator for vulcanizing EPDM compounds when long process
safety and faster vulcanization rate is required.
A 3.5 phr MBS and 1.5 phr sulfur vulcanization system can be used to vulcanize
products such as dock fenders where long pre-vulcanization, excellent storage life and
faster vulcanization are required.
MBS is an effective retarder for EV vulcanization systems with tiuram.

The incorporation of MBS reduces the outcropping tendency in the vulcanized with
tiuram and contributes to improve the vulcanization state if sulfur is incorporated in
small amounts.
- Vulcanized based on MBS has a typical amine odor and bitterness; therefore, MBS is
generally avoided in the manufacture of rubber products intended for repeated contact
with food or medicine.
APPLICATIONS
MBS alone or in combination with small amounts of activation accelerator is widely
used in compounds of NR, SBR, NR-BR / SBR, NBR and other synthetic rubber
compounds used for: automobile tire manufacturing, tire retreading, conveyor and
conveyor belts, rubber products with thick cross sections, rubber molded products,
rubber shoes, injection molded products, cables and various molded and extruded
rubber.
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Typical MBS Dosages ( 4 )

MBS MBTS TMTD CTP s
Bus and truck tires
Tread NR-BR 1.1-1.2 - - 0.15- 1.5-1.6 *
0.20
Side NR-BR 0.9-1.0 - - 0.15- 1.8-2.0 *
0.20
Casing NR-SBR 0.8-1.2 - - 0.15- 2.0-2.4 *
0.20
Conveyor belt
General use NR 0.6-0.8 0.1-0.3 - 0.10- 2.3-2.5
0.20
Heat resistant NR-SBR 1.5 - 0.5 0.15- 0.5-0.7
0.20
V-belt
Base NR 0.5 0.2 - 0.10- 3.0
0.20
Pillow NR 0.5 0.2 - 0.15- 2.4
0.20
Friction NR 0.5 0.2 - 0.15- 2.75
0.20
Recapping
Hot vulcanization NR 0.5 - - 0.15 2.4 *
Pre- cures the NR-BR 0.8 - - 0.15 2.0 *
Cushion NR 0.2 - 0.10 1.6 -
- Hot Vulcanization
Footwear
DV sole NR-SBR 0.8 0.4 0.10 0.10 2.0
Soles and Heels NR-SBR 0.8 - 0.2 0.10 2.2
Injected NR 0.7 - - 0.25 2.4
Molded and extruded NR 0.7-0.8 - 0-0.2 0.10- 2.2-2.5
0.20
NR-SeEV 1.5-2.0 - 0.3-0.5 0.10- 0.8-1.0
0.20
NR-EV 2.5-3.0 - 0.5-0.6 - 0.3-0.5
SBR 1.0-1.2 0.20 0.1-0.2 - 2.0-2.2
SBR-SeEV 1.5-2.5 - 0.50 - 0.7-1.0
SBR-EV 1.5 - 2.5-3.5 - 0.3-0.5
NBR 1.0-1.2 0.2 0.1-0.2 - 1.5
NBR-SeEV 1.2-1.5 - 0.5-0.7 - 0.75
NBR-EV 2.0 - 3.0-4.0 - 0.3

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DCBS

- It is a delayed acting sulfenamide accelerator for fine particulate furnace carbon black
reinforced NR, NR-BR and NR-SBR compounds.
- Among all sulfenamide-class accelerators, DCBS confers the greatest delay to the
onset of vulcanization.
- It exhibits excellent storage stability and disperses easily into rubber compounds.
- Normal amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid are required for activation of DCBS
accelerated compound vulcanization.
- It is used in the 0.6-0.9 phr dosage in conventional NR compound based vulcanization

systems and in the 1.1-1.5 phr dosage in NR / BR and NR / SBR based compounds
sulfur
For compounds used in the radial tire casing belt, a higher amount of DCBS (up to 2.0
phr) is used together with a higher amount of insoluble sulfur (up to 4.5 phr) to achieve
the desired strength using cobalt salt-based binding agent.
- It is very active above 140 ° C and offers better processing safety compared to other
sulfenamide accelerators.
- Provides great flow properties in the mold, such as time to vulcanization time and very
good plateau effect.
- It is the most suitable accelerator for thick cross-section artifacts and compounds that
require storage stability of NR, NR / synthetic rubber-based raw compound reinforced
with fine particulate carbon blacks.
- DCBS-based vulcanisates have higher tensile strength, along with good resilience and
flexural cracking resistance.
However, DCBS has 25 to 30% higher vulcanization time and 12 to 15% lower
"vulcanization state" than MBS in the same compound, at equal dosage and
vulcanization conditions.
- The slower vulcanization rate of DCBS is a particular advantage where higher

adhesion / bonding is of primary importance (eg radial tire reinforced wire rope, metal
rubber components, etc.).
Like other sulfenamide accelerators, DCBS is generally incorporated into the rubber at
the end of the mixing cycle when the compound temperature is above the DCBS
melting point.
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To minimize the risk of pre-vulcanization, prolonged or repeated compound processing

at temperatures above 125 ° C should be avoided.
If necessary, CTP can be used at predetermined levels to improve processing security.
If the compound is accelerated at a later stage, it is recommended to use a DCBS
masterbatch.
- It is very sensitive to activation by basic secondary accelerators such as DPG, DOTG,

TMTM, TMTD, ZDC as well as the CTP pre-vulcanization inhibitor.
However, DCBS is not suitable for vulcanization with steam or hot air due to its
delayed action activity.
- Does not flourish in normal quantities and reduces the tendency to outcrop in thiuram /
dithiocarbamate accelerated vulcanisates as with MBS.
- DCBS vulcanized products have a typical amine odor and bitter taste and therefore
DCBS should be avoided for the manufacture of products intended for repeated use in
contact with food / medicines.

APPLICATIONS :
DCBS is widely used in fine particulate carbon black reinforced NR, NR-BR, SBR, NR,
SBR compounds that work in dynamic applications such as radial tires, belts,
camelbacks, steering belts, OTR and retreaded tires, shock absorbers. , complexly
molded, rubber-metal artifacts, and molded products requiring long flow times.
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Typical Dosages of DCBS ( 4 )

DCBS MBTS TMTM s
Tires
Steel belts of radial tires NR 2.0 - 0.10 4.5 *
OTR Tread NR 0.8-1.0 - - 2.78
NR-BR 1.2-1.5 - 0-0.10 1.6-1.8 *
Recapping
Hot vulcanization NR 0.8-1.2 - - 2.2-2.5 *
NR-BR 1.0-1.2 - - 1.6-1.8 *
Pillow NR 1.0 0-0.15 - 2.78
Steel straps
Covering Compounds NR 1.8-2.0 - - 4.5 *
Various molded
Thick sections NR 0.6-0.8 0-0.1 - 2.58 *
NR-BR / 1.0-1.4 0-0.1 - 1.8-2.0 *
SBR
Intricate Molded NR 0.8-1.0 - 0.10-0.15 2.0-2.5 *
High hardness extruded NR 0.6-0.8 0-0.2 - 2.5 *

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THIURAMS
TMTD

TMTD is an ultra fast accelerator for NR, SBR, BR, NBR and other high unsaturated
rubbers.
- It is the preferred primary accelerator for vulcanizing low setting rubbers such as butyl
rubber (IIR) and EPDM.
- It is widely used as a secondary accelerator with thiazole / sulfenamide class

accelerators to achieve higher vulcanization rate and higher processing safety crosslink
density.
- Contains approximately 13% sulfur available for crosslinking and therefore can be
used in low sulfur systems for vulcanization of dienic rubbers.
It does not release free sulfur during vulcanization in sulfur free systems and the
vulcanized ones have excellent heat and compression resistance.
- It is very active at temperatures above 120 ° C and in particular in compounds based

on NR.
- When used alone, it has very short pre-vulcanization time, rapid vulcanization rates
and striking modulus with high crosslink density development under normal or high
sulfur conditions. Decreasing sulfur content improves processing safety and helps
control vulcanization rate as well as cross-linking density in SBR compounds.
- Displays rapid pre-vulcanization and wide-range vulcanization features and plateau

effect.
TMTD-based semi-EV, EV (low sulfur / less sulfur) vulcanization systems are often
used in NBR compounds to meet the severe heat and oil resistance requirements of
vulcanisates with low compression strain values.
In the case of polychloroprene and other halogenated rubber compounds, TMTD acts as
a retarder.
- Normal amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid are required for TMTD accelerated
systems. and small amounts of amine aldehyde, DPG, DOTG, ZDEC, etc. may further
activate the vulcanization rate.
However, delaying of TMTD-based vulcanization systems is often desired; and this can
be achieved with the use of sulfenamide or thiazole class accelerators, where acid
retardants are not effective.
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Sulfenamide and thiazole accelerators control pre-crosslinking and efflorescence

tendency of TMTD-based semi-EV / EV systems, without significantly affecting
crosslinking density and offering practical cycles of vulcanization.
- As a secondary accelerator, TMTD is very effective with thiazole and sulfenamide

accelerators for rapid vulcanization rates and good resistance to pre-vulcanization - and
the vulcanized ones exhibit less heat build-up compared to DPG / DOTG-activated
sulfenamide systems.
- It is the preferred secondary accelerator compared to other basic accelerators like

DPG, ZDEC.
- TMTD and / or ZDEC are non-staining, non-discoloring and also do not taste
vulcanized; therefore, they are often preferred for the manufacture of rubber products
intended for use in contact with food / medicines.
It should be noted that FDA rules and regulations are subject to change; Therefore, prior
to commercial production of rubber products, consultation with the competent
authorities is required.

APPLICATIONS :
TMTD as a primary or secondary accelerator in combination with sulfenamides /
thiazoles, etc. It is extensively used in NR, SBR, NR-SBR / BR, NBR, IIR, EPDM and
other synthetic rubber based compounds for the manufacture of: Tires and chambers,
Tires and motorcycle chambers, Conveyor belts / gear, retread materials, footwear, hot
air vulcanised products and various molded and extruded rubber products.
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Typical Dosages of TMTD ( 5 )

TMTD MBTS CBS ZDEC ZDBC DPG s
Car tires
IIR 1.0-2.0 0.3-0.4 - 0.2 - - 1.5-
2.0
NR 2.0-2.5 1.0-1.3 - - - - 0.5
OTR innertrubes BrIir 1.7 1.2 - - - - ZnO
4.0
Motorcycle tires
NR 0.1-0.2 - 0.8- - - - 2.4
1.0
NR-SBR 0.2 - 1.0- - - - 1.8-
1.2 2.0
Casing NR 0.2-0.3 1.0 - - - - 2.5
NR 0.05 0.7 - - - 0.25 2.5
Tread Bikes NR 0.1-0.2 - 0.8- - - - 1.5-
1.0 1.7
Molded and Extruded
Conventional Vulcanization NR 0.5-0.7 - 0.3 - - - 2.0-
2.5
NR 0.1-0.2 0.7-1.0 - - - - 2.0-
2.5
SBR 0.1-0.2 1.2-1.4 - - - - 2.0-
2.2
SBR 0.1-0.2 - 1.0- - - - 2.0-
1.2 2.5
NBR 0.2-0.4 1.2-1.4 - - - - 1.5
NBR 0.2-0.4 - 1.2- - - - 1.5
1.4
EPDM 1.5 0.5 - - - - 1.5
EPDM 0.8 2.0 - 0.8 1.0 - 2.0
EPDM 0.8 1.5 - - 2.5 - 2.0
Semi EV Vulcanization NR 0.5 - 1.5 - - - 1.4
SBR 0.5 - 2.0 - - - 0.75
NBR 1.5 - 1.0- - - - 1.0
1.2
EV Vulcanization NR 2.5-3.0 - 1.0- - - - 0-
1.5 0.3
SBR 3.0-4.0 - 1.0- - - - 0-
1.2 0.3
NBR 3.0-4.5 - 1.0- - - - 0-
1.2 0.3
Fast Vulcanization Ebonite NR / 3.0-4.0 - - - - - 20-
SBR / 40
NBR
Food contact NR / 0.5-0.7 - - 0.2- - - 1.5-
SBR / 0.4 2.0
NBR
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TMTM

It is an ultra fast accelerator for NR, SBR, BR, NBR and other high unsaturated rubbers,
but slower than TMTD.
- Causes very fast and safe vulcanization against scorch of natural and synthetic rubbers.
TMTM receives additional activation of basic accelerators and aldehyde amine and
guanidine.
- In combination with sulfenamide accelerators and mercaptos it is used as a secondary

accelerator of great technical importance. Low sulfur vulcanization provides
vulcanization with good aging resistance.
APPLICATIONS:
TMTM, as a primary or secondary accelerator in combination with sulfenamides /
thiazoles, etc .: is used extensively in NR, SBR, NR-SBR / BR, NBR, IIR, EPDM
compounds and other synthetic rubber based compounds for manufacture of tires and
car chambers, motorcycle tires and chambers, conveyor belts, retreading materials,
footwear, hot air vulcanised products and various molded and extruded rubber
products.
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Typical TMTM Dosages (5)
TMTM
Artifact / Polymer TMTM Secondary accelerator Sulfur
Heat Resistant
Technical Articles
NR 2.5-3.5 0-1.5 MBTS 0.5-0.8
MBS
CBS
SBR, NBR 2.5-3.5 0-1.5 MBTS 0.5-0.8
MBS
CBS
General purpose
technical articles
NR 0.2-0.3 0.1-0.2 MBTS 2.0-2.5
0.1-0.2 1.1-1.3 MBT 2.0-2.5
SBR 0.3-0.5 0.3-0.5 MBTS 2.0-2.5
NBR 0.3-0.5 0.3-0.5 MBTS 2.0-2.5
CR, compounds with 0.3-1.0 0.3-1.0 DPG or 0-1.0
medium vulcanization DOTG + ETU +
grade polymers Metal oxides
Accelerator s ecundário
for tires, conveyor
belts, technical
articles, etc.
NR 0.05-0.2 0.5-1.0 CBS 2.0-3.0
0.2-0.7 1.0-2.5 CBS 0.5-1.0
0.1-0.2 0.8-1.3 Mercaptos 2.0-3.0
SBR 0.05-0.2 0.8-1.2 Mercaptos 1.5-3.0
0.05-0.8 1.0-2.5 Sulphenamides 0.5-2.5

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35

Artifact / Polymer TMTM Secondary accelerator Sulfur
Sulfur-free cables,
sheath and insulation
1.5 2.5 TMTD + 1.2
1.5 ZMBT +
SBR (continuous 1.2 AND THOU
vulcanization)
Ebonite, rapid
vulcanization
NR 3.5-5.0 20.0-50.0 O Zinc oxide 30.0-50.0
SBR 3.0-5.0 20.0-50.0 Zinc oxide 30.0-45.0
NBR 3.0-5.0 20.0-50.0 Zinc oxide 25.0-35.0
Bottle Caps, Hot-Air
Vibrated
NR 0.2-0.4 0.05 MBTS 2.0-2.4
0.2-0.4 0.1-0.2 DOTG 2.0-2.4
SBR 0.1-0.4 1.0-1.8 DOTG 2.0-2.3
NBR 0.1-0.4 1.0-1.8 DOTG 2.0-2.3
Molded, vulcanized in
hot air
NR 0.25-0.3 0-0.1 MBTS 1.8-2.0
0.4-0.5 0.7-1.0 MB antioxidant 2.0-2.2
SBR 0.05-0.2 0.05-1.2 MBT or 1.5-3.0
DOTG
Articles immersion,
p or . ex. pacifiers
NR 0.4 0.3 DDTD + 1.5
0.2 ZPD
General use
EPDM 0.75 0.5 MBT + 1.5
0.75 ZDEC
Latex, low hardness
articles
NR 0.5-3.0 2.5-5.0 Zinc oxide 0-4.0
SBR 0.8-1.2 - - 2.0-3.0
NBR 0.8-1.2 - - 2.0-3.0
Latex, ebonite articles
NR 3.0 2.5-5.0 Zinc oxide 30.0-4.0
SBR 3.0 2.5-5.0 Zinc oxide 30.0-40.0
NBR (28% ACN) 3.0 2.5-5.0 Zinc oxide 30.0-40.0

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TETD

- It is an ultra fast accelerator for NR, SBR, BR, NBR and other high unsaturated
rubbers. TETD gives faster and slower burning speed than TMTD.

- Provides excellent vulcanization plateau with good thermal performance and
compression deformation between less sulfur vulcanization systems and EV systems.

- It is a valuable secondary accelerator in EPDM.

- T in excellent dispersion in compounds due to its low melting point.

- It is an ultra fast accelerator for NR, SBR, BR, NBR and other high unsaturated
rubbers. TETD gives faster and slower burning speed than TMTD.
- Provides excellent vulcanization plateau with good thermal efficiency and

compression deformation between less sulfur vulcanization systems and EV systems.
- It is a valuable secondary accelerator in EPDM.
- Has excellent dispersion in compounds due to its low melting point.
- Does not color and is non-bleaching
- In the decomposition of TETD with nitrosating agents (nitrogen oxides present in the
atmosphere), N-nitrosodimethylamine is formed.
- It is regulated for use in various food contact products specified in FDA 21 CFR
177.2600, 175.105 and BgVV XXI, Categories 1‐4.

APPLICATIONS:
TETD is used as a secondary accelerator in NR and SBR compounds.
It is an effective secondary accelerator in amounts from 0.1 to 0.3 phr.
When used in combination with sulfenamide accelerators, sulfenamide may be reduced
to 0.3 phr for each 0.1 phr of TETD for equal vulcanization levels.
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In NBR, EPDM and BR, TETD can be used as a secondary accelerator at levels from
0.5 to 2.0 phr.
As a sulfur donor, TETD contains 11% available sulfur.

STORAGE: (Note 1)


DITHIOCARBAMATES
ZDMC

- It is a primary or secondary ultrafast accelerator for use in natural and synthetic rubber
compounds.
It also finds applications as primary or secondary accelerator in sulfur vulcanized latex
compounds.
- As a primary accelerator, it offers faster vulcanization rate, superior modulus but

shorter pre-vulcanization time; therefore it finds applications in continuous
vulcanization products such as cables, profiles, pipes, etc.
- It is also used as a secondary accelerator at 0.1-0.3 phr together with 1.0 phr of
thiazole or sulfenamide accelerators; It works by increasing the rate and cure state of
compounds based on natural and synthetic rubber.
- For dienic rubbers, normal amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid as activators are
required for ZDMC based vulcanization systems.
- Disperses well in latex or solid rubber compounds and does not decompose in the
absence of sulfur.
It should be noted that vulcanized dithiocarbamate accelerators may have poor aging
properties in the absence of antioxidants.
- Low unsaturation rubbers such as butyl rubber and EPDM can be vulcanized using
ZDMC as a secondary accelerator at relatively high dosages, along with a thiuram type
primary accelerator.
In such compounds, thiazole class accelerators act as vulcanization rate modifiers.
Highly basic / amine accelerators activate the vulcanization rate of ZDMC accelerated
systems.
- ZDMC is used in low deformation, non-staining low sulfur EPDM compounds,

together with ZDBC, TMTD, DPTT and DTDM. Typical vulcanization system of such
EPDM-based compounds:
ZDMC: 0.8 phr;
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ZDBC: 0.8 phr;

DPTT: 0.8 phr;
DTDM: 1.75-2.0 phr.
- When used as a primary accelerator in natural latex compounds, ZDMC does not
produce the thickening effect even after prolonged storage and the products are free of
odor, taste and color.
This accelerator does not cause any pre-vulcanization of natural latex at room
temperature, but offers a rapid vulcanization rate above 100 ° C.
ZDMC-based natural latex compounds have good storage stability at room temperature,
safe vulcanization rate at vulcanization temperatures and a broad plateau effect to
restrict reversal.
APPLICATIONS :
ZDMC finds applications in the manufacture of white and light colored latex
compounds such as: foams, carpet base, dip products, latex yarns, rubberized fabrics,
etc. and colored molded and extruded rubber compounds for footwear, wire and cable
insulation, profiles, piping and various EPDM-based products.
STORAGE: (Note 1)


Typical ZDMC Dosages ( 6 )

ZDMC ZDBC ZMBT s
As the primary accelerator Latex NR 0.5-1.5 - - 2.0-2.5
As a combination Latex NR 0.5-0.8 0.1-0.3 - 1.5-2.0
As a combination Latex NR 0.5-1.5 - 0.2-0.5 1.5-2.0
Sticker Latex NR 1.0-1.5 - - 2.0
Carpet base Latex NR 1.2-1.5 - 1.5 1.25
Electricity gloves Latex NR 1.2-1.5 - - 1.25
Household gloves Latex NR 1.0 - - 0.5
Bladders Latex NR 1.0 - - 1.0
Latex PV
Low module Latex NR 0.3 - - 0.25
Medium module Latex NR 0.6 - - 1.0
High module Latex NR 1.0 - - 2.0
Spilled Products Latex NR 1.0-1.5 - - 1.5-2.5
Latex tubes Latex NR 1.2 - - 1.0
Latex foam Latex NR 1.0-1.5 - 1.0 2.0-2.5
Typical Dosages of ZDMC
Solid rubbers
ZDM C MBT TMTD CBS s
Food contact NR 0.5 - 0.1 - 2.0
SBR 0.7 - 0.2 - 1.5
Colorful products NR 0.5 0.4 - - 2.0
SBR 0.7 0.4 - - 1.7
Cables NR / SBR 1.2-1.5 0.8 - 0.8 1.0
( CV Vulcanization )
Hot NR / SBR 1.0 0.5 - - 1.5
Air Vulcanized Products
Steam Vulcanized Products NR / SBR 0.3 - - 0.8 1.25
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Stereo Rubbers NR 0.5 - - 1.2 1.5

Spongy NR 1.0 0.3 - 1.5 1.2
LCM Vulcanization NR 0.5 0.3 - - 1.2
LCM Vulcanization (80:20) NR / EPDM 0.5 1.5 - - 1.8

ZDEC

- It is an ultra fast accelerator, widely used for NR latex based compounds and also
finds applications as primary or secondary accelerator in sulfur vulcanized solid rubber
compounds.
- It is very active at temperatures above 100 ° C.
As the primary accelerator in natural rubber compounds, it exhibits a tendency to pre-

vulcanization, rapid vulcanization rates, very high cross-linking density, but poor
reversal resistance.
However, ZDEC does not affect the stability of NR latex compounds.
- Normal amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid as activators are required as
vulcanization activators for ZDEC accelerated diene rubber compounds.
- Disperses well in latex or dry rubber compounds.

It should be noted that vulcanisates with all types of dithiocarbamate accelerators may
have poor aging properties in the absence of antioxidants.
- Low unsaturation rubbers such as butyl and EPDM rubbers can be vulcanized using
ZDEC as a secondary accelerator at relatively high dosages, along with primary tiuram
accelerators.
Thiazole accelerators act as modulators of the vulcanization rate of such compounds.
Highly basic / amine accelerators activate the vulcanization rate of ZDEC based
vulcanization systems and are used for the manufacture of self-curing adhesives.
However, in dry rubber compounds, ZDEC is mainly used as an activation accelerator
and confers synergistic effect with thiazole accelerators.
- In case of sulfenamide-based vulcanization systems, ZDEC is a very active activation

accelerator and even in very small quantities is highly effective.
Where ZDEC is used as the primary accelerator, accelerators such as MBTS and TMTD
in quantities of 0.05 - 0.1 phr act as retarders.
- This accelerator has limited solubility in rubber compounds; therefore, excess ZDEC
tends to bloom to the surface of the vulcanized.

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- Does not stain or discolour even with exposure to light and is suitable for the
manufacture of transparent products; However, ZDBC is the most preferred accelerator
for this purpose. ZDEC / TMTD vulcanized can be used for food contact applications,
but is limited to 1.2% by weight of the finished product.
(As FDA rules and regulations are subject to change, clarification is requested from the
appropriate authorities prior to commercial production of rubber products.)
The composition and method for preparing the 50% ZDEC dispersion for the latex
composition are as follows:

ZDEC, pbw 50 50
Water pbw - 34.5
TOTAL 52.0 100

Note: Dispersing Agent: alkylated naphthalene sulfonic acid polymerized sodium salt

METHOD:
Load the ZDEC, the dispersing agent and a portion of the water, grinding it into a paste.
Add the soft kaolin, the remaining amount of water, the 10% KOH solution and grind in
a ball mill for 24 to 48 hours, depending on the requirements of the product to be
manufactured.
APPLICATIONS :
- LATEX COMPOSITIONS
ZDEC is widely used for the manufacture of natural / synthetic latex based products
such as: foam, coconut fiber foam, latex threads, latex tubes, pre-vulcanized latex,
surgical gloves, household gloves and industrial gloves, condoms, nipples, balloons,
rubber bands, carpet pads, stickers, etc.
- RUBBER COMPOUNDS:
ZDEC is only used in the manufacture of white / colored rubber products such as shoe
components, gaskets, fittings, hoses, belts, sponges, expanded rubbers, rubberized
fabrics, rubber blankets, Stereo rubbers, food contact applications, etc.
TYPICAL DOSES:
Typical ZDEC dosages used in latex composition: see table given for ZMBT.
Additional applications of ZDEC in latex composition as well as dry rubber
composition are suggested below:
STORAGE: (Note 1)


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Typical Dosages of ZDEC ( 6 )

ZDEC ZMBT MBT TMTD CBS s
Latex products
Surgical gloves Latex NR 0.75 0.2 - - - 1.0
Electricity gloves Latex NR 1.5 - - - - 1.25
Domestic gloves Latex NR 1.0 - - - - 1.25
Latex foam Latex NR 1.0 1.0 - - - 2.0
Coconut foam Latex NR 1.0 1.0 - - - 2.0
Elastic threads Latex NR 0.5 1.0 - - - 1.8
Dip products Latex NR 1.0 0.2 - - - 1.0-1.2
Stickers Latex NR 1.0 - - - - -
Carpet base Latex NR 1.5 1.5 - - - 2.0
Balloons Latex NR 0.6 - - - - 0.7
Latex PV
Low module Latex NR 0.25 - - - - 0.25
Medium module Latex NR 0.5 - - - - 1.0
High module Latex NR 1.0 - - - - 2.0
Spilled Products Latex NR 1.0-1.5 - - - - 1.5-2.5
Latex tubes Latex NR 1.2 0.2 - - - 1.0
Solid rubber
Food Applications NR 0.3 - - 0.1 - 2.0
SBR 0.5 - - 0.2 - 1.5
Colorful molded NR 0.5 0.2 - - - 2.0
SBR 0.7 0.3 - - - 1.7
Molded and Extruded EPDM 0.75 - 0.5 1.5 - 1.5
IIR 0.5-1.0 - 0.5 1.5-2.0 - 2.0
Cables NR, SBR 1.0 - 0.7 - 0.7 1.0
Vulcanized in hot air NR, SBR 0.7 - 0.5 - - 1.5
Steam Vulcanized NR, SBR 0.15 - - - 1.0 1.25
Stereo Rubbers NR 0.25 - - - 1.5 1.5
Spongy rubber NR 1.0 - 0.25 - - 1.2
LCM Vulcanization NR 0.4 - 0.20 - 1.5 1.2
NR-EPDM

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ZDBC

It is a non-staining, non-discoloring ultrafast accelerator, widely used as the primary
accelerator or as the activation accelerator in NR / synthetic latex-based compounds. It
is also used for solid rubber compounds for the manufacture of transparent or colored
sulfur-free compounds.
- As a primary accelerator, it is very active above 70 ° C in latex and NR compounds.

It is faster than ZDMC or ZDEC.
However, in rubber compounds, ZDBC is a slower accelerator when compared to
ZDMC / ZDEC in equal dosage due to its higher molecular weight.
Like other dithiocarbamate accelerators, ZDBC exhibits pre-vulcanization, faster
vulcanization rate and higher cross-linking density; however, in combination with a
thiazole, ZDBC produces stain-free vulcanized with good aging resistance in the
presence of antioxidants.
- In NR latex based compounds, ZDBC is effective in the absence of zinc oxide,

producing finished products with excellent transparency; however, zinc oxide and
stearic acid are generally included in dry rubber compounds in normal amounts as
vulcanization activators.
ZDBC readily disperses into latex compounds as well as dry rubber compounds and
does not decompose in the absence of sulfur.
- It is widely used in sulfur based vulcanization systems for EPDM rubber compounds,
at levels of 1.5-3.0 phr, along with other accelerators such as MBT / TMTD / DPTT to
manufacture products without efflorescence.
- If required, ZDBC can be further activated by the addition of small proportions of

dibutylamine - for example for vulcanization at room temperature.
MBTS acts as an effective retarder for ZDBC-based systems without affecting
vulcanization activity at higher temperatures.
- It is also used as an effective antioxidant in the manufacture of hot melt adhesives

(AMH), thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), cements and non-vulcanized rubber
adhesives.
- The recommended proportions and method for preparing the 50% dispersion of ZDBC
for latex compounds are as follows:
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ZDBC, pbw 50 50
Water pbw - 34.5
TOTAL 52.0 100
Note: Dispersing Agent - alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid polymerized sodium salt
METHOD:
Charge the ZDBC, dispersing agent and a portion of the water, grinding to a paste.
Add the soft kaolin, the remaining amount of water, the 10% KOH solution and grind in
a ball mill for 24 to 48 hours, depending on the requirements of the product to be
manufactured.

APPLICATIONS :
- LATEX COMPOSITIONS:
ZDBC is widely used in the manufacture of NR / SR latex products such as surgical
gloves, latex threads, condoms, pre-vulcanized latex, for heat resistant transparent
products, high transparency nozzles and rubber strips, balloons, etc.
- RUBBER COMPOUNDS:
ZDBC is used in the manufacture of transparent, white or colored NR / IR molded
products, footwear, transparent tubing, fabric coating, rubber and cement adhesives,
etc., and as a secondary accelerator for the manufacture of EPDM-free compounds.
staining and extruded rubber products.
STORAGE: (Note 1)


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Typical Dosages of ZDBC ( 6 )

ZDBC ZMBT TMTD DPTT TETD AND s
THOU
Latex products
Latex threads
General use Latex NR 0.25 1.5 - - - - 1.7
Heat resistant Latex NR 1.5 1.8 - 1.8 - - -
Surgical gloves
Disposable Latex NR 0.75 - - - - - 0.5
Sterilizable Latex NR 1.0 - - 0.5 - - 0.25
Condoms
Wet release Latex NR 0.8 0.8 - - - - 0.8
Dry demoulding Latex NR 0.6 1.2 - - - - 1.0
Latex PV
Transparent Latex NR 0.5 - - - - - 1.0
Heat resistant Latex NR 1.0 - - 2.5 - 1.0 -
Rubber bands Latex NR 0.75 - - - - - 0.75
Bladders Latex NR 0.75 - - - - - 0.75
(Balloons)
Sports surfaces Latex NR 1.5 1.5 - - - - 1.6
Solid rubbers
Not staining EPDM 2.0-2.5 - 0.5 0.8 - - 2.0
Molded and EPDM 2.0-2.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 - 1.0 1.8
Extruded
EPDM 1.0 - 2.0 0.8 0.8 - 2.0
NR-EPDM (80:20) NR- 0.7-1.0 - 1.7 - - - 1.2
EPDM
Transparent NR, IR 0.5-0.7 - - - - - 1.25-
1.5
Colorful molded NR 0.6 - 0.2-0.3 - - - 2.0
SBR 0.75 - 0.2-0.3 - - - 1.8
Rubberized Fabrics NR 0.6 - 0.4 - - - 1.8
Self Curing Two- NR 2.0-4.0 - - - - - 1.0
component
Adhesives
Antioxidant HMA, - 0.2-0.3 - - - - - -
TPEs
Antioxidant in - 0.5 - - - - - -
Unvulcanized
Adhesives

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Diophosphates
ZBPD

- It is a non-staining, non-discoloring ultrafast accelerator, widely used as a primary
accelerator or as an activation accelerator in NR / synthetic latex compounds; It is also
used for solid rubber compounds for the manufacture of non-nitrosamine generating
compounds such as EPDM and NR compounds.
ZBPD is generally slightly slower than dithiocarbamates. Because it is liquid, it is
supplied in 75% concentration to turn it into powder.
Since dithiophosphate accelerators are chemically related to dithiocarbamates, they can

be substituted for dienic rubbers. Dithiophosphates are, however, clearly slower.
In EPDM compounds, where ZBPD is preferred, there is partial substitution of

dithiocarbamates to overcome their efflorescence limit and overcome the formation of
toxic nitrosamines. They have weak synergistic effect and their application is limited.
ZBPD, in combination with MBTS or sulfenamides in NR compounds, improves

reversal resistance. Because of its non-amine-based structure, ZBPD
It can be used as a component in non-N-nitrosamine generator cure systems.
It is regulated for use in food contact compounds as specified in BgVV XXI Category 4.
The ZBPD is not regulated for use in FDA food contact applications.
Application: ZBPD is used in all EPDM and NR applications. It is rarely used alone.
Especially in EPDM, it is used in accelerator combinations. The most common
combinations are with thiazoles and thiurams. ZBPD has a poor tendency to discolor
and completely replaces dithiocarbamates.
COMPOSITION
ZBPD can be used in NR and EPDM at levels from 1.0 to 3.0 phr as secondary
accelerator, in combination with sulfenamides, thiazoles and thiurams.
When used in NR to improve reversal resistance, care should be taken to select the
ZBPD level to obtain the best compromise between burn resistance and reversal.
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Because ZBPD is non-flowering and non-discoloring, it can be used in fast-healing

translucent NR shoe sole compounds.
Dosage: ZBPD can be used in NR and EPDM at levels from 1.0 to 4.0 phr (based on
pdr-75%) as a secondary accelerator in combinations with sulfenamides, thiazoles and
thiurams.
When used in NR to improve reversal resistance, care should be taken to select the
proper dosage to achieve the best compromise between burn resistance and reversal. In
general 2.0 phr is the recommended level.
STORAGE: (Note 1)

SULFUR DONOR
DTDM
It is a sulfur donor, with 27% thermo-labile sulfur, which is released at vulcanization
temperature, promotes the formation of mono and disulfide bonds and has excellent
thermal stability.
- As a sulfur donor DTDM is more effective than TMTD because of its excellent pre-
vulcanization safety, higher crosslinking density, outcrop-free vulcanized, improved
vulcanization characteristics and therefore preferred for compounds based on sulfur.
rubber with semi EV and EV systems for vulcanization of NR, IR, SBR, NBR, EPDM
and IIR.
It can be used as a partial or total sulfur substitute in Sulfenamide, Thiazol and Tiurams
based vulcanization systems.
- Sulphenamide accelerators are most effective with DTDM.

TMTD is commonly used to a small extent as an activator of DTDM-based
vulcanization systems.
Partial sulfur substitution by DTDM gives longer scorch time, faster vulcanization rates
and better storage stability of unvulcanized (green) compounds, along with excellent
compressive and heat resistance.
- As a guide to replacing sulfur with DTDM, the recommended quantities are:

Conventional Vulcanization Systems: 0.5 to 1.0 phr,
Semi-EV Vulcanization System: 1.0-2.0 phr,
Efficient vulcanization system: 2.0-5.0 phr.
- Improves reversal resistance and heat resistance of rubber compounds designed to

vulcanize at high temperature; It also increases productivity without significant loss of
physical properties.
- It is non-staining and therefore can be used on white and colored compounds.
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- Does not flourish on non-vulcanized compounds and thus maintain the necessary
adhesiveness for the construction of multilayer / textile / metal rubber products such as
car tires, conveyor belts, V-belts, hoses, etc.
DTDM non-flowering characteristics are also useful for products with better aesthetic
appearance.
- The effectiveness of DTDM is impaired by the presence of acidic materials in the

compound. Care should be taken when formulating compounds, avoiding the use of
acidic materials such as pine tar, acid clay, etc.
The stearic acid dosage should be kept below 2.0 phr.

APPLICATIONS:
DTDM is widely used as a sulfur donor in NR, SBR, NR / BR / NBR and other diene
rubber compounds for semi EV / EV vulcanization systems; It is also widely used in the
manufacture of tires, tubes, retreads, heat resistant conveyor belts and drive belts, thick
rubber products, compression or injection molded rubber products, colored or
transparent products and various rubber extruded products.
STORAGE: (Note 1)


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Typical Dosages of DTDM ( 7 )

DTDM TBBS CBS MBT / TMTD s
MBTS
Tread of ride tires NR 0.5 0.5-0.7 - - - 2.08
NR-BR 0.5 1.0 - - 1.0 1.2 *
NR-SBR 0.5 0.7 - - - 1.2-
1.5 *
SBR-BR 0.5 - 1.0-1.5 - - 1.2-
1.5 *
Strap Cover NR 1.0 0.8 - - - 3.0 *
Retreading (Buses and
Trucks)
Conventional NR 0.5 0.6 - - - 2.0 *
NR-BR 0.5 0.8-1.0 - - - 1.0-
1.2 *
Pre- cures the NR-BR 0.5 0.8-1.0 - - - 1.0-
1.2
OTR Tread NR 0.6-0.8 0.6-0.8 - - - 1.5-
1.7
Car Innertrubes IIR 0.7 - - 0.5 1.0 1.2
NR 0.7 - 0.8-1.0 - 0.5-0.7 0.5
Conveyor belts (cover)
General use NR 0.5 - 0.6-0.8 - - 1.8-
2.0
NR-SBR 0.5 - 0.8-1.0 - - 1.5
Heat resistant NR-SBR 1.0 - 1.0 - - 1.0
NR-SBR 2.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
V-Belt (Base) NR 0.5 - 0.8 - - 2.0-
2.2
Automotive hoses
Tube - EV Vulcanization NR / SBR 0.8 - - 1.5 1.2-1.5 -
NBR 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
Coverage NR 1.0 - - 1.5 1.5 -
- EV Vulcanization
NBR 1.5 - - 1.5 1.5 -
Injected EV Vulcanization NR 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.5 -
SBR / 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.5 -
NBR
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Cushions NR 1.0 - 1.0 - 0.2 -

- Vulcanization EV
Colorful products NR 1.0 - - 1.0 1.5 -
Industrials SBR 1.5 - - 1.5 1.5 -
Molded and Extruded NR-SEV 0.5 - 0.8 - - 1.5
NR-EV 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
SBR-SEV 0.8 - 1.0 - 0.5 1.0
SBR-EV 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.5 -
NBR-SEV 0.8 - 1.0 - 0.8 0.8
NBR-EV 2.0 - 2.0 - 2.0 -
DTDM ZDBC ZDEC MBTS TMTD s
Transparent tube NR 1.0 0.6 - - 0.6 -
Molded and extruded EPDM- 1.0 - 0.8 1.5 0.8 1.0
SEV
EPDM-EV 2.0 1.0 0.8 1.5 0.8 -

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XANTATES

Xanthates are metal salts , predominantly zinc salts from xanthic acids. They are ultra
fast accelerators, mainly used in natural and synthetic latex compounds, in the
production of foam and rubber compound solutions (adhesives) . Some of these
xanthates are water soluble.
As they have very fast acceleration they are used at temperatures between 80-110ºC.

ZIX

ZIX is used as a secondary accelerator for natural and synthetic rubbers .
And ste accelerator is recommended for very fast curing and low temperature.

APPLICATIONS:
It has applications in footwear, adhesives and other molded products. As healing at
lower temperatures , this accelerator is p referred adhesives. ZIX often replaces DTDM
in vulcanization of low temperature rubber artifacts .
In addition , it is used as an accelerator in natural rubber latex and synthetic latex to
prevent copper discoloration.

Typical Dosages:
The recommended dosage is 0.5 - 1.5 phr.

STORAGE: (Note 1)
Stable for 3 years under normal conditions (shorter period if stored at high temperature

or tropical environment)

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ZBX

ZBX is used as an accelerator for natural and synthetic rubbers ; It is a white to slightly
yellow powder.
It is poorly soluble in benzene, alcohol and dichlorethylene. It is very soluble in acetone
and is insoluble in water and gasoline .
This accelerator is recommended for very fast vulcanization and low temperature.

APPLICATIONS:
 ZBX is used as ultra high accelerator for rubber: NBR, NR, CR,
SBR, reclaimed rubber and latex.
 It is used as low temperature superacelerador , with Benzylamine .
 It is suitable for use on polychloroprene adhesives.

Typical Dosages:
The recommended dosage is 0.5 - 1.5 phr .

STORAGE: (Note 1)
Stable the period of 3 years under normal conditions ( period less , if stored in a high
temperature environment or tropical conditions)

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GUANIDINES

Guanidines are products of the condensation of aromatic amines (aniline) and carbon
disulfide, with subsequent replacement of thione functionality (> C = S) with a primary
ketimine group (> C = NH). The only two guanidines used on a commercial scale are
diphenylguanidine (DPG) and N, N-diortotolyl guanidine (DOTG). Both guanidines
have a very slow cure rate and require the use of zinc oxide for activation. They are a
good choice for thick wall rubber products. However, they are often used as secondary
accelerators in combination with thiazoles. This combination is often used to cure
rubber products. Vulcanization in the presence of guanidines results in relatively high
crosslinking density and good physical-mechanical properties such as high modulus and
good compression. However, guanidines are not recommended for light colored
products because they cause brown discoloration.
DOTG

- The DOTG accelerator gives strong activation in thiazole accelerated cure (MBTS,
MBT, ZMBT) in NR, SBR and NBR rubber accelerator systems.
- Effective in vulcanization of thiure / sulfur cured CR.
- Displays better processing security than DPG (diphenyl guanidine).
- Requires the use of zinc oxide to develop a good cure.
- Fatty acids are not required; In fact, excess fatty acids (> 1phr) may cause a reduction
in physical properties. DOTG-cured vulcanisates have high healing states. Compounds
using DOTG as a secondary accelerator can be vulcanized by all methods (pressure,
steam, hot air).
Antioxidants are always recommended for maximum protection against aging.
Although DOTG is acceptable under CFR 21, section 177.2600 "Rubber articles for
repeated food contact", it has a pronounced odor and bitter taste. The taste imparted to a
rubber article may prevent its use in food handling applications.
- May also cause discoloration in white compounds when exposed to light.

APPLICATIONS:
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In general, the technological characteristics of DOTG resemble those of DPG, and are
suitable for the same applications. The difference between DOTG and DPG is that
DOTG causes slightly less scorch , with a lower cure rate than DPG.
It is used as a secondary accelerator in polychloroprene , where its higher curing activity
shows advantage over DPG vulcanization. In other polymers the difference between the
two guanidines is negligible.
DOTG can be used in latex, but has no advantage when compared to DPG.

Typical Dosages:
The recommended dosage for use is detailed in the table below : ( 13)
Accelerator NR CR
DOTG 0.08 1.0
MBTS 0.4 -
TMTM - 1.0
ZnO 5.0 5.0
MgO - 4.0
Sulfur 2.5 1.0
Vulcanization 15 30
at 153ºC
(minutes)

STORAGE: (Note 1)
Stable for 4 years under normal conditions (shorter period if stored at high temperature
or tropical environment)

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DPG

- The DPG accelerator such as DOTG gives strong activation in thiazole accelerated
cure (MBTS, MBT, ZMBT) in NR, SBR and NBR rubber accelerator systems.
- Effective in vulcanization of thiure / sulfur cured CR.
- Displays lower processing security than DOTG.
- Requires the use of zinc oxide to develop a good cure.
- Fatty acids are not required; In fact, excess fatty acids (> 1phr) may cause a reduction
in physical properties. DPG cured vulcanisates have high cure states. Compounds using
DPG as a secondary accelerator can be vulcanized by all methods (pressure, steam, hot
air).
Antioxidants are always recommended for maximum protection against aging.
- DPG may also cause discoloration in white compounds when exposed to light.
APPLICATIONS:
In general, DPG's technological characteristics are suitable for both sole and tire
applications. Unlike DOTG, DPG causes slightly more scorch, and has a higher cure
rate than DOTG.
DPG is excellent for vulcanization of latex artifacts
Can be combined with other accelerators such as ZMBT (page 15) and TMTD (page 31)
The recommended dosage for use is detailed in the table below: ( 13)

Accelerator NR N R (ebonite)
DOTG 0.1 5.0
MBTS 0.4 -
MgO - 10.0
Sulfur 2.5 50.0
Vulcanization 15 60
at 153ºC
(minutes)

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STORAGE: (Note 1)

PREVULCANIZATION INHIBITOR
CTP

- It is an effective inhibitor with almost all types of accelerators and in all compounds
with dienic rubbers.
- Provides a linear and predictable response and is very sensitive in dienic rubbers to
sulfenamide accelerators.
An approximate order of response given by the CTP for different rubbers follows the
following order:
NR> NBR> SBR> IIR> EPDM> CR
-Can be effectively used in NBR / PVC blend compounds, polyacrylic rubbers and
sulfur vulcanized polyurethanes.
- It is most effective with sulfur amounts between 1.5-3.0 phr.

At lower amounts of sulfur, the answer depends on the type of accelerator used. At very
high amounts of sulfur (ebonites, for example), the response offered by CTP is very
poor.
- CTP is not effective with organic peroxides, resins and vulcanized by metal oxides.
- It is very important to determine the exact CTP dosage required to produce the desired
level of factory pre-vulcanization for each rubber compound.
This dosage can be obtained by performing laboratory experiments, followed by factory
production and evaluation of the pre-vulcanization resistance of the compounds, as well
as other vulcanized properties.
Fine adjustments of the CTP dosage should be made to achieve the desired pre-
vulcanization.
Excessive CTP dosing (greater than the minimum required to prevent burning) should
be avoided: Excessive CTP delays vulcanization time and this may affect vulcanized
properties such as vulcanization state, compressive strength, etc.
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When used at optimal dosing, CTP has no negative effect on vulcanized properties such
as tensile strength, modulus, resilience, heat generation, compressive or permanent
deformation strength, ozone resistance and heat resistance properties of the vulcanized. .
CTP does not cause migration or contact staining, but can stain white rubber artifacts.
When very high amounts of CTP are used (eg more than 0.4 phr), phthalimide stains
may appear on the surface, causing slight reduction in vulcanization state and changes
in some properties.
Vulcanization status can be adjusted by a slight increase in throttle or sulfur - for
example, 0.07-0.1 phr.
Efflorescence is water soluble and can be easily removed.
- It is an effective tool to overcome process limitations.

For example:
- The incorporation of CTP allows the addition of dressings at an early stage of
blending, thereby enabling better dressing dispersion, shorter blending cycle, reduced
energy consumption, reduced labor and capital investment.
- Allows the use of higher speeds during processing, mixing, calendering and extrusion,
allowing to increase productivity and reduce processing cost.
- Allows the use of higher injection temperatures and shorter vulcanization cycles for
increased productivity.
- Allows recovery of lightly pre-vulcanized rubber compounds and recovery of partially

burned compound for scrap reduction.
- Improves storage stability of already accelerated compounds at room temperature -

particularly fast vulcanizing compounds.
- It is usually incorporated together with accelerators and sulfur in the internal mixer /
mixer cylinder during the manufacture of the compounds.
In the case of rapid vulcanization / rework compounds, CTP is added in a cold mill.
APPLICATIONS:
CTP is widely used in the manufacture of almost all rubber products vulcanized with
sulfur.
There is used in the composition of latex and products intended for contact with food or
drugs.

Typical Dosages:
- Typical CTP dosages required to produce the necessary pre-vulcanization delay
(scorch) will depend on the type of rubber, reinforcing loads, selection of throttle type
and amount, sulfur content, etc. used in formulations and transformation operations to
be performed for the manufacture of the product.
- As stated earlier, CTP dosages have to be adjusted to achieve only the desired level of
safety and flow time for mold filling.
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- Regarding processing temperatures or speed: water temperature, ambient temperature

and changes in the machine transformation process can greatly influence CTP dosages.
Following are typical CTP dosages for various products.
STORAGE: (Note 1)


Typical CTP Dosages ( 8 )

Product Rubber Accelerator / CTP / Sulfur (phr)
Accelerator Accelerator CTP s
Primary Secondary
Truck and Bus Roads
Conventional NR TBBS: 0.5- - 0.10-0.15 2.3-2.7
0.7
Radial NR-BR TBBS: 1.1- - 0.10-0.20 1.2-1.5
1.5
Roof NR-BR TBBS: 1.3- - 0.10-0.20 1.2-1.5
1.5
Base NR TBBS: 0.5- 0.10-0.15 2.2-2.5
0.7
Side truck NR-BR TBBS: 0.8- - 0.10-0.15 2.0-2.2
1.0
Truck carcass NR TBBS: 0.7- - 0.10-0.20 Insol S: 2.5
0.8
Steel cord cover NR DCBS: 2.0 TMTM: 0.1- 0.10-0.15 Insol. S: 4.5
0.12
Tread ride NR-BR CBS: 1.2 TMTM: 0.10-0.15 2.0
0.10
SBR-BR CBS: 1.5 TMTM: 0.10-0.15 1.8
0.20
Side ride NR-SBR CBS: 1.3 TMTM: 0.10-0.15 1.8
0.10-0.15
Carcass ride NR CBS: 1.0- TMTM: 0- 0.10-0.20 Insol. S: 2.2
1.2 0.10
Bicycle tread NR -BR CBS: 1.0 TMTD: 0.10-0.20 2.4
0.10-0.15
NR-BR CBS: 1.2 TMTD: 0.10-0.15 2.0
0.10-0.15
Bicycle housing NR CBS: 1.0 TMTD: 0.15-0.20 2.5
0.20-0.25
Retreading
Hot vulcanization NR TBBS: 0.8- - 0.10-0.15 Insol. S: 2.5
1.0
NR-BR TBBS: 0.8- - 0.10-0.15 Insol. S: 2.0
1.0
Pre- cures the NR-BR TBBS: 1.0- - 0-0.10 1.5-1.7
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1.2
Conveyor Belt Cover
General use NR TBBS: 0.8 MBTS: 0.2 0.10-0.20 2.2-2.4
Heat resistant NR-SBR CBS: 1.2- - 0.15-0.20 1.5
1.4
Base NR CBS: 0.6- MBTS: 0.2 0.10-0.20 3.0
0.8
Pillow NR CBS: 0.7- MBTS: 0.3 0.10-0.15 2.4
0.8
Friction NR CBS: 0.7- - 0.10-0.15 2.6
0.8
Footwear
DV soles / heels NR-SBR CBS: 0.8- TMTD: 0.10-0.15 2.0-2.2
1.0 0.10-0.20
Hoses
Pipe NR-SBR CBS: 0.7- MBTS: 0.3 0.15-0.20 2.0-2.4
1.0
NBR CBS; 1.0- TMTD: 0.15-0.20 1.5
1.2 0.10-0.20
Roof NR CBS: 0.7- TMTD: 0.0- 0.15-0.20 2.2-2.5
1.0 0.20
Cables NR CBS: 1.0 TMTD: 0.3 0.10-0.20 1.2-1.3
Injected NR CBS: 0.8 - 0.20-0.30 1.2-1.3
Molded and extruded NR CBS: 0.7 TMTD: 0.0-0.15 2.2
0.10-0.20
NR-SEV CBS: 1.5 TMTD: 0.5 0.0-0.15 1.5
SBR CBS: 1.2 TMTD: 0.0-0.10 2.2
0.10-0.20
SBR-EV CBS: 2.0 TMTD: 0.5 0.0-0.10 0.75
NBR CBS: 1.0- TMTD: 0.15 0.0-0.10 1.5
1.2
NBR_SEV CBS: 1.0 TMTD: 1.0 0.0-0.10 1.0

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ANTIOXIDANTS
TMQ

- It is a powerful and inexpensive staining antioxidant, widely used in NR, IR, SBR,
BR, NBR rubber-based compounds and dienic rubbers, except CR (Polychloroprene).
- Being a "tablet" polymerized resin antioxidant, it is easy to handle, disperses well into
rubber compounds at normal processing temperatures.
- It is classified as a low volatile staining type and a high potency polymeric antioxidant.
- When used alone at 0.5-2.0 phr level, it offers excellent protection against oxidative
aging at room temperature, long term as well as at elevated temperatures.
It also offers protection against ozone degradation under static as well as dynamic
conditions.
It offers no protection against bending fatigue. Against flexural fatigue, TMQ is used in
combination with a phenylenediamine class anti-degradant (IPPD or 6PPD)
TMQ is also effective against metal ion catalyzed degradation.
TMQ does not flourish even in large quantities nor does it influence the processing, pre-
vulcanization or characteristics of vulcanized rubber compounds; however, very high
amounts of TMQ may result in slight vulcanization delay.
The degree of staining / discoloration caused by TMQ is comparatively less severe than
other antioxidants such as amine PBNA or diphenylamine acetone (BLE) condensates.
TMQ's very low volatility prevents "loss of antioxidants" during the mixing process and
other operations and its polymeric structure offers the advantage of low migration rate
(compared to other amino acids); This guarantees the permanence of TMQ in the rubber
compound.
TMQ's high potency offers a cost advantage as only small amounts (usually 50 to 60%
of other antioxidants such as acetone or PBNA or condensed diphenylamine) are
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sufficient to achieve the desired long-term heat and aging protection. oxidative
resistance as well as the reversal resistance during
prolonged vulcanization.
TMQ does not interfere with organic peroxide crosslinking of compounds with NR,
SBR, NBR, EPDM, etc. for special applications.
It activates pre-vulcanization and vulcanization of polychloroprene-based compounds,
affecting storage stability and flow in the mold.
The dosages of TMQ used for various applications are generally 0.5-2.0 phr and TMQ
has a plateau effect of its antioxidant activity between 1.5-2.0 phr for most rubbers.
Combinations of TMQ and PPD class anti-degradants (eg IPPD, 6PPD) in a ratio of 1: 1
to 0.5-1.0 phr provide excellent protection against almost all degradation forces under
normal operating conditions, most of natural or synthetic rubber products.
In applications where rubber vulcanisates are exposed to severe degradation conditions
(eg car tires, belts, retreads, etc.), the ratio of TMQ x PPD is increased to 1: 2 or higher.
Does not affect the adhesion properties of rubber compound to textiles / metals;
Therefore, it is an ideal antioxidant for rubber compounds where adhesion retention and
bond strength are essential.
It can be used as an effective antioxidant in heat resistant NR latex compounds at levels

of 0.3-0.5 phr where the color transmitted by TMQ is within acceptable limits even after
aging.
It is ground ball milled together with other materials for the preparation of dispersions
used in latex compounds.
Alternatively, a 20% dispersion of active TMQ content may be prepared separately
using normal dosage of dispersing agent and ball milling technique.
APPLICATIONS:
TMQ is widely used in the manufacture of truck and bus tires, passenger tires, OTR
tires, two- and three-axle car tires, motorcycle tires and chambers, retreading and repair
materials, conveyor belts, V, drive belts, tire flaps, hoses, cables, retainers, gaskets,
various molded and extruded products, latex foam, rice peel rollers, etc.
Typical Dosages:
Typical dosages and combinations of TMQ with other degradants in
various applications are listed below.

STORAGE: (Note 1)


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Typical Dosages of TMQ ( 9)

Product Rubber Antioxidant / Antiozonant / Wax, phr
TMQ 6PPD SP Wax
Trucks tires
Tread ( front tires - NR_BR 1.0 2.5-3.5 - 0.7-1.0
transverse)
Tread NR 1.0 3.0-3.5 - 0.7-1.0
( rear tires - transverse)
Tread (radial) NR-BR 1.0 3.0-3.5 - 0.7-1.0
Lateral (transverse) NR-BR 1.0 2.7-3.0 - 1.5-2.0
Lateral (radial) NR-BR 1.0 3.0-4.0 - 1.5-2.0
Housing (transverse) NR 1.0 0.7-1.0 - -
Housing (radial) NR 1.0 0.7-1.0 - -
Walking tires (radial)
Tread NR-BR-SBR 1.0 2.5-3.0 - 1.5
SBR-BR 1.0 2.5-3.0 - 1.5
Side NR-BR 1.0 3.0-3.5 - 1.0
Carcass NR / NR-SBR 1.0 0.5 - -
Motorcycle tires / scooters
Tread SBR-BR 1.0 1.75-2.0 - 1.0
Carcass NR-SBR 1.0 0.5 - -
Innertrubes ride IIR - 0.5 - -
NR 1.0 1.0 - 1.0
Flaps NR / NR -BR 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 *
Bicycle Tread NR -BR 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 *
NR-BR -BR 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 *
Retreading
Hot vulcanization NR / NR-BR 1.0 0.5-0.75 - 0.5
Cold vulcanization NR-BR 1.0 1.0 0.5-0.75 0.5
SBR-BR 1.0 1.0 - 0.7
Rubber cushion NR 1.0 - - -
Conveyor Belt Cover NR 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 - 0.5-0.7
NR-SBR 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 - 0.5-0.7
V-belts
Base NR 1.0 1.0 - -
Pillow NR 1.0 0.5 - -
drive belt
General use NR 1.0 0.5 - -
Heat resistant NR 2.0 1.0 - -
Sandals (Black) NR 0.3 - 1.0 0.5
Boots NR 1.0 0.5 - -
Soles and Heels NR-SBR 1.0 0.5 - -
Hoses NR / SBR / 0.7-1.0 0.5 - 1.0
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NBR
Tubes NR / SBR / 0.7-1.0 0.5 - 1.0
NBR
Cables
General use NR 1.0 0.5 - 1.5
Res heat - Peroxide EPDM 4.0 - - PE wax 1.0
Rail pads NR / SBR 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 - 2.0
Rubberized Fabric NR 0.5 - 1.0 1.0
Rubber Blankets NR 0.5 - 1.0 1.0
O-rings, seals, gaskets NBR 1.5 0.5-1.0 - 0.5
Molded
General use NR / SBR / 1.0 0.5-1.0 - 0.7-1.0
NBR
Heat resistant NR / SBR / 1.5 0.5-1.0 - 0.7-1.0
( EV vulcanization ) NBR
Latex foam Latex NR 0.2-0.5 - 1.0 -
Coconut foam Latex NR 0.5-1.0 - 1.0 -
Carpet base Latex NR 0.5-1.0 - 1.0 -
Latex Gloves Latex NR 0.2-0.5 - 1.0 -
Note: * Paraffin wax is used

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SP

t is an antioxidant widely used for being cheap and not staining; It is a non-discolouring
antioxidant for white / colored or transparent artifacts for use on NR, IR, SBR, BR,
NBR, CR, etc. rubbers.
- Also finds applications as stabilizer for plastics and synthetic rubbers such as
polypropylene, polyethylene, high impact polystyrene, adhesives, lubricants and
plasticizers.
- Does not influence the viscosity, pre-vulcanization and characteristics of rubber

compounds, nor has any influence on the mechanical properties of rubber vulcanisates.
- It has very low volatility and is therefore a highly persistent antioxidant.
- It is used at levels of 1.0-3.0 phr as a non-staining antioxidant in NR rubber-based

compounds and synthetic rubbers.
- Provides good heat and ozone resistance as well as flexural fatigue strength of
transparent / white / colored vulcanisates and exhibits good "color fastness"
characteristics.
- The combination of SP antioxidant and TMQ antioxidant provides a synergistic effect

to improve the thermal aging resistance of lower cost but slightly discolored rubber
vulcanisates.
- SP is an antioxidant suitable for heat sensitive latex compounds; Its performance in

vulcanized NR latex is similar to that of natural rubber vulcanized.
SP antioxidant is added to latex-based compounds as a 50% dispersion which is

prepared as follows:

Ingredient - parts by weight Dry base
SP 50
Oleic acid 2
Triethanolamine 0.5
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) 0.5
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Water 47
Total 100

METHOD:
Charge triethanolamine, KOH and water and heat to 60-65 ° C under rapid stirring.
Add SP mixed with oleic acid, preheated to 65-70ºC.
Shake at high speed.
The resulting mixture should cool to room temperature and be filtered through a cloth.
Make the emulsion [2.4 kg of the emulsion added to a barrel (195 liters) of
latex NR = 1.0 phr (dry basis) SP]
APPLICATIONS:
SP is widely used as a non-staining and non-bleaching antioxidant for the manufacture
of 0.5-3.0 phr transparent / white / colored products, for the manufacture of products
such as hot water bags, latex yarns, sponges. , latex foam, latex coconut foam, tubes,
surgical gloves, condoms, nozzles, balloons, rubber bands, etc.
STORAGE: (Note 1)


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ANTIOZONANTS
IPPD

- It is an alkyl aryl diamine paraphenylene type anti-degradant used in car tires and
retreading compounds, as well as conveyor and V-belts, bicycle tires and extruded and
molded products.
- It is an efficient antiozonant, antioxidant, anti-cracking and cracking agent and also

inhibitor of metal ion catalyzed oxidation; however, it causes intense discoloration and
staining.
- Disperses easily on rubber compounds even at relatively low processing temperatures.
- Shows higher solubility in SBR when compared to NR; This solubility is also
influenced by the type of carbon black used as the reinforcing filler as well as the
paraffin / microcrystalline wax dosage.
- Tends to increase the viscosity of rubber compounds and also acts as a weak
secondary amine accelerator.
Thus, thiazole-accelerated rubber compounds have a tendency to pre-vulcanization, but
this tendency does not occur in sulfenamide vulcanized systems.
IPPD activates the tendency to pre-vulcanization in polychloroprene compounds.
- As a PPD class anti-degradant for rubber vulcanisates, IPPD has superior performance
in all respects over 6PPD.
However, due to its lower molecular weight than 6PPD, IPPD is approximately 30%
more volatile.
- IPPD alone can provide adequate protection against degradation for all rubber
vulcanisates; however, it is generally used in combination with TMQ at a 2: 1 ratio for
economy as well as technological advantages - for example, processing has improved
safety, heat resistance is also improved, etc.
The combination of IPPD and MBI antioxidant offers excellent heat resistance due to
the synergistic effect.
The use of paraffinic / microcrystalline waxes at a level of 0.5-1.5 phr further increases
the performance of the IPPD as an antiozonant due to the ability of the waxes to act as a
vehicle for the IPPD and the ability of the IPPD to increase the thickness of the wax.
wax layer, which migrates to form a continuous protective film on the surface of the
vulcanized.
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IPPD is an effective anti-degradant for wire rope covering compounds, giving a high
level of protection against aging and bending fatigue without affecting adhesion.
IPPD along with paraffin wax / mixed waxes is widely used at levels of 0.7-3.0 phr as
anti-cracking agent.
Its combination with TMQ at 1: 1 ratio provides additional resistance to heat and
flexural fatigue. For superior thermal resistance, the 1: 1 IPPD / MBI combination is
used at levels of 0.5-1.0 phr.
APPLICATIONS:
IPPD is used in the manufacture of tires for trucks , OTR, passengers
and vehicles of two or three wheels, conveyor belts and Vbelts, cables, hoses
and products molded and extruded based on NR, SBR, NBR, EPDM, etc. .

STORAGE: (Note 1)


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Typical Doses of IPPD (9)

IPPD TMQ Wax
Trucks tires
Tread ( front tires - NR-BR 2.5-3.5 1.0 0.7-1.0
transverse)
Tread ( rear tires - NR 3.0-3.5 1.0 0.7-1.0
transverse)
Tread (Radial) NR-BR 3.0-3.5 1.0 0.7-1.0
Lateral (transverse) NR-BR 2.7-3.0 1.0 1.5-2.0
Lateral (radial) NR-BR 3.0-4.0 1.0 1.5-2.0
Housing (transverse) NR 0.7-1.0 1.0 -
Housing (Radial) NR 0.7-1.0 1.0 -
Tread NR-BR- 2.5-3.0 1.0 1.5
SBR
SBR-BR 2.5-3.0 1.0 1.5
Side NR-BR 3.0-3.5 1.0 1.0
Carcass NR / NR- 0.5 1.0 -
SBR
Tread SBR-BR 1.75-2.0 1.0 1.0
Carcass NR-SBR 0.5 1.0 -
Innertrubes ride IIR 0.5 - -
NR 1.0 1.0 1.0
Flaps NR / NR- 0.5 1.0 1.0 *
B R
Bicycle Tread NR-B R 0.5 1.0 1.0 *
NR-BR -BR 0.5 1.0 1.0 *
Bicycle innertrubes NR 0.5 1.0 0.5 *
Motorcycle curing bags NR 1.0 1.5-2.0 -
Retreading
Hot vulcanization NR / NR-BR 0.5-0.75 1.0 0.5
Cold vulcanization NR-BR 1.0 1.0 0.7
SBR-BR 1.0 1.0 0.7
Pillow NR - 1.0 -
Conveyor Belt Cover NR 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 0.5-0.7
NR-SBR 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 0.5-0.7
V-belts
Base NR 1.0 1.0 -
Pillow NR 0.5 1.0 -
Molded
NR / NR- 0.5-1.0 1.0 1.0 *
SBR
NBR 0.5-1.0 1.0 1.0 *
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6 PPD

- It is an alkyl aryl-PPD type anti-degradant, widely used in the tire and non-tire sectors.
- Provides excellent resistance to rubber vulcanisates against degradation caused by

static or dynamic ozone, bending cracks, oxidative thermal aging, metal ions catalyzed
oxidative aging, ultraviolet rays and weathering.
- It is the most suitable PPD type anti-degradant for NR, NR-BR, SBR, SBR-BR, NBR,
IR, IIR and polychloroprene based compounds.
It is preferred over IPPD because of its higher molecular weight, low volatility, lower
oil / water leaching and low fuel extraction, balanced and non-toxic skin sensitization
rates.
- Not recommended for white / colored products as it may cause severe discoloration as
well as contact migration / discoloration.
- It has very good solubility in general purpose rubbers and its mobility is improved in
the presence of paraffin / microcrystalline wax.
- Tends to decrease the viscosity of rubber compounds and also acts as a mild amine
vulcanization activator.
However, compared to IPPD, it shows negligible effect on pre-vulcanization /
vulcanization activation.
- It is particularly suitable for polychloroprene compounds where only small amounts,

eg 0.5 phr, show significant improvement in ozone resistance and bending.
It is also very effective as an anti-zonant for NBR compounds, where lower
extractability of oil and fuel anti-degradants is the main requirement.
It is an effective anti-degradant for butyl tubes to prevent stress-induced cracking due to

ozone attack at the ends of the packed tube.
It can provide excellent protection for all rubber vulcanizers against degradative forces.
However, it is generally used in combination with TMQ for savings as well as
technological advantages.
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TMQ confers heat resistance at a much lower cost (for which 6PPD would have been
consumed) and improves flexural fatigue strength by about 25-30% over IPPD.
6PPD and other paraphenylenediamine antegradants are always used together with 0.5-
2.0 phr paraffin wax / microcrystalline.
These waxes provide synergistic effect with anti-degradants to improve anti-zoning and
anti-cracking characteristics.
Waxes have the ability to act as vehicles for paraphenylenediamines anti-degradants,
transporting them to the surface of the vulcanized; and paraphenylenediamines anti-
degradants have the ability to increase the thickness and uniformity of the wax film on
the surface.
Rubber formulation plays an important role for wax selection.
6PPD, together with waxes, is widely used in the amount of 0.5-3.5 phr as anti-zoning
and anti-flex / crack system.
Its combination with TMQ at 1: 1 ratio provides additional heat protection and bending
fatigue.
For more severe bending fatigue resistance and ozone resistance conditions, the 6PPD /
TMQ ratio can be increased to 2: 1 or 3.5: 1.
Inclusion of the PPD diaryl mixture at 0.5-1.0 phr as an additional anti-degradation of

paraphenylene diamine further improves flexural fatigue strength and ensures the
persistence of the anti-degradation system.
For superior heat aging resistance, the 6PPD / MBI antioxidant combination at a 1: 1
ratio is used at 0.4-0.8 phr levels.
APPLICATIONS:
6PPD and its combinations with other antioxidants / antiozonants is used in the
manufacture of truck and bus tires, OTR, LCV, passenger cars, motorcycles, scooters,
industrial and agricultural, bicycle and chamber tires, conveyor belts and V-belts.
transmitters, cables, tubes, pipes and other molded and extruded rubber products based
on NR-BR NR, SBR, SBR-BR, NBR, IR, IIR, CR, EPDM rubbers, etc.
STORAGE: (Note 1)


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Typical Doses of 6PPD (9)

6IPPD TMQ Wax
Trucks tires
Tread ( front tires - NR-BR 2.5-3.5 1.0 0.7-1.0
transverse)
Tread ( rear tires - NR 3.0-3.5 1.0 0.7-1.0
transverse)
Tread (Radial) NR-BR 3.0-3.5 1.0 0.7-1.0
Lateral (transverse) NR-BR 2.7-3.0 1.0 1.5-2.0
Lateral (radial) NR-BR 3.0-4.0 1.0 1.5-2.0
Housing (transverse) NR 0.7-1.0 1.0 -
Housing (Radial) NR 0.7-1.0 1.0 -
Tread NR-BR- 2.5-3.0 1.0 1.5
SBR
SBR-BR 2.5-3.0 1.0 1.5
Side NR-BR 3.0-3.5 1.0 1.0
Carcass NR / NR- 0.5 1.0 -
SBR
Tread SBR-BR 1.75-2.0 1.0 1.0
Carcass NR-SBR 0.5 1.0 -
Innertrubes ride IIR 0.5 - -
NR 1.0 1.0 1.0
Flaps NR / NR - 0.5 1.0 1.0 *
BR
Bicycle Tread NR -BR 0.5 1.0 1.0 *
NR-BR -BR 0.5 1.0 1.0 *
Bicycle innertrubes NR 0.5 1.0 0.5 *
Motorcycle curing bags NR 1.0 1.5-2.0 -
Retreading
Hot vulcanization NR / NR-BR 0.5-0.75 1.0 0.5
Cold vulcanization NR-BR 1.0 1.0 0.7
SBR-BR 1.0 1.0 0.7
Pillow NR - 1.0 -
Conveyor Belt Cover NR 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 0.5-0.7
NR-SBR 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 0.5-0.7
V-belts
Base NR 1.0 1.0 -
Pillow NR 0.5 1.0 -
Molded
NR / NR- 0.5-1.0 1.0 1.0 *
SBR
NBR 0.5-1.0 1.0 1.0 *
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Appendix 1
Vulcanization

Vulcanization was discovered in 1839 by Charles Goodyear, who used sulfur to create
the bonds necessary to form the crosshairs in natural rubber. It has been found that any
sulfur may be the vulcanizing agent, but to facilitate its use and dispersion in the
elastomeric compound we use it ground, preferably micronized, followed by a surface
treatment to prevent particle agglomeration.
Vulcanization is a process by which elastomeric materials are prepared; It consists in

the formation of a molecular network, using a chemical that links the macromolecules
together. Vulcanization is an intermolecular reaction that increases the retractive force
and reduces residual permanent deformation after removal of deforming forces,
increases elasticity and reduces plasticity.
The process of vulcanization is extremely complex and, even with the current advances
in its understanding, many aspects are still unclear.

Another variety of sulfur is insoluble sulfur, which only offers the advantage of
reducing sulfur efflorescence in unvulcanized (raw) compounds. Efflorescence can
make it difficult to adhere between the different parts of an artifact made from them, for
example a tire. As the conversion to soluble allotropic form occurs at 120 ° C, we must
avoid compounding and processing the compound above this temperature until
vulcanization.
Sulfur acts as a vulcanizer only in unsaturated elastomers. With saturated elastomers,

such as ethylene propylene or silicone rubber copolymers, other agents should be used;
the most commonly used are organic peroxides, which by the action of heat divide,
forming two free radicals capable of reacting with the elastomer chains, subtracting
from them hydrogen atoms and transferring to the carbon atoms the radical character;
These radical carbons are unstable and reactive and, when approaching radical carbons
from neighboring chains, they neutralize each other, establishing a chemical bond
(crosslinking bridge).
In addition to being more expensive than sulfur / accelerator systems, peroxide

vulcanization has several limitations. The rate of vulcanization is a function of the rate
of decomposition of peroxide, which depends on its chemical structure and temperature,
without being able to accelerate or retard it by the action of other ingredients. Because
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oxygen is a more active radical acceptor than the elastomer, peroxide vulcanization
should be done in an air-free environment; For this reason they are not used in some
processes, such as the continuous vulcanization of profiles in microwave tunnels. It
should be noted that some active hydrogen-containing ingredients, such as certain
antioxidants, may partially interfere with peroxide crosslinking. The mechanical
strength of peroxide vulcanisers is lower than that obtained in sulfur vulcanization. As
an advantage, we have greater stability of carbon-carbon crosslinking, which is
responsible for better thermal aging, absence of reversal and less permanent
compression deformation.
Below we describe the proposed scheme of sulfur vulcanization:
Figure 1. Schematic of the vulcanization process (10)

Vulcanization Accelerators
The reaction between the elastomer and sulfur without any other additive is very slow;
Even with 8 parts of sulfur to 100 parts of rubber, we need several hours at 150ºC to
reach an adequate vulcanization level. Thus, the use of accelerators to reduce
vulcanization time has been developed. In addition to reducing the vulcanization time,
the accelerators also allow to reduce the sulfur content employed, thus avoiding its
efflorescence, improving the aging of the vulcanized. They also achieve better
mechanical properties than those obtained with sulfur alone.
Different types of accelerators give vulcanization characteristics that differ in scorch

resistance (premature vulcanization) and vulcanization rate after the onset of
crosslinking. The dozens of accelerators available in the market and their commercial
varieties, mostly belong to the following structures:
RNHC (S) NHR XSH XSSX XSZnSX XSNRR '
1 2 3 4
5

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wherein X is one of the substituted benzothiazol-2-yl (a), thiocarbamyl (b),

alkoxycarbonyl (c), O, O'-dialylthiophosphoryl or (d) substituted 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-
triazinyl radicals in amino groups ; R and R 'individually or together, are radicals alkyl,
aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic e cyclic.
In order to select an accelerator from existing varieties we must look at three factors:

vulcanization speed
pre- vulcanization
plateau

The rate of vulcanization is represented by the degree of activation of the reaction
between the elastomer and sulfur; thus the accelerators are classified as slow, fast, ultra
accelerators, etc.
Pre-vulcanization is the premature tendency to vulcanization of the compounds at

moderately elevated temperatures, which inevitably occur during the compounding and
compounding process. Pre-vulcanization may also occur during storage of the
compound.
Finally, the term plateau designates the period of time at the vulcanization temperature
from the moment it reaches the optimum value of the property under consideration,
during which such property does not or slightly varies.
Among the vulcanization accelerators there is the synergy phenomenon, that is, the
potentiation of two or more substances, so that the effect is greater than their effects
separately.
In practice, this synergy is often used to activate an accelerator, called a primary or

primary, with a small amount of another, called a secondary accelerator. A particularly
interesting case is the MBT derivatives, known as delayed action accelerators. For many
years MBT was a product that generated compounds with marked pre-vulcanization;
this problem was solved by blocking their active SH groups with another benzothiazol-
2-yl radical to obtain MBTS (structure 3a). At vulcanization temperature MBTS
separates, regenerating MBT.
If instead of employing a benzothiazyl radical to block the active group -SH, we employ
an amino radical when separating during vulcanization, we produce a very active
synergistic MBT / amine combination.
By varying the amine used as a blocker, we will obtain accelerators with different
induction periods.
In Figure 2, we see the effect of various types of accelerators on a typical vulcanization

curve
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Figure 2. Rheogram obtained at 150ºC (11)

Activators and Retardants
For accelerators to fully exert their effect, they must be used in combination with
activators - the most common being zinc oxide and stearic acid.
The most common doses of zinc oxide and stearic acid are 3-5 phr and 102 phr,
respectively. If we need to reduce the amount of zinc oxide, for example to reduce
opacity, we can employ the smaller particle size active zinc oxide, or replace partially or
totally the combination of zinc oxide and stearic acid with zinc stearate or zinc octoate,
which are soluble in rubber.
According to the latest hypotheses, in stages prior to vulcanization, the following

balance is established between the accelerator, sulfur, zinc oxide and stearic acid:
The ú last of these compounds are active sulfurating agent capable of reacting with the

rubber RH.
A pendant group of one RSyX chain may react with a similar group of another chain,
forming a sulfidic crossover, with separation of the radical X from the original
accelerator. On the other hand, the accelerator-derived pertiol XS2H may react, for
example, with a sulfenamide to produce a polysulfide that also acts as a rubber sulfur
agent
XSZH + XSNRR ' -> XSSaSX + HNRR'

In the absence of zinc oxide, this polysulfide (XSSaSX) appears to be the
first intermediate to form.
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n most cases, with the selection of the correct accelerating system and its dosage, it is
possible to achieve the desired vulcanization speed without pre-vulcanization, but in
some cases it may be necessary to further increase this safety and so we use the called
retarders. The ideal retarder would be to reduce the pre-vulcanization of the accelerator
system without changing the vulcanization speed or the degree of crosslinking. Most
retarders are far from this condition as they reduce pre-vulcanization, vulcanization
speed and degree of crosslinking. CTP is the best product available on the market today.

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Appendix 2
Oxidation chemistry and antioxidant action (12)

Oxidation Chemistry:
There are three basic oxidation degradation reactions:
a) Chain split
b) Crosslink attack
c) Formation of oxygen groups in the polymer chain

a) Chain split:
Oxygen may react with hydrogen attached to the polymer chain, which results in the
polymer chain splitting or exploding. This type of degradation results in softening and
weakening of the rubber : it reduces tensile strength, elongation resistance, tear strength
and causes loss of abrasion resistance.
Hardness and modulus may increase or decrease depending on the polymer.

The best indicator of chain splitting is loss of elongation; This fission is most often
observed in natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprene (IR) and vulcanized butyl (IIR)
in the early stages of the aging process.

iniciação
O2 , calor R● ( free radicals) + H O
RH (borracha) luz 2
Propagation:
R● + O ROO●
2
ROO● + RH ROOH + R●
ROOH RO● + OH●
RO ● + R”H ROH + R”●
OH● + R”’ H H O + R”’●

2

b) Crosslink attack:
The oxygen attacks polysulfide crosslinks and forms new crosslinks. The resulting
effects on physical properties on vulcanized are: increased hardness and modulus,
especially with decreased tensile strength, tear strength and elongation.

This type of degradation is most prevalent with polymers such as styrene-butadiene
(SBR), butadiene (BR), nitrile (NBR), ethylene propylene diene (EPDM), chlorobutyl
(CIIR), bromobutyl (BIIR), ethylene propylene (EPR ),
chlorine sulfonated polyethylene (CSM), silicone rubbers (Q), urethane (AU),
polyacrylate (ACM) and fluorinated polymers.
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c) Formation of oxygen groups in the polymer chain:
Oxygen reacts and becomes chemically linked to the polymer chain, such as hydroxy
groups or keto groups.

This reaction does not break the polymer chain as in the chain fission reaction and
therefore has very little effect on the physical properties of vulcanisates.

PREVENTING OXIDATION:
Different types of antioxidants react with unstable molecules formed during the
oxidation process. Some antioxidants react with free radicals, while others react with
peroxides.
High temperatures, bending and metal ions all have an accelerating effect on the
oxidation reaction.

Antioxidants like phenolic and amine, in most cases, reacting with free radicals,
according to the diagram below:

The free radical antioxidant reaction mechanism
R ● + AH RH + A ●
ROO ● + AH  ROOH + A ●
RO ● + AH  ROH + A ●

(HA: phenol or amine antioxidant)

Thioesters and phosphites antioxidants react with peroxides before they can propagate
through the antioxidant-peroxide reaction mechanism:

ROOH + AH stable products
(HA: thioester or phosphite antioxidant)

p-phenylene diamines, quinolines, some bisphenols, and some dialkylated
diphenylamines offer protection against metal ion degradation and flexural cracking.
Higher molecular weight antioxidants give better protection against heat aging because
they are less volatile.

Ozone and Antiozonant Chemistry
Ozone will react with double bonds (unsaturated sites) in the polymer chain to form
ozone; they decompose when the compound is subjected to a force such as elongation,
and the result is a broken polymer chain at the double bond site and a break in the
compound.
Rubbers that contain only pendant double bonds such as EPDM do not break as long as
the double bond is not in the polymer chain.

Reaction Mechanism:
O O
║
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R – CH = CH – R ozone R – CH CH - R hidrolysis R – C-
OH
( polymer)
O–O
(ozoníde) O
║
+ R – C – OH ,
etc

The types of changes in physical properties of a rubber article that has been resistant to
ozonolysis depend on the type of polymer and other ingredients of the compound.
Here are some changes observed in the compound:
a. Some polymers will show hardening and crystallization, while
others will show softening and viscosity.
b. cracking is observed in polymers where the double bonds that
have reacted with ozone are located in the polymer chain.
At first, small surface breaks are observed, but if the compound observes
continued stress cycles, deep breaks will appear, resulting in eventual
failures in the rubber article.
ç. the surface of the rubber changes color (matte gray), followed by the
loss
of brightness.
d. Tear strength and tensile strength will be reduced.
e. The viscoelastic properties of the compounds, such as viscous
modulus, elastic modulus and delta tangent, change.

PREVENTING OZONOLYSIS :
A compound can be protected from ozone attack in three basic ways:
• Polymer choice: Because the ozone reaction with the polymer double chain, polymers
with low unsaturation, are naturally better for ozone resistance. Polymers like EPDM
and butyl, with few double bonds, have a natural resistance to ozone attack. Polymers
such as natural rubber (polyisoprene) and polybutadiene, with many double bonds, have
lower ozone resistance.
• Physical barrier: Some products, such as waxes and antiozonants, that flow to the
surface of compounds, form a physical barrier that prevents reaction with ozone.
• Chemical Reaction: Ozone-reacting antiozonants may be added to the rubber
compound. An effective antiozonant must have the following characteristics:
1. be more reactive to ozone than oxygen
2. must migrate to the rubber surface
3. Your ozone reaction products should form a protective product.
of high molecular weight, forming a continuous film.
4. critical strength: Some products increase the critical strength required for
crack formation.
Anti-Degrading Classes

ANTIOXIDANTS:

AMINE:
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Diphenyl Acetone Reaction Products

Alkylated Diphenylamines
Dihydroquinolines
Naphthyl amines
p-phenylene diamines
Ozonox RP2 (Proprietary Amine)

PHENOLS:
amino phenols
hindered bisphenols
mono prevented phenols
hydroquinones
polyphenols
thio-bisphenols

Phosphites

THIOESTERS

MIXES
Dithiocarbamates

ANTIOZONANTS:
Amines:
p-phenylene diamines
polymeric quinolines
6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl quinoline

Mixtures:
alkyl thiourea
Nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate
TAPDT [2,4,6-tris (N-1,4-dimethylpentyl-p-phenylenediamine) -1,3,5-triazine]
Waxes

Anti-Degradation Selection Considerations
Volatility :
The volatility of the anti-degradant plays an important role in its lifetime: more volatile
anti-degradants emerge from the compound faster and offer no long-term
protection; Fully soluble anti-degradants at the base of the polymer do not go to the
surface and also provide no protection.

Chemical Stability :
A chemically unstable anti-degradant will have a short service life and will offer short-
term protection on the vulcanized.

Discoloration and Staining:
Discoloration and staining are important in lightly colored materials or dark
compounds, in contact with articles where staining is a concern.
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Physical Form :
Proper selection of the physical form of the anti-degradant is important. Handling and
mixing process can be facilitated by the use of the antidegradant in liquid or solid form.

Economy :
Ideally, use the least expensive anti-degradant that provides the protection required for
the individual product.

Product Need:
The anti-degradant should be selected based on individual needs for the product.
Products used in open spaces may require different anti-degradants compared to those
used in indoor spaces.
Products that require a long life cycle may require a different anti-degradant than that
used in products with a short life cycle.

Types of Anti-Degraders:
Antioxidants:
They protect against the attack of oxygen in the atmosphere.

Antiozonants:
They migrate to the rubber surface and protect against ozone attack in the atmosphere.

Heat stabilizers :
Protect the compound against heat aging. Higher molecular weight anti-degradants
usually perform better for this purpose.

Light stabilizers:
They protect the compound from attack by metal ions such as copper.

Anti-Gel Agents:
Protect against gel formation during polymer manufacture.
References:
1) Company Product Specifications Zhengzhou Double Vigor Chemical Product.,
Ltd.
2) Adapted from Mercapto Type Accelerator Dosing Table - Bayer Manual for the Rubber
Industry - Lanxess
3) Adapted from The Rubber Technologist's Pocket Book - Vulnax International Ltd.
4) Adapted from the Sulphenamide Accelerator Dosage Table - Bayer Manual for the
Rubber Industry - Lanxess
5) Adapted from the Tiuram accelerator dosage chart - Bayer Manual for the Rubber
Industry - Lanxess
6) Adapted from Diticarbamate Accelerator Dosage Table - Bayer Manual for the Rubber
Industry - Lanxess
7) Adapted from the M orfolin Accelerator Dosage Table - Bayer Manual for the Rubber
Industry - Lanxess
8) Adapted from the table for the dosing of rubber compound vulcanization retarders -
Bayer Manual for the Rubber Industry - Lanxess
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9) Adapted from antioxidant and antiozonant dosage table for rubber compounds - Bayer

Manual for the Rubber Industry - Lanxess
10) Scheme of the rubber vulcanization process - Science and Technology of Rubber - 1978
edition - page 289 .
11) Scheme of a vulcanization curve using Sulphenamides - adapted from Compounders
Pocket Book - Flexsys - page 111.
12) Article revised and originally published in Revista Borracha Atual 17 of 1998 -
Author Luis A. Tormento - LT Químicos
13) The Rubber Technologist´s Pocket Book - Vulnax International Limited -

Note 1: After the recommended storage period, it does not mean that the product is
unusable, but that it needs to be revalidated to determine its effectiveness.

Revision Record:
Review Date Change made
3 06/2018 Various added antioxidants and application tables
4 0 3 /2019 Xanthate Accelerators included and reordered to APA
5th 04/2019 Accelerators type Guanidines, DOTG and DPG included as
standard and reordered APA

1

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Luis Antonio Tormento

LT Químicos is present in the rubber market, reselling products or acting as an agent of

LT Químicos is present in the following markets and industries:

Accelerators can be classified into several classes:

It is common to classify them for easy understanding by chemical structure, as shown in

Sulphenamides CBS Fast but with

Thiurams TMTD Very fast

Dithiocarbamates ZDMC Very fast

Guanidines DPG Slow

Dithiophosphates ZBPD Very fast

Xanthates ZIX Very fast

Sulfur donor DTDM Very fast

In compounds of EPDM, MBT dosage is maintained below 2.5-3.0 phr to avoid

Typical MBT Dosages (2)

Product Rubber Accelerator / Sulfur (phr)

** pre-vulcanization inhibitor can be incorporated 0.2-0.5 phr to ensure resistance to scorch.

MBT 0.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5

TMTD 1.5 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8

ZDBC - 2.5 2.5 1.0 -

TeDEDC - - 1.0 - 0.8

S 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.0 0.5

A Low cost, medium vulcanization rate, satisfactory physical properties, can stain

B General Purpose, Very Good Vulcanization Rate and Vulcanized Properties, No Staining

Ç Low permanent deformation, fast vulcanization rate, good properties of the vulcanizate, No

D Low cost, fast vulcanization rate, good vulcanized properties, no staining

E General purpose, vulcanization rate very fast and excellent properties of the vulcanized, it will

Product Rubber Accelerator / Sulfur (phr)

Ingredient Dry base Wet Base

Typical ZMBT Dosages (2)

Typical Dosages of CBS ( 4 )

SBR-SeEV 2.0 - 0.5 - 0.1 0.75

- Normal TBBS dosage is in the range of 0.5-1.0 phr in conventional vulcanization

At temperatures above 125 ° C, in prolonged and repeated processing, to minimize the

The use of DPG / DOTG as secondary accelerators should generally be avoided.

Molded and extruded

- Compared to other sulfenamide accelerators, MBS vulcanized rubber compounds

- At vulcanization temperature, MBS is delayed at the beginning of vulcanization, along

- The progressive increase in the amount of MBS as a sulfenamide accelerator shows

MBS is a secondary amine-based sulfenamide accelerator (morpholine); therefore, it is

MBS is an effective retarder for EV vulcanization systems with tiuram.

- It is used in the 0.6-0.9 phr dosage in conventional NR compound based vulcanization

- The slower vulcanization rate of DCBS is a particular advantage where higher

To minimize the risk of pre-vulcanization, prolonged or repeated compound processing

- It is very sensitive to activation by basic secondary accelerators such as DPG, DOTG,

Typical Dosages of DCBS ( 4 )

- It is widely used as a secondary accelerator with thiazole / sulfenamide class

- It is very active at temperatures above 120 ° C and in particular in compounds based

- Displays rapid pre-vulcanization and wide-range vulcanization features and plateau

Sulfenamide and thiazole accelerators control pre-crosslinking and efflorescence

- As a secondary accelerator, TMTD is very effective with thiazole and sulfenamide

- It is the preferred secondary accelerator compared to other basic accelerators like

- In combination with sulfenamide accelerators and mercaptos it is used as a secondary

Stable for 2 years under normal conditions (lower if stored at high temperature or

- Provides excellent vulcanization plateau with good thermal efficiency and

- It is a valuable secondary accelerator in EPDM.

- Has excellent dispersion in compounds due to its low melting point.

- Does not color and is non-bleaching

Stable for 2 years under normal conditions (lower if stored at high temperature or

- As a primary accelerator, it offers faster vulcanization rate, superior modulus but

- ZDMC is used in low deformation, non-staining low sulfur EPDM compounds,

ZDBC: 0.8 phr;

Stable for 2 years under normal conditions (lower if stored at high temperature or